Soil macrofauna in areas with different successional vegetation stages after Eucalyptus grandis harvest in Brazil / Macrofauna do solo em áreas com diferentes estágios de vegetação sucessional após a colheita de Eucalyptus grandis no Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition of soil macrofauna over different periods after the harvest of Eucalyptus grandis to understand the ecological restoration process. Data collection was carried out in each climatic season by the "Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility" Program. In general, 25,789 individuals were collected from the soil macrofauna and distributed in 26 taxonomic groups, with the Formicidae family being the most abundant. Of the individuals found, 7,418 were collected during autumn, 7,320 in summer, 5,553 in winter, and 5,498 in spring. The soil macrofauna was influenced by seasonality, with a higher density of individuals in autumn and summer. Regarding functional groups, social groups were dominant in all areas and seasons, comprising 74.50% of the total number of individuals. The detritivores group comprised 17.98% of the total individuals. Herbivores, snails, and slugs accounted for 3.98% of the total individuals. The functional groups detritivores, herbivores, and predators were more abundant in the litter, while the social groups were predominant in the soil depths of 0 to 30 cm. As the forest progressed, the richness of the macrofauna groups increased, demonstrating the influence of successional dynamics on the composition of the soil macrofauna.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o processo de restauração ecológica por meio da composição da macrofauna do solo em diferentes períodos após a colheita de Eucalyptus grandis. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em cada estação climática usando o método recomendado pelo Programa "Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility". No geral, foram coletados 25.789 indivíduos da macrofauna do solo, distribuídos em 26 grupos taxonômicos, destacando-se a família Formicidae com maior abundância. Dos indivíduos encontrados, 7.418 foram coletados no outono, 7.320 no verão, 5.553 no inverno e 5.498 na primavera. A macrofauna do solo foi influenciada pela sazonalidade, com maior densidade de indivíduos no outono e no verão. Em relação aos grupos funcionais, os sociais foram dominantes em todas as áreas e estações do ano, compreendendo 74,50% do total de indivíduos. O grupo dos detritívoros representou 17,98%. Herbívoros, caracóis e lesmas representaram 3,98% do total de indivíduos. Os grupos funcionais detritívoros, herbívoros e predadores foram mais abundantes na serapilheira, enquanto os grupos sociais predominaram nas profundidades do solo de 0 a 30 cm. À medida que o estágio sucessional da floresta progrediu, a riqueza dos grupos da macrofauna aumentou, evidenciando a influência da dinâmica sucessional na composição da macrofauna do solo.(AU)

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

ABSTRACT The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.(AU)

Limnological aspects of a shallow pond used as receiver aquaculture wastes and for agricultural irrigation / Aspectos limnológicos de um viveiro raso utilizado como receptor de resíduos da aquicultura e para irrigação agrícola

Water samples, zooplankton community and sediment samples were analyzed at three sites in a pond receiving wastes, bi-weekly for seven months, covering the rainy and dry seasons. Water quality parameters failed to show significant differences between the sites for turbidity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, conductivity, alkalinity and total phosphorous. Only temperature was different between the seasons. In the case of sediment, only aluminum (Al) was not different during the experimental period when highest calcium (Ca) concentrations were reported. The relative abundance of Rotifera during the sampling period reached 80-96% (rainy season) and 59-98% (dry season) in total zooplankton. Current study demonstrated that the water quality of shallow pond associated with allochthonous materials from aquaculture farm significantly influenced the structure of zooplankton assemblage due to high nutrient concentrations, conductivity, alkalinity and chlorophyll-α causing more fertilized water. However, heavy rains (February-April) and continuous water flow favored aeration (dissolved oxygen > 5.2 ± 1 mg L-¹). The use of pond water for agricultural irrigation or for other purposes, must be analyzed more effectively, avoiding problems caused by its usage.

