Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from Tinamidae, Cracidae and Ramphastidae species in Brazil / Genotipagem e sensibilidade antimicrobiana de estirpes de Clostridium perfringens isolados de espécies de Tinamidae, Cracidae e Ramphastidae no Brasil

The aim of this study was to isolate, genotype and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens found in species Tinamidae, Cracidae and Ramphastidae in Brazil. C. perfringens was isolated in 13 (5%) out of 260 swab samples and five (8.3%) out of 60 stool samples. All strains were classified as C. perfringens type A, and nine (50%) were positive for the beta-2 toxin-encoding gene. No strains were positive for the necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB)-encoding gene. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas four (22.2%), five (27.8%) and 13 (72.2%) strains were considered resistant to erythromycin, oxytetracycline and lincomycin, respectively.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi isolar, genotipar e avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana de estirpes de Clostridium perfringens de espécies de Tinamidae, Cracidae e Ramphastidae no Brasil. C. perfringens foi isolado de 13 (5%) dos 260 suabes e de cinco (8,3%) das 60 amostras de fezes. Todos os isolados foram classificados como C. perfringens, tipo A, e nove (50%) foram positivos para o gene cpb2, responsável pela produção da toxina beta-2. Nenhuma estirpe foi positiva para o gene que codifica a produção da toxina NetB. Todos os isolados avaliados foram sensíveis à penincilina, metronidazol e vancomicina, enquanto que quatro (22,2%), cinco (27,8%) e 13 (72,2%) foram considerados resistentes à eritromicina, oxitetraciclina e lincomicina, respectivamente.(AU)

Use of a standard operative laparoscope for ventriculus foreign body removal in a Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco)

Background: Cases of ventricular foreign bodies are common in some species of birds. Moreover, ventricular impactions may develop depending on the type of the material ingested. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, radiography, endoscopy and surgical exploration. The choice of the treatment basically depends on the nature of the foreign body. Endoscopy is a less invasive approach that can be used in some situations, in some species. The benefits of endoscopic approaches are wide, as traditional approaches are more invasive and inflict a higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the correct endoscope technique never been described. This study reports a case of a foreign body in a toucan's ventriculus, removed using a standard operative laparoscope/nephroscope. Case: A young Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP) by the State Environmental Guard. Survey radiographs indicated a foreign body in the ventriculus. The physical exam revealed apathy, but the bird was responsive to handling. The patient was pinioned. Based on the size of the foreign body, the endoscope retrieval was the first treatment option. The patient was fasted for 6 hours and anesthetized with isoflurane. The rigid endoscope/laparoscope with working channel was carefully passed through the esophagus, into the ventriculus. This view was impaired by a large amount of fibrin and gastroesophageal mucus, which was rinsed with normal saline and aspirated through the operating channel. There was marked hyperemia on the ventriculus mucosa and a large amount of fibrin and gastroesophageal mucus. The foreign body was retrieved using a standard 10-mm 0° rigid laparoscope/nephroscope with working channel, and a 42 cm long, 5-mm atraumatic laparoscopic Babcock forceps by gentile traction and axial rotation. The overall intervention time was 24 min, since mask induction until foreign body retrieve. The patient recovered with no complications in the early postoperative period and convalesced completely and uneventfully following 2 days. Discussion: The operative rigid endoscope allowed for both visualization of the oral cavity, esophagus, proventriculus and ventriculus and foreign body removal, through the working channel, demonstrating the potential benefits and feasibility of such approach in birds. Nevertheless, up to date, endoscopy have been used in toucans only for sex determination. The current report demonstrated the effectiveness of endoscopy in order to avoid the risk of death due to a surgical approach. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies are common indication for endoscopic approach. If the foreign body is present in the crop, it is easily removed with the use of an endoscope and grasper forceps, or by ingluviotomy. Even though the foreign body passes into the proventriculus or ventriculus, rigid endoscopy may still be the best treatment option. The 30º Trendelenburg positioning was crucial for the complete success of the procedure, not only for avoiding the risk of fluid aspiration, but also for improving the access to the ventriculus.

