Initial development of upland rice inoculated and co-inoculated with multifunctional rhizobacteria / Desenvolvimento inicial de arroz de terras altas inoculado e coinoculado com rizobactérias multifuncionais

Inoculation and co-inoculation of upland rice with multifunctional rhizobacteria can promote plant growth, especially the root system. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation and co-inoculation with Azospirillum sp. and Bacillus sp. in the early development of upland rice. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 10 replications, totaling 40 plots. The treatments were: 1) Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense), 2) BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), 3) co-inoculation of Ab-V5 + BRM 63573, and 4) control (without rhizobacteria). Inoculation and co-inoculation with the multifunctional rhizobacteria Ab-V5 and BRM 63573 provided positive effects on the initial development of upland rice. Inoculation with isolate BRM 63573 had significant effects on root length, shoot, and total biomass, while inoculation with isolate Ab-V5 had significant effects on root length and production of root and total biomass. Co-inoculation treatment had significant effects on variables such as diameter, volume, total surface, root biomass, and total biomass. The control treatment (without multifunctional rhizobacteria) had the worst results for most of the analyzed variables.

A inoculação e coinoculação do arroz de terras altas com rizobactérias multifuncionais pode promover o crescimento das plantas, especialmente do sistema radicular. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação e coinoculação com Azospirillum sp. e Bacillus sp. no desenvolvimento inicial do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 10 repetições, totalizando 40 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram: 1) Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense), 2) BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), 3) coinoculação de Ab-V5 + BRM 63573 e 4) controle (sem rizobactérias). A inoculação e coinoculação com as rizobactérias multifuncionais Ab-V5 e BRM 63573 proporcionaram efeitos positivos no desenvolvimento inicial do arroz de terras altas. A inoculação com o isolado BRM 63573 teve efeitos significativos no comprimento da raiz, parte aérea e biomassa total, enquanto a inoculação com o isolado Ab-V5 teve efeitos significativos no comprimento da raiz e produção de raiz e biomassa total. O tratamento com coinoculação teve efeitos significativos em variáveis como diâmetro, volume e superfície total de raiz e biomassa de raiz e total. O tratamento controle (sem rizobactérias multifuncionais) apresentou os piores resultados para a maioria das variáveis analisadas.

Necrotizing placentitis in a cow caused by Bacillus cereus / Placentite necrotizante em uma vaca por Bacillus cereus

This report described a case of necrotizing placentitis caused by Bacillus cereus in a cow associated with abortion and maternal lethality. The etiological diagnosis of placentitis by B. cereus was based on histopathology of placenta, cytology and bacterial isolation from intrauterine aminiotic fluid in retained placenta and further characterization of the pathogen by the MALDI-TOF. Although, B. cereus abortions are sporadic, the bacterium has the ability to release necrotizing toxins that can lead to placentitis, fetal death and abortion.(AU)

Este relato descreve a placentite necrotizante causada por Bacillus cereus em uma vaca associada a aborto e mortalidade materna. O diagnóstico etiológico de placentite por B. cereus foi baseado na histopatologia da placenta, citologia e isolamento bacteriano partir do líquido aminiótico em placenta retida e identificação do patógeno pela técnica de MALDI-TOF. Embora abortos por B. cereus sejam esporádicos, a bactéria tem a capacidade de liberar toxinas necrotizantes que podem levar a placentite e aborto.(AU)

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.(AU)

Avaliação in vitro da adsorção de aflatoxina B1 por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal / In vitro evaluation of aflatoxin B1 adsorption by commercial products used in animal feed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption capacity, in vitro, by commercial products used in animal feed. Many studies are being conducted for the decontamination of aflatoxins in feed. The commercial products destined to fish feed that are available as probiotics and are formed by strains of bacteria and yeasts used in most mycotoxins adsorption assays. Three commercial products were studied: A, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, consisting of dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from brewery; and C, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus. Five suspensions of the maximum dose recommended by the manufacturer of each product (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) were tested against AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) in microtubes to determine the adsorption capacity. To simulate the pH of the stomach and intestine of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS) at pH 1.5 and 7.5, respectively, were formulated. Microtubes were introduced into a centrifuge with mechanical agitation at 37ºC for 1 h and then centrifuged for 10 min at 14.000 rpm; the supernatants were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The commercial products in the maximum concentration were capable of adsorbing AFB1 in amounts from 45.01 to 129.59; from 123.90 to 215.59; and from 209.98 to 370.73 (ng.mL-1), respectively. It was concluded that all commercial products, which are added to animal feed, adsorbed AFB1 under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions and are potential candidates for AFB1 adsorption for future in vivo studies.

Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de adsorção in vitro de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal. Muitas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas para a descontaminação de AFB1 em alimentos. Os produtos comerciais utilizados frequentemente na alimentação de peixes, disponíveis na forma de probióticos, são formados por cepas de bactérias e leveduras utilizadas na maioria dos ensaios de adsorção de micotoxinas. Foram utilizados três produtos comerciais: A, composto por Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, por leveduras secas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae provenientes de cervejaria; e C, por Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis e Bacillus pumilus. Cinco suspensões da dose máxima recomendada pelo fabricante de cada produto (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) foram testadas contra AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) em microtubos para determinação da capacidade de adsorção. Para simular o pH do estômago e do intestino de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram formuladas soluções tampão fosfato salino (PBS), com pH 1,5 e 7,5; respectivamente. Os microtubos foram introduzidos em uma centrífuga com agitação mecânica, a 37ºC por 1 h e depois centrifugados por 10 min a 14.000 rpm; os sobrenadantes foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os produtos comerciais, nas concentrações máximas, foram capazes de adsorver AFB1 em quantidades de 45,01 a 129,59; 123,90 a 215,59 e 209,98 a 370,73 ng.mL-1, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que todos os produtos comerciais analisados adsorvem AFB1 em condições simuladas de pH gastrointestinal e são candidatos potenciais para adsorção de AFB1 para futuros ensaios in vivo.

Avaliação in vitro da adsorção de aflatoxina B1 por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal / In vitro evaluation of aflatoxin B1 adsorption by commercial products used in animal feed

Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de adsorção in vitro de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal. Muitas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas para a descontaminação de AFB1 em alimentos. Os produtos comerciais utilizados frequentemente na alimentação de peixes, disponíveis na forma de probióticos, são formados por cepas de bactérias e leveduras utilizadas na maioria dos ensaios de adsorção de micotoxinas. Foram utilizados três produtos comerciais: A, composto por Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, por leveduras secas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae provenientes de cervejaria; e C, por Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis e Bacillus pumilus. Cinco suspensões da dose máxima recomendada pelo fabricante de cada produto (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) foram testadas contra AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) em microtubos para determinação da capacidade de adsorção. Para simular o pH do estômago e do intestino de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram formuladas soluções tampão fosfato salino (PBS), com pH 1,5 e 7,5; respectivamente. Os microtubos foram introduzidos em uma centrífuga com agitação mecânica, a 37ºC por 1 h e depois centrifugados por 10 min a 14.000 rpm; os sobrenadantes foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os produtos comerciais, nas concentrações máximas, foram capazes de adsorver AFB1 em quantidades de 45,01 a 129,59; 123,90 a 215,59 e 209,98 a 370,73 ng.mL-1, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que todos os produtos comerciais analisados adsorvem AFB1 em condições simuladas de pH gastrointestinal e são candidatos potenciais para adsorção de AFB1 para futuros ensaios in vivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption capacity, in vitro, by commercial products used in animal feed. Many studies are being conducted for the decontamination of aflatoxins in feed. The commercial products destined to fish feed that are available as probiotics and are formed by strains of bacteria and yeasts used in most mycotoxins adsorption assays. Three commercial products were studied: A, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, consisting of dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from brewery; and C, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus. Five suspensions of the maximum dose recommended by the manufacturer of each product (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) were tested against AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) in microtubes to determine the adsorption capacity. To simulate the pH of the stomach and intestine of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS) at pH 1.5 and 7.5, respectively, were formulated. Microtubes were introduced into a centrifuge with mechanical agitation at 37ºC for 1 h and then centrifuged for 10 min at 14.000 rpm; the supernatants were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The commercial products in the maximum concentration were capable of adsorbing AFB1 in amounts from 45.01 to 129.59; from 123.90 to 215.59; and from 209.98 to 370.73 (ng.mL-1), respectively. It was concluded that all commercial products, which are added to animal feed, adsorbed AFB1 under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions and are potential candidates for AFB1 adsorption for future in vivo studies.(AU)