Amostras de água, comunidade zooplanctônica e sedimento foram analisadas em três pontos de um viveiro receptor de resíduos a cada quinze dias, durante as estações de chuva e seca. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrais em relação a turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, oxigênio dissolvido, transparência, condutividade, alcalinidade e fósforo total e a temperatura foi a única variável diferente entre as estações. Em relação ao sedimento, somente o alumínio (Al) não foi diferente durante o período experimental e foram encontradas elevadas concentrações de cálcio (Ca). Abundância relativa de Rotifera durante o período de amostragem representou 80-96% (estação chuvosa) e 59-98% (estação seca) em relação ao zooplâncton total. O estudo demonstrou que a qualidade da água do viveiro associada aos materiais alóctones provenientes da fazenda de aquicultura influenciaram significativamente a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica devido às altas concentrações de nutrientes, condutividade, alcalinidade e clorofila-α, tornando a água mais fertilizada. A utilização da água do viveiro para irrigação agrícola ou para outros propósitos deve ser analisada de forma mais efetiva, evitando assim qualquer problema decorrente do seu uso.

Limnological aspects of a shallow pond used as receiver aquaculture wastes and for agricultural irrigation / Aspectos limnológicos de um viveiro raso utilizado como receptor de resíduos da aquicultura e para irrigação agrícola

Water samples, zooplankton community and sediment samples were analyzed at three sites in a pond receiving wastes, bi-weekly for seven months, covering the rainy and dry seasons. Water quality parameters failed to show significant differences between the sites for turbidity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, transparency, conductivity, alkalinity and total phosphorous. Only temperature was different between the seasons. In the case of sediment, only aluminum (Al) was not different during the experimental period when highest calcium (Ca) concentrations were reported. The relative abundance of Rotifera during the sampling period reached 80-96% (rainy season) and 59-98% (dry season) in total zooplankton. Current study demonstrated that the water quality of shallow pond associated with allochthonous materials from aquaculture farm significantly influenced the structure of zooplankton assemblage due to high nutrient concentrations, conductivity, alkalinity and chlorophyll-α causing more fertilized water. However, heavy rains (February-April) and continuous water flow favored aeration (dissolved oxygen > 5.2 ± 1 mg L-¹). The use of pond water for agricultural irrigation or for other purposes, must be analyzed more effectively, avoiding problems caused by its usage.(AU)

Amostras de água, comunidade zooplanctônica e sedimento foram analisadas em três pontos de um viveiro receptor de resíduos a cada quinze dias, durante as estações de chuva e seca. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos amostrais em relação a turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais, oxigênio dissolvido, transparência, condutividade, alcalinidade e fósforo total e a temperatura foi a única variável diferente entre as estações. Em relação ao sedimento, somente o alumínio (Al) não foi diferente durante o período experimental e foram encontradas elevadas concentrações de cálcio (Ca). Abundância relativa de Rotifera durante o período de amostragem representou 80-96% (estação chuvosa) e 59-98% (estação seca) em relação ao zooplâncton total. O estudo demonstrou que a qualidade da água do viveiro associada aos materiais alóctones provenientes da fazenda de aquicultura influenciaram significativamente a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica devido às altas concentrações de nutrientes, condutividade, alcalinidade e clorofila-α, tornando a água mais fertilizada. A utilização da água do viveiro para irrigação agrícola ou para outros propósitos deve ser analisada de forma mais efetiva, evitando assim qualquer problema decorrente do seu uso.(AU)

Structure and nutritional value of BRS Zuri grass under shading / Estrutura e valor nutritivo do capim BRS Zuri sob sombreamento

The objective was to determine the structural and nutritive parameters for Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri under a Eucalyptus shading system, in rainy and dry seasons. At the beginning of each season, the treatments (foliar fertilization levels of 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) were applied and evaluated at 28, 56, and 84 growing days. The treatments did not affect significantly (p ≥ 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The systems (shading and full sun) and seasons did not change (p ≥ 0.05) forage and root masses. The leaf crude protein content was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the dry season. Height, leaf mass, stem and dead material, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the system x season. The growing days did not affect (p ≥ 0.05) forage mass. The mass of dead material decreased (p ≤ 0.05) over the evaluated intervals. The other parameters were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by system × growing days. Based on the results, the forage and root masses show that the cv. BRS Zuri is adapted to the shading in the proposed experimental conditions. These masses added to the crude protein content indicate adaptation to low rainfall, inherent to the dry season, while foliar fertilization applied at the beginning of seasons did not affect the structural and nutritive parameters of BRS Zuri grass.(AU)