Use of a standard operative laparoscope for ventriculus foreign body removal in a toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) / Use of a standard operative laparoscope for ventriculus foreign body removal in a toco toucan (Ramphastos toco)

Background: Cases of ventricular foreign bodies are common in some species of birds. Moreover, ventricular impactions may develop depending on the type of the material ingested. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, radiography, endoscopy and surgical exploration. The choice of the treatment basically depends on the nature of the foreign body. Endoscopy is a less invasive approach that can be used in some situations, in some species. The benefi ts of endoscopic approaches are wide, as traditional approaches are more invasive and infl ict a higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the correct endoscope technique never been described. This study reports a case of a foreign body in a toucans ventriculus, removed using a standard operative laparoscope/nephroscope.Case: A young Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP) by the State Environmental Guard. Survey radiographs indicated a foreign body in the ventriculus. The physical exam revealed apathy, but the bird was responsive to handling. The patient was pinioned. Based on the size of the foreign body, the endoscope retrieval was the fi rst treatment option. The patient was fasted for 6 hours and anesthetized with isofl urane. The rigid endoscope/laparoscope with working channel was carefully passed through the esophagus, into the ventric

Background: Cases of ventricular foreign bodies are common in some species of birds. Moreover, ventricular impactions may develop depending on the type of the material ingested. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, radiography, endoscopy and surgical exploration. The choice of the treatment basically depends on the nature of the foreign body. Endoscopy is a less invasive approach that can be used in some situations, in some species. The benefi ts of endoscopic approaches are wide, as traditional approaches are more invasive and infl ict a higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the correct endoscope technique never been described. This study reports a case of a foreign body in a toucans ventriculus, removed using a standard operative laparoscope/nephroscope.Case: A young Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP) by the State Environmental Guard. Survey radiographs indicated a foreign body in the ventriculus. The physical exam revealed apathy, but the bird was responsive to handling. The patient was pinioned. Based on the size of the foreign body, the endoscope retrieval was the fi rst treatment option. The patient was fasted for 6 hours and anesthetized with isofl urane. The rigid endoscope/laparoscope with working channel was carefully passed through the esophagus, into the ventric

Origem, ramificação e distribuição da artéria celíaca no tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766) / Origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766)

O tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus) é uma ave encontrada nas florestas tropicais americanas e pertence à Ordem Piciforme, Família Ramphastidae. Neste trabalho objetivou-se descrever a origem, a ramificação e a distribuição da artéria celíaca do tucano-de-bico-verde. Foram utilizados três espécimes provenientes do Criatório Científico e Cultural de Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), doados após óbito por causas naturais. As aves tiveram a artéria isquiática direita canulada para injeção de solução de látex corado, e após fixação em solução de formol a 10% foram dissecadas. A artéria celíaca originou-se a partir da porção descendente da aorta, emitindo como primeiro ramo colateral a artéria pró-ventricular dorsal. Esta emitiu ramos esofágicos e continuou-se como artéria gástrica dorsal, de aspecto tortuoso, terminando em anastomose com a artéria gástrica direita. Após curto trajeto, a artéria celíaca formou dois ramos colaterais, o esquerdo e o direito. O ramo esquerdo logo se ramificou formando a artéria pró-ventricular ventral com seus ramos esofágicos, artéria gástrica esquerda, que originou a artéria hepática esquerda, e finalmente a artéria gastroduodenal, que emitiu as artérias gástricas ventrais e duodenais. O ramo direito da artéria celíaca emitiu as artérias lienais e hepática direita, continuando-se como artéria pancreático-duodenal. Esta formou a artéria pilórica dorsal, duas artérias gástricas direitas, vários ramos duodenais, pancreáticos e a artéria duodeno-jejunal. Assim, a artéria celíaca nos três espécimes de tucano-de-bico-verde, exibiu um arranjo que se assemelha tanto ao descrito em aves domésticas quanto ao de aves silvestres.(AU)

The green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus) is a bird found in American tropical forests and belongs to the Order Piciformes, Family Ramphastidae. The aim of this paper is to describe the origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan. Three specimens from the Scientific and Cultural Breeding of Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), donated after death by natural causes, were analyzed. The birds had the right ischiadic artery cannulated for injection of colored latex, and after fixation in 10% formalin solution were dissected. The celiac artery was originated from the descending portion of aorta, giving as the first collateral branch the pro-ventricular dorsal artery. This gave esophageal branches and continued as dorsal gastric artery, with tortuous appearance, ending in anastomosis with the right gastric artery. After a short track, the celiac artery formed two collateral branches, the right and the left. The left branch soon ramified itself to form the ventral pro-ventricular artery with its esophageal branches, left gastric artery, that gave rise to the left hepatic artery, and finally the gastroduodenal artery, which emitted the ventral gastric and duodenal arteries. The right branch of the celiac artery emitted the lienal and right hepatic arteries, continuing as pancreatic-duodenal artery. This gave the dorsal pyloric artery, two right gastric arteries, several duodenal, pancreatic branches and the duodenal-jejunal artery. Thus, the celiac artery in the three specimens of green-billed toucan showed an arrangement resembling that described both in domestic and wild birds.(AU)

