Amphibian Diversity: Where everything starts to flood, Cáceres Municipality, North Pantanal, Central­West Brazil

Faunal inventories contribute to our understanding of regional diversity, and are fundamental for policy and de-cision-making regarding the management and conservation of large natural areas. This study aimed to inventory and com-pile information on amphibian species occurring in the North Pantanal region, in the municipal limits of Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We used three methods to inventory amphibian species: (1) fieldwork, (2) analysis of specimens deposited in scientif-ic collections, and (3) literature reviews. We registered 49 amphibian species in Cáceres. Of them, 48 species belonged to the Anura order and were distributed across eight families and 20 genera, and one species belonged to the Gymnophiona order (Siphonops paulensis). The families Leptodactylidae (20 spp.) and Hylidae (17 spp.) were dominant in terms of richness, ac-counting for 75.5% of all species found in Cáceres. The remaining families had between four and one species each. The mu-nicipality is strongly influenced by non-forested formations (e.g., the Cerrado and Pantanal) and presents a high species rich-ness for a non-forested location in Brazil. Our findings highlight Cáceres as one of the richest areas in amphibian species in the North Pantanal region, expanding our knowledge regarding frog diversity. This study provides a foundation for future conser-vation strategies and additional assessments of amphibian species in light of potential population declines and other emerg-ing threats.(AU)

Intoxicação de cães por venenos de anuros: prevalência, danos aos animais e protocolos clínicos / Dog poisoning by anuran poisons: prevalence, animal damage and clinical protocols

Indivíduos da família Bufonidae são comumente associados a casos de intoxicação de cães após contato com o veneno secretado nas glândulas presentes no tegumento, reforçando a importância de tratamentos efetivos após esta interação. Neste trabalho apresentamos uma revisão sobre casos de intoxicação de cães por venenos de anuros, relacionando os principais sintomas nos cães e os protocolos clínicos utilizados. Realizamos uma busca por artigos que relatem casos de intoxicação de cães por anuros nos repositórios Google Scholar, Scielo e PubMed. Utilizamos palavras-chave nos idiomas português e inglês. Um total de 430 artigos foram encontrados, sendo apenas 17 de acordo com a proposta da pesquisa. Os registros encontrados foram para o Brasil, Austrália e Estados Unidos. As espécies de anuros reportadas na literatura foram exclusivamente as do gênero Rhinella. O maior número dos casos registrados no Brasil ocorreu em ambiente urbano. Os principais sintomas descritos após intoxicação de cães foram salivação em excesso, convulsão e vômito. Óbitos também foram encontrados durante a busca. Principais protocolos para o tratamento após envenenamento foram lavagem da cavidade oral do cão, e administração de atropina, diazepam e fluidoterapia. Foi observado que há influência do tamanho dos cães na severidade após intoxicação, sendo os de pequeno porte mais suscetíveis a quadros letais. Sugerimos, por conta do baixo número de registros, que possivelmente a quantidade de casos acerca desta temática seja subestimado. Neste estudo evidenciamos que os protocolos utilizados para o cuidado dos cães intoxicados não são realizados de forma padrão, alterando de acordo com o quadro clínico apresentado.

Individuals of the Bufonidae family are commonly associated with cases of poisoning in dogs after contact with the venom secreted in glands present in the tegument, reinforcing the importance of effective treatments after this interaction. In this paper, we present a review of cases of poisoning in dogs by anuran venom, relating the main symptoms in dogs and the clinical protocols used. We performed a search for articles reporting cases of anuran poisoning in dogs in the Google Scholar, Scielo, and PubMed repositories. We used keywords in Portuguese and English. A total of 430 articles were found and only 17 of which were in accordance with the research proposal. The records found were for Brazil, Australia, and the United States. The species of anurans reported in the literature were exclusively those of the genus Rhinella. The greatest number of cases registered in Brazil occurred in an urban environment. The main symptoms described after intoxication in dogs were excessive salivation, convulsion, and vomiting. Deaths were also found during the search. The main protocols for treatment after poisoning were washing the dog's oral cavity, and administration of atropine, diazepam, and fluid therapy. It was observed that the size of the dogs influences the severity after intoxication, with small dogs being more susceptible to lethal conditions. Due to the low number of records, we suggest that the number of cases on this topic is possibly underestimated. In this study, we showed that the protocols used for the care of intoxicated dogs are not performed in a standard way, changing according to the clinical picture presented.

