First report of Psittacid Avipoxvirus in Agapornis in Mexico

A postmortem study was performed on two lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri and Agapornis personatus) that had scabs in the periocular region and on the eyelid, as well as serous blepharitis. Microscopically, the eyelids showed ulcers, necrosis and serocellular crusts, severe hyperplasia of keratinocytes with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger's bodies), bacterial colonies of gram-positive coccoid morphology and PAS-positive septate and 45° branching hyphae. The microbiological study identified the colonies as Staphylococcus spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. Using molecular techniques, avian pox clade C was identified on the eyelid. This is the first report in Mexico of a case of avian pox in parrots associated with clade C Avipoxvirus.(AU)

Diversity of avian species, their ecosystems and climate conditions in two zones of High Atlas (central Morocco) for ecotouristic purposes

The analysis of avian diversity and their natural ecosystems at a regional scale is the first step to understanding and classifying a specific region's ecological importance and, therefore, adopting sustainable economic activities and implementing suitable conservation measures. This study investigated the avian richness and natural ecosystems in Eastern and central High Atlas between 2015 and 2021. Transects and point-count methods were used to identify and estimate populations of birds and to delimit the nature of ecosystems. A total of 175 bird species among resident-breeders, migrantbreeders, migrant-winterers, and accidental-visitors were documented. These birds belong to 19 orders and are grouped into 51 families. Among recorded birds, 20 species were categorized as species of ectouristic interest due to their roles in birdwatching, hunting, racing sports, and trade activities. These species were observed in natural and human-made ecosystems, with the majority in wetlands. The abundance of a wide range of ecosystems and various bioclimatic stages is suggested to be behind the avian richness of these mountainous areas. Finally, these natural landscapes and their avian richness could be used for ecotouristic purposes. Visitors could profit from the view of landscapes and observation of the most iconic and rare animal species, which is suggested to increase the income for local populations and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.

Three Months of Composting Are Enough to Eliminate the Fowl Typhoid Bacteria

The composting technique has been increasingly highlighted in poultry production units, as an efficient and low-cost solution for the destination of carcasses. The process is based on the accelerated decomposition of organic material under high temperatures, associated with eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the time necessary for the elimination of Salmonella Gallinarum in carcasses of poultry submitted to the composting process. The composting was carried out following the models used in the field, and microbiological analysis was performed in five different periods: 45, 90, 120, 150 and 180-days after closing the composter. After 90 days of experiment and in the subsequent analysis, the elimination of the bacteria in 100% of the samples was verified, validating the composting process as an effective method for eliminating S. Gallinarum in poultry carcasses, when respecting the period necessary for the elimination of the bacteria and the good quality of the structure adopted for the process.(AU)

Carcinoma hepatocelular metastático em Amazona aestiva / Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Amazona aestiva

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor of the liver tissue and its occurrence in birds is considered rare. The tumor can occur as a single mass leading to hepatomegaly, or as multiple nodules in the liver. In animals of the genus Amazona, only 1 case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in the United States, therefore, little is known about its epidemiology and clinicopathological aspects in these species. In this context, the aim of this work was to describe a case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an Amazona aestiva. Case: A blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) was referred to necropsy after being found dead in its enclosure. On examination, it presented cachectic body score. Examination of the coelomic cavity, revealed a serous translucent fluid and adhesions between the liver and peritoneum.A red mass restricted to the right hepatic lobe and raised to the capsular surface, interspersed with whitish and dark red multifocal areas was observed. When cut, this mass was soft, protruding, multilobulated, whitish and with a friable reddish center. Additionally, on the dorsal surface of the left lung lobe, there was a rounded, well defined, whitish, and soft nodule. Microscopically, partial replacement of the hepatic parenchyma was observed by neoplastic proliferation of cuboidal epithelial cells, organized in mantle and supported by a scarce fibrovascular stroma. Cells have large, eosinophilic, well-delimited cytoplasm, with a central, oval nucleus, loose chromatin, and evident nucleolus. Moderate pleomorphism was characterized by anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and aberrant nuclei. In the lung, a focally extensive mass with a pattern similar to that seen in the liver was observed. In the kidney, multifocal neoplastic emboli were noted. Liver immunohistochemistry was performed. Positive and negative controls were used to validate the reaction; however, there was no immunolabelling for the evaluated antibodies. Discussion: The histopathological characteristics observed in this study favored the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with metastasis to kidney and lung. Primary liver tumors are rare in wild birds. In ducks, experimental studies have pointed aflatoxins and the duck hepatitis B virus as oncogenic agents, however, in birds of the genus Amazona, there are no studies that evaluate predisposing factors to the development of liver carcinoma. Macroscopically, hepatocellular carcinoma may present in massive, nodular or diffuse forms. In birds, the right lobe is the largest, which may suggest that this lobe is more prone to the development of HCC, as seen in the present case. The solid form, similar to that observed in this report, seems to be more commonly observed, as seen in the wild bird reports consulted. Metastases most often spread hematogenous, and in the present report there was metastasis to kidneys and lungs, which is a common feature for this neoplasm. In the present case, there was no labeling by any of the antibodies, perhaps because of their aggressiveness, associated with autolytic factors that prevent the labeling of antibodies, in addition to the specificity in the antibodyantigen relationship. This tumor must be differentiated from other liver tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and also the well-differentiated hepatocellular adenoma, in addition to non-neoplastic conditions. HCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Amazona aestiva found dead in the enclosure without previous clinical signs. This neoplasm is rare in Amazon parrots and reports should be encouraged in order to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of the tumor.