O objetivo foi determinar os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri sob sistema sombreado por eucalipto, nas estações chuvosa e seca. No começo de cada estação, os tratamentos (níveis de fertilização foliar de 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) foram aplicados e as avaliações realizadas aos 28, 56 e 84 dias de crescimento. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente (p ≥ 0.05) os parâmetros avaliados. Os sistemas (sombreado e a pleno sol) e estações não modificaram (p ≥ 0.05) as massas de forragem e de raízes. O conteúdo de proteína bruta foi maior (p ≤ 0.05) na estação seca. Altura, massas de folhas, colmos e material morto, conteúdos de fibra em detergente ácido e neutro, e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram significativamente afetados (p ≤ 0.05) pela interação sistema x estação. Os dias de crescimento não afetaram (p ≥ 0.05) a massa de forragem. A massa de material morto diminuiu (p ≤ 0.05) com os intervalos de avaliação. Os outros parâmetros foram afetados (p ≤ 0.05) pela interação sistema x dias de crescimento. Baseado nos resultados observados, as massas de forragem e raízes mostram que o cv. BRS Zuri é adaptado ao sombreamento proposto pelas condições experimentais. Essas massas, somadas ao conteúdo de proteína bruta indica que o capim é adaptado a baixas precipitações, inerentes a estação seca; a fertilização foliar aplicada no começo das estações não afeta os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do capim BRS Zuri.(AU)

Structure and nutritional value of BRS Zuri grass under shading / Estrutura e valor nutritivo do capim BRS Zuri sob sombreamento

The objective was to determine the structural and nutritive parameters for Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri under a Eucalyptus shading system, in rainy and dry seasons. At the beginning of each season, the treatments (foliar fertilization levels of 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) were applied and evaluated at 28, 56, and 84 growing days. The treatments did not affect significantly (p ≥ 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The systems (shading and full sun) and seasons did not change (p ≥ 0.05) forage and root masses. The leaf crude protein content was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the dry season. Height, leaf mass, stem and dead material, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the system x season. The growing days did not affect (p ≥ 0.05) forage mass. The mass of dead material decreased (p ≤ 0.05) over the evaluated intervals. The other parameters were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by system × growing days. Based on the results, the forage and root masses show that the cv. BRS Zuri is adapted to the shading in the proposed experimental conditions. These masses added to the crude protein content indicate adaptation to low rainfall, inherent to the dry season, while foliar fertilization applied at the beginning of seasons did not affect the structural and nutritive parameters of BRS Zuri grass.

O objetivo foi determinar os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri sob sistema sombreado por eucalipto, nas estações chuvosa e seca. No começo de cada estação, os tratamentos (níveis de fertilização foliar de 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) foram aplicados e as avaliações realizadas aos 28, 56 e 84 dias de crescimento. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente (p ≥ 0.05) os parâmetros avaliados. Os sistemas (sombreado e a pleno sol) e estações não modificaram (p ≥ 0.05) as massas de forragem e de raízes. O conteúdo de proteína bruta foi maior (p ≤ 0.05) na estação seca. Altura, massas de folhas, colmos e material morto, conteúdos de fibra em detergente ácido e neutro, e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram significativamente afetados (p ≤ 0.05) pela interação sistema x estação. Os dias de crescimento não afetaram (p ≥ 0.05) a massa de forragem. A massa de material morto diminuiu (p ≤ 0.05) com os intervalos de avaliação. Os outros parâmetros foram afetados (p ≤ 0.05) pela interação sistema x dias de crescimento. Baseado nos resultados observados, as massas de forragem e raízes mostram que o cv. BRS Zuri é adaptado ao sombreamento proposto pelas condições experimentais. Essas massas, somadas ao conteúdo de proteína bruta indica que o capim é adaptado a baixas precipitações, inerentes a estação seca; a fertilização foliar aplicada no começo das estações não afeta os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do capim BRS Zuri.

Structure and nutritional value of BRS Zuri grass under shading

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the structural and nutritive parameters for Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri under a Eucalyptus shading system, in rainy and dry seasons. At the beginning of each season, the treatments (foliar fertilization levels of 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) were applied and evaluated at 28, 56, and 84 growing days. The treatments did not affect significantly (p 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The systems (shading and full sun) and seasons did not change (p 0.05) forage and root masses. The leaf crude protein content was higher (p 0.05) in the dry season. Height, leaf mass, stem and dead material, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were affected (p 0.05) by the system x season. The growing days did not affect (p 0.05) forage mass. The mass of dead material decreased (p 0.05) over the evaluated intervals. The other parameters were affected (p 0.05) by system × growing days. Based on the results, the forage and root masses show that the cv. BRS Zuri is adapted to the shading in the proposed experimental conditions. These masses added to the crude protein content indicate adaptation to low rainfall, inherent to the dry season, while foliar fertilization applied at the beginning of seasons did not affect the structural and nutritive parameters of BRS Zuri grass.

