Association of Palm gene mutations with structure and function of paralemmin proteins in Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel sheep Breeds

The aim of current study was to survey genetic variability of PALM gene'sexon 3 and 4 by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing in Zel and Lori Bakhtiari sheep breeds. TheSIFT(Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant) and PHyre2 program were used to predict the possible impact of amino acid substitutions on performance and structure of the paralemmin protein. A total of 140 animal's from 2 Iranian sheep breeds with different fat metabolisms, Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel sheep breeds were considered. The results showed that there are two polymorphic sites including a nonsynonymous substitution and an insertion mutation (49bp). Non-synonymous mutation deduced Thr20Ala amino acid exchange and ensuing two different structures for paralemmin protein that could be potentially affect protein structure and function during the interaction with glutamate in the cytosolic surface of plasma membrane. PALMgene, according to evolutionary path, is classified into two separate categories. In first covey, Gallus gallusand in second one, other species in several branches, so that the sequence of cow and sheep is placed in a sub-branch which forms a clade beside goat. Comparison of illustrated coding region sequences, PALMgene among different species, is of orthologous which are derived from a common ancestor.(AU)

Effect of flunixin or ketoprofen in caudectomy by elastration in lambs: pain and neutrophil function

ABSTRACT: Painful procedures can affect the function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, increasing the risk of infectious diseases. The present work aimed to verify if the analgesics flunixin meglumine or ketoprofen can attenuate the pain/discomfort of newborn lambs submitted by elastration tail docking and thereby avoid the impairment of blood granulocytes function. Twenty-one neonate lambs were divided into three treatments: the control group (n=7), not subjected to caudectomy; the flunixin group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and analgesia with two doses of flunixin meglumine; and the ketoprofen group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and two doses of ketoprofen. Pain indicators were observed by pain posture score (PS), the number of vocalizations (V), frequency of the movement of the ears (EF), and respiratory rates (RR), observed by a 10 minutes videos for each time points: -15min, 6h, 48h, and 144h. At the same time points, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis of blood granulocytes were measured by flow cytometry. At 6h after caudectomy, there was a pain indicator increase (RR, V, and PS), a blood granulocyte percentage increase, and a granulocytes phagocytosis reduction for both groups. At 48h, the ketoprofen group spend more time in pain posture and, at 144h, they exhibited a ROS production granulocyte reduction without signs of pain. We conclude the flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen did not prevent the acute pain/discomfort caused by caudectomy, because the groups showed a pain behavior and impaired of the innate immune response however, the flunixin meglumine was effective in controlling the chronic pain and their effects on blood granulocytes function in compare ketoprofen.

RESUMO: Procedimentos dolorosos podem afetar a função das células imunes inatas como neutrófilos e macrófagos, aumentando o risco de ocorrer doenças infeciosas. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho pretendeu verificar se os analgésicos flunixin meglumine ou cetoprofeno conseguem atenuar a dor/desconforto de cordeiros neonatos submetidos a caudectomia por elastração, evitando assim o comprometimento da função dos granulócitos sanguíneos. Para tanto 21 cordeiras foram aleatoriamente divididas em três tratamentos: grupo controle (n=7) não submetido a caudectomia, grupo flunixin (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de flunixin meglumine, e cetoprofeno (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de cetoprofeno. Mensurou-se os indicadores de dor/desconforto após caudectomia por observações de escore de postura de dor (EP), número de vocalizações (V), frequência de movimentar as orelhas (FO) e frequência respiratória (FR), observados em vídeos de 10 minutos nos momentos -15 min e 6, 48 e 144h. Nos mesmos momentos, avaliou-se a as funções de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de fagocitose por granulócitos sanguineos em citometria de fluxo. Notou-se aumento dos indicadores de dor (FR, de V e de EP), da porcentagem dos granulócitos sanguíneos e redução da eficiência de fagocitose em ambos os grupos as 6h. As 48h, os animais do grupo cetoprofeno ainda apresentava mais tempo em postura de dor que os demais grupos e as 144h, apresentou redução da produção ERO por granulócitos. Tais achados permitem concluir que tanto o flunexin meglumine como o cetoprofeno não preveniram dor/desconforto agudo promovido pela elastração, pois os dois grupos manifestaram comportamento de dor e redução da resposta imune inata. Ainda, o analgésico flunixin meglumine foi efetivo em controlar a dor mais tardia e seus efeitos na função de granulócitos sanguíneos em comparação ao cetoprofeno.

Effect of flunixin or ketoprofen in caudectomy by elastration in lambs: pain and neutrophil function / Efeito de flunixin ou cetoprofeno em cordeiras submetidas a caudectomia por elastração: dor e função neutrofílica

Painful procedures can affect the function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, increasing the risk of infectious diseases. The present work aimed to verify if the analgesics flunixin meglumine or ketoprofen can attenuate the pain/discomfort of newborn lambs submitted by elastration tail docking and thereby avoid the impairment of blood granulocytes function. Twenty-one neonate lambs were divided into three treatments: the control group (n=7), not subjected to caudectomy; the flunixin group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and analgesia with two doses of flunixin meglumine; and the ketoprofen group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and two doses of ketoprofen. Pain indicators were observed by pain posture score (PS), the number of vocalizations (V), frequency of the movement of the ears (EF), and respiratory rates (RR), observed by a 10 minutes videos for each time points: -15min, 6h, 48h, and 144h. At the same time points, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis of blood granulocytes were measured by flow cytometry. At 6h after caudectomy, there was a pain indicator increase (RR, V, and PS), a blood granulocyte percentage increase, and a granulocytes phagocytosis reduction for both groups. At 48h, the ketoprofen group spend more time in pain posture and, at 144h, they exhibited a ROS production granulocyte reduction without signs of pain. We conclude the flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen did not prevent the acute pain/discomfort caused by caudectomy, because the groups showed a pain behavior and impaired of the innate immune response however, the flunixin meglumine was effective in controlling the chronic pain and their effects on blood granulocytes function in compare ketoprofen.(AU)