The sequence analysis of M2 gene for identification of amantadine resistance in avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype), detected from broiler chickens with respiratory syndrome during 2016-2018, in Isfahan-Iran

Amantadine and rimantadine are used for prevention and treatment of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The rates of resistant IAVs have been increasing globally. However, amino acid substitutions in the M2 transmembrane channel lead to amantadine resistance. The residues of 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 are marker of amantadine resistance in IAVs. In this study, 15 pooled tracheal samples collected from 15 chicken farms with severe respiratory sign and mortality in 2016-2018. After identification of influenza A and H9 subtype, the 1027 bp fragment of M gene was sequenced for molecular evaluation of amantadine resistance in AIV strains. Results showed 12 out of 15 pooled samples were positive for IAV and H9 subtype. Based on M2 gene analysis, 8 out of 12 (66.66%) were resistance to amantadine. Four out of 8 (50%) showed S31N substitution (serine to asparagine) and four out of 8 (50%) have V27A substitution (valine to alanine). There was no dual amantadine resistance mutation in any specimens. In conclusion, the emergence of amantadine resistance variants of AIV in Iran, can raise concerns about controlling of the seasonal and the future pandemic influenza. Therefore, greater caution is needed in the use of adamantanes.(AU)

Osteoma in Agapornis roseicollis / Osteoma em Agapornis roseicollis

Neoplasias are important causes of illness and death in domestic animals. However, in birds, they are less frequent compared with other species such as dogs and cats. Moreover, benign tumors of bone are even less frequent in captive birds being considered sporadic, which make it a poorly understood entity due to the lack of clinical and histopathological data. Thus, we present a case of an osteoma in a Peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) approaching clinical and morphological aspects. A two-years-old lovebird was referred to the veterinary hospital with a 4-month evolution round to oval tumoral mass on the wing. The nodule was firm, painful when manipulated. Radiographic examination revealed a radiopaque mass in the radius and ulna bones. The animal has died during the surgical procedures. The affected wing was submitted to pathology service and histopathology revealed an osteoma.

As neoplasias são importantes causas de doença e morte em animais domésticos. No entanto, em aves, são menos frequentes em comparação com outras espécies, como cães e gatos. Além disso, tumores ósseos benignos são ainda menos frequentes em aves de cativeiro sendo considerados esporádicos, o que o torna uma entidade pouco compreendida devido à falta de dados clínicos e histopatológicos. Assim, apresentamos um caso de osteoma em Periquito cara-de-pêssego (Agapornis roseicollis) abordando aspectos clínicos e morfológicos. Um periquito de dois anos foi encaminhado ao hospital veterinário com uma massa tumoral ovalada na asa com evolução de 4 meses. O nódulo era firme, doloroso quando manipulado. O exame radiográfico revelou uma massa radiopaca nos ossos rádio e ulna. O animal morreu durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos. A asa afetada foi submetida ao serviço de patologia e a histopatologia revelou um osteoma.