Avaliação in vitro da adsorção de aflatoxina B1 por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal / In vitro evaluation of aflatoxin B1 adsorption by commercial products used in animal feed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption capacity, in vitro, by commercial products used in animal feed. Many studies are being conducted for the decontamination of aflatoxins in feed. The commercial products destined to fish feed that are available as probiotics and are formed by strains of bacteria and yeasts used in most mycotoxins adsorption assays. Three commercial products were studied: A, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, consisting of dry yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from brewery; and C, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus. Five suspensions of the maximum dose recommended by the manufacturer of each product (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) were tested against AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) in microtubes to determine the adsorption capacity. To simulate the pH of the stomach and intestine of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS) at pH 1.5 and 7.5, respectively, were formulated. Microtubes were introduced into a centrifuge with mechanical agitation at 37ºC for 1 h and then centrifuged for 10 min at 14.000 rpm; the supernatants were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The commercial products in the maximum concentration were capable of adsorbing AFB1 in amounts from 45.01 to 129.59; from 123.90 to 215.59; and from 209.98 to 370.73 (ng.mL-1), respectively. It was concluded that all commercial products, which are added to animal feed, adsorbed AFB1 under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions and are potential candidates for AFB1 adsorption for future in vivo studies.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de adsorção in vitro de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) por produtos comerciais utilizados na alimentação animal. Muitas pesquisas estão sendo realizadas para a descontaminação de AFB1 em alimentos. Os produtos comerciais utilizados frequentemente na alimentação de peixes, disponíveis na forma de probióticos, são formados por cepas de bactérias e leveduras utilizadas na maioria dos ensaios de adsorção de micotoxinas. Foram utilizados três produtos comerciais: A, composto por Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium e Lactobacillus acidophilus; B, por leveduras secas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae provenientes de cervejaria; e C, por Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis e Bacillus pumilus. Cinco suspensões da dose máxima recomendada pelo fabricante de cada produto (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) foram testadas contra AFB1 (1000 ng.mL-1) em microtubos para determinação da capacidade de adsorção. Para simular o pH do estômago e do intestino de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram formuladas soluções tampão fosfato salino (PBS), com pH 1,5 e 7,5; respectivamente. Os microtubos foram introduzidos em uma centrífuga com agitação mecânica, a 37ºC por 1 h e depois centrifugados por 10 min a 14.000 rpm; os sobrenadantes foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os produtos comerciais, nas concentrações máximas, foram capazes de adsorver AFB1 em quantidades de 45,01 a 129,59; 123,90 a 215,59 e 209,98 a 370,73 ng.mL-1, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que todos os produtos comerciais analisados adsorvem AFB1 em condições simuladas de pH gastrointestinal e são candidatos potenciais para adsorção de AFB1 para futuros ensaios in vivo.(AU)

Bacterial treatment of alkaline cement kiln dust using Bacillus halodurans strain KG1

This study was conducted to isolate an acid-producing, alkaliphilic bacterium to reduce the alkalinity of cement industry waste (cement kiln dust). Gram-positive isolate KG1 grew well at pH values of 612, temperatures of 2850 °C, and NaCl concentrations of 016% and thus was further screened for its potential to reduce the pH of an alkaline medium. Phenotypic characteristics of the KG1 isolate were consistent with those of the genus Bacillus, and the highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was found with Bacillus halodurans strain DSM 497 (94.7%). On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and genotypic distinctiveness from other phylogenetic neighbors belonging to alkaliphilic Bacillus species, the isolated strain was designated B. halodurans strain KG1, with GenBank accession number JQ307184 (= NCIM 5439). Isolate KG1 reduced the alkalinity (by 83.64%) and the chloride content (by 86.96%) of cement kiln dust and showed a potential to be used in the cement industry for a variety of applications. (AU)