RESUMO O objetivo foi determinar os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri sob sistema sombreado por eucalipto, nas estações chuvosa e seca. No começo de cada estação, os tratamentos (níveis de fertilização foliar de 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) foram aplicados e as avaliações realizadas aos 28, 56 e 84 dias de crescimento. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente (p 0.05) os parâmetros avaliados. Os sistemas (sombreado e a pleno sol) e estações não modificaram (p 0.05) as massas de forragem e de raízes. O conteúdo de proteína bruta foi maior (p 0.05) na estação seca. Altura, massas de folhas, colmos e material morto, conteúdos de fibra em detergente ácido e neutro, e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram significativamente afetados (p 0.05) pela interação sistema x estação. Os dias de crescimento não afetaram (p 0.05) a massa de forragem. A massa de material morto diminuiu (p 0.05) com os intervalos de avaliação. Os outros parâmetros foram afetados (p 0.05) pela interação sistema x dias de crescimento. Baseado nos resultados observados, as massas de forragem e raízes mostram que o cv. BRS Zuri é adaptado ao sombreamento proposto pelas condições experimentais. Essas massas, somadas ao conteúdo de proteína bruta indica que o capim é adaptado a baixas precipitações, inerentes a estação seca; a fertilização foliar aplicada no começo das estações não afeta os parâmetros estruturais e de valor nutritivo do capim BRS Zuri.

Vegetative rescue of Cedrela fissilis Vell. by the rooting of cuttings from epicormic and canopy sprouts / Resgate vegetativo de Cedrela fissilis Vell. por enraizamento de estacas de brotos epicórmicos e de copa

Cedrela fissilis is a species of great genetic diversity, with low population density and seminal propagation, which causes difficulties in the vegetative propagation process. This research evaluated the vegetative rescue and propagation of stem cutting rooting originated from epicormic and canopy sprouts of C. fissilis. For this, the induction of epicormic sprouts was evaluated 52 days after the complete girdling and semi-girdling 20 and 40 cm from the ground, and no girdling treatment, during spring (2018), summer (2018) and autumn (2019). The variables evaluated were, survival (%), sprouting (%), number, length (cm) and diameter (mm) of sprouts. The cuttings were made from spring epicormic sprouts, divided in two categories: 10 cm cuttings placed vertically in pits and 5 cm cuttings placed horizontally in furrows. The canopy sprouts were collected in the summer, then cut in apical and intermediate cuttings (15 cm). After 60 days, the cuttings were evaluated in survival (%), rooting (%), callus (%), average number and length of roots (cm). Results showed that only the complete girdling produced sprouts (average >67%) with no difference between 20 and 40 cm heights, with a greater number of sprouts during spring. The cuttings from epicormic sprouts, planted vertically in pits presented higher percentage of rooting (44%) than cuttings planted horizontally in furrows (17%). Cuttings from the canopy had inconsiderable rooting (apical - 2%; intermediate - 0%). The girdling periods influences the number of epicormic sprouts and its use for cutting was more efficient in rooting.

Cedrela fissilis é uma espécie de grande diversidade genética, com baixa densidade populacional florestal, de propagação seminal, que apresenta dificuldade de ser propagada vegetativamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o regate e propagação vegetativa a partir do enraizamento de estacas de origem epicórmicas e de copa de C. fissilis. Para isso, a brotação epicórmica foi avaliada 52 dias após o anelamento completo e semianelamento nas alturas de 20 e 40 cm, e tratamento sem anelamento, durante primavera (2018), verão (2018) e outono (2019). Foram avaliados: sobrevivência das árvores (%), brotação (%), número, comprimento (cm) e diâmetro (mm) de brotos. A estaquia utilizou brotos epicórmicos de primavera, divididos em duas categorias: estacas com 10 cm colocadas verticalmente em covas e estacas de 5 cm colocadas horizontalmente em sulcos. Brotos de copa foram coletados no verão, cortados em estacas apicais e intermediárias (15 cm). Após 60 dias avaliou-se das estacas: sobrevivência (%), enraizamento (%), calos (%), número médio e comprimento de raízes (cm). Os resultados apresentam que apenas o anelamento completo formou brotos (média >67%), sem diferença entre a altura 20 e 40 cm, com maior número de brotos durante a primavera. As estacas de brotos epicórmicos, plantadas verticalmente em covas, apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento (44%) que estacas plantadas horizontalmente em sulcos (17%). Estacas de copa obtiveram enraizamento desconsiderável (apicais - 2%; intermediárias - 0%). As épocas de anelamento influenciam no número de brotos epicórmicos e seu uso como estacas foi mais eficiente no enraizamento.

