Calcium Requirement and Vitamin D Supplementation in Meat-Type Quail at First Stage of Growth

Currently, feed formulations for quail are based on foreign data or data from other species; this undermines productivity with the use of excessive or deficient levels of some nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional requirement levels of calcium (Ca) and supplementation vitamin D in meat-type quail from 1 to 14 d of age. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (levels of Ca: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74 and 0.90% and levels of vitamin D: 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 IU) with 3 replicate pens and 43 quails per pen. Weight gain increased quadratically with increased levels of Ca and vitamin D; this variable yielded estimated levels of 0.73% Ca and 2,883 IU vitamin D. There was no Ca x vitamin D interaction effect on bone variables. Bone Ca, bone phosphorus, bone ash, femoral bone strength, tibial bone strength and the femoral Seedor index increased quadratically with an increase in Ca levels. These variables yielded estimated values of 0.78, 0.71, 0.78, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.71% Ca, respectively. It is concluded that the requirements of Ca and vitamin D for the maximum weight gain of meat-type quails, in the period from one to 14 days of age, were 0.73% Ca (p=0.001) and 2,883 IU vitamin D (p=0.02), respectively.(AU)

Calcium Requirement and Vitamin D Supplementation in Meat-Type Quail at First Stage of Growth

Currently, feed formulations for quail are based on foreign data or data from other species; this undermines productivity with the use of excessive or deficient levels of some nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional requirement levels of calcium (Ca) and supplementation vitamin D in meat-type quail from 1 to 14 d of age. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (levels of Ca: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74 and 0.90% and levels of vitamin D: 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 IU) with 3 replicate pens and 43 quails per pen. Weight gain increased quadratically with increased levels of Ca and vitamin D; this variable yielded estimated levels of 0.73% Ca and 2,883 IU vitamin D. There was no Ca x vitamin D interaction effect on bone variables. Bone Ca, bone phosphorus, bone ash, femoral bone strength, tibial bone strength and the femoral Seedor index increased quadratically with an increase in Ca levels. These variables yielded estimated values of 0.78, 0.71, 0.78, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.71% Ca, respectively. It is concluded that the requirements of Ca and vitamin D for the maximum weight gain of meat-type quails, in the period from one to 14 days of age, were 0.73% Ca (p=0.001) and 2,883 IU vitamin D (p=0.02), respectively.

Níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte em crescimento de 15 a 35 dias de idade / Vitamin K supplementation for meat quail in growth of 15 to 35 days old

O presente experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5mg/kg de ração. Não houve influência dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o consumo de ração, peso corporal, ganho de peso, biomassa corporal acumulada e conversão alimentar, como também não foram alterados o peso, a densidade óssea, a resistência óssea e a concentração de cinzas no fêmur e na tíbia, o comprimento e o índice de Seedor do fêmur e o diâmetro da tíbia. O diâmetro e a concentração de cálcio no fêmur bem como o comprimento e a concentração de cálcio na tíbia responderam de forma quadrática (P<0,05), sendo os melhores níveis encontrados de 1,33; 1,42; 1,59 e 1,42mg de vitamina K, respectivamente. O tempo de protrombina, a concentração de cálcio no soro e a fosfatase alcalina também não foram afetados significativamente. Conclui-se que os níveis de suplementação não influenciaram o desempenho, portanto rações à base de milho e farelo de soja são suficientes para atender às necessidades de vitamina K das codornas nessa fase.(AU)

An experiment was carried out in order to determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails. The experimental design was completely randomized with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 38 quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. There was no influence in the levels of vitamin K supplementation on feed intake, body weight, weight gain, biomass accumulated body and feed conversion. It also didn't affect the weight, bone density, bone strength and concentration of ash in the femur and tibial, length, index of Seedor femur and tibial diameter. Femur diameter and femur calcium concentration and the tibial length and tibial calcium concentration showed a quadratic response, with the highest levels found 1.33; 1.42; 1.59 and 1.42 mg of vitamin respectively. Prothrombin time, concentration of serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels also were not significantly affected. In conclusion, levels of supplementation did not influence the performance of meat quails, so diets based on corn and soybean meal are sufficient to meet the needs of the meat quails at this stage.(AU)

Níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte em crescimento de 15 a 35 dias de idade / Vitamin K supplementation for meat quail in growth of 15 to 35 days old