Protease with collagenolytic activity produced by Bacillus sp. DPUA 1728 from Amazonian soil

Qualitative analyses were carried out on solid medium with insoluble collagen 0.25% (w/v) to detect proteases with collagenolytic activity produced by Bacillus sp. In cultures incubated for 24 h, a 23 full factorial design with four repetitions at the center point was developed to analyze the effects and interactions between initial pH, temperature and the concentration of gelatin. Based on the results of the first 23 full factorial design, a successive 23 full factorial design was performed. The most favorable production conditions were found to be 1.5% (w/v) gelatin, pH 9.0 and 37 °C with enzymatic activity of 86.27 U/mL. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 9.0, and it was stable over wide pH (7.2-10.0) and temperature (45 °C-60 °C) ranges. These results indicate that Bacillus sp DPUA 1728 is a potential source for producing collagenolytic protease with possible biotechnological applications, such as in the food, cosmetics and leather industries.(AU)

Probióticos microencapsulados na alevinagem de Oreochromis niloticus

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar de modo individual a resistência após processo de extrusão de dois aditivos probióticos, ADD LIFE PRO SACCH ACQUA, constituído de Saccharomyces cerevisiae microencapsulada, e ADD LIFE PRO BACIL ACQUA, composto por Bacillus amyloliquefaciens e B. subtilis microencapsulados, e seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros hematológicos, imunológicos, microbiota intestinal, índices zootécnicos, e sobrevivência contra desafio experimental com Aeromonas hydrophila de juvenis de O. niloticus. Para isso, foram produzidas três dietas experimentais com inclusão ou não dos aditivos separadamente, SACCH, BACIL e Controle (sem aditivos), e realizada a contagem microbiológica de cada dieta após extrusão. Para o experimento, 630 juvenis (2,5±0,2 g) da espécie foram distribuídos em nove unidades experimentais (UE), 70 peixes/UE, divididas em três tratamentos (Controle, SACCH e BACIL), em triplicata, sendo alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, durante 45 dias. Após este período, uma nova contagem microbiológica das dietas foi realizada, e as UEs foram despescadas para obtenção dos parâmetros zootécnicos. Os peixes foram submetidos a análises hematológicas, imunológicas, avaliação metagenômica do microbioma intestinal, e desafio experimental por 10 dias. Como resultado, as dietas SACCH e BACIL expressaram contagens (UFC.g -1 ) dos respectivos microorganismos acima do nível esperado de 9,12x107 de leveduras e 3,42x106 de bacilos respectivamente, tanto após extrusão quanto no final do experimento. Na zootecnia, BACIL e SACCH promoveram maior sobrevivência durante o experimento (12%), melhor conversão alimentar e maior taxa de crescimento específico quando comparados ao Controle. Na metagenômica, houve expressiva diferenciação dos microbiomas intestinais entre os tratamentos, onde o grupo BACIL seguido pelo SACCH apresentaram maior diversidade microbiana em relação ao Controle. No eritrograma, BACIL apresentou hematócrito elevado, maior contagem total de eritrócitos, menores índices de VCM e CHCM, e menor quantidade de proteínas plasmáticas totais, quando comparado aos demais grupos. Na imunologia, ambos os probióticos demonstraram capacidade de melhorar a aglutinação do soro quando contrapostos ao controle. Na histomorfologia intestinal, ambos os tratamentos suplementados expressaram maior comprimento e largura de pregas, em relação ao sem suplementação. E no desafio experimental, a mortalidade acumulativa dos dois grupos probióticos (10,0% e 15,0%) foi inferior ao controle (45,0%). Assim sendo, conclui-se que a microencapsulação foi eficiente para ambos os micro-organismos, mantendo-os protegidos, viáveis e com concentração adequada na dieta após o processo de extrusão. E ambos os aditivos probióticos testados comprovaram sua eficácia e viabilidade, trazendo benefícios à saúde dos juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo.