Vegetative rescue of Cedrela fissilis Vell. by the rooting of cuttings from epicormic and canopy sprouts / Resgate vegetativo de Cedrela fissilis Vell. por enraizamento de estacas de brotos epicórmicos e de copa

Cedrela fissilis is a species of great genetic diversity, with low population density and seminal propagation, which causes difficulties in the vegetative propagation process. This research evaluated the vegetative rescue and propagation of stem cutting rooting originated from epicormic and canopy sprouts of C. fissilis. For this, the induction of epicormic sprouts was evaluated 52 days after the complete girdling and semi-girdling 20 and 40 cm from the ground, and no girdling treatment, during spring (2018), summer (2018) and autumn (2019). The variables evaluated were, survival (%), sprouting (%), number, length (cm) and diameter (mm) of sprouts. The cuttings were made from spring epicormic sprouts, divided in two categories: 10 cm cuttings placed vertically in pits and 5 cm cuttings placed horizontally in furrows. The canopy sprouts were collected in the summer, then cut in apical and intermediate cuttings (15 cm). After 60 days, the cuttings were evaluated in survival (%), rooting (%), callus (%), average number and length of roots (cm). Results showed that only the complete girdling produced sprouts (average >67%) with no difference between 20 and 40 cm heights, with a greater number of sprouts during spring. The cuttings from epicormic sprouts, planted vertically in pits presented higher percentage of rooting (44%) than cuttings planted horizontally in furrows (17%). Cuttings from the canopy had inconsiderable rooting (apical - 2%; intermediate - 0%). The girdling periods influences the number of epicormic sprouts and its use for cutting was more efficient in rooting.(AU)

Cedrela fissilis é uma espécie de grande diversidade genética, com baixa densidade populacional florestal, de propagação seminal, que apresenta dificuldade de ser propagada vegetativamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o regate e propagação vegetativa a partir do enraizamento de estacas de origem epicórmicas e de copa de C. fissilis. Para isso, a brotação epicórmica foi avaliada 52 dias após o anelamento completo e semianelamento nas alturas de 20 e 40 cm, e tratamento sem anelamento, durante primavera (2018), verão (2018) e outono (2019). Foram avaliados: sobrevivência das árvores (%), brotação (%), número, comprimento (cm) e diâmetro (mm) de brotos. A estaquia utilizou brotos epicórmicos de primavera, divididos em duas categorias: estacas com 10 cm colocadas verticalmente em covas e estacas de 5 cm colocadas horizontalmente em sulcos. Brotos de copa foram coletados no verão, cortados em estacas apicais e intermediárias (15 cm). Após 60 dias avaliou-se das estacas: sobrevivência (%), enraizamento (%), calos (%), número médio e comprimento de raízes (cm). Os resultados apresentam que apenas o anelamento completo formou brotos (média >67%), sem diferença entre a altura 20 e 40 cm, com maior número de brotos durante a primavera. As estacas de brotos epicórmicos, plantadas verticalmente em covas, apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento (44%) que estacas plantadas horizontalmente em sulcos (17%). Estacas de copa obtiveram enraizamento desconsiderável (apicais - 2%; intermediárias - 0%). As épocas de anelamento influenciam no número de brotos epicórmicos e seu uso como estacas foi mais eficiente no enraizamento.(AU)

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.