Predation of Boana boans (Anura, Hylidae) by an opportunistic frugivorous primate / Predação de Boana boans (Anura, Hylidae) por um primata frugívoro oportunista

Although relatively common among omnivorous primates, anurophagy is still poorly documented in frugivorous species. Here we report the predation of a giant gladiator treefrog (Boana boans) by a large arboreal frugivore, the gray woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha cana). The predation event occurred in a stretch of riparian forest located in a fragmented region in Cacoal, Rondônia state, in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Anurans can be a profitable, non-contested, and relatively easily acquired alternative resource for gray woolly monkeys, helping to fulfill their demand for protein, especially in periods of fruit scarcity. This new record broadens the knowledge on the natural history and predators of the giant gladiator frog.(AU)

Embora relativamente comum entre primatas onívoros, a anurofagia ainda é pouco documentada entre espécies frugívoras. Relatamos a predação de um sapo-canoeiro (Boana boans) por um primata frugívoro de grande porte, o macaco-barrigudo (Lagothrix lagotricha cana). O evento de predação ocorreu em um fragmento de floresta ripária localizado em Cacoal, Rondônia, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Anuros podem ser um recurso alternativo vantajoso, não contestado, e de aquisição relativamente fácil para macacos-barrigudos, ajudando a suprir sua demanda por proteína, especialmente em períodos de escassez de frutos. Nosso registro expande o conhecimento sobre a história natural e os predadores do sapo-canoeiro.(AU)

Influence of rainfall and temperature on the spermatogenesis of Leptodactylus macrosternum (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

In the semi-arid environment, the reproductive success of anurans depends on adaptations in their life cycle, which synchronizes with ideal environmental conditions to maximize the number of offspring. In this study changes in the histological and morphometric aspects of the testes of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 are characterized, to evaluate the influence of rainfall and temperature on them. Specimens were collected at Horto Florestal Olho d’Água da Bica - HFOB (06°49’20”S, 36°15’85”W) area, municipality of Cuité, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Search for specimens was active, happened at night, and amounted to 15 days from January to December 2013. The densities of spermatids (primary and secondary), sperm and area of the seminiferous locules of the testes were registered. The influence of climate variables (rainfall and temperature) on the density of primary and secondary spermatids, sperm and locular area were verified using Simple Linear Regression. Primary spermatids had the lowest density in July (57.90 ± 51.54 mm2), with a peak in November (300.32 ± 117.35 mm2); secondary spermatids had the lowest density in December (287.87 ± 79.05 mm2), with a peak in May (135,727.00 ± 301.13 mm2); sperm was in the lowest density in July (237.37 ± 121.10 mm2), with a peak in June (2,270.45 ± 602.62 mm2) and the locular area had the lowest density in December (40,292.9 ± 8,174.20 µm2) and highest density in June (338,875.01 ± 2,262.10 µm2). A notable decrease in sperm density was evident between June and July. That, associated with the observation of a larger locular area in June, allowed us to identify as June as the peak of spermatogenesis and the following month as the most potentially reproductive. The density of secondary spermatids(r = 0.02), sperm (r = 0.21) and locular area (r = 0.01) showed dependency on rainfall whereas only sperm (r = 0.09) showed dependency on temperature.[...]

Influence of rainfall and temperature on the spermatogenesis of Leptodactylus macrosternum (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

In the semi-arid environment, the reproductive success of anurans depends on adaptations in their life cycle, which synchronizes with ideal environmental conditions to maximize the number of offspring. In this study changes in the histological and morphometric aspects of the testes of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 are characterized, to evaluate the influence of rainfall and temperature on them. Specimens were collected at Horto Florestal Olho dÁgua da Bica - HFOB (06°4920”S, 36°1585”W) area, municipality of Cuité, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Search for specimens was active, happened at night, and amounted to 15 days from January to December 2013. The densities of spermatids (primary and secondary), sperm and area of the seminiferous locules of the testes were registered. The influence of climate variables (rainfall and temperature) on the density of primary and secondary spermatids, sperm and locular area were verified using Simple Linear Regression. Primary spermatids had the lowest density in July (57.90 ± 51.54 mm2), with a peak in November (300.32 ± 117.35 mm2); secondary spermatids had the lowest density in December (287.87 ± 79.05 mm2), with a peak in May (135,727.00 ± 301.13 mm2); sperm was in the lowest density in July (237.37 ± 121.10 mm2), with a peak in June (2,270.45 ± 602.62 mm2) and the locular area had the lowest density in December (40,292.9 ± 8,174.20 µm2) and highest density in June (338,875.01 ± 2,262.10 µm2). A notable decrease in sperm density was evident between June and July. That, associated with the observation of a larger locular area in June, allowed us to identify as June as the peak of spermatogenesis and the following month as the most potentially reproductive. The density of secondary spermatids(r = 0.02), sperm (r = 0.21) and locular area (r = 0.01) showed dependency on rainfall whereas only sperm (r = 0.09) showed dependency on temperature.[...](AU)

The island rule in the Brazilian frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura: Hylidae): incipient gigantism?

