Resumo
Tem sido comum a presença de plantas voluntárias de soja em lavouras de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis) cultivada em segunda safra, necessitando assim a adoção de estratégias para o seu manejo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficáciae a seletividade dos herbicidas pyrithiobac-sodium e ethoxysulfuron aplicados isoladamente em pós-emergência da crotalária visando ao controle de soja voluntária. Para tanto, foram instalados dois experimentos a campo, um avaliando a viabilidade de uso doherbicida pyrithiobac-sodium e outro do ethoxysulfuron. Em ambos os experimentos foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, estando os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x4+2, com quatrorepetições. No primeiro fator alocou-se à aplicação em pós-emergência dos herbicidas em doisestádios fenológicos distintos V3 e 3 folhas verdadeiras e V7 e 6 folhas verdadeiras, respectivamente paraa soja e a crotalária. No segundo fator foi disposto doses crescentes dos herbicidas, sendoutilizadas asdoses 14,0; 22,4; 30,8; e 39,2 g ha-1parapyrithiobac-sodium e 18,0; 30,0; 42,0; e 54,0 g ha-1para ethoxysulfuron. Os tratamentos adicionais corresponderam a uma testemunha infestada e outra capinada. Foram realizadas avaliações de controle visual da soja voluntária, bem como da fitointoxicação,estande, altura e massa seca de parte aérea das plantas de crotalária. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o pyrithiobac-sodium na dose de 30,8 g ha-1, pode ser recomendado para aplicações quando as plantas de soja voluntária estiverem em V3 e as plantas de crotalária com 3 folhas verdadeiras, bem como o herbicida ethoxysulfuron na dose 18 g ha-1, pode ser recomendado para aplicações quando as plantas de soja voluntária estiverem em V3 ou V7 e as plantas de crotalária com trêsfolhas verdadeiras. Esses dois herbicidas nas respectivas doses apresentam potencial para serem registrados para uso em áreas de cultivo de crotaláriaem sucessão à cultura da soja.(AU)
The presence of volunteer soybean plants in showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis) crops grown in the second crop has been common, thus necessitating the adoption of strategies for their management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness and selectivity of the herbicides pyrithiobac-sodium and ethoxysulfuron applied isolated in post-emergence of showy crotalaria in order to control volunteer soybean. Forthis purpose, two field experiments were set up, one evaluating the feasibility of using the herbicide pyrithiobac-sodium and the other using ethoxysulfuron. In both experiments, a randomized completely block design was used, with treatments arranged in a2x4+2 factorial scheme, with fourreplications. The first factor was allocated to the post-emergence application of herbicides at two distinct phenological stages V3 and 3 true leaves and V7 and 6 true leaves, respectively for soybean and showy crotalaria. In the second factor, increasing doses of herbicides were arranged, using doses 14.0; 22.4; 30.8; and 39.2 gha-1for pyrithiobac-sodium, and 18.0; 30.0; 42.0; and 54.0 g ha-1for ethoxysulfuron. The additional treatments corresponded to an infested check and a weeded check. Visual control evaluations of volunteer soybean were carried out, as well as phytointoxication, stand, height and dry mass of shoots of showy crotalaria plants. According to the results obtained, pyrithiobac-sodium at a dose of 30.8 gha-1, can be recommended for applications when volunteer soybean plants are in V3 and showy crotalaria plants with 3true leaves, as well as the herbicide ethoxysulfuron in dose 18 g ha-1, can be recommended for applications when volunteer soybean plants are at V3or V7 and showy crotalaria plants owns threetrue leaves. These two herbicides at the respective doses have the potential to be registered for use in areas where showy crotalaria is grown in succession to soybean crop.(AU)
Assuntos
Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Crotalaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herbicidas/efeitos adversos , 24444Resumo
The presence of weeds in silvicultural systems has been considered one of the main obstacles to the success of projects designed to recover degraded areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at post-emergence in the initial growth of seedlings of capixingui (Croton floribundus), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), and guaritá (Astronium graveolens), in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Junqueirópolis, state of São Paulo. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of herbicides (g a.i.·ha-1) clethodim + phenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50), sethoxydim (184), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75), nicosulfuron (50), fluazifop-p-butyl (125), fomesafen (225), haloxyfop-methyl (48), bentazon (720), chlorimuron-ethyl (15), in addition to control without herbicide. The characteristics analyzed were: plant height increase and visual phytointoxication at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after herbicide application. At the end of the experiment, the shoots of the plants were removed to assess shoot dry matter. The herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, and quizalofop-p-ethyl showed selective potential for the species capixingui, açoita-cavalo, and guaritá. The herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl caused mild intoxication symptoms when applied to seedlings of capixingui and açoita-cavalo; also, it was not selective for the guaritá species grown in Jaboticabal. All species showed selectivity to the herbicides sethoxydim, fomesafen, haloxyfop-methyl, and nicosulfuron, as their growth and initial development were not influenced. The herbicide bentazon caused high percentages of injury to açoita-cavalo plants in both cultivation places, but it did not influence the growth and development of the species.