Procedimentos dolorosos podem afetar a função das células imunes inatas como neutrófilos e macrófagos, aumentando o risco de ocorrer doenças infeciosas. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho pretendeu verificar se os analgésicos flunixin meglumine ou cetoprofeno conseguem atenuar a dor/desconforto de cordeiros neonatos submetidos a caudectomia por elastração, evitando assim o comprometimento da função dos granulócitos sanguíneos. Para tanto 21 cordeiras foram aleatoriamente divididas em três tratamentos: grupo controle (n=7) não submetido a caudectomia, grupo flunixin (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de flunixin meglumine, e cetoprofeno (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de cetoprofeno. Mensurou-se os indicadores de dor/desconforto após caudectomia por observações de escore de postura de dor (EP), número de vocalizações (V), frequência de movimentar as orelhas (FO) e frequência respiratória (FR), observados em vídeos de 10 minutos nos momentos -15 min e 6, 48 e 144h. Nos mesmos momentos, avaliou-se a as funções de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de fagocitose por granulócitos sanguineos em citometria de fluxo. Notou-se aumento dos indicadores de dor (FR, de V e de EP), da porcentagem dos granulócitos sanguíneos e redução da eficiência de fagocitose em ambos os grupos as 6h. As 48h, os animais do grupo cetoprofeno ainda apresentava mais tempo em postura de dor que os demais grupos e as 144h, apresentou redução da produção ERO por granulócitos. Tais achados permitem concluir que tanto o flunexin meglumine como o cetoprofeno não preveniram dor/desconforto agudo promovido pela elastração, pois os dois grupos manifestaram comportamento de dor e redução da resposta imune inata. Ainda, o analgésico flunixin meglumine foi efetivo em controlar a dor mais tardia e seus efeitos na função de granulócitos sanguíneos em comparação ao cetoprofeno.(AU)

Effect of flunixin or ketoprofen in caudectomy by elastration in lambs: pain and neutrophil function / Efeito de flunixin ou cetoprofeno em cordeiras submetidas a caudectomia por elastração: dor e função neutrofílica

Painful procedures can affect the function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, increasing the risk of infectious diseases. The present work aimed to verify if the analgesics flunixin meglumine or ketoprofen can attenuate the pain/discomfort of newborn lambs submitted by elastration tail docking and thereby avoid the impairment of blood granulocytes function. Twenty-one neonate lambs were divided into three treatments: the control group (n=7), not subjected to caudectomy; the flunixin group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and analgesia with two doses of flunixin meglumine; and the ketoprofen group (n=7), subjected to caudectomy under local anesthesia and two doses of ketoprofen. Pain indicators were observed by pain posture score (PS), the number of vocalizations (V), frequency of the movement of the ears (EF), and respiratory rates (RR), observed by a 10 minutes videos for each time points: -15min, 6h, 48h, and 144h. At the same time points, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis of blood granulocytes were measured by flow cytometry. At 6h after caudectomy, there was a pain indicator increase (RR, V, and PS), a blood granulocyte percentage increase, and a granulocytes phagocytosis reduction for both groups. At 48h, the ketoprofen group spend more time in pain posture and, at 144h, they exhibited a ROS production granulocyte reduction without signs of pain. We conclude the flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen did not prevent the acute pain/discomfort caused by caudectomy, because the groups showed a pain behavior and impaired of the innate immune response however, the flunixin meglumine was effective in controlling the chronic pain and their effects on blood granulocytes function in compare ketoprofen.(AU)

Procedimentos dolorosos podem afetar a função das células imunes inatas como neutrófilos e macrófagos, aumentando o risco de ocorrer doenças infeciosas. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho pretendeu verificar se os analgésicos flunixin meglumine ou cetoprofeno conseguem atenuar a dor/desconforto de cordeiros neonatos submetidos a caudectomia por elastração, evitando assim o comprometimento da função dos granulócitos sanguíneos. Para tanto 21 cordeiras foram aleatoriamente divididas em três tratamentos: grupo controle (n=7) não submetido a caudectomia, grupo flunixin (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de flunixin meglumine, e cetoprofeno (n=7) submetido a caudectomia precedida por anestesia local e duas doses de cetoprofeno. Mensurou-se os indicadores de dor/desconforto após caudectomia por observações de escore de postura de dor (EP), número de vocalizações (V), frequência de movimentar as orelhas (FO) e frequência respiratória (FR), observados em vídeos de 10 minutos nos momentos -15 min e 6, 48 e 144h. Nos mesmos momentos, avaliou-se a as funções de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de fagocitose por granulócitos sanguineos em citometria de fluxo. Notou-se aumento dos indicadores de dor (FR, de V e de EP), da porcentagem dos granulócitos sanguíneos e redução da eficiência de fagocitose em ambos os grupos as 6h. As 48h, os animais do grupo cetoprofeno ainda apresentava mais tempo em postura de dor que os demais grupos e as 144h, apresentou redução da produção ERO por granulócitos. Tais achados permitem concluir que tanto o flunexin meglumine como o cetoprofeno não preveniram dor/desconforto agudo promovido pela elastração, pois os dois grupos manifestaram comportamento de dor e redução da resposta imune inata. Ainda, o analgésico flunixin meglumine foi efetivo em controlar a dor mais tardia e seus efeitos na função de granulócitos sanguíneos em comparação ao cetoprofeno.(AU)

Body expressions of emotions: does animals have it?