The island rule suggests that, when mainland animals are isolated on islands, large animals tend to become smaller, while small animals tend to become larger. A small frog in eastern Brazil, Phyllodytes luteolus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824), is widely distributed in association with bromeliads. At the end of the last glaciation, parts of the mainland became islands due to rising sea levels, thereby isolating frog populations on these islands. If the island rule holds, we predicted that frogs on islands would tend to be larger than frogs on the mainland. We compared sizes (weight and length) of 30 randomly selected male frogs from the mainland with 30 from an island in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We also sampled population density on the island and mainland because concurrent with changing sizes, depending on the causal relationship, density may also change. As predicted, island frogs tended to be larger (both in snout-vent length and weight) and were much more abundant. While not specifically addressed in this study, the absence of predators and interspecific competitors may explain both of these trends.

The island rule in the Brazilian frog Phyllodytes luteolus (Anura: Hylidae): incipient gigantism?

The island rule suggests that, when mainland animals are isolated on islands, large animals tend to become smaller, while small animals tend to become larger. A small frog in eastern Brazil, Phyllodytes luteolus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824), is widely distributed in association with bromeliads. At the end of the last glaciation, parts of the mainland became islands due to rising sea levels, thereby isolating frog populations on these islands. If the island rule holds, we predicted that frogs on islands would tend to be larger than frogs on the mainland. We compared sizes (weight and length) of 30 randomly selected male frogs from the mainland with 30 from an island in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. We also sampled population density on the island and mainland because concurrent with changing sizes, depending on the causal relationship, density may also change. As predicted, island frogs tended to be larger (both in snout-vent length and weight) and were much more abundant. While not specifically addressed in this study, the absence of predators and interspecific competitors may explain both of these trends.(AU)

How do males of Hypsiboas goianus (Hylidae: Anura) respond to conspecific acoustic stimuli?

Acoustic communication plays an important role in the social behavior of anurans. Acoustic signals, which can be used in different contexts such as mate attraction and territory defense, may mediate social interactions among individuals. Herein, we used playback experiments to test whether males of Hypsiboas goianus (Lutz, 1968) change their vocal behavior in response to conspecific advertisement calls. Specifically, we used different field playback experiments in which we modified the time interval between advertisement calls to simulate males with distinct states of motivation (Sequence A and B). We did not observe differences in the acoustic response of males of H. goianus between the two types of field playback experiments. On the other hand, we observed that H. goianus males reduce the dominant frequency of the advertisement call and increase the rate of aggressive calls in response to a conspecific competitor. Our results suggest that the acoustic plasticity observed in males of H. goianus represents an aggressive response that allows repelling conspecific individuals.

How do males of Hypsiboas goianus (Hylidae: Anura) respond to conspecific acoustic stimuli?

Acoustic communication plays an important role in the social behavior of anurans. Acoustic signals, which can be used in different contexts such as mate attraction and territory defense, may mediate social interactions among individuals. Herein, we used playback experiments to test whether males of Hypsiboas goianus (Lutz, 1968) change their vocal behavior in response to conspecific advertisement calls. Specifically, we used different field playback experiments in which we modified the time interval between advertisement calls to simulate males with distinct states of motivation (Sequence A and B). We did not observe differences in the acoustic response of males of H. goianus between the two types of field playback experiments. On the other hand, we observed that H. goianus males reduce the dominant frequency of the advertisement call and increase the rate of aggressive calls in response to a conspecific competitor. Our results suggest that the acoustic plasticity observed in males of H. goianus represents an aggressive response that allows repelling conspecific individuals.(AU)

Dero (Allodero) lutzi Michaelsen, 1926 (Oligochaeta: Naididae) associated with Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Hylidae) from Semi-deciduous Atlantic Rain Forest, southern Brazil / Dero (Allodero) lutzi Michaelsen, 1926 (Oligochaeta: Naididae) associado com Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Hylidae) na Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Sul do Brasil