The avifauna of two High Atlas valleys: breeding assemblages in forest stands and open lands

In this study, we surveyed the diversity and distribution of breeding birds in dominating habitat of Central High Atlas valleys and principal governing factors. In the point-counts method with 170 sampling points from 2018 to 2019, richness parameters and multivariate analysis were used to assess the distribution of recorded birds. We recorded 92 breeding birds of migrants (34%) and residents (68%), belonging to 34 families and 13 orders. The families of Muscicapidae (13 species), Fringillidae (8 species), and Accipitridae (7 species) were the most abundant, while the Regulidae, Malaconotidae, Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Pycnonotidae, Cinclidae, Oriolidae, Laniidae, Phylloscopidae, Troglodytidae, Meropidae, Coraciidae, Cuculidae, Caprimulgidae, Upupidae, and Ciconiidae, were the less observed with one bird species each. One species of conservation concern, namely the globally vulnerable Turtle dove, was recorded. On the other hand, Statistical analysis showed that bird richness was similar among forest stands, while abundance differed significantly. In contrast, both richness and abundance were statistically different among open habitats. Further, 46 species were found in Juniper stand surrounded by agricultural fields, followed by 30 species in Holm Oak stands where the density of trees, shrubs, and canopy coverage were higher, while in Black poplar stands characterised by higher trees and shrubs, and high availability of water hosted only 20 species. Rare and accidental birds dominate the forest and open lands, demonstrating the vulnerability of these habitats. This study could serve as a great reference for comparative studies of interesting birds on both slopes of the Mediterranean.

Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico / Humerus fracture in a buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - anesthesia and surgical procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature. Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluating the limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system and the supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure. Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient's death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized.

Genome-Wide Association Study on Two Immune-Related Traits in Jinghai Yellow Chicken

This study was designed to discover molecular marker associated with the interferon INF-γ and avian influenza (AI) antibody titer traits in Jinghai Yellow chicken (Gallus gallus). Serum samples were taken from 400 female chickens and the INF-γ concentrations and AI antibody titer levels were measured. A genome-wide association study was carried out using specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was applied to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the two traits. After sequencing and quality control, 103,680 SLAFs and 90,961 SNPs were obtained. The 400 samples were divided into 10 subgroups to reduce the effects of group stratification. The Bonferroni adjusted P-value of genome-wide significance was set at 1.87E−06 according to the number of independent SNP markers and linkage disequilibrium blocks. A SNP that was significantly associated with INF-γ concentration was detected in the myomesin 1 (MYOM1) gene on chromosome 2, and another SNPthat was significantly associated with the AI antibody titer level was detected in an RNA methyltransferase gene (Nsun7), which was found to have an important biological function. We propose that MYOM1 and Nsun7 are valuable candidate genes that influence the disease resistance characters of chicken. However, in-depth investigations are needed to determine the essential roles of these genes in poultry disease resistance and their possible application in breeding disease resistant poultry.(AU)

Identification of Avian Toll-Like Receptor 3 and 7 and Analysis of Gene Variation Sites

Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 (TLR3 and 7) mediate immune responses through the recognition of viral single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA and therefore play important roles in host defense. Differences in TLR3 or 7 may affect host resistance to RNA viral infection. To illuminate these differences, the partial coding sequence (CDS) of TLR3 and 7 genes were cloned and amplified from the Phasianus colchicus and Numida meleagris, total 64 avian species of TLR3 and 7 sequences were later analyzed. Based on the results, 315 non-synonymous mutation sites and 202 synonymous mutation sites were also observed in the avian TLR3, and 227 non-synonymous mutation sites and 174 synonymous mutation sites were observed in the avian TLR7. Among these sites, 44 and 45 sites were observed in functional regions of TLR3 and 7, used common variation of amino acids in most avian species. A number of these different sites appeared to affect the recognition and were also visualized. H59Y, E60K, G64R, E93K, L112S, K117E, N118K, R120H, V123M, L163F, R443Q, R459K, E460D, C485H, and F511L for TLR3, and I432V, M437V, and T732S for TLR7 were considered. It is possible that these sites bind to ligands and play crucial roles in viral recognition. These data indicated that the positive selection has occurred in the avian TLR3 and 7 genes.(AU)

Type C botulism outbreak in free-ranging waterfowl in Goiás / Surto de botulismo tipo C em aves aquáticas de vida livre em Goiás