The expression of emotions in animals is a source of information not very explored by researches. It is necessary to know what emotions animals experience and how these emotions are expressed to the point that we can identify them. Within this approach, the use of techniques to measure bodychanges in animals according to the type of emotion experienced is one of the following paths. The ear and tailpositioning was described as body areas subject to changes caused by emotions in animals. However, the position of theears and tail may vary between species when it comes to the emotional state and therefore, it is not possible to establish a pattern. It is necessary to evaluate each species individuallyand the results cannot be transmitted from one species to another. In addition, animals demonstrate different facial expressions associated with pain. Changes in facial expression in animals may also be related to emotions.(AU)

Body expressions of emotions: does animals have it?

The expression of emotions in animals is a source of information not very explored by researches. It is necessary to know what emotions animals experience and how these emotions are expressed to the point that we can identify them. Within this approach, the use of techniques to measure bodychanges in animals according to the type of emotion experienced is one of the following paths. The ear and tailpositioning was described as body areas subject to changes caused by emotions in animals. However, the position of theears and tail may vary between species when it comes to the emotional state and therefore, it is not possible to establish a pattern. It is necessary to evaluate each species individuallyand the results cannot be transmitted from one species to another. In addition, animals demonstrate different facial expressions associated with pain. Changes in facial expression in animals may also be related to emotions.

Temperature effect on the maximum swimming speed of jack mackerelTrachurus japonicus through muscle contraction monitoring

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of temperature on fish muscle contraction of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), which muscle contraction will determine the tail beat frequency and maximum swimming speed. The maximum swimming speed of was evaluated according to the measurement of the muscle contraction time with electric stimuli of 2-7 V, 50 ms. Fish were separated into four groups for temperature acclimation at 10, 15, 18 and 22ºC to reflect typical changes in seasonal water temperature in Japan. Results showed that the swimming speed of the fish was positively related to the tail-beat frequency at all temperatures. The muscle contraction time was also affected by the acclimated temperature, which longer at the lower temperature than higher ones. Mean contraction time (Tm) was 45.1 ms at 10 ºC, 32.7 ms at 15 ºC, 32.9 ms at 18 ºC, and 31.9 ms at 22 ºC, respectively. The mean of maximum tail-beat frequency (Fmax) obtained from Fmax = ½ Tm was 11.4 Hz at 10 ºC, 15.8 Hz at 15 ºC, 16,4 Hz at 18 ºC, and 16.6 Hz at 22 ºC. These were used to estimate the maximum swimming speed (Umax) at each temperature, resulting in 9.45 FL s-¹ at 10 ºC, 13.5 FL s-¹ at 15 ºC, 14.0 FL s-¹ 18 ºC, and 14.2 FL s-¹ at 22 ºC. The seasonal temperature effects on the swimming performance of T. japonicus, which lower water temperature in the winter made low swimming performance.(AU)

Producers' knowledge and perception about environmental enrichment and materials used in pig farms

This study investigated the knowledge and perception of Brazilian pig producers in terms of environmental enrichment (EE) for pigs, the materials used, and the forms of presentation, identifying the single conditions that can improve their application on pig farms. A questionnaire was applied to 1340 farms ­ representing 7.4% of the farms and 12% of the sows in the country. The questions included descriptions of farms and respondents, their knowledge, judgments and level of interest in the use of EE, and frequency of use of the materials. Enrichment was used in 89.1% of farms, but half of the respondents admitted to using it without knowing what was involved. The producers presented an optimistic view (92.3%) about the application of this tool and were interested in receiving more knowledge and guidance on the subject (97.8%). The materials were used mainly to avoid fights (46.3%) and to prevent tail biting (23.3%); on the other hand, the increase in production costs (39.6%) and lack of knowledge about the subject (31.3%) were the main reasons for not using enrichment; concerns about increased management on farms were sporadic (7.1%). Metal chains were the main artifacts used, followed by plastic containers and pieces of wood; the same breeding farm used up to five types of materials. The fact that the respondents stated that they knew what EE was and that they had a good perspective on its use were significant conditions for the use of some kind of enrichment on the farms. Younger farm owners were more likely to use enrichment materials than more experienced ones. The results suggested that Brazilian pig producers use EE even with limited knowledge about the subject and that there is an argument to improve the use of this animal welfare strategy.(AU)

Temperature effect on the maximum swimming speed of jack mackerelTrachurus japonicus through muscle contraction monitoring

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of temperature on fish muscle contraction of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), which muscle contraction will determine the tail beat frequency and maximum swimming speed. The maximum swimming speed of was evaluated according to the measurement of the muscle contraction time with electric stimuli of 2-7 V, 50 ms. Fish were separated into four groups for temperature acclimation at 10, 15, 18 and 22ºC to reflect typical changes in seasonal water temperature in Japan. Results showed that the swimming speed of the fish was positively related to the tail-beat frequency at all temperatures. The muscle contraction time was also affected by the acclimated temperature, which longer at the lower temperature than higher ones. Mean contraction time (Tm) was 45.1 ms at 10 ºC, 32.7 ms at 15 ºC, 32.9 ms at 18 ºC, and 31.9 ms at 22 ºC, respectively. The mean of maximum tail-beat frequency (Fmax) obtained from Fmax = ½ Tm was 11.4 Hz at 10 ºC, 15.8 Hz at 15 ºC, 16,4 Hz at 18 ºC, and 16.6 Hz at 22 ºC. These were used to estimate the maximum swimming speed (Umax) at each temperature, resulting in 9.45 FL s-¹ at 10 ºC, 13.5 FL s-¹ at 15 ºC, 14.0 FL s-¹ 18 ºC, and 14.2 FL s-¹ at 22 ºC. The seasonal temperature effects on the swimming performance of T. japonicus, which lower water temperature in the winter made low swimming performance.

Efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Tris-citrato na congelação com etilenoglicol ou glicerol de espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico (Felis catus) / Effect of different osmolarities of Tris-citrate extender on freezing epididymal sperm from domestic cat (Felis catus)with ethyleneglycol or glycerol

Objetivou-se com o estudo investigar o efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Triscitrato em espermatozóides epididimários de gatos domésticos (Feliscatus) e a congelação com glicerol ou etilenoglicol. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com 10 gatos. No Experimento 1, avaliou-se a manutenção dos parâmetros espermáticos em diluidor tris-citrato com osmolaridades 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 e 525mOsm, nos tempos (T0= 0, T1= 30 e T2= 60 min). No Experimento 2 a congelação foi realizada utilizando as osmolaridades 325 e 375 do glicerol a 4% ou etilenoglicol a 3%, 6%. Dentre as osmolaridades, quanto à motilidade a 325 mOsm não diferiu estatisticamente com o fluido epidídimal (controle) nos três tempos e a 375 mOsm no T0 e T1, e ambas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si e entre os tempos em todos os parâmetros espermáticos. O uso de 4% de glicerol em diluidor com 375 mOsm foi superior, apresentando motilidade de 25% ± 6, vigor 4, integridade de membrana plasmática de 48% ± 9, sem diferenças estatísticas com o resfriamento e na morfologia não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as duas osmolaridades. Portanto, o Tris-citrato com 325 e 375 mOsm entre as osmolaridades testadas e pós congelação com 375 mOsm e glicerol 4% manteve os parâmetros espermáticos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different osmotic potentials of Tris-citrate extender in epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats (Felis catus), frozen with glycerol or ethyleneglycol. Two experiments were carried out, with ten cats. In the first experiment, the influence of extender with the osmolarityof 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 and 525 mOsm on sperm parameters were evaluated. In the second experiment, slow freezing was performed using glycerol at 4% or ethyleneglycolat 3% and 6% added to extender with 325and 375 mOsm. Among the osmolarities, the motilityat 325 mOsm did not differ statistically with epididymal fluid (control) at all times evaluated and at 375 mOsmat T0 and T1, and both showed no statistical differences between each other and between the times in all sperm parameters. Glycerol 4% added to extender with 475 mOsm was superior, presenting motilityof 25% ± 6, vigor 4, plasma membrane integrity of 48% ± 9, without statistical differences with cooling and in morphology, no statistical differences were found between the two osmolarities. Therefore, 325 and 375 mOsm Triscitrate between the osmolarities tested and after freezing with 375 mOsm and 4%, glycerol maintained the sperm parameters.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Tris-citrato na congelação com etilenoglicol ou glicerol de espermatozoides epididimários de gato doméstico (Felis catus) / Effect of different osmolarities of Tris-citrate extender on freezing epididymal sperm from domestic cat (Felis catus)with ethyleneglycol or glycerol

Objetivou-se com o estudo investigar o efeito de diferentes osmolaridades do diluidor Triscitrato em espermatozóides epididimários de gatos domésticos (Feliscatus) e a congelação com glicerol ou etilenoglicol. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com 10 gatos. No Experimento 1, avaliou-se a manutenção dos parâmetros espermáticos em diluidor tris-citrato com osmolaridades 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 e 525mOsm, nos tempos (T0= 0, T1= 30 e T2= 60 min). No Experimento 2 a congelação foi realizada utilizando as osmolaridades 325 e 375 do glicerol a 4% ou etilenoglicol a 3%, 6%. Dentre as osmolaridades, quanto à motilidade a 325 mOsm não diferiu estatisticamente com o fluido epidídimal (controle) nos três tempos e a 375 mOsm no T0 e T1, e ambas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre si e entre os tempos em todos os parâmetros espermáticos. O uso de 4% de glicerol em diluidor com 375 mOsm foi superior, apresentando motilidade de 25% ± 6, vigor 4, integridade de membrana plasmática de 48% ± 9, sem diferenças estatísticas com o resfriamento e na morfologia não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as duas osmolaridades. Portanto, o Tris-citrato com 325 e 375 mOsm entre as osmolaridades testadas e pós congelação com 375 mOsm e glicerol 4% manteve os parâmetros espermáticos.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different osmotic potentials of Tris-citrate extender in epididymal spermatozoa of domestic cats (Felis catus), frozen with glycerol or ethyleneglycol. Two experiments were carried out, with ten cats. In the first experiment, the influence of extender with the osmolarityof 275, 325, 375, 425, 475 and 525 mOsm on sperm parameters were evaluated. In the second experiment, slow freezing was performed using glycerol at 4% or ethyleneglycolat 3% and 6% added to extender with 325and 375 mOsm. Among the osmolarities, the motilityat 325 mOsm did not differ statistically with epididymal fluid (control) at all times evaluated and at 375 mOsmat T0 and T1, and both showed no statistical differences between each other and between the times in all sperm parameters. Glycerol 4% added to extender with 475 mOsm was superior, presenting motilityof 25% ± 6, vigor 4, plasma membrane integrity of 48% ± 9, without statistical differences with cooling and in morphology, no statistical differences were found between the two osmolarities. Therefore, 325 and 375 mOsm Triscitrate between the osmolarities tested and after freezing with 375 mOsm and 4%, glycerol maintained the sperm parameters.