Amphibians are hosts for a wide variety of ecto- and endoparasites, such as protozoans and parasitic worms. Naididae is a family of Oligochaeta whose species live on a wide range of substrates, including mollusks, aquatic macrophytes, sponges, mosses, liverworts, and filamentous algae. However, some species are known as endoparasitic from vertebrates, such as Dero (Allodero) lutzi, which is parasitic of the urinary tracts of frogs, but also have a free-living stage. Specimens in the parasitic stage lack dorsal setae, branchial fossa, and gills. Here we report the occurrence of D. (A.) lutzi associated with anuran Scinax fuscovarius from Semi-deciduous Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil. The study took place at the Caiuá Ecological Station, Diamante do Norte, Paraná, southern Brazil. Seven specimens of S. fuscovarius were examined for parasites but only one was infected. Parasites occurred in ureters and urinary bladder. Previous records of this D. (A.) lutzi include the Brazilian States of Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, as well as Cuba and North America. This is a new locality record for this species in Brazil. Reports of Dero (Allodero) lutzi are rare, due to difficulty of observation, and such events are restricted only the fortuitous cases. It is important to emphasize the necessity of future studies, which are fundamental to the understanding of biological and ecological aspects of this species.(AU)

Anfíbios são hospedeiros para uma grande variedade de ecto- e endoparasitos, tais como os protozoários e vermes parasitos. Naididae é uma família de Oligochaeta cujas espécies vivem em uma ampla variedade de substratos, incluindo moluscos, macrófitas aquáticas, esponjas, musgos, e algas hepáticas e filamentosas. No entanto, algumas espécies são conhecidas como endoparasitos de vertebrados, como Dero (Allodero) lutzi, o qual é um parasito do trato urinário de anfíbios, mas que também possui uma fase de vida livre. Espécimes no estágio parasitário não possuem cerdas dorsais, fossa branquial, e brânquias. Relatamos a ocorrência de D. (A.) lutzi associado ao anuro Scinax fuscovarius na Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Ecológica do Caiuá, Diamante do Norte, Paraná, Sul do Brasil. Sete espécimes de S. fuscovarius foram examinados para parasitos, mas apenas um estava infectado. Os parasitos ocorreram nos ureteres e bexiga urinária. Registros anteriores de D. (A.) lutzi incluem os estados brasileiros de Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais, bem como Cuba e América do Norte. Este é o registro de uma nova localidade para esta espécie no Brasil. Registros de Dero (Allodero) lutzi são raros, devido à dificuldade de observação, e tais eventos são restritos apenas a casos fortuitos. É importante ressaltar a necessidade de futuros estudos, que são fundamentais para a compreensão de aspectos biológicos e ecológicos desta espécie.(AU)

RECUPERAÇÃO DA HOMEOSTASE DE RÃ-TOURO (Lithobates 10 catesbeianus) APÓS O TRANSPORTE

Com o estudo objetivou-se avaliar a recuperação da homeostase de rã-touro (Lithobates 197 catesbeianus) após o transporte. O experimento foi realizado em um delineamento inteiramente 198 casualizado em esquema fatorial com um tratamento adicional [5 x 2 + (1)]. Foram avaliados 199 cinco tempos após o transporte (0 imediatamente após o transporte, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas), em 200 ambos os gêneros e um tratamento controle (condição antes do transporte). Os tratamentos 201 foram constituídos de cinco repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. Setenta rãs, 35 202 machos (352,12 ± 34,67 g) e 35 fêmeas (375,87 ± 48,10 g) foram submetidas a um jejum de 42 203 horas antes do transporte. Destas, 10 (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas) foram utilizadas para coleta 204 de sangue antes do transporte (controle). As outras 60 foram transportadas por nove horas em 205 cinco canos de PVC de 1 m e 100 mm de diâmetro, na densidade de 12 animais/ cano. Ao final 206 do transporte, as rãs foram distribuídas em cinco baias alagadas (1,15 x 1,06 m) na densidade 207 de 12 rãs/ baia (seis machos e seis fêmeas), até os tempos de avaliação pré-estabelecidos. Para 208 cada horário de avaliação foi coletado o sangue de 10 rãs (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas). Com 209 as amostras de sangue foram realizadas as seguintes análises: glicemia, lactato, proteínas totais, 210 albumina, globulinas, relação albumina/globulina (A/G), triglicerídeos, colesterol total, AST, 211 ALT, hemoglobina, hematócrito, contagem total de eritrócitos e índices hematimétricos 212 absolutos (VCM, HCM e CHCM). Não houve interação significativa dos horários de coleta e 213 o gênero das rãs. A glicemia e o lactato aumentaram nas rãs do tempo 0 h, mas restabeleceram 214 nos demais horários. A proteína total aumentou nas rãs do tempo 0 h, mas diminuiu nos tempos 215 24 e 48 h. A albumina aumentou nas rãs dos tempos 0 e 6 h, mas reduziu na coleta de 48 h. As 216 globulinas aumentaram nas rãs do tempo 0 h, mas reduziram nos tempos 24 e 48 h. Os 217 triglicerídeos aumentaram nas rãs do tempo 0 h, mas diminuíram nos demais horários. O 218 colesterol total reduziu progressivamente nas rãs do tempo 0 h e foi maior nos machos. A AST 219 aumentou nas rãs dos tempos 0 e 6 h, mas reduziu a partir do tempo 12 h. A ALT aumentou nas 220 rãs do tempo 0 h, mas reduziu nos tempos 24 e 48 h. O hematócrito reduziu nas rãs do tempo 221 48 h. O número de eritrócitos aumentou nas rãs do tempo 0 h, mas reduziu no tempo 48 h. A 222 hemoglobina diminuiu nas rãs do tempo 48 h. O VCM e a HCM diminuíram nos animais do 223 tempo 0 h. A CHCM aumentou nas rãs avaliadas no tempo 24 h. As variáveis respondem de 224 forma diferente ao estresse. No entanto, entre 6 e 12 horas, a maioria das variáveis avaliadas já 225 retornaram a mesma condição do tratamento controle. A redução de algumas variáveis após 24 226 h pode ser em consequência do déficit energético promovido pelo jejum prolongado.