The objective of the work was to individually evaluate the resistance after the extrusion process of two probiotic additives, ADD LIFE PRO SACCH ACQUA, consisting of microencapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ADD LIFE PRO BACIL ACQUA, composed of microencapsulated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis, and its effects on hematological, immunological, intestinal microbiota, zootechnical indexes, and survival against experimental challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila from juveniles of O. niloticus. For this, three experimental diets were produced with or without inclusion of the additives separately, SACCH, BACIL and Control (without additives), and the microbiological count of each diet was performed after extrusion. For the experiment, 630 juveniles (2.5 ± 0.2 g) of the species were distributed in nine experimental units (UE), 70 fish / UE, divided into three treatments (Control, SACCH and BACIL), in triplicate, being fed four times a day for 45 days. After this period, a new microbiological count of the diets was carried out, and the UEs were scanned to obtain the zootechnical parameters. The fish from each treatment were subjected to hematological and immunological analyzes metagenomic evaluation of the intestinal microbiome, and an experimental challenge for 10 days. As a result, the SACCH and BACIL diets expressed counts (UFC / g) of the respective microorganisms above the expected level of 9.12x107 yeasts and 3.42x106 bacilli respectively, both after extrusion and at the end of the experiment. In zootechnics, BACIL and SACCH promoted greater survival during the experiment (12%), better feed conversion and higher specific growth rate when compared to Control. In metagenomics, there was a significant differentiation of intestinal microbiomes between treatments, where the BACIL group followed by the SACCH showed greater microbial diversity compared to the Control. In the erythrogram, BACIL showed high hematocrit, higher total erythrocyte count, lower VCM and CHCM indexes, and less total plasma proteins, when compared to the other groups. In immunology, both probiotics demonstrated the ability to improve serum agglutination when compared to control. In intestinal histomorphology, both supplemented treatments expressed greater length and width of folds, compared to without supplementation. Moreover, in the experimental challenge, the cumulative mortality of the two probiotic groups (10.0% and 15.0%) was lower than the control (45.0%). Therefore, it was conclude that microencapsulation was efficient for both microorganisms, keeping them protected, viable and with adequate concentration in the diet after the extrusion process. And both probiotic additives tested have proven their effectiveness and viability, bringing health benefits to Nile tilapia juveniles.

Dietary Probiotic in production systems of Nile tilapia: effect on growth, balance of N and P nutrient retention and economic viability / Probiótico dietético em sistemas de produção de tilápia do Nilo: efeitos sobre o crescimento, balanço de N e P, retenção de nutrientes e viabilidade econômica

The objectives were estimate the balance of N and P, the retention of K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr, and the economic viability in a culture system of Nile tilapia subjected to the addition of B. subtilis and B. cereus in the diet. The analysis of nutrients in the diet and in the fish were carry out for the calculations of the rate of nutrient retention efficiency (RNRE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and efficiency of nitrogen retention (NER). The experimental design for the content of nutrients in the soil on collection times and collection site at the end of cultivation was in factorial 4 x 2 with five replications and to the NER, and PER in fish RNRE was completely randomized with four treatments and five replicates. The analyses of variance were employed, followed by Tukey test (p<0.05) and regression analysis. The addition of probiotics in the diet influenced (p<0.05) only the efficiency of retention of Mn. The PER it was lower (p<0.05) for the addition of isolated B. subtilis (0.89%) in comparison with feed and B. cereus (1.12%) and free of probiotic food (1.11%). The average values of N, Cu, Mn and Cr were higher in the sediment of the collection box and P concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in the soil. The nutrients N, P, Cu and Fe had a significant increase (p<0.05) in the soil and sediment of ponds of the culture. The diet added to B. subtilis provides worse results of PER and lower NER results in production of large-scale tilapia. The cultivation leads to retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and sediment collection box. This effect can be minimized in accordance with the increase of ERN and the rate of phosphorus retention efficiency (RPRE) in fish.(AU)