Efeito da adição de plasma seminal oriundo de animais de alta e baixa fertilidade na criopreservação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo e do ejaculado de garanhões subférteis / Effect of seminal plasma addition from high and low fertility animals on the cryopreservation of epididymal tail and ejaculated sperm from subfertile stallions

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de plasma seminal de garanhões de alta e baixa fertilidade sobre a congelabilidade e a viabilidade de espermatozoides do ejaculado (EJ) e do epidídimo (EP) de garanhões subférteis. Foram utilizados seis garanhões com histórico de subfertilidade. Após coleta, espermatozoides do ejaculado foram divididos em três alíquotas: BotuSêmen® (EJ-CT); plasma seminal de alta qualidade espermática (EJ-PS1); e plasma seminal de baixa qualidade espermática (EJ-PS2). O mesmo protocolo foi realizado com espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo após orquiectomia (EP-CT; EP-PS1; EP-PS2). Foram realizadas avaliações da cinética espermática pelo CASA e análises de integridade de membrana, acrossoma, fragmentação de DNA, capacitação espermática e peroxidação espermática por citometria de fluxo. Não foram observadas diferenças na cinética espermática entre EJ e EP, logo após a descongelação. Porém, foi observada maior (P<0,05) porcentagem de células com membranas plasmática e acrossomal íntegras nos grupos EP (EP-CT:31,7±7,5b; EP-PS1:35,2±7,0b; EP-PS2:33,9±7,2b) em comparação aos grupos EJ (EJ-CT:15,1±4,9a; EJ-PS1:11,7±4,5a; EJ-PS2:13,1±5,2a). Adicionalmente, foram observadas diferenças no índice de fragmentação de DNA (EJ-CT:2,6±0,6a; EJ-PS1:2,4±0,8a; EJ-PS2:3,0±0,8a; EP-CT:1,4±0,4b; EP-PS1:1,2±0,3b; EP-PS2:1,3±0,2b). Concluiu-se que a adição de 20% de plasma seminal, oriundo de animais férteis ou subférteis, previamente à congelação de espermatozoides epidídimários de animais subférteis não interfere na qualidade espermática.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the addition of seminal plasma from high and low fertility stallions on sperm viability of frozen-thawed sperm cells from ejaculate and from epididymal tail of subfertile stallions. Six stallions with a history of subfertility were used. After collection, ejaculate spermatozoa were divided into three aliquots: Botu-Semen® (EJ-CT); High-quality seminal plasma (EJ-PS1); Low-quality seminal plasma (EJ-PS2). The same was done with sperm cells from epididymis tail after orchiectomy (EP-CT; EP-PS1; EP-PS2). Evaluations of sperm kinetics were assessed by CASA and membrane and acrosome integrity, DNA fragmentation, sperm capacitation and sperm peroxidation were assessed by flow cytometry. After thawing, no differences were observed between ejaculated sperm (EJ) and epididymal sperm (EP) in any CASA evaluations. However, higher (P< 0.05) percentage of cells with intact plasma and acrossomal membranes was observed in EP groups (EP-CT:31.7±7.5b; EP-PS1:35.2±7.0b; EP-PS2:33.9±7.2b) compared to EJ groups (EJ-CT:15.1±4.9a, EJ-PS1:11.7±4.5a, EJ-PS2:13.1±5,2a). In addition, differences in DNA fragmentation index were observed (EJ-CT:2.6±0.6a; EJ-PS1:2.4±0.8a; EJ-PS2:3.0±0.8a; CT:1.4±0.4b; EP-PS1:1.2±0.3b; EP-PS2:1.3±0.2b). It was concluded that the addition of 20% seminal plasma from fertile or subfertile animals prior to the freezing of epididymal spermatozoa from subfertile animals does not interfere in sperm quality.(AU)

Efeito da adição de plasma seminal oriundo de animais de alta e baixa fertilidade na criopreservação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo e do ejaculado de garanhões subférteis / Effect of seminal plasma addition from high and low fertility animals on the cryopreservation of epididymal tail and ejaculated sperm from subfertile stallions