The study aimed to evaluate the recovery of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) homeostasis 232 after transport. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a factorial 233 scheme with an additional treatment [5 x 2 + (1)]. Five times after transport were evaluated (0 234 - immediately after transport, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours), in both genders and a control treatment 235 (condition before transport). The treatments consisted of five repetitions, the animal being the 236 experimental unit. Seventy frogs, 35 males (352.12 ± 34.67 g) and 35 females (375.87 ± 48.10 237 g) were fasted for 42 hours before transport. Of these, 10 (five males and five females) were 238 used to collect blood before transportation (control). The other 60 were transported for nine 239 hours in five PVC pipes of 1 m and 100 mm in diameter, in the density of 12 animals / pipe. At 240 the end of the transport, the frogs were distributed in five flooded bays (1.15 x 1.06 m) in the 241 density of 12 frogs / bay (six males and six females), until the pre-established evaluation times. 242 For each evaluation time, blood was collected from 10 frogs (five males and five females). With 243 blood samples, the following analyzes were performed: blood glucose, lactate, total proteins, 244 albumin, globulins, albumin / globulin (A / G) ratio, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, 245 hemoglobin, hematocrit, total erythrocyte count and absolute hematimetric indices (VCM, 246 HCM and CHCM). There was no significant interaction between the collection times and the 247 gender of the frogs. Glycemia and lactate increased in frogs from time 0 h, but reestablished at 248 other times. The total protein increased in frogs from time 0 h, but decreased in time 24 and 48 249 h. Albumin increased in frogs from time 0 and 6 h, but decreased in the collection of 48 h. 250 Globulins increased in frogs from time 0 h, but decreased in time 24 and 48 h. Triglycerides 251 increased in frogs from time 0 h, but decreased in other hours. Total cholesterol decreased 252 progressively in frogs from time 0 h and was higher in male. AST increased in frogs from time 253 0 and 6 h, but decreased from time 12 h. ALT increased in frogs from time 0 h, but decreased 254 in time 24 and 48 h. The hematocrit reduced in the time frogs 48 h. The number of erythrocytes 255 increased in frogs from time 0 h, but decreased in time 48 h. Hemoglobin decreased in frogs 256 over 48 h. VCM and HCM decreased in animals from time 0 h. CHCM increased in the frogs 257 evaluated at 24 h. The variables respond differently to stress. However, between 6 and 12 hours, 258 most of the variables evaluated have already returned to the same condition as the control 259 treatment. The reduction of some variables after 24 h may be a consequence of the energy 260 deficit caused by prolonged fasting.

Differential success in sampling of Atlantic Forest amphibians among different periods of the day / Sucesso diferenciado na amostragem de anfíbios da Mata Atlântica entre diferentes períodos do dia

In general, anurans tend to be nocturnal, though diurnal activity is characteristic of some groups. Studies show that frog activity may be inferred based on the number of individuals collected at different periods of the day, during large-scale field surveys. We investigated the best period of the day to conduct amphibian sampling in nine Atlantic Rainforest areas in southeastern Brazil, based on intensive field surveys. At each locality we employed similar sampling effort during diurnal, crepuscular and nocturnal searches (totaling 704.5 sampling hours). We pooled data from all localities for each period and estimated the proportion of frogs of each species active at each period based on the total number of individuals and on the number of species found during all surveys for that period. We recorded a total of 817 individual frogs from 69 species. Species richness was highest at night (median = 12 species), intermediate at dusk (median = 8), and lowest during the day (median = 4). The percentage of the total number of individual frogs found (pooled species) was highest during the night (ca. 53%) and lowest during the day (ca. 14%). Analyzing each species separately, the number of individuals recorded was consistently higher at dusk and night for most species. Our study evidences a trend for nocturnal activity for most Atlantic Rainforest frogs, with few species having primarily diurnal habits. Those results may favor future studies and conservation efforts for amphibian species.(AU)