Botulism is generally a fatal disease caused by ingestion of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. The present study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of a type C botulism outbreak in free-living aquatic birds residing in an urban park in Quirinópolis, Goiás, Brazil. Among a population of approximately 80 waterfowl, a total of 30 birds, including ducks (Cairina moschata), teals (Anas platyrhynchos), and geese (Anser cygnoides), died within 10 days. Of these, six birds showed signs of flaccid paralysis of the pelvic limbs, eyelids, neck, and wings. To confirm the suspicion of botulism, four lake water samples, two samples of the feed consumed by the birds, and samples of serum, intestinal content, stomach content, and liver tissue from two teals that died after presenting clinical signs were analyzed. Using bioassay and neutralization with homologous antitoxin in mice, it was possible to detect the presence of botulinum toxin type C in a water sample and in the intestinal content of one of the necropsied teals. Additionally, the presence of C. botulinum type C was identified in the lake water using polymerase chain reaction. Based on the clinical signs and laboratory results, a diagnosis of botulism caused by botulinum toxin type C was confirmed with probable transmission by lake water.

O botulismo é uma doença geralmente fatal, causada pela ingestão de neurotoxinas produzidas pelo Clostridium botulinum. O presente estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais de um surto de botulismo tipo C em aves aquáticas de vida livre habitantes de parque urbano em Quirinópolis, Goiás. De uma população de cerca de 80 aves aquáticas, um total de 30 aves, entre patos (Cairina moschata), marrecos (Anas platyrhynchos) e gansos (Anser cygnoides), morreram no intervalo de 10 dias. Destes, seis aves apresentaram sinais de paralisia flácida de membros pélvicos, pálpebras, pescoço e asas. Para confirmar a suspeita de botulismo, foram analisadas quatro amostras da água do lago, duas amostras da ração consumida pelas aves e amostras de soro, conteúdo intestinal, conteúdo estomacal e fígado de dois marrecos que morreram após apresentarem os sinais clínicos. Pelo bioensaio e neutralização com antitoxina homóloga em camundongos foi possível detectar a presença de toxina botulínica tipo C em uma amostra de água e no conteúdo intestinal de um dos marrecos necropsiados. Adicionalmente, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase identificou-se a presença de C. botulinum tipo C na água do lago. Com base nos sinais clínicos e resultados laboratoriais estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de botulismo causado pela toxina botulínica tipo C e veiculada provavelmente pela água do lago.

Hepatic changes in Gallus gallus domesticus in Brazil / Alterações hepáticas em Gallus gallus domesticus no Brasil

The occurrence and the frequency of hepatic changes in chickens, including broiler (BC), layer (LC) and backyard chickens (BYC) were investigated. The retrospective and prospective study (2006-2021) was conducted with a total of 300 cases of liver disorders. Industrial poultry (BC and LC) were frequently affected (88%) and noninfectious changes were the most diagnosed (69%). Considering etiology or conditions, the hepatic changes were classified as follows: degenerative changes (42%), bacterial (28%), metabolic (15%), toxic (8%), viral (3%), neoplastic (2%), protozoal diseases (1.5%) and circulatory disorders (0.5%). Regarding the type of bird, degenerative, toxic changes and viral hepatitis were more frequent in BC. Circulatory and metabolic disorders, as well as bacterial hepatitis, were more frequently diagnosed in LC. Neoplastic and protozoal hepatitis occurred more frequently in BYC. The macroscopic examination in association with histopathology enabled the diagnosis of the hepatic changes in 59% of the cases. Considering bacterial hepatitis in commercial poultry, the etiological diagnosis is highly important, in view of the risk for public health, despite the obvious importance due to the productivity losses and condemnation at processing.

A ocorrência e a frequência de alterações hepáticas em aves, incluindo frangos de corte (FC), galinhas poedeiras (GP) e aves de subsistência (AS) foram investigadas. O estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo (2006-2021) foi realizado com um total de 300 casos de alterações hepáticas. Aves industriais (FC e GP) foram frequentemente acometidas (88%) e as alterações não infecciosas foram as mais comumente diagnosticadas (69%). Quanto à etiologia ou condição, as alterações hepáticas foram classificadas da seguinte forma: alterações degenerativas (42%), bacterianas (28%), metabólicas (15%), tóxicas (8%), virais (3%), neoplásicas (2%), bem como doenças por protozoários (1,5%) e distúrbios circulatórios (0,5%). Em relação ao tipo de ave, alterações degenerativas, tóxicas e hepatites virais foram mais frequentes nos FC. Distúrbios circulatórios e metabólicos, assim como hepatites bacterianas, foram diagnosticados com maior frequência nas GP. Neoplasias e hepatite por protozoário ocorreram com maior frequência em AS. O exame macroscópico associado à histopatologia possibilitou o diagnóstico da alteração hepática em 59% dos casos. Considerando a hepatite bacteriana em aves comerciais, o diagnóstico etiológico é de grande importância, em vista do risco para a saúde pública, apesar da óbvia importância devido às perdas de produtividade e condenação no processamento.

Incidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler flocks at the Federal District of Brazil and its surrounding areas / Incidência de lotes de frangos afetados por Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae no Distrito Federal e Entorno, Brasil

Mycoplasma is an important avian pathogen that can cause both respiratory disease and synovitis in birds, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. This study aimed to determine the incidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in broiler flocks at the Federal District and its surrounding regions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All slaughtered lots (57 flocks) were analyzed from July to November in one of the two slaughterhouses at the Federal District with Federal inspection services. Approximately 10 samples of broiler tracheae per slaughtered batch were collected from the evisceration line. The results obtained from the accumulated incidence over the study period were 7.02% and 35.09% for M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, respectively. A greater concentration of flocks affected by M. synoviae was observed during October. The sample design as well as the PCR technique assisted in detecting both agents in the broiler batches in the first epidemiological study of these two agents in the region.(AU)

Os micoplasmas são importantes patógenos aviários, que podem causar doenças respiratórias e sinovites em aves, resultando em consideráveis perdas econômicas para a indústria avícola em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a incidência de Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae em lotes de frangos na região do Distrito Federal e Entorno, por meio da reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Todos os lotes abatidos (57 lotes) foram analisados durante os meses de julho a novembro, em um dos dois abatedouros frigoríficos do Distrito Federal com Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Na linha de evisceração foram coletadas cerca de 10 amostras de traqueia de frangos de corte por lote abatido. Os resultados obtidos da incidência acumulada no período de estudo foram de 7.02% para M. gallisepticum e 35,09% M. synoviae. Uma maior concentração do número de lotes afetados por M. synoviae foi observada durante o mês de outubro. O desenho amostral, assim como a técnica de PCR, permitiu a detecção de ambos os agentes nos lotes de frangos de corte analisados, sendo este o primeiro estudo epidemiológico desses dois agentes na região de estudo.(AU)

Active Surveillance and Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9 from Non-Vaccinated Commercial Broilers of Pakistan

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and virus prevalence of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus in non-vaccinated broiler farms of dense poultry-populated districts, Lahore and Sheikhupura of Punjab-Pakistan. A convenient sampling method was adopted for collection of blood (n=500) and oropharyngeal swab (n=500) samples from 25 broiler farms of each district for hemagglutination inhibition assay and RT-PCR test, respectively. Proportional estimates were calculated using R software and overall seroprevalence of H9 was estimated at 36.3% (95% CI 33.3-39), with no significant difference (p>0.05) between Lahore (37.2 %, 95% CI=31.2-39.59) and Sheikhupura (35.4%, 95% CI= 29.64-39.76). RT-PCR identified 2% (4/200) pool level viral prevalence. None of the farms from Lahore districts were RT-PCR positive for H9. Simple logistic regression followed by multivariable analysis, identified the presence of foot bath/dipping area at the entrance (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.52-0.93) and availability of rubber shoes for visitors (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.48) as protective factors. History of respiratory signs (OR=1.51, 95%=CI 1.12-2.04), history of sudden death in past flocks (OR=3.26, 95% CI=2.41-4.41), and birds previously infected with avian influenza virus (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1-1.76) were significant risk factors. Negligence in preventive measures at farms level was associated with the spread of H9 infection between the farms. To control future outbreaks, biosecurity and continuous monitoring of non-vaccinated flocks are suggested.(AU)

Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in a buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) with lung metastasis

Hemangiosarcomas are malignant neoplasms arising from endothelial cells of blood vessels. A three-year-old male buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (HV-UFPB) due to a recurrent tan nodular mass in the pericloacal region. Surgery for excision of the mass was attempted but the bird died during the surgical procedure. The nodule and the carcass were sent for gross and histological evaluation. Histopathology revealed large blood-filled vascular spaces lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells, which were also observed in the lungs. These findings suggested the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry against factor VIII-related antigen.