Hérnia abdominal em Tucano Toco: relato de caso / Abdominal hernia in Toco Toucan: case report / Hernia abdominal em Tucán Toco: relato de caso

O tucano toco (Ramphastos toco) é o maior representante da família Rhamphastidae e devido a sua beleza se tornou alvo do tráfico e também da comercialização legal, sendo muito desejado como ave de estimação. A hérnia abdominal é uma afecção pouco relatada em aves, sendo caracterizada pela separação da aponeurose da musculatura abdominal na linha média ventral, permitindo que os órgãos celomáticos se desloquem para fora da parede abdominal. Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de hérnia abdominal em um tucano toco (Ramphastos toco) de 10 anos de idade, que foi atendido com histórico de aumento de volume intermitente em região mesogástrica direita. No exame radiográfico simples em projeção latero-Iateral foi constatado aumento de volume compatível com hérnia abdominal. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado através de incisão diretamente sobre a hérnia, seguido de herniorrafia, apresentando boa eficácia e pós-operatório sem complicações.(AU)

The toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) is the greatest representative of the Rhamphastidae family, and due to its beauty, became a target of trafficking and also of legal commercialization, being desired as a pet bird. The abdominal hernia is a disease rarely reported in birds, being characterized by the separation of the aponeurosis of the musculature in the ventral medium line, allowing the celomatic organs to dislocate from the abdominal wall. This research reports the occurrence of an abdominal hernia in a tenyear- old toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), which was checked out with a history of increased volume within the right mesogastric region. A volume increase compatible with an abdominal hernia was seen during laterolateral projection in the radiographic examination. The surgical treatment was done through an incision over the hernia, followed by herniorrhaphy, showing good efficacy and a postoperative without complications.(AU)

El tucán toco (Ramphastos toco), es el mayor representante de la familia Ramphastidae, y devido a su belleza, se volvi o albo del tráfico y de la comercialización legal, siendo bastante deseado como ave de estimación. La hernia abdominal, es una enfermedad poco informada en las aves, que se caracteriza por la separación de la aponeurosis de la musculatura abdominal, en la línea media ventral,permitiendo que los órganos celomáticos salgan para fuera de la pared abdominal. Este trabajo informa de la aparición de una hérnia abdominal en un tucán toco (Ramphastos toco) de 10 anos de edad, que fue atendido com historia clínica de aumento de volúmen intermitente en la región derecha dei mesogastrio. En el exámen radiográfico simple, en proyección latero-lateral, fue constatado aumento de volumen compatible com hernia abdominal. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue realizado atravez de insición diretamente sobre la hernia, seguido de herniorrafia, presentando buena eficácia y postoperatorio sin complicaciones.(AU)

Hérnia abdominal em Tucano Toco: relato de caso / Abdominal hernia in Toco Toucan: case report / Hernia abdominal em Tucán Toco: relato de caso

O tucano toco (Ramphastos toco) é o maior representante da família Rhamphastidae e devido a sua beleza se tornou alvo do tráfico e também da comercialização legal, sendo muito desejado como ave de estimação. A hérnia abdominal é uma afecção pouco relatada em aves, sendo caracterizada pela separação da aponeurose da musculatura abdominal na linha média ventral, permitindo que os órgãos celomáticos se desloquem para fora da parede abdominal. Este trabalho relata a ocorrência de hérnia abdominal em um tucano toco (Ramphastos toco) de 10 anos de idade, que foi atendido com histórico de aumento de volume intermitente em região mesogástrica direita. No exame radiográfico simples em projeção latero-Iateral foi constatado aumento de volume compatível com hérnia abdominal. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado através de incisão diretamente sobre a hérnia, seguido de herniorrafia, apresentando boa eficácia e pós-operatório sem complicações.

The toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) is the greatest representative of the Rhamphastidae family, and due to its beauty, became a target of trafficking and also of legal commercialization, being desired as a pet bird. The abdominal hernia is a disease rarely reported in birds, being characterized by the separation of the aponeurosis of the musculature in the ventral medium line, allowing the celomatic organs to dislocate from the abdominal wall. This research reports the occurrence of an abdominal hernia in a tenyear- old toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), which was checked out with a history of increased volume within the right mesogastric region. A volume increase compatible with an abdominal hernia was seen during laterolateral projection in the radiographic examination. The surgical treatment was done through an incision over the hernia, followed by herniorrhaphy, showing good efficacy and a postoperative without complications.