Em geral, anuros tendem a ser noturnos, apesar de a atividade diurna ser característica de alguns grupos. Estudos mostram que a atividade de anuros pode ser inferida com base no número de indivíduos coletados em diferentes períodos do dia durante pesquisas de campo de larga escala. Nós avaliamos qual o melhor período do dia para conduzir amostragens de anfíbios em nove áreas da Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, com base em amostragens de campo intensivas. Em cada localidade nós empregamos esforço de amostragem similar durante amostragens diurnas, crepusculares e noturnas (totalizando 704,5 horas de amostragem). Nós agrupamos dados de todas as localidades para cada período e estimamos a proporção de anuros de cada espécie ativa em cada período com base no número total de indivíduos e no número de espécies encontradas durante todas as buscas naquele período. Nós registramos um total de 817 indivíduos pertencentes a 69 espécies. A riqueza de espécies foi maior à noite (mediana = 12 espécies), intermediária ao crepúsculo (mediana = 8) e menor durante o dia (mediana = 4). A porcentagem do número total de indivíduos encontrados (todas as espécies agrupadas) foi maior durante a noite (ca. 53%) e menor durante o período diurno (ca. 14%). Analisando cada espécie separadamente, o número de indivíduos registrados foi consistentemente maior ao crepúsculo e à noite para a maioria das espécies. Nosso estudo evidencia uma tendência para atividade noturna para a maioria dos anuros da Mata Atlântica, com poucas espécies tendo hábitos primariamente diurnos. Esses resultados podem favorecer futuros estudos e esforços de conservação para as espécies de anfíbios.(AU)

ESTUDO IN VIVO DA TOXICIDADE DO HERBICIDA 2,4-D (DMA® 806) SOBRE EMBRIÕES E GIRINOS DE RÃ-TOURO (Lithobates catesbeianus)

A crescente população humana exige uma demanda expansiva por áreas agrícolas, aumentando o uso de fertilizantes e pesticidas. O uso descontrolado desses produtos químicos induz a contaminação da água e do solo devido às suas características refratárias e tóxicas e têm gerado impactos ambientais que comprometem a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas, principalmente os aquáticos. Sabe-se que impactos da exposição a pesticidas no desenvolvimento precoce de anfíbios pode perturbar a reprodução e afetar a dinâmica da população desses animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos tóxicos do herbicida 2,4-D (DMA® 806) sobre embriões e girinos de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus). Utilizamos como ferramentas o ensaio FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus) para embriões e testes de toxicidade aguda (96 h) e crônica (49 dias) para girinos. No teste crônico avaliamos a saudabilidade (Ganho de peso, Índices Hepato e Espleno-somáticos), perfil hematologico (Contagem Diferencial de Leucócitos, Contagem Total de Leucócitos e Trombócitos, Taxa de Hemoglobina, Contagem de Eritrócitos e Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média) e histopatologia (análise histopatológica das brânquias, pele e rim) dos girinos sobreviventes. A CL50-144h (Concentração Letal Mediana), CE50-144h (Concentração Efetiva) e o IT (Índice Teratogênico) do desenvolvimento embrionário, foram respectivamente 791,91 mg/L, 592,62 mg/L e 1,34 de 2,4-D (DMA). Para girinos, a CL50-96h foi de 700,01 mg/L de 2,4-D (DMA). Nossos resultados indicam que esse pesticida, em curto prazo, é pouco teratogênico e pouco tóxico para embriões e girinos de L. catesbeianus. Entretanto, a exposição prolongada em baixas concentrações indicou um possível processo inflamatório e policitemia nos girinos com consequente diminuição do baço, evidenciando estresse fisiológico. A histopatologia das brânquias e pele revelou aumento da espessura epitelial que foi dose dependente das concentrações, justificando a elevação dos eritrócitos e consequentemente a falta de oxigênio. O 2,4-D (DMA) pode ser um alérgeno respiratório para anuros, por isso, recomendamos medidas de cautela para exposição prolongada de organismos aquáticos a este pesticida