Modified eye evisceration in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba)

Background: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. The left eye was normal. Removal of the right eye was recommended and a modified eye evisceration was performed. No complications were observed during or after surgery. The objective of this paper is to describe the modified eye evisceration technique that was successfully used in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Case: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. Two previous surgical treatments have been carried out but have not been successful. Using a portable slit-lamp (Kowa SL-15®), both eyes were examined. The left eye was normal. Upon ophthalmic examination of the right eye, the owl demonstrated blepharospasm and large central corneal ulcer. Removal of the right eye was recommended. The bird received midazolam hydrochloride [Dormire® - 1 mg/kg, IM] and ketamine hydrochloride [Ketamina® - 5 mg/kg IM] as pre-anesthetic medications. Subsequently, the bird was anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine®) by facemask for induction, and then maintained with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. With the aid of a surgical microscope and microsurgery materials, a modified eye evisceration was performed. Post-operatively, the owl received meloxicam [Maxicam® - 0.5 mg/kg, IM] and tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® - 15 mg/kg, orally for 4 days]. The day after surgery, the owl was comfortable and its usual appetite was regained. The patient remained hospitalized for 3 weeks and was evaluated daily. The skin sutures were removed 10 days after the surgical procedure and the surgical wound had healed normally. The patient was reintroduced into the wild after 2 months. During the 6 months post-release, the bird was evaluated once a month, and no complications were observed. Discussion: Severe eye trauma and complicated corneal ulcers are common causes of eyeball removal in birds. In birds, there is a high risk of complications during enucleation. The fragility of the orbital bones makes them susceptible to trauma during the surgery. Evisceration involves the removal of the inner contents of the eye while leaving the cornea and the sclera intact. In the current case, evisceration was chosen because the eye was blind, and maintaining a blind eye would be a source of pain and infection. In the modified evisceration technique, the risk of complications is minimal compared to enucleation, mainly because surgical manipulation is minimal. In our case, the total surgery time was 20 min. Another complication reported after enucleation in birds is the possibility of disfiguring the bird because the removal of the globe disturbs the natural head balance. To avoid these complications, the use of an intraocular prosthesis after evisceration in birds has been performed. However, owls have a tubular-shaped globe with scleral ossicles. These factors could hinder or even prevent the accommodation of a cylindrical silicone prosthesis. In the present case, an intraocular prosthesis implant was never considered due to the unavailability of the prosthesis and to avoid the risk of postoperative complications that have been reported from the literature in dogs. In this case, the owl recovered well from anesthesia without complications, and no postoperative hemorrhage was observed. No signs of pain were observed during the postoperative period and the owl had already shown an appetite and fed on the first postoperative day. The previously published reports using the modified evisceration technique also demonstrated an absence of pain signs during the postoperative period.(AU)

Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in a buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) with lung metastasis

Hemangiosarcomas are malignant neoplasms arising from endothelial cells of blood vessels. A three-year-old male buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus) was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (HV-UFPB) due to a recurrent tan nodular mass in the pericloacal region. Surgery for excision of the mass was attempted but the bird died during the surgical procedure. The nodule and the carcass were sent for gross and histological evaluation. Histopathology revealed large blood-filled vascular spaces lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells, which were also observed in the lungs. These findings suggested the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma that was confirmed by immunohistochemistry against factor VIII-related antigen.(AU)

Active Surveillance and Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9 from Non-Vaccinated Commercial Broilers of Pakistan

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and virus prevalence of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus in non-vaccinated broiler farms of dense poultry-populated districts, Lahore and Sheikhupura of Punjab-Pakistan. A convenient sampling method was adopted for collection of blood (n=500) and oropharyngeal swab (n=500) samples from 25 broiler farms of each district for hemagglutination inhibition assay and RT-PCR test, respectively. Proportional estimates were calculated using R software and overall seroprevalence of H9 was estimated at 36.3% (95% CI 33.3-39), with no significant difference (p>0.05) between Lahore (37.2 %, 95% CI=31.2-39.59) and Sheikhupura (35.4%, 95% CI= 29.64-39.76). RT-PCR identified 2% (4/200) pool level viral prevalence. None of the farms from Lahore districts were RT-PCR positive for H9. Simple logistic regression followed by multivariable analysis, identified the presence of foot bath/dipping area at the entrance (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.52-0.93) and availability of rubber shoes for visitors (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.48) as protective factors. History of respiratory signs (OR=1.51, 95%=CI 1.12-2.04), history of sudden death in past flocks (OR=3.26, 95% CI=2.41-4.41), and birds previously infected with avian influenza virus (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1-1.76) were significant risk factors. Negligence in preventive measures at farms level was associated with the spread of H9 infection between the farms. To control future outbreaks, biosecurity and continuous monitoring of non-vaccinated flocks are suggested.