Botanical source investigation and evaluation of the effect of seasonality on Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera L

Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.(AU)

Seasons and water container types affecting Culex spp. in Southern Thailand

Usually, Culex mosquitoes are responsible for spreading several human diseases such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, filariasis, and Zika. Lymphatic filariasis and Zika cases are increasing in Thailand with more prevalent in southern Thailand. In this study, our aim is to examine how seasons and water container types affect Culex spp. larvae numbers in Lansaka district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. This study was conducted in five sub-districts (Lansaka, Khaokaew, Thadi, Kamlon, and Khunthale) in Lansaka district. In each subdistrict, 120 houses were randomly selected to study the breeding sites of Culex mosquito in dry (March-May, 2018) and wet (October-December, 2018) seasons. Mosquito larvae were collected from indoor, outdoor, natural, artificial, darkcoloured, light-coloured, with lid, and without lid containers. It was observed that in all sub-districts, Culex larvae numbers were higher in dry season compared to wet season. In both seasons, outdoor, without lid, dark-coloured, and artificial containers contained more Culex larvae than inside, with lid, light-coloured, and natural containers, respectively. This study shows that seasons and water container types affect Culex mosquito larvae. Since the larvae numbers are higher in dry season, as well as in outdoor, without lid, dark-coloured, and artificial containers, people should reduce the usage of these containers, especially in the dry season, to prevent Culex borne diseases.(AU)

Seasons and water container types affecting Culex spp. in Southern Thailand

Usually, Culex mosquitoes are responsible for spreading several human diseases such as malaria, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, filariasis, and Zika. Lymphatic filariasis and Zika cases are increasing in Thailand with more prevalent in southern Thailand. In this study, our aim is to examine how seasons and water container types affect Culex spp. larvae numbers in Lansaka district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. This study was conducted in five sub-districts (Lansaka, Khaokaew, Thadi, Kamlon, and Khunthale) in Lansaka district. In each subdistrict, 120 houses were randomly selected to study the breeding sites of Culex mosquito in dry (March-May, 2018) and wet (October-December, 2018) seasons. Mosquito larvae were collected from indoor, outdoor, natural, artificial, darkcoloured, light-coloured, with lid, and without lid containers. It was observed that in all sub-districts, Culex larvae numbers were higher in dry season compared to wet season. In both seasons, outdoor, without lid, dark-coloured, and artificial containers contained more Culex larvae than inside, with lid, light-coloured, and natural containers, respectively. This study shows that seasons and water container types affect Culex mosquito larvae. Since the larvae numbers are higher in dry season, as well as in outdoor, without lid, dark-coloured, and artificial containers, people should reduce the usage of these containers, especially in the dry season, to prevent Culex borne diseases.

Seasonal evaluation of the condition factor in a surf-zone assemblage from southeastern Brazil / Avaliação sazonal do fator de condição em uma assembleia de peixes da zona de arrebentação no sudeste do Brasil

The surf zone is a highly dynamic environment subject to seasonal fluctuations which could impose restrictions to the development of juvenile fish. The allometric condition factor index (K) provides a value of ‘well-being for fish, been used to compare populations under different environmental conditions. The aim of this study concerned on evaluate the effect of seasonality on surf-zone juvenile fish K. Along two years the K values of the main fish species were analyzed. The temperature and abundance were also reported. We compared data between cold and hot seasons to test the effect of seasonality. A total of 955 individuals were collected, totaling 20 species. Despite the surf zone instability, most fish species showed a stable K regardless of season. We found that the condition factor in neritic Atherinella blackburni, Mugil brevirostris, Trachinotus carolinus and Trachinotus goodei did not vary. Only a demersal species, Menticirrhus littoralis, shown the lowest condition factor in the hot season, coinciding with maximum water temperature. We discussed how the surf zone provides conditions for the development of fish and reinforce the importance of this environment as a breeding site.(AU)

A zona de arrebentação é um ambiente altamente dinâmico, sujeito a flutuações sazonais que podem impor restrições ao desenvolvimento de peixes juvenis. O fator de condição alométrico (K) fornece um valor de ‘bem-estar para peixes, usado para comparar populações sob diferentes condições ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade sobre o K de peixes juvenis da zona de arrebentação. Durante dois anos, os valores de K para as principais espécies de peixes foram analisados. A temperatura e abundância também foram avaliadas. Nós comparamos os dados entre as estações fria e quente para testar o efeito da sazonalidade. Foram coletados 955 indivíduos, totalizando 20 espécies. Apesar da instabilidade da zona de arrebentação, a maioria das espécies demostraram um K estável independentemente da estação. Verificamos que o K para os neríticos, Atherinella blackburni,Mugil brevirostris, Trachinotus carolinus e Trachinotus goodei não variam. Apenas o demersal Menticirrhus littoralis apresentou o K mais baixo na estação quente, coincidindo com a maior temperatura da água. Nós sugerimos que a zona de arrebentação oferece condições para o desenvolvimento dos peixes juvenis ao longo do ano e reforçamos a importância deste ambiente como berçário.(AU)