The growing human population demands an expansive agricultural area, increasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The uncontrolled use of these chemicals induces water and soil contamination due to their refractory and toxic characteristics and has generated environmental impacts that compromise the sustainability of ecosystems, especially aquatic ones. It is known that impacts of pesticide exposure on the early development of amphibians can disturb reproduction and affect the population dynamics of these animals. The aim of this work was to evaluate the toxic effects of the herbicide 2,4-D (DMA® 806) on bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) embryos and tadpoles. We used the FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus) assay for embryos and acute (96 h) and chronic (49 days) toxicity tests for tadpoles as tools. In the chronic test, we evaluated healthiness (weight gain, hepato and spleen-somatic Indexes), hematological profile (Total Leukocyte Count, Differential Leukocyte Count, and thrombocyte, Hemoglobin rate, Erythrocyte Count and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) and histopathology (histopathological analysis of gills, skin and kidney) of surviving tadpoles. The LC50-144h (Median Lethal Concentration), EC50-144h (Effective Concentration) and the TI (Teratogenic Index) of embryonic development were 791.91 mg/L, 592.62 mg/L and 1.34 of 2,4-D (DMA), respectively. For tadpoles, the LC50-96h was 700.01 mg/L of 2,4-D (DMA). Our results indicate that this pesticide, in the short term, is low teratogenic and low toxic for embryos and tadpoles of L. catesbeianus. However, prolonged exposure in low concentrations indicated a possible inflammatory process and polycythemia in tadpoles with a consequent decrease in the spleen, showing physiological stress. Histopathology of the gills and skin revealed an increase in epithelial thickness that was dose dependent on concentrations, justifying the elevation of erythrocytes and consequently the lack of oxygen. 2,4-D (DMA) can be a respiratory allergen for frogs, so we recommend precautionary measures for prolonged exposure of aquatic organisms to this pesticide.

Insecticidal activity of Leptodactylus knudseni andPhyllomedusa vaillantii crude skin secretions against the mosquitoes Anopheles darlingi andAedes aegypti

Background Mosquitoes are important vectors of several diseases, including malaria and dengue, and control measures are mostly performed using chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mosquito resistance to commonly applied insecticides is widespread. Therefore, a prospection for new molecules with insecticidal activity based on Amazon biodiversity using the anuransLeptodactylus knudseni andPhyllomedusa vaillantii was performed against the mosquito speciesAnopheles darlingi and Aedes aegypti.Methods The granular secretion from anuran skin was obtained by manual stimulation, and lethal concentrations (LCs) for larvicidal and adulticidal tests were calculated using concentrations from 1-100 ppm. The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species.Results The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species. The calculated LC50 of L. knudseni skin secretions against An. darlingiwas 0.15 and 0.2 ppm for adults and larvae, respectively, but much higher for Ae. aegypti, i.e., 19 and 38 ppm, respectively. Interestingly, the calculated LCs50 of P. vaillantii against both mosquito species in adults were similar, 1.8 and 2.1 ppm, respectively, but the LC50 forAn. darlingi larvae was much lower (0.4 ppm) than forAe aegypti (2.1 ppm).Conclusions The present experiments indicate that skin secretions from L. knudseni and P. vaillantii contain bioactive molecules with potent insecticide activity. The isolation and characterization of skin secretions components will provide new insights for potential insecticidal molecules.(AU)

Insecticidal activity of Leptodactylus knudseni and Phyllomedusa vaillantii crude skin secretions against the mosquitoes Anopheles darlingi and Aedes aegypti

Mosquitoes are important vectors of several diseases, including malaria and dengue, and control measures are mostly performed using chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mosquito resistance to commonly applied insecticides is widespread. Therefore, a prospection for new molecules with insecticidal activity based on Amazon biodiversity using the anurans Leptodactylus knudseni and Phyllomedusa vaillantii was performed against the mosquito species Anopheles darlingi and Aedes aegypti. The granular secretion from anuran skin was obtained by manual stimulation, and lethal concentrations(LCs) for larvicidal and adulticidal tests were calculated using concentrations from 1-100 ppm. The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species. The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species. The calculated LC50 of L. knudseni skin secretions against An. darlingi was 0.15 and 0.2 ppm for adults and larvae, respectively, but much higher for Ae. aegypti, i.e., 19 and 38 ppm, respectively. Interestingly, the calculated LCs50 of P. vaillantii against both mosquito species in adults were similar, 1.8 and 2.1 ppm, respectively, but the LC50 for An. darlingi larvae was much lower (0.4 ppm) than for Ae aegypti (2.1 ppm). The present experiments indicate that skin secretions from L. knudseni and P. vaillantii contain bioactive molecules with potent insecticide activity. The isolation and characterization of skin secretions components will provide new insights for potential insecticidal molecules.(AU)