Surto de endoparasitose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) na Bahia, Brasil / Outbreak of endoparasitosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Free-range chickens are quite common in Brazil. In this alternative rearing system, the animals are rustic and raised in an extensive system. Free access to "bare soil" results in the increased occurrence of intestinal parasites since larvae and / or eggs of helminths and protozoa oocysts find favorable conditions for their survival and dissemination in the soil. Although the occurrence and importance of parasitic infections in free-range chickens is well known, the objective of this study is to report an outbreak of endoparasites in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra - BA, in view of bird susceptibility associated with scarcity of studies in western Bahia. Cases: The chickens were kept free, in a bare soil yard in a household at the urban perimeter of the municipality of Barra - BA. Feeding consisted of whole corn grains, thrown directly in the soil. The drinking fountains were dirty and the animals had no history of vaccination or deworming. Symptoms Anorexia, difficulty in eating and in locomotion, presence of seromucous secretion in the oral cavity, emaciation and diarrhea were all observed symptoms. One of the birds presented excessive vocalization, drowsiness and flaccid paralysis of the neck. Necropsy was performed on 3 chickens: 2 females (cases 1 and 2) and 1 male (case 3). Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of seromucous secretion in the upper respiratory tract of all animals. Specimens of Ascaridia galli were observed in cases 1 and 2, Heterakis gallinarum in cases 2 and 3, Raillietina sp. in cases 2 and 3 and Davainea proglottina in case 1. Microscopically, the animals had an inflammatory infiltrate in the liver and intestines. Some animals presented necrosis of the tracheal epithelial cells, as well as of the epithelial cells present at the apex of the villi. No significant results were found in the coproparasitological exam. Discussion: The diagnosis of endoparasitosis in this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in free-range chickens is linked to factors such as age, high animal density, absence of sanitary hygienic measures, as well as environmental temperature and humidity. The appearance of injuries in the intestinal mucosa is influenced by characteristics such as parasitic load, concomitant infections, age and the host's immune status. During necropsy of the birds were found 2 helminths of the Nematoda class (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum) and 2 of the Cestoda class (Davainea proglottina and Raillietina sp.). A. galli, seen in 2 cases, is considered low pathogenicity for adult chickens, however young birds are susceptible and can die due to intestinal obstruction and hemorrhages. H. gallinarum is responsible for causing typhlitis, with diarrhea and weight loss, this helminth was found in 2 animals in the present study, however only 1 had changes in the digestive tract. Davainea proglotina and Raillietina spp. might cause, respectively, severe hemorrhagic enteritis and nodule formation in the small intestine mucosa. In Brazil, even though it is notable that intestinal parasitism is one of the key problems in alternative poultry farming, there are few studies that evaluate the presence of endoparasites in chickens raised in alternative production systems, with animals being more frequently exposed to nematodes and cestodes. The multiparasitism observed in this study probably stems from flaws in the rearing system, mainly related to sanitary hygiene management. Therefore, the reduction in the occurrence of these helminths is closely related to the performance of basic prophylactic measures, such as offering good quality food and water in clean containers, separating lots by age, performing sanitary emptiness and deworming.(AU)

Escherichia coli vacuolating factor, involved in avian cellulitis, induces actin contraction and binds to cytoskeleton proteins in fibroblasts

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from avian cellulitis lesions produces a toxin, named Escherichia coli vacuolating factor (ECVF), that causes cell vacuolization and induces inflammatory response in broiler chicken. Methods We investigated the intracellular activities of ECVF in avian fibroblasts using fluorescence staining, electron microscopy, MTT and LDH measurements. As ECVF act specifically in avian cells, we performed blotting assay followed by mass spectrometry to better understand its initial intracellular protein recognition. Results ECVF induced actin contraction, mitochondrial damage and membrane permeability alterations. Ultrastructural analysis showed intracellular alterations, as nuclear lobulation and the presence of degraded structures inside the vacuoles. Moreover, ECVF induced cell death in fibroblasts. ECVF-biotin associates to at least two proteins only in avian cell lysates: alpha-actinin 4 and vinculin, both involved in cytoskeleton structure. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that ECVF plays an important role in avian cellulitis, markedly in initial steps of infection. Taken together, the results place this toxin as a target for drug and/or vaccine development, instead of the use of large amounts antibiotics.(AU)