Seasonal evaluation of the condition factor in a surf-zone assemblage from southeastern Brazil / Avaliação sazonal do fator de condição em uma assembleia de peixes da zona de arrebentação no sudeste do Brasil

The surf zone is a highly dynamic environment subject to seasonal fluctuations which could impose restrictions to the development of juvenile fish. The allometric condition factor index (K) provides a value of ‘well-being’ for fish, been used to compare populations under different environmental conditions. The aim of this study concerned on evaluate the effect of seasonality on surf-zone juvenile fish’ K. Along two years the K values of the main fish species were analyzed. The temperature and abundance were also reported. We compared data between cold and hot seasons to test the effect of seasonality. A total of 955 individuals were collected, totaling 20 species. Despite the surf zone instability, most fish species showed a stable K regardless of season. We found that the condition factor in neritic Atherinella blackburni, Mugil brevirostris, Trachinotus carolinus and Trachinotus goodei did not vary. Only a demersal species, Menticirrhus littoralis, shown the lowest condition factor in the hot season, coinciding with maximum water temperature. We discussed how the surf zone provides conditions for the development of fish and reinforce the importance of this environment as a breeding site.

A zona de arrebentação é um ambiente altamente dinâmico, sujeito a flutuações sazonais que podem impor restrições ao desenvolvimento de peixes juvenis. O fator de condição alométrico (K) fornece um valor de ‘bem-estar’ para peixes, usado para comparar populações sob diferentes condições ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade sobre o K de peixes juvenis da zona de arrebentação. Durante dois anos, os valores de K para as principais espécies de peixes foram analisados. A temperatura e abundância também foram avaliadas. Nós comparamos os dados entre as estações fria e quente para testar o efeito da sazonalidade. Foram coletados 955 indivíduos, totalizando 20 espécies. Apesar da instabilidade da zona de arrebentação, a maioria das espécies demostraram um K estável independentemente da estação. Verificamos que o K para os neríticos, Atherinella blackburni,Mugil brevirostris, Trachinotus carolinus e Trachinotus goodei não variam. Apenas o demersal Menticirrhus littoralis apresentou o K mais baixo na estação quente, coincidindo com a maior temperatura da água. Nós sugerimos que a zona de arrebentação oferece condições para o desenvolvimento dos peixes juvenis ao longo do ano e reforçamos a importância deste ambiente como berçário.

Agricultural answers and chemical composition of Massai grass under different nitrogen doses and urea sources / Respostas agronômicas e de composição química do capim Massai sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e fontes de ureia

Under the hypothesis that modifying nitrogen sources and doses could increase nitrogen fertilization efficiency and productivity and improve forage quality, this study aimed to evaluate the morphological composition, structural characteristics and chemical composition of Panicum maximum cv. Massai forage cultivated under different urea sources (common and coated with Policote®) and nitrogen doses (200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 year-1) during the autumn, winter and spring of 2014 and the summer and autumn of 2015. The experiment was carried out in Seropédica, RJ, under a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement (3x2) + 1 with four replications. High nitrogen rates promoted higher percentages of leaf blade dry mass and lower percentages of dead material dry mass in the forage mass and provided higher tiller population density and forage accumulation rate of Massai grass during the studied seasons. The use of coated urea promoted higher levels of crude protein in the forage than did the use of common urea in all seasons. The intensification of nitrogen fertilization reduced the nitrogen use efficiency but benefitted the structural characteristics, forage accumulation and chemical composition of Massai grass forage. The use of coated urea promoted greater of nitrogen use efficiency during all seasons of the year.(AU)