Objetivou-se estimar o balanço de N e P, a retenção de K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb e Cr, e a viabilidade econômica em um sistema de cultivo de tilápia do Nilo submetida à adição de Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus cereus na dieta. As análises de nutrientes na ração e no pescado foram realizadas para posteriores cálculos de taxa de eficiência de retenção de nutrientes (TERn), taxa de eficiência proteica (TEP) e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio (ERN). O delineamento experimental para a quantidade de nutrientes no solo sobre épocas de coleta e o local de coleta no final do cultivo foi em fatorial 4 x 2 com cinco repetições e para a ERN, TEP e TERn no pescado foi inteiramente casualizado sendo quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. As análises de variância foram empregadas, seguidas de teste de Tukey (p 0,05) e de análise de regressão. A adição de probióticos na ração influenciou (p 0,05) apenas a eficiência de retenção de Mn. A TEP foi menor (p 0,05) para a adição isolada de B. subtilis (0,89%) em comparação à ração com B. cereus (1,12%) e à ração isenta de probióticos (1,11%). Os valores médios de N, Cu, Mn e Cr foram maiores no sedimento da caixa de coleta e as concentrações de P foram maiores (p 0,05) no solo. Os nutrientes N, P, Cu e Fe tiveram um aumento significativo (p 0,05) no solo e sedimento dos viveiros. A dieta adicionada de B. subtilis proporcionapiores resultados na TEP e baixa ERN na produção de tilápia em larga escala. O período de cultivo acarreta a retenção de N e P no solo e sedimento da caixa de coleta. Este efeito pode ser minimizado de acordo com o aumento da ERN e da taxa de eficiência de retenção de fósforo (TERP) no pescado.(AU)

Extracellular production of avicelase by the thermophilic soil bacterium Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 / Produção de avicelase extracelular pela bactéria termofílica Bacillus sp. SMIA-2

Nowadays, the isolation of new bacterial strains that produce enzymes with novel properties is a subject of great relevance to the scientific community. This study, in order to search for producers of new cellulase strains, investigated the avicelase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain SMIA-2. The best avicelase activity was observed in a culture medium containing 0.5% (w v-1) avicel and 0.5% (w v-1) corn steep liquor with initial pH 7.5-8.0 incubated at 50oC. When avicel was replaced in the medium by the treated sugarcane bagasse (0.5%, w v-1) the avicelase activity levels were not affected. Studies on the avicelase characterization revealed that the optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 8.5 and the enzyme retained more than 80% of its activity after incubation at room temperature for 2h at pH 6.5-8.5. The optimum temperature of this enzyme was 70oC and the enzyme retained 67% of the original activity after 20 min. of heat treatment at 70oC. Avicelase was stimulated by Mn2+ and Co2+, whereas Hg2+ greatly inhibited the enzyme activity.(AU)

Atualmente, o isolamento de estirpes de bactérias que produzem enzimas com novas propriedades é um tema de grande relevância para a comunidade científica. Este trabalho, buscando por novas cepas produtoras de celulases, investigou a produção de avicelases pelo termofílico Bacillus sp. cepa SMIA-2. A melhor atividade da enzima foi obtida em uma cultura contendo 0,5% (p v-1) avicel e 0,5% (p v-1) água de maceração de milho com pH inicial de pH 7,5-8,0 e incubada a 50oC. A substituição da avicel no meio de cultura pelo bagaço de cana- de- açúcar tratado (0,5%, p v-1) não afetou os níveis de atividade da avicelase. Estudos sobre a caracterização da avicelase revelaram que o pH para atividade ótima da enzima foi 8,5 e que a mesma reteve mais de 80% de sua atividade após ser incubada à temperatura ambiente por 2 h a pH 6,5- 8,5. A temperatura ótima da avicelase foi 70oC e a enzima reteve 67% da sua atividade original após 20 min. de incubação a 70oC. A avicelase foi estimulada pelos íons Mn2+ e Co2+, ao passo que Hg2+ inibiu a atividade da enzima.(AU)

Optimization of extracellular thermophilic highly alkaline lipase from thermophilic Bacillus sp isolated from Hotspring of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Studies on lipase production were carried out with a bacterial strain (Bacillus sp LBN 2) isolated from soil sample of hotspring of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The cells were cultivated in a mineral medium with maximum production at 1% groundnut oil. The optimum temperature and initial medium pH for lipase production by the organism were 50ºC and 9.0 respectively. The molecular mass was found to be 33KDa by SDS PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature for activity were 10 and 60ºC respectively. The enzyme was found to be stable in the pH range of 8-11 with 90% retention of activity at pH 11. The enzyme retained 90% activity at 60ºC and 70% of activity at 70ºC for 1h. The lipase was found to be stable in acetone followed by ethanol. The present findings suggested the enzyme to be thermophilic alkaline lipase.