O presente experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, cinco repetições e 38 codornas por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5mg/kg de ração. Não houve influência dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o consumo de ração, peso corporal, ganho de peso, biomassa corporal acumulada e conversão alimentar, como também não foram alterados o peso, a densidade óssea, a resistência óssea e a concentração de cinzas no fêmur e na tíbia, o comprimento e o índice de Seedor do fêmur e o diâmetro da tíbia. O diâmetro e a concentração de cálcio no fêmur bem como o comprimento e a concentração de cálcio na tíbia responderam de forma quadrática (P<0,05), sendo os melhores níveis encontrados de 1,33; 1,42; 1,59 e 1,42mg de vitamina K, respectivamente. O tempo de protrombina, a concentração de cálcio no soro e a fosfatase alcalina também não foram afetados significativamente. Conclui-se que os níveis de suplementação não influenciaram o desempenho, portanto rações à base de milho e farelo de soja são suficientes para atender às necessidades de vitamina K das codornas nessa fase.(AU)

An experiment was carried out in order to determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails. The experimental design was completely randomized with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 38 quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. There was no influence in the levels of vitamin K supplementation on feed intake, body weight, weight gain, biomass accumulated body and feed conversion. It also didn't affect the weight, bone density, bone strength and concentration of ash in the femur and tibial, length, index of Seedor femur and tibial diameter. Femur diameter and femur calcium concentration and the tibial length and tibial calcium concentration showed a quadratic response, with the highest levels found 1.33; 1.42; 1.59 and 1.42 mg of vitamin respectively. Prothrombin time, concentration of serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels also were not significantly affected. In conclusion, levels of supplementation did not influence the performance of meat quails, so diets based on corn and soybean meal are sufficient to meet the needs of the meat quails at this stage.(AU)

Vitamin K supplementation for meat quail in growth of 1 to 14 days old / Suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade

The experiment was carried outto determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails (Coturnixcoturnixsp) from 1 to 14 days of age. Atotal of 2200 birds were used, complete by random experimental design, with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 55 meat quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. The performance was measured through weighing weekly from the birds and feed, and at the end of the experiment was carried out collects blood and bones for the assessment of bone quality parameters. The levels of vitamin K supplementation had no influence on performance orbone quality, except thatthe bone density and calcium concentration of the femur and the bone density of the tibia showeda quadratic effect, with estimates of 0.98; 0.92 and 1.18 respectively. The length of the tibia showed a linear increase according to the levels of vitamin K. There was no effect in the concentration of serum calcium, but there was a quadratic effect in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. The vitamin K supplementation did not affect the performance of the meat quails from 1 to 14 days of age, showing that the amount of vitamin K present in ground corn and soybean meal-based diets is sufficient to meet the needs of the birds performance.(AU)

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix sp) de 1 a 14 dias de idade. Foi utilizado um total de 2.200 aves distruibuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos, 5 repetições e 55 animais por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K utilizados foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5 mg/kg de ração. Para realização do desempenho zootécnico as aves e rações foram pesadas semanalmente, e ao final do experimento foi realizado a coleta de sangue e de ossos para a avaliação de parâmetros relacionados a qualidade óssea. Não foram verificados efeitos (dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o desempenho e parâmetros ósseos, exceto para a densidade óssea do fêmur, a concentração de cálcio do fêmur e na densidade óssea da tíbia que apresentaram efeito quadrático, com estimativas de 0,98; 0,92 e 1,18 mg kg-1 de ração, respectivamente. O comprimento da tíbia teve aumento linear de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K. Não houve efeito na concentração de cálcio no soro, porém, houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na concentração de fosfatase alcalina. A suplementação de vitamina K não afetou o desempenho de codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade, mostrando que a quantidade de vitamina K presente em rações a base de milho e farelo de soja é suficiente para atender às necessidades de desempenho das codornas.(AU)

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DA DIETA DE FRANGOS COM CALCÁRIOS EXTRAÍDOS DE JAZIDAS DA REGIÃO SEMIÁRIDA DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO

Objetivou-se estimar as exigências e a disponibilidade biológica de calcários extraídos de jazidas do Nordeste brasileiro. Um total de 975 frangos machos da linhagem Cobb-500® foi pesado aos oito dias de idade, 193 ± 0,44 g, e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 + 1 (4 fontes calcarias x 3 níveis de cálcio + 1 nível basal de cálcio), resultando em treze tratamentos com cinco repetições de 15 aves. Foram estudadas amostras comerciais dos seguintes calcários: A. Carbonato de cálcio (origem metamórfica) com 38,9% Ca+2, teoricamente, a fonte padrão com 100% de cálcio disponível; B. Calcário calcítico de origem sedimentar (IMAP®) com 41,82% Ca+2; C. Calcário calcítico de origem metamórfica (amostra 1) com 34,00% de Ca+2, e, D. Calcário calcítico de origem metamórfica (amostra 2) com 35,90% de Ca+2 que substituíram o caulim na dieta basal para proporcionar níveis crescente de cálcio (0,40, 0,62, 0,84 e 1,06%). Foram determinadas as solubilidades in vitro em HCl a 0,2 N. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a resistência óssea da tíbia. As exigências de cálcio foram estimadas pela regressão polinomial e a disponibilidade pela técnica slope ratio tecnique. As médias das fontes foram avaliadas pelo teste de tukey (P 0.05). O ganho de peso e a resistência óssea da tíbia foram maiores (P 0.05) nos frangos recebendo a dieta com o calcário B, mas a conversão alimentar não foi alterada (P 0.05) O calcário B aumentou o consumo de ração comparado aos calcários A e D (P 0.05). As solubilidades médias dos calcários foram de 90,02, 56,31, 48,38 e 48,11%, enquanto as exigências médias de cálcio foram de 0,88, 0,75, 0,82 e 0,97%, e as disponibilidades médias de 100, 121, 83 e 74%, respectivamente, para as fontes A, B, C e D. A biodisponibilidade e a exigência de cálcio para frangos são afetadas pela origem do calcário. O cálcio do calcário B, de origem sedimentar, é mais disponível e sua inclusão na dieta inicial requer menos calcário e cálcio para atender as exigências dos frangos que as inclusões dos calcários A, C e D de origens metamórficas.

The aim was to estimate the requirements and biological availability of calcium of limestones extracted from Brazilian Northeast deposits. A total of 975 male broilers (Cobb-500® strain) weighed at eight days of age, 193 ± 0.44 g, and distributed in completely randomized design in 4 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement (4 limestone sources x 3 calcium levels + 1 basal calcium level), resulting in 13 treatments with five replications of 15 birds. Commercial samples of the following limestones were studied: A. Calcium carbonate (metamorphic origin) with 38.9% Ca+2, theoretically the standard source with 100% of calcium available; B. Calcitic limestone of sedimentary origin (IMAP®) with 41.82% Ca+2; C. Calcitic limestone of metamorphic origin (sample 1) with 34.00% de Ca+2, and, D. Calcitic limestone of metamorphic origin (sample 2) with 35.90% de Ca+2 that replaced kaolin from basal diet for provide increased calcium levels (0.40, 0.62, 0.84 and 1.06%). The in vitro solubilities were determined in 0.2 N HCl. The performance and bone resistance of tibia were evaluated. Calcium requirements were estimated by polynomial regression and availability by slope ratio tecnique. The source means were evaluated by tukey test (P 0.05). The WG and bone resistance of tibia were highest (P 0.05) in broilers receiving diet with limestone B, however, the FCR was not changed (P 0.05) The B limestone improved the FC in compare with the A and D limestones (P 0.05). The limestone average solubilities were 90.02, 56.31, 48.38 e 48.11%, while the calcium average requirements were 0.88, 0.75, 0.82 e 0.97%, and average availabilities were 100, 121, 83 e 74%, respectively for A, B, C and D limestones sources. The calcium bioavailability and requirement for broilers of 8 to 21 days of age are affected by the limestone origin. The B limestone calcium, of sedimentary origin, is more available and their inclusion in the initial diet requires less limestone and calcium to attend the broilers requirements than the inclusions of limestone A, C and D of metamorphic origins.