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de plasma seminal de garanhões de alta e baixa fertilidade sobre a congelabilidade e a viabilidade de espermatozoides do ejaculado (EJ) e do epidídimo (EP) de garanhões subférteis. Foram utilizados seis garanhões com histórico de subfertilidade. Após coleta, espermatozoides do ejaculado foram divididos em três alíquotas: BotuSêmen® (EJ-CT); plasma seminal de alta qualidade espermática (EJ-PS1); e plasma seminal de baixa qualidade espermática (EJ-PS2). O mesmo protocolo foi realizado com espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo após orquiectomia (EP-CT; EP-PS1; EP-PS2). Foram realizadas avaliações da cinética espermática pelo CASA e análises de integridade de membrana, acrossoma, fragmentação de DNA, capacitação espermática e peroxidação espermática por citometria de fluxo. Não foram observadas diferenças na cinética espermática entre EJ e EP, logo após a descongelação. Porém, foi observada maior (P<0,05) porcentagem de células com membranas plasmática e acrossomal íntegras nos grupos EP (EP-CT:31,7±7,5b; EP-PS1:35,2±7,0b; EP-PS2:33,9±7,2b) em comparação aos grupos EJ (EJ-CT:15,1±4,9a; EJ-PS1:11,7±4,5a; EJ-PS2:13,1±5,2a). Adicionalmente, foram observadas diferenças no índice de fragmentação de DNA (EJ-CT:2,6±0,6a; EJ-PS1:2,4±0,8a; EJ-PS2:3,0±0,8a; EP-CT:1,4±0,4b; EP-PS1:1,2±0,3b; EP-PS2:1,3±0,2b). Concluiu-se que a adição de 20% de plasma seminal, oriundo de animais férteis ou subférteis, previamente à congelação de espermatozoides epidídimários de animais subférteis não interfere na qualidade espermática.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the addition of seminal plasma from high and low fertility stallions on sperm viability of frozen-thawed sperm cells from ejaculate and from epididymal tail of subfertile stallions. Six stallions with a history of subfertility were used. After collection, ejaculate spermatozoa were divided into three aliquots: Botu-Semen® (EJ-CT); High-quality seminal plasma (EJ-PS1); Low-quality seminal plasma (EJ-PS2). The same was done with sperm cells from epididymis tail after orchiectomy (EP-CT; EP-PS1; EP-PS2). Evaluations of sperm kinetics were assessed by CASA and membrane and acrosome integrity, DNA fragmentation, sperm capacitation and sperm peroxidation were assessed by flow cytometry. After thawing, no differences were observed between ejaculated sperm (EJ) and epididymal sperm (EP) in any CASA evaluations. However, higher (P< 0.05) percentage of cells with intact plasma and acrossomal membranes was observed in EP groups (EP-CT:31.7±7.5b; EP-PS1:35.2±7.0b; EP-PS2:33.9±7.2b) compared to EJ groups (EJ-CT:15.1±4.9a, EJ-PS1:11.7±4.5a, EJ-PS2:13.1±5,2a). In addition, differences in DNA fragmentation index were observed (EJ-CT:2.6±0.6a; EJ-PS1:2.4±0.8a; EJ-PS2:3.0±0.8a; CT:1.4±0.4b; EP-PS1:1.2±0.3b; EP-PS2:1.3±0.2b). It was concluded that the addition of 20% seminal plasma from fertile or subfertile animals prior to the freezing of epididymal spermatozoa from subfertile animals does not interfere in sperm quality.(AU)

Ivermectin reduces sexual dimorphism in behavioral models of exploration, anxiety and depression in C57BL/6 mice / A ivermectina reduz o dimorfismo sexual em modelos comportamentais de exploração, ansiedade e depressão de camundongos C57BL/6

Avermectins and milbemycins, often also referred as macrocyclic lactones, are the most used antiparasitic medicines in the world and are widely employed in veterinary medicine, agriculture and human medicine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sexually dimorphic effects of ivermectin (IVM) in C57BL/6 mice in animal models linked to emotionality. For this, male and female mice were treated with two therapeutic doses of IVM (0.2 or 1.0 mg / kg) or 0.9% saline solution. Twenty-four hours after treatments the mice were observed in open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension test. The results showed that, in relation to the male mice: 1) ivermectin, in both doses, prevented the sexual dimorphism in the frequency of locomotion and reduced, in females, the frequency of rearing and the time of immobility; 2) in the elevated plus maze, females showed increase in the open arm time and in risk behavior and reduction in the frequency of entries in the closed arm; 3) in the tail suspension test, IVM prevented the expression of sexual dimorphism. It was concluded that in the open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension ivermectin produces sexually dimorphic effects in C57BL/6 mice. The most prominent effects of ivermectin occurred in females.

As avermectinas e as milbemicinas, muitas vezes também referidas como lactonas macrocíclicas, são os medicamentos antiparasitários mais vendidos no mundo, sendo amplamente utilizados na medicina veterinária, na agricultura e em medicina humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar os efeitos sexualmente dimórficos da ivermectina (IVM) em camundongos C57BL/6 em modelos animais ligados à emocionalidade. Para tanto, os camundongos machos e fêmeas foram tratados com duas doses terapêuticas da IVM (0,2 ou 1,0 mg/kg) ou solução salina a 0,9%. Vinte e quatro horas após estes tratamentos, foram observados em campo aberto, no labirinto em cruz elevada e no teste de suspensão da cauda. Os resultados mostraram que, em relação aos camundongos machos: 1) a ivermectina, nas duas doses, impediu o dimorfismo sexual na frequência de locomoção e reduziu, em fêmeas, a frequência de levantar e o tempo de imobilidade; 2) no labirinto em cruz elevada, as fêmeas mostraram aumento no tempo de braço aberto e no comportamento de risco e redução na frequência de entradas no braço fechado; 3) no teste de suspensão da cauda a ivermectina impediu a expressão do dimorfismo sexual. Concluiu-se que, nos modelos atividade geral em campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevada e suspensão da cauda, a ivermectina produz efeitos sexualmente dimórficos em camundongos C57BL/6. Os efeitos mais proeminentes da ivermectina ocorreram em fêmeas.

Ivermectin reduces sexual dimorphism in behavioral models of exploration, anxiety and depression in C57BL/6 mice / A ivermectina reduz o dimorfismo sexual em modelos comportamentais de exploração, ansiedade e depressão de camundongos C57BL/6

Avermectins and milbemycins, often also referred as macrocyclic lactones, are the most used antiparasitic medicines in the world and are widely employed in veterinary medicine, agriculture and human medicine. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sexually dimorphic effects of ivermectin (IVM) in C57BL/6 mice in animal models linked to emotionality. For this, male and female mice were treated with two therapeutic doses of IVM (0.2 or 1.0 mg / kg) or 0.9% saline solution. Twenty-four hours after treatments the mice were observed in open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension test. The results showed that, in relation to the male mice: 1) ivermectin, in both doses, prevented the sexual dimorphism in the frequency of locomotion and reduced, in females, the frequency of rearing and the time of immobility; 2) in the elevated plus maze, females showed increase in the open arm time and in risk behavior and reduction in the frequency of entries in the closed arm; 3) in the tail suspension test, IVM prevented the expression of sexual dimorphism. It was concluded that in the open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension ivermectin produces sexually dimorphic effects in C57BL/6 mice. The most prominent effects of ivermectin occurred in females.(AU)