El tucán toco (Ramphastos toco), es el mayor representante de la familia Ramphastidae, y devido a su belleza, se volvi o albo del tráfico y de la comercialización legal, siendo bastante deseado como ave de estimación. La hernia abdominal, es una enfermedad poco informada en las aves, que se caracteriza por la separación de la aponeurosis de la musculatura abdominal, en la línea media ventral,permitiendo que los órganos celomáticos salgan para fuera de la pared abdominal. Este trabajo informa de la aparición de una hérnia abdominal en un tucán toco (Ramphastos toco) de 10 anos de edad, que fue atendido com historia clínica de aumento de volúmen intermitente en la región derecha dei mesogastrio. En el exámen radiográfico simple, en proyección latero-lateral, fue constatado aumento de volumen compatible com hernia abdominal. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue realizado atravez de insición diretamente sobre la hernia, seguido de herniorrafia, presentando buena eficácia y postoperatorio sin complicaciones.

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster in ostrich, rhea, canary, zebra finch, free range chicken, turkey, guinea-fowl, columbina pigeon, toucan, chuckar partridge and experimental infection in chicken, japanese quail and mice / Macrorhabdus ornithogaster em avestruzes, ema, canário, mandarim, galinha, peru, galinha da Angola, pombo doméstico, rolinha, tucano, perdiz de chuckar e infecção experimental em galinha, codorna e camundongo

Since 2000, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster "megabacteriosis" has been diagnosed in the avian diseases laboratory in a diversity of avian species and varied spectrum of disease. The disease in some species (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls) was clinically characterized by emaciation, prostration, loss of appetite, cachexia and death, with a typically chronic course. A more acute disease was observed in finches (canary-Serinus and zebra-Taeniopygia) and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The large rod shaped organism, visible from 100 times magnification, with and without staining, could be detected in sick and also in reasonably normal individuals of some species, such as chickens, turkeys, quails and pigeons. In rheas (Rhea americana), ostriches (Struthio camelus), canaries, zebra-finches, guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris) and budgerigars. The disease was severe, causing to up to 100% mortality. The infection could be detected in some species along with other infectious or disease problems, such as endoparasites (helminths, coccidia) and ectoparasitism (order Mallophaga or/and order Acarina). The cultivation of M. ornithogaster was successfully achieved in solid and liquid media, originated from chickens (four isolates), guinea fowl (1 isolate), chuckar partridge (1 isolate) and canary (1 isolate). A very interesting finding at microscopy was motility of M. ornithogaster, as detected both in cultures obtained on agar for pathogenic fungi and passaged into thioglycolate broth, as well as on samples observed in wet preparations from in vivo. Differences in colony aspects were noted among the isolates. Experimental infections were attempted in chicken and japanese quail, using a chicken isolate, allowing the detection of the organism in the proventriculus and liver in apparently normal birds. One chicken isolate was injected intraperitoneally in Balb/c mice and resulted in 100% mortality.(AU)

Desde 2000, diversos casos de infecção e doença por Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (megabacteria) foram diagnosticados no Setor de Doenças das Aves (Escola de Veterinária da UFMG). A doença clínica foi caracterizada por emagrecimento, prostração, perda do apetite, caquexia e morte, em curso crônico, embora com forma mais aguda em canários e periquitos. O microrganismo grande, em forma de bastão, visível a partir de 100 aumentos sem e com coloração, pode também ser detectado em aves de aspecto clínico normal, principalmente galinhas, perus, codornas e pombos. Em emas (Rhea), avestruzes (Struthio camelus), canários, mandarins, galinhas da Angola (Numida meleagris) e periquitos Australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), a severidade da doença foi sempre maior, ocasionando até 100% de mortalidade em alguns plantéis. Na maioria das espécies a doença foi detectada em aves com endo e/ou ectoparasitismo. O cultivo de M. ornithogaster foi obtido em meio sólido (ágar para fungos patogênicos) e subcultivado em meio líquido (thioglicolato), do proventriculo de galinha, galinha da Angola, perdiz de chuckar e canário. O resultado mais surpreendente na microscopia de M. ornithogaster foi a presença de motilidade, detectada tanto de cultivos in vitro quanto de preparações úmidas de in vivo. Diferenças nos aspectos das colônias foram notadas entre os isolados. Infecções experimentais em galinha (SPF) e codorna japonesa permitiram a detecção do organismo nos proventrículos das aves de aspecto normal. Nas codornas, à necropsia notaram-se hemorragias hepáticas. A infecção experimental em camundongos via intraperitoneal resultou em 100% de mortalidade, também com lesões hepáticas. Aspectos do cultivo, a importância da doença, as espécies de aves susceptíveis e seu papel na epidemiologia são discutidos.(AU)