Agro-industrial residues and starch for growth and co-production of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer and -amylase by Bacillus sp. CFR-67

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and -amylase (-1,4 glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.1) were co-produced by Bacillus sp. CFR-67 using unhydrolysed corn starch as a substrate. Bacterial growth and polymer production were enhanced with the supplementation of hydrolysates of wheat bran (WBH) or rice bran (RBH) individually or in combination (5-20 g L-1, based on weight of soluble substrates-SS). In batch cultivation, a mixture of WBH and RBH (1:1, 10 g L-1 of SS) along with ammonium acetate (1.75 g L-1) and corn starch (30 g L-1) produced maximum quantity of biomass (10 g L-1) and PHA (5.9 g L-1). The polymer thus produced was a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate of 95:5 to 90:10 mol%. Presence of WBH and corn starch (10-50 g L-1) in the medium enhanced fermentative yield of -amylase (2-40 U mL-1 min-1). The enzyme was active in a wide range of pH (4-9) and temperature (40-60ºC). This is the first report on simultaneous production of copolymer of bacterial PHA and -amylase from unhydrolysed corn starch and agro-industrial residues as substrates.

Agro-industrial residues and starch for growth and co-production of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer and -amylase by Bacillus sp. CFR-67

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and -amylase (-1,4 glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.1) were co-produced by Bacillus sp. CFR-67 using unhydrolysed corn starch as a substrate. Bacterial growth and polymer production were enhanced with the supplementation of hydrolysates of wheat bran (WBH) or rice bran (RBH) individually or in combination (5-20 g L-1, based on weight of soluble substrates-SS). In batch cultivation, a mixture of WBH and RBH (1:1, 10 g L-1 of SS) along with ammonium acetate (1.75 g L-1) and corn starch (30 g L-1) produced maximum quantity of biomass (10 g L-1) and PHA (5.9 g L-1). The polymer thus produced was a copolymer of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate of 95:5 to 90:10 mol%. Presence of WBH and corn starch (10-50 g L-1) in the medium enhanced fermentative yield of -amylase (2-40 U mL-1 min-1). The enzyme was active in a wide range of pH (4-9) and temperature (40-60ºC). This is the first report on simultaneous production of copolymer of bacterial PHA and -amylase from unhydrolysed corn starch and agro-industrial residues as substrates.

Foliculite bacteriana em equinos: relato de cinco casos / Bacterial folliculitis in horses: report of five cases

Relatam-se cinco casos de foliculite bacteriana por Bacillus sp em equinos. Após início do verão, os equinos manifestaram doença dermatológica caracterizada pelo aparecimento de papúlas, pústulas, áreas alopecicas, além da formação de crostas. As crostas eram facilmente removidas revelando eritema, ulceração, exsudação purulenta e sensibilidade dolorosa. Foliculite bacteriana foi diagnosticada com base no histórico, sinais clínicos, exame dermatológico detalhado e resultados da cultura microbiológica. O tratamento consistiu em banhos diários com solução a base de iodo-povidona e administração sistêmica de antibiótico. Vinte dias após o inicio do tratamento, houve regressão completa das lesões.

Five cases of bacterial folliculitis by Bacillus sp in horses are reported. After the early summer, the horses showed skin disease characterized by the appearance of papules, pustules, areas of alopecia, and formation of crusts. The crusts were easily removed, revealing an erythematosus and ulcerated area with purulent material under the crusts and pain sensitivity. Bacterial Folliculitis was diagnosed based on history, clinical signs, dermatological evaluation and results of microbiological culture. Treatment consisted of baths with an iodine-povidine solution and systemic antibiotic administration. Twenty days after treatment, there was complete regression of lesions.