As avermectinas e as milbemicinas, muitas vezes também referidas como lactonas macrocíclicas, são os medicamentos antiparasitários mais vendidos no mundo, sendo amplamente utilizados na medicina veterinária, na agricultura e em medicina humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar os efeitos sexualmente dimórficos da ivermectina (IVM) em camundongos C57BL/6 em modelos animais ligados à emocionalidade. Para tanto, os camundongos machos e fêmeas foram tratados com duas doses terapêuticas da IVM (0,2 ou 1,0 mg/kg) ou solução salina a 0,9%. Vinte e quatro horas após estes tratamentos, foram observados em campo aberto, no labirinto em cruz elevada e no teste de suspensão da cauda. Os resultados mostraram que, em relação aos camundongos machos: 1) a ivermectina, nas duas doses, impediu o dimorfismo sexual na frequência de locomoção e reduziu, em fêmeas, a frequência de levantar e o tempo de imobilidade; 2) no labirinto em cruz elevada, as fêmeas mostraram aumento no tempo de braço aberto e no comportamento de risco e redução na frequência de entradas no braço fechado; 3) no teste de suspensão da cauda a ivermectina impediu a expressão do dimorfismo sexual. Concluiu-se que, nos modelos atividade geral em campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevada e suspensão da cauda, a ivermectina produz efeitos sexualmente dimórficos em camundongos C57BL/6. Os efeitos mais proeminentes da ivermectina ocorreram em fêmeas.(AU)

O modelo dos Cinco Domínios do bem-estar animal aplicado em sistemas intensivos de produção de bovinos, suínos e aves / The Five Domains model of animal welfare applied in intensive animal production systems

A demanda por sistemas intensivos de produção é uma realidade mundial com tendência a crescimento nas próximas décadas. No entanto, esses sistemas apresentam limitações em atender as necessidades físicas, comportamentais e psicológicas dos animais, o que pode acarretar no empobrecimento do bem-estar dos mesmos. Apesar do bem-estar animal já ser amplamente definido, sua avaliação dentro da produção animal ainda é pouco aplicada. Dentre suas formas de avaliação, o modelo dos Cinco Domínios, proposto por Mellor e Reid (1994), atua como um método sistemático que inclui quatro domínios físicos ou funcionais (Nutrição, Ambiente, Saúde e Comportamento) e um domínio mental (Estado Mental ou Afetivo). Este artigo descreve sucintamente as características do modelo Cinco Domínios e exemplifica as possíveis interações entre os domínios do bem-estar animal em três situações reconhecidamente limitantes para bem-estar dos animais de produção: restrição de espaço no confinamento de bovinos, procedimentos dolorosos no manejo de leitões e alta densidade no carregamento e transporte de frangos de corte. Nesse contexto, apesar de não ser possível incluir todos os fatores intervenientes nessa dinâmica, os exemplos apresentados mostram uma visão integrada sobre os riscos de comprometimento do bem-estar dos animais em sistemas intensivos de produção.

A demand for intensive production systems is a global reality with a tendency to grow in the coming decades. However, these systems have limitations in terms of care as physical, behavioral and psychological needs of animals, which can lead to the impoverishment of their welfare. Although animal welfare has already been widely defined, its evaluation within animal production still poorly applied. Among the forms of evaluation of animal welfare, we can consider the “Five Domains” model, proposed initially by Mellor & Reid (1994). This model is a systematic method that includes four physical or functional domains (Nutrition, Environment, Health and Behavior) and a mental domain (Mental or Affective State). This article begins briefly describing the features of the “Five Domains” model. In order to illustrate the possible interactions between the five animal welfare domains, three recognizable situations that affect the welfare of production animals are presented: reduced space allowance at beef feedlot, painful handling of piglets and transport of broilers. In this context, although it is not possible to describe all the intervening factors and their possible combinations that potentially affect animal welfare, we believe that the examples presented showed an integrated view on the risks of compromising the welfare of animals in intensive production systems.

Malformation of the tail in Labrador Retriever dogs caused by mutation C189G in the T gene / Malformação da cauda em cães da raça Labrador Retriever causada por mutação C189G no gene T

The present study reported the mutation C189G in the T gene (Brachyury gene) as the cause of malformation in the tail of the Labrador dog. One litter of Labradors, from a mating between a female with short tail and a male with normal tail admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil, was evaluated in this study. Blood samples were collected from the female and her puppies. After DNA extraction, sequencing and PCR-RFLP were carried out. The C189G mutation was identified through both techniques only in dogs with short tail.(AU)

No presente trabalho relata-se a mutação C189G no gene T (Brachyury gene) como causa da malformação da cauda em cães da raça Labrador. Uma ninhada de labradores, provenientes do acasalamento entre uma fêmea com a cauda curta e um macho com a cauda normal, encaminhados ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil, foi avaliada nesse estudo. Amostras de sangue da cadela e filhotes foram coletadas. Após extração de DNA, sequenciamento e PCR-RFLP foram realizados. A mutação C189G foi identificada por meio de ambas as técnicas apenas nos cães com a cauda malformada.(AU)

Malformation of the tail in Labrador Retriever dogs caused by mutation C189G in the T gene / Malformação da cauda em cães da raça Labrador Retriever causada por mutação C189G no gene T