Insecticidal activity of Leptodactylus knudseni and Phyllomedusa vaillantii crude skin secretions against the mosquitoes Anopheles darlingi and Aedes aegypti

Mosquitoes are important vectors of several diseases, including malaria and dengue, and control measures are mostly performed using chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mosquito resistance to commonly applied insecticides is widespread. Therefore, a prospection for new molecules with insecticidal activity based on Amazon biodiversity using the anurans Leptodactylus knudseni and Phyllomedusa vaillantii was performed against the mosquito species Anopheles darlingi and Aedes aegypti. The granular secretion from anuran skin was obtained by manual stimulation, and lethal concentrations(LCs) for larvicidal and adulticidal tests were calculated using concentrations from 1-100 ppm. The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species. The skin secretions from the anuran species tested caused significant mortality within the first 24 hours on adults and larvae, but differed within the mosquito species. The calculated LC50 of L. knudseni skin secretions against An. darlingi was 0.15 and 0.2 ppm for adults and larvae, respectively, but much higher for Ae. aegypti, i.e., 19 and 38 ppm, respectively. Interestingly, the calculated LCs50 of P. vaillantii against both mosquito species in adults were similar, 1.8 and 2.1 ppm, respectively, but the LC50 for An. darlingi larvae was much lower (0.4 ppm) than for Ae aegypti (2.1 ppm). The present experiments indicate that skin secretions from L. knudseni and P. vaillantii contain bioactive molecules with potent insecticide activity. The isolation and characterization of skin secretions components will provide new insights for potential insecticidal molecules.

Herpetofauna of Paranapiacaba: expanding our knowledge on a historical region in the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

The largest area of preserved Atlantic forest is located in the southern portion of Brazil. The region of Paranapiacaba is depicted in Brazilian zoological studies as one of the first and most intensely sampled areas of the state of São Paulo.We provide a concise list of reptiles and amphibians from the Paranapiacaba Municipal Park. It represents the first comprehensive survey of the group in the area. We recorded 136 species of reptiles and amphibians from field surveys, museum collections and the literature. The anuran diversity of Paranapiacaba is greater than that of Estação Ecológica de Boracéia, which has been considered the most distinctive areas in São Paulo in terms of amphibian diversity. The rich history of herpetological research in the region, including the occurrence of the two most threatened species in Brazil, converts the area to an important conservation landmark for the Brazilian herpetofauna.

Herpetofauna of Paranapiacaba: expanding our knowledge on a historical region in the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil

The largest area of preserved Atlantic forest is located in the southern portion of Brazil. The region of Paranapiacaba is depicted in Brazilian zoological studies as one of the first and most intensely sampled areas of the state of São Paulo.We provide a concise list of reptiles and amphibians from the Paranapiacaba Municipal Park. It represents the first comprehensive survey of the group in the area. We recorded 136 species of reptiles and amphibians from field surveys, museum collections and the literature. The anuran diversity of Paranapiacaba is greater than that of Estação Ecológica de Boracéia, which has been considered the most distinctive areas in São Paulo in terms of amphibian diversity. The rich history of herpetological research in the region, including the occurrence of the two most threatened species in Brazil, converts the area to an important conservation landmark for the Brazilian herpetofauna.(AU)

Adults and tadpoles of species of Hylodidae (Anura): history and taxonomy perspectives

We make a historical review of the rates of descriptions of adult and larval forms of frogs of the three genera of Hylodidae: Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841; Hylodes Fitzinger, 1826; and Megaelosia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923. We analyze and compare the evolution of the number of descriptions of adults and tadpoles of the 42 species presently known in the family. There has been an increase in the number of descriptions of both adult and larval forms in the last decades. Nevertheless, the number of descriptions of tadpoles still does not match the number of adult forms described in Hylodidae. The great number of Hylodidae recent described and the continuous process of deforestation in Atlantic forest remnants emphasize the need to improve research efforts for this group.

Adults and tadpoles of species of Hylodidae (Anura): history and taxonomy perspectives

We make a historical review of the rates of descriptions of adult and larval forms of frogs of the three genera of Hylodidae: Crossodactylus Duméril & Bibron, 1841; Hylodes Fitzinger, 1826; and Megaelosia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923. We analyze and compare the evolution of the number of descriptions of adults and tadpoles of the 42 species presently known in the family. There has been an increase in the number of descriptions of both adult and larval forms in the last decades. Nevertheless, the number of descriptions of tadpoles still does not match the number of adult forms described in Hylodidae. The great number of Hylodidae recent described and the continuous process of deforestation in Atlantic forest remnants emphasize the need to improve research efforts for this group.