Assuntos
Tiadiazinas/análise , Florestas , Plantas Daninhas , Herbicidas/administração & dosagem , BrasilResumo
Very few studies have been devoted to understanding the digital terrain model (DTM) creation for Amazon forests. DTM has a special and important role when airborne laser scanning is used to estimate vegetation biomass. We examined the influence of pulse density, spatial resolution, filter algorithms, vegetation density and slope on the DTM quality. Three Amazonian forested areas were surveyed with airborne laser scanning, and each original point cloud was reduced targeting to 20, 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 pulses per square meter based on a random resampling process. The DTM from resampled clouds was compared with the reference DTM produced from the original LiDAR data by calculating the deviation pixel by pixel and summarizing it through the root mean square error (RMSE). The DTM from resampled clouds were also evaluated considering the level of agreement with the reference DTM. Our study showed a clear trade-off between the return density and the horizontal resolution. Higher forest canopy density demanded higher return density or lower DTM resolution.
São poucos os estudos dedicados a entender a criação de modelo digital de terreno (MDT) para florestas amazônicas. O MDT tem uma importante função quando o escaneamento laser aerotransportado é usado para estimar a biomassa da vegetação. Examinamos a relação da densidade de pulsos, resolução espacial, algoritmos de filtragem, densidade da vegetação e inclinação do terreno com a qualidade do MDT. Três áreas de floresta amazônica foram sobrevoadas usando LiDAR aerotransportado. Cada nuvem de dados original teve sua densidade reduzida objetivando 20; 15; 10; 8; 6; 4; 2; 1; 0,75; 0,5 e 0,25 pulsos por metro quadrado, utilizando um processo de reamostragem aleatória. Os MDTs das nuvens reamostradas foram comparados com o MDT de referência, produzido a partir da nuvem original, calculando o desvio pixel a pixel e resumindo-o por meio do erro padrão da estimativa (RMSE). Os MDTs das nuvens reamostradas também foram avaliados quanto ao nível de correspondência com o MDT de referência. Houve uma clara compensação entre densidade de pontos e resolução horizontal. Dosséis mais densos exigem uma maior densidade de retornos, ou MDT com menor resolução.