The present study reported the mutation C189G in the T gene (Brachyury gene) as the cause of malformation in the tail of the Labrador dog. One litter of Labradors, from a mating between a female with short tail and a male with normal tail admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil, was evaluated in this study. Blood samples were collected from the female and her puppies. After DNA extraction, sequencing and PCR-RFLP were carried out. The C189G mutation was identified through both techniques only in dogs with short tail.(AU)

No presente trabalho relata-se a mutação C189G no gene T (Brachyury gene) como causa da malformação da cauda em cães da raça Labrador. Uma ninhada de labradores, provenientes do acasalamento entre uma fêmea com a cauda curta e um macho com a cauda normal, encaminhados ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil, foi avaliada nesse estudo. Amostras de sangue da cadela e filhotes foram coletadas. Após extração de DNA, sequenciamento e PCR-RFLP foram realizados. A mutação C189G foi identificada por meio de ambas as técnicas apenas nos cães com a cauda malformada.(AU)

O modelo dos Cinco Domínios do bem-estar animal aplicado em sistemas intensivos de produção de bovinos, suínos e aves / The Five Domains model of animal welfare applied in intensive animal production systems

A demanda por sistemas intensivos de produção é uma realidade mundial com tendência a crescimento nas próximas décadas. No entanto, esses sistemas apresentam limitações em atender as necessidades físicas, comportamentais e psicológicas dos animais, o que pode acarretar no empobrecimento do bem-estar dos mesmos. Apesar do bem-estar animal já ser amplamente definido, sua avaliação dentro da produção animal ainda é pouco aplicada. Dentre suas formas de avaliação, o modelo dos Cinco Domínios, proposto por Mellor e Reid (1994), atua como um método sistemático que inclui quatro domínios físicos ou funcionais (Nutrição, Ambiente, Saúde e Comportamento) e um domínio mental (Estado Mental ou Afetivo). Este artigo descreve sucintamente as características do modelo Cinco Domínios e exemplifica as possíveis interações entre os domínios do bem-estar animal em três situações reconhecidamente limitantes para bem-estar dos animais de produção: restrição de espaço no confinamento de bovinos, procedimentos dolorosos no manejo de leitões e alta densidade no carregamento e transporte de frangos de corte. Nesse contexto, apesar de não ser possível incluir todos os fatores intervenientes nessa dinâmica, os exemplos apresentados mostram uma visão integrada sobre os riscos de comprometimento do bem-estar dos animais em sistemas intensivos de produção.(AU)

A demand for intensive production systems is a global reality with a tendency to grow in the coming decades. However, these systems have limitations in terms of care as physical, behavioral and psychological needs of animals, which can lead to the impoverishment of their welfare. Although animal welfare has already been widely defined, its evaluation within animal production still poorly applied. Among the forms of evaluation of animal welfare, we can consider the “Five Domains” model, proposed initially by Mellor & Reid (1994). This model is a systematic method that includes four physical or functional domains (Nutrition, Environment, Health and Behavior) and a mental domain (Mental or Affective State). This article begins briefly describing the features of the “Five Domains” model. In order to illustrate the possible interactions between the five animal welfare domains, three recognizable situations that affect the welfare of production animals are presented: reduced space allowance at beef feedlot, painful handling of piglets and transport of broilers. In this context, although it is not possible to describe all the intervening factors and their possible combinations that potentially affect animal welfare, we believe that the examples presented showed an integrated view on the risks of compromising the welfare of animals in intensive production systems.(AU)

Extrusão de disco intervertebral caudal (coccígea) em um Basset Hound: primeiro relato de caso / First report of caudal intervertebral disk extrusion in a Basset Hound

Relata-se o primeiro caso no Brasil de doença do disco intervertebral (Hansen tipo I) entre as vértebras caudais (coccígeas) em uma cadela Basset Hound com seis anos de idade, castrada, pesando 16kg e com histórico de dor durante defecação e manipulação da região pélvica associada à inabilidade de mover, elevar ou abanar a cauda. Na radiografia simples, observou-se opacidade do forame intervertebral entre a quarta e a quinta vértebra caudal. O animal foi submetido à laminectomia dorsal modificada, seguida de fenestração do disco intervertebral afetado. Decorridos 15 dias da cirurgia, a paciente não demonstrava sinais de dor ao defecar e realizava movimentos de abano de cauda, mas ainda com desconforto na palpação e sem elevação da cauda acima da coluna vertebral, o que foi resolvido após 30 dias do procedimento cirúrgico. A relevância do caso está na inclusão, mesmo que rara, da doença do disco intervertebral caudal no diagnóstico diferencial em cães com dor durante a defecação e manipulação da cauda, sendo o exame radiográfico uma ferramenta auxiliar importante para o diagnóstico definitivo e o plano terapêutico.(AU)

We report here the first case in Brazil of an intervertebral disc disease (Hansen type I) between the caudal vertebrae (coccygeal) in a six-year-old Basset Hound dog, castrated, weighing 16 kg and history of pain during defecation and manipulation of the pelvic region, associated with the inability to move, raise and shake its tail. In the radiography survey, an opacity of the intervertebral foramen between the fourth and fifth caudal vertebra was observed. The animal underwent a modified dorsal laminectomy followed by fenestration of the affected intervertebral disc. After 15 days following surgery, the patient showed no signs of pain when defecating and was able to perform the tail wag movements, but with discomfort on palpation and could not rise the tail high up the spine, which was resolved after 30 days of surgery. The relevance of this report is the inclusion, even if rare, of the caudal intervertebral disc disease in the differential diagnosis in dogs with pain during defecation and handling of the tail, and the radiographic survey is an important auxiliary tool for definitive diagnosis and treatment plan for this disease.(AU)