Inserção de prótese homóloga de gnatoteca em tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766) / Gnatotheca homologous prothesis insertion in a red-breasted toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766)

O bico das aves é uma estrutura dinâmica em crescimento constante, constituída pelos ossos maxilares superior e inferior, cobertos por bainhas epidérmicas queratinizadas. Exemplos de problemas adquiridos envolvem malformações, necrose do bico ou traumas incluindo perfurações, lacerações, rachaduras e avulsões. O presente trabalho relata um caso bem sucedido de inserção de prótese homóloga de gnatoteca em um tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus), contribuindo assim aos recentes estudos das correções de bico em aves selvagens.(AU)

The avian beak is a dynamic structure in constant growth, constituted by the upper and lower bones, covered by keratin. Examples of problems are malformations, necrosis of the beak or fractures including perforations, lacerations, cracks and avulsions. The present work report a case of gnatotheca homologous prosthesis in a red-breasted toucan(Ramphastos dicolorus), contributing to the recent studies of the beak corrections.(AU)

Inserção de prótese homóloga de gnatoteca em tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766) / Gnatotheca homologous prothesis insertion in a red-breasted toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766)

O bico das aves é uma estrutura dinâmica em crescimento constante, constituída pelos ossos maxilares superior e inferior, cobertos por bainhas epidérmicas queratinizadas. Exemplos de problemas adquiridos envolvem malformações, necrose do bico ou traumas incluindo perfurações, lacerações, rachaduras e avulsões. O presente trabalho relata um caso bem sucedido de inserção de prótese homóloga de gnatoteca em um tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus), contribuindo assim aos recentes estudos das correções de bico em aves selvagens.

The avian beak is a dynamic structure in constant growth, constituted by the upper and lower bones, covered by keratin. Examples of problems are malformations, necrosis of the beak or fractures including perforations, lacerations, cracks and avulsions. The present work report a case of gnatotheca homologous prosthesis in a red-breasted toucan(Ramphastos dicolorus), contributing to the recent studies of the beak corrections.

Use of a standard operative laparoscope for ventriculus foreign body removal in a toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) / Use of a standard operative laparoscope for ventriculus foreign body removal in a toco toucan (Ramphastos toco)

Background: Cases of ventricular foreign bodies are common in some species of birds. Moreover, ventricular impactions may develop depending on the type of the material ingested. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, radiography, endoscopy and surgical exploration. The choice of the treatment basically depends on the nature of the foreign body. Endoscopy is a less invasive approach that can be used in some situations, in some species. The benefi ts of endoscopic approaches are wide, as traditional approaches are more invasive and infl ict a higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the correct endoscope technique never been described. This study reports a case of a foreign body in a toucans ventriculus, removed using a standard operative laparoscope/nephroscope.Case: A young Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP) by the State Environmental Guard. Survey radiographs indicated a foreign body in the ventriculus. The physical exam revealed apathy, but the bird was responsive to handling. The patient was pinioned. Based on the size of the foreign body, the endoscope retrieval was the fi rst treatment option. The patient was fasted for 6 hours and anesthetized with isofl urane. The rigid endoscope/laparoscope with working channel was carefully passed through the esophagus, into the ventric

Background: Cases of ventricular foreign bodies are common in some species of birds. Moreover, ventricular impactions may develop depending on the type of the material ingested. The diagnosis is based on physical examination, radiography, endoscopy and surgical exploration. The choice of the treatment basically depends on the nature of the foreign body. Endoscopy is a less invasive approach that can be used in some situations, in some species. The benefi ts of endoscopic approaches are wide, as traditional approaches are more invasive and infl ict a higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the correct endoscope technique never been described. This study reports a case of a foreign body in a toucans ventriculus, removed using a standard operative laparoscope/nephroscope.Case: A young Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (São Paulo State University - FCAV/UNESP) by the State Environmental Guard. Survey radiographs indicated a foreign body in the ventriculus. The physical exam revealed apathy, but the bird was responsive to handling. The patient was pinioned. Based on the size of the foreign body, the endoscope retrieval was the fi rst treatment option. The patient was fasted for 6 hours and anesthetized with isofl urane. The rigid endoscope/laparoscope with working channel was carefully passed through the esophagus, into the ventric