Assuntos
Análise do Solo , Mapeamento Geográfico , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Brasil , Ecossistema AmazônicoResumo
Very few studies have been devoted to understanding the digital terrain model (DTM) creation for Amazon forests. DTM has a special and important role when airborne laser scanning is used to estimate vegetation biomass. We examined the influence of pulse density, spatial resolution, filter algorithms, vegetation density and slope on the DTM quality. Three Amazonian forested areas were surveyed with airborne laser scanning, and each original point cloud was reduced targeting to 20, 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 pulses per square meter based on a random resampling process. The DTM from resampled clouds was compared with the reference DTM produced from the original LiDAR data by calculating the deviation pixel by pixel and summarizing it through the root mean square error (RMSE). The DTM from resampled clouds were also evaluated considering the level of agreement with the reference DTM. Our study showed a clear trade-off between the return density and the horizontal resolution. Higher forest canopy density demanded higher return density or lower DTM resolution.(AU)
São poucos os estudos dedicados a entender a criação de modelo digital de terreno (MDT) para florestas amazônicas. O MDT tem uma importante função quando o escaneamento laser aerotransportado é usado para estimar a biomassa da vegetação. Examinamos a relação da densidade de pulsos, resolução espacial, algoritmos de filtragem, densidade da vegetação e inclinação do terreno com a qualidade do MDT. Três áreas de floresta amazônica foram sobrevoadas usando LiDAR aerotransportado. Cada nuvem de dados original teve sua densidade reduzida objetivando 20; 15; 10; 8; 6; 4; 2; 1; 0,75; 0,5 e 0,25 pulsos por metro quadrado, utilizando um processo de reamostragem aleatória. Os MDTs das nuvens reamostradas foram comparados com o MDT de referência, produzido a partir da nuvem original, calculando o desvio pixel a pixel e resumindo-o por meio do erro padrão da estimativa (RMSE). Os MDTs das nuvens reamostradas também foram avaliados quanto ao nível de correspondência com o MDT de referência. Houve uma clara compensação entre densidade de pontos e resolução horizontal. Dosséis mais densos exigem uma maior densidade de retornos, ou MDT com menor resolução.(AU)
Assuntos
Análise do Solo , Mapeamento Geográfico , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Ecossistema Amazônico , BrasilResumo
Over the last decades, there have been important changes in the epidemiology of Candida infections. In recent years, Candida species have emerged as important causes of invasive infections mainly among immunocompromised patients. This study analyzed Candida spp. isolates and compared the frequency and biofilm production of different species among the different sources of isolation: blood, urine, vulvovaginal secretions and peritoneal dialysis fluid. Biofilm production was quantified in 327 Candida isolates obtained from patients attended at a Brazilian tertiary public hospital (Botucatu, Sao Paulo). C. albicans ALS3 gene polymorphism was also evaluated by determining the number of repeated motifs in the central domain. Of the 198 total biofilm-positive isolates, 72 and 126 were considered as low and high biofilm producers, respectively. Biofilm production by C. albicans was significantly lower than that by non-albicans isolates and was most frequently observed in C. tropicalis. Biofilm production was more frequent among bloodstream isolates than other clinical sources,in urine, the isolates displayed a peculiar distribution by presenting two distinct peaks, one containing biofilm-negative isolates and the other containing isolates with intense biofilm production. The numbers of tandem-repeat copies per allele were not associated with biofilm production, suggesting the evolvement of other genetic determinants.
Assuntos
Humanos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida/genética , Candida/fisiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Brasil , Candida/classificação , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais Públicos , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaResumo
Cyperus difformis L. é planta daninha ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado, que tem apresentado dificuldade de controle devido à resistência a herbicidas inibidores de ALS. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estimar a dose necessária para controlar 50% da população (C50) e reduzir 50% da produção de massa da parte aérea seca (GR50) em biótipo resistente e suscetível de C. difformis e avaliar o controle destes biótipos com herbicidas alternativos recomendados para a espécie. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O experimento I constou de biótipo resistente (CYPDI 9) e suscetível (CYPDI 8) de C. difformis e doses do herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, correspondendo a 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 6; 8; 16; 32 e 64 vezes a dose registrada (20 g ha-1). As variáveis avaliadas foram controle visual e massa da parte aérea seca (MPAS) aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT). No experimento II os tratamentos constaram dos biótipos (CYPDI 9 e CYPDI 8), nove herbicidas: azimsulfuron (6g ha-1); bentazon (900g ha-1); bispyribac-sodium (48g ha-1); carfentrazone-ethyl (40g ha-1); ethoxysulfuron (72g ha-1); glyphosate (900g ha-1); penoxsulam (36g ha-1); propanil (3600g ha-1) e pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20g ha-1) e testemunha que não recebeu herbicida. As variáveis avaliadas foram: controle visual aos 14, 21 e 28 DAT, área foliar (AF) e MPAS aos 28 DAT. A resistência do biótipo de C. difformis ao pyrazosulfuron-ethyl é elevada e inviabiliza seu controle pelo herbicida e, os herbicidas carfentrazone-ethyl, bentazon e propanil, detentores de mecanismos de ação alternativos ao pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, controlam o biótipo resistente de C. difformis.