Density and diversity of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from Amazonian soils using N-free semi-solid media

Non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria are amongst the most important functional groups of soil-dwelling microorganisms. These bacteria contribute to plant growth predominantly through biological N2 fixation. Here, we evaluated the density and diversity of non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria in soils taken from diverse land use systems (LUS) in Amazonia using nitrogen-free media. A total of 30 soil samples were collected from the following LUS: pristine forest, young secondary forest, old secondary forest, agroforestry, agriculture and pasture. Bacterial density was evaluated by the most probable number (MPN) method utilizing N-free semi-solid media with varied compositions (JNFb, NFb, LGI and Fam). Individual isolates were characterized by colony and cellular morphology as well as total protein profiles and nitrogenase activity. Isolate genotypes were determined by partial 16S rDNA sequences. No typical diazotrophic growth in the JNFb medium was observed. Bacterial densities in the NFb medium were higher in the agriculture and agroforestry soil samples. In LGI and Fam media, bacterial densities were highest in the pasture soil samples. Overall, 22 isolates with high phenotypic diversity were obtained. Eleven isolates exhibited nitrogenase activity. Sequences of 16S rDNA genes of 14 out of 19 isolates had similarities below 100 % with known nitrogen-fixing species. Isolates were identified as belonging to the Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella, and Bacillus genera. A higher number of isolates from pasture soil samples were isolated, with the majority of these belonging to the Burkholderia and Bacillus genera. Among the isolates, unknown sequences were obtained, possibly indicating new species. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Fam, NFb, and LGI semi-solid media allowed the growth of diazotrophic bacteria belonging to different phylogenetic lines.

Density and diversity of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from Amazonian soils using N-free semi-solid media

Non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria are amongst the most important functional groups of soil-dwelling microorganisms. These bacteria contribute to plant growth predominantly through biological N2 fixation. Here, we evaluated the density and diversity of non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria in soils taken from diverse land use systems (LUS) in Amazonia using nitrogen-free media. A total of 30 soil samples were collected from the following LUS: pristine forest, young secondary forest, old secondary forest, agroforestry, agriculture and pasture. Bacterial density was evaluated by the most probable number (MPN) method utilizing N-free semi-solid media with varied compositions (JNFb, NFb, LGI and Fam). Individual isolates were characterized by colony and cellular morphology as well as total protein profiles and nitrogenase activity. Isolate genotypes were determined by partial 16S rDNA sequences. No typical diazotrophic growth in the JNFb medium was observed. Bacterial densities in the NFb medium were higher in the agriculture and agroforestry soil samples. In LGI and Fam media, bacterial densities were highest in the pasture soil samples. Overall, 22 isolates with high phenotypic diversity were obtained. Eleven isolates exhibited nitrogenase activity. Sequences of 16S rDNA genes of 14 out of 19 isolates had similarities below 100 % with known nitrogen-fixing species. Isolates were identified as belonging to the Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella, and Bacillus genera. A higher number of isolates from pasture soil samples were isolated, with the majority of these belonging to the Burkholderia and Bacillus genera. Among the isolates, unknown sequences were obtained, possibly indicating new species. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Fam, NFb, and LGI semi-solid media allowed the growth of diazotrophic bacteria belonging to different phylogenetic lines.

Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes using Bacillus sp

Solid state fermentation was carried out using various agro- industrial wastes with the best amylase producing strain isolated from soil. Different physicochemical conditions were varied for maximum enzyme production. The strain produced about 5400 units/g of amylase at 1:3 moisture content, 20% inoculum, after 72 h of incubation with Mustard Oil seed cake as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity were found to be 50ºC and 6 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at 70ºC for about 2 h without any salt. It showed stability at pH range 5-7. The metal ions as Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ enhanced the enzyme activity.

Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes using Bacillus sp.

Solid state fermentation was carried out using various agro- industrial wastes with the best amylase producing strain isolated from soil. Different physicochemical conditions were varied for maximum enzyme production. The strain produced about 5400 units/g of amylase at 1:3 moisture content, 20% inoculum, after 72 h of incubation with Mustard Oil seed cake as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity were found to be 50ºC and 6 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at 70ºC for about 2 h without any salt. It showed stability at pH range 5-7. The metal ions as Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ enhanced the enzyme activity.