Sob a hipótese de aumento da eficiência da adubação nitrogenada quanto ao uso de diferentes fontes e doses de nitrogênio, aliado à maior produtividade e qualidade da forragem produzida, este trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar a composição morfológica, as características estruturais e a composição química da forragem do Panicum maximum cv. Massai, cultivado sob diferentes fontes de ureia (comum e revestida por Policote®) e doses de nitrogênio (200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 ano-1), durante as estações de outono, inverno e primavera de 2014, verão e outono de 2015. O experimento foi conduzido em Seropédica, RJ, sob delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo fatorial (3x2) + 1, com quatro repetições. O incremento de doses de nitrogênio promoveu maiores porcentagens de massa seca de lâminas foliares e menores porcentagens de material morto na massa de forragem, além de maiores densidades populacionais de per filhos e taxa de acúmulo de forragem do capim Massai, durante as estações. O uso da ureia revestida promoveu maiores teores de proteína bruta na forragem que a ureia comum em todas as estações. A intensificação da adubação nitrogenada reduz a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio, mas beneficia as características estruturais, o acúmulo de forragem, e a composição química do capim Massai. O uso de ureia revestida promove maior eficiência da utilização do nitrogênio durante todas as estações do ano.(AU)

Effect of season on scrotal circumference, semen characteristics and testosterone serumconcentration in Mexican Corriente and other beef breed bulls

To evaluate the effects of season on semen,scrotal circumference and testosterone concentration inCorriente and European-breed bulls, 758 samples wereanalyzed in four years. Comparisons were madebetween bulls of the same breed in different seasons andbetween bulls of different breeds in the same season.Scrotal circumference of both breeds was higher in thesummer and autumn (P 0.1). Individual motility was lower in Europeanbreedthan in Corriente bulls in summer and autumn(P < 0.01 and <0.01). Live cells count was lower inEuropean-breed than in Corriente bulls during thesummer and autumn (P < 0.01 and <0.01). Major spermdefects were higher for Corriente than European-breedbulls during winter (P < 0.01). Minor cell defects werehigher in summer and autumn (P < 0.01) in Europeanbreedthan in Corriente bulls. Total defects were lowerin Corriente than in European-breed bulls duringsummer and autumn (P < 0.01), and higher duringwinter (P < 0.01). Testosterone was higher in Corrientebulls during summer (P < 0.01) and autumn (P < 0.01)than in European-breed bulls. Gross motility was lower(P < 0.05) in European-breed than in Corriente bulls inwinter. Season had no effect on most semencharacteristics in Corriente bulls, while European-breedbulls had lower semen quality during the hotter seasons.

Effect of season on scrotal circumference, semen characteristics and testosterone serumconcentration in Mexican Corriente and other beef breed bulls

To evaluate the effects of season on semen,scrotal circumference and testosterone concentration inCorriente and European-breed bulls, 758 samples wereanalyzed in four years. Comparisons were madebetween bulls of the same breed in different seasons andbetween bulls of different breeds in the same season.Scrotal circumference of both breeds was higher in thesummer and autumn (P < 0.01). Sperm concentration,individual motility and live cells were lower in summerand autumn in European-breed bulls (P < 0.01). Allpercentages of sperm defects were higher, andtestosterone was lower in European-breed bulls duringsummer and autumn (P < 0.01). Gross motility tended tobe lower (P = 0.09) in European-based bulls duringwinter. Scrotal circumference was higher in Europeanbreedbulls than Corriente bulls in all seasons (P < 0.01).Ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were similarin Corriente and European-breed bulls in all seasons(P > 0.1). Individual motility was lower in Europeanbreedthan in Corriente bulls in summer and autumn(P < 0.01 and <0.01). Live cells count was lower inEuropean-breed than in Corriente bulls during thesummer and autumn (P < 0.01 and <0.01). Major spermdefects were higher for Corriente than European-breedbulls during winter (P < 0.01). Minor cell defects werehigher in summer and autumn (P < 0.01) in Europeanbreedthan in Corriente bulls. Total defects were lowerin Corriente than in European-breed bulls duringsummer and autumn (P < 0.01), and higher duringwinter (P < 0.01). Testosterone was higher in Corrientebulls during summer (P < 0.01) and autumn (P < 0.01)than in European-breed bulls. Gross motility was lower(P < 0.05) in European-breed than in Corriente bulls inwinter. Season had no effect on most semencharacteristics in Corriente bulls, while European-breedbulls had lower semen quality during the hotter seasons.(AU)