Cyperus difformis L. is a weed occurrence in flooded rice, that it has been presenting control difficulty due to ALS inhibiting herbicides resistance. The objectives of this work was to determine necessary rate 50% control of the population (C50) and reduce 50% of the production the aerial dry mass (GR50) in resistant and susceptible biotypes of C. difformis and evaluate the control of these biotypes with alternative herbicides recommended for that species. For that, two experiments were performed at green house of FAEM/UFPel arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The experiment I were consisted of resistant (CYPDI 9) and susceptible of C. difformis biotype and rate of the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide, corresponding to 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 2,5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 and 64 times de registered rate (20g ha-1). The evaluated variables were visual control and aerial dry mass (MPAS) to the 28 days after the application of the treatments (DAT). In the experiment II the treatments were consisted of the same biotype (CYPDI 9 and CYPDI 8), nine herbicides azimsulfuron (6g ha-1); bentazon (900g ha-1); bispyribac-sodium (48g ha-1); carfentrazone-ethyl (40g ha-1); ethoxysulfuron (72g ha-1); glyphosate (900g ha-1); penoxsulam (36g ha-1); propanil (3600g ha-1) and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20g ha-1) and checks that didn't applied herbicide. The evaluated variables were: visual control for the herbicides to the 14, 21 and 28 DAT, foliate area and MPAS to 28 DAT. Before the results, it can be concluded that the resistance of the C. difformis biotype to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl is elevated and it makes unfeasible her control for the herbicide and the herbicides carfentrazone-ethyl, bentazon e propanil holders of alternative action mechanisms to the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, control the resistant biotype of C. difformis.
Assuntos
Cyperus/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Herbicidas , Controle de Plantas DaninhasResumo
Cyperus difformis L. is a weed occurrence in flooded rice, that it has been presenting control difficulty due to ALS inhibiting herbicides resistance. The objectives of this work was to determine necessary rate 50% control of the population (C50) and reduce 50% of the production the aerial dry mass (GR50) in resistant and susceptible biotypes of C. difformis and evaluate the control of these biotypes with alternative herbicides recommended for that species. For that, two experiments were performed at green house of FAEM/UFPel arranged in a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The experiment I were consisted of resistant (CYPDI 9) and susceptible of C. difformis biotype and rate of the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide, corresponding to 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 2,5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 and 64 times de registered rate (20g ha-1). The evaluated variables were visual control and aerial dry mass (MPAS) to the 28 days after the application of the treatments (DAT). In the experiment II the treatments were consisted of the same biotype (CYPDI 9 and CYPDI 8), nine herbicides azimsulfuron (6g ha-1); bentazon (900g ha-1); bispyribac-sodium (48g ha-1); carfentrazone-ethyl (40g ha-1); ethoxysulfuron (72g ha-1); glyphosate (900g ha-1); penoxsulam (36g ha-1); propanil (3600g ha-1) and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20g ha-1) and checks that didn"t applied herbicide. The evaluated variables were:
Cyperus difformis L. é planta daninha ocorrente em lavouras de arroz irrigado, que tem apresentado dificuldade de controle devido à resistência a herbicidas inibidores de ALS. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estimar a dose necessária para controlar 50% da população (C50) e reduzir 50% da produção de massa da parte aérea seca (GR50) em biótipo resistente e suscetível de C. difformis e avaliar o controle destes biótipos com herbicidas alternativos recomendados para a espécie. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O experimento I constou de biótipo resistente (CYPDI 9) e suscetível (CYPDI 8) de C. difformis e doses do herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, correspondendo a 0; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 6; 8; 16; 32 e 64 vezes a dose registrada (20 g ha-1). As variáveis avaliadas foram controle visual e massa da parte aérea seca (MPAS) aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT). No experimento II os tratamentos constaram dos biótipos (CYPDI 9 e CYPDI 8), nove herbicidas: azimsulfuron (6g ha-1); bentazon (900g ha-1); bispyribac-sodium (48g ha-1); carfentrazone-ethyl (40g ha-1); ethoxysulfuron (72g ha-1); glyphosate (900g ha-1); penoxsulam (36g ha-1); propanil (3600g ha-1) e pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (20g ha-1) e testemunha que não recebeu herbicida. As variáveis avaliadas foram: contr