Performance, abdominal fat deposition and bone characteristics of broilers fed diets containing different lipid sources

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance, abdominal fat yield, and bone parameters of broiler chickens fed diets containing different lipid feedstuffs as energy source. During the starter phase (1 to 21 days) of Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with four treatments with eight replicates of 49 birds each one was applied. Broilers were fed starter diets formulated with different lipid sources: soybean oil (SO), cottonseed oil (CO), poultry offal oil (PO), and beef tallow (BT). During the finisher phase (21 to 42 days) of Experiment 1, each initial treatment was divided in two experimental groups: one fed the same fat ingredient as the previous period, and the other fed SO as energy source. Thus, during this period, a completely randomized design with seven treatments, four replicates, and 43 broilers per experimental unit was tested. During the starter phase (1 to 21 days) of Experiment 2, all broilers were fed with the same soybean oil-supplemented diet. The experimental groups were divided during the finisher phase (21 to 42 d) in a completely randomized design with five treatments groups with six replicates of 30 birds each. During this period, treatments consisted of diets formulated with SO, rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oils (SFO), PO, or BT as lipid sources. No effects (P>0.05) of the treatments on any of the studied parameters were observed in either experiment. Results suggest that there is no influence of animal or vegetable dietary lipid sources on performance, abdominal fat deposition, or tibia density and strength in broilers.

Performance, abdominal fat deposition and bone characteristics of broilers fed diets containing different lipid sources

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance, abdominal fat yield, and bone parameters of broiler chickens fed diets containing different lipid feedstuffs as energy source. During the starter phase (1 to 21 days) of Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with four treatments with eight replicates of 49 birds each one was applied. Broilers were fed starter diets formulated with different lipid sources: soybean oil (SO), cottonseed oil (CO), poultry offal oil (PO), and beef tallow (BT). During the finisher phase (21 to 42 days) of Experiment 1, each initial treatment was divided in two experimental groups: one fed the same fat ingredient as the previous period, and the other fed SO as energy source. Thus, during this period, a completely randomized design with seven treatments, four replicates, and 43 broilers per experimental unit was tested. During the starter phase (1 to 21 days) of Experiment 2, all broilers were fed with the same soybean oil-supplemented diet. The experimental groups were divided during the finisher phase (21 to 42 d) in a completely randomized design with five treatments groups with six replicates of 30 birds each. During this period, treatments consisted of diets formulated with SO, rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oils (SFO), PO, or BT as lipid sources. No effects (P>0.05) of the treatments on any of the studied parameters were observed in either experiment. Results suggest that there is no influence of animal or vegetable dietary lipid sources on performance, abdominal fat deposition, or tibia density and strength in broilers.

Vitamin K supplementation for meat quail in growth of 1 to 14 days old / Suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade

The experiment was carried outto determine the levels of vitamin K for meat quails (Coturnixcoturnixsp) from 1 to 14 days of age. Atotal of 2200 birds were used, complete by random experimental design, with 8 treatments, 5 repetitions and 55 meat quails per experimental unit. The levels of vitamin K supplementation were 0; 0.7; 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9; 2.2; 2.5 mg/kg diets. The performance was measured through weighing weekly from the birds and feed, and at the end of the experiment was carried out collects blood and bones for the assessment of bone quality parameters. The levels of vitamin K supplementation had no influence on performance orbone quality, except thatthe bone density and calcium concentration of the femur and the bone density of the tibia showeda quadratic effect, with estimates of 0.98; 0.92 and 1.18 respectively. The length of the tibia showed a linear increase according to the levels of vitamin K. There was no effect in the concentration of serum calcium, but there was a quadratic effect in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. The vitamin K supplementation did not affect the performance of the meat quails from 1 to 14 days of age, showing that the amount of vitamin K present in ground corn and soybean meal-based diets is sufficient to meet the needs of the birds’ performance.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K para codornas de corte (Coturnix coturnix sp) de 1 a 14 dias de idade. Foi utilizado um total de 2.200 aves distruibuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 8 tratamentos, 5 repetições e 55 animais por unidade experimental. Os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K utilizados foram: 0; 0,7; 1,0; 1,3; 1,6; 1,9; 2,2; 2,5 mg/kg de ração. Para realização do desempenho zootécnico as aves e rações foram pesadas semanalmente, e ao final do experimento foi realizado a coleta de sangue e de ossos para a avaliação de parâmetros relacionados a qualidade óssea. Não foram verificados efeitos (dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina K sobre o desempenho e parâmetros ósseos, exceto para a densidade óssea do fêmur, a concentração de cálcio do fêmur e na densidade óssea da tíbia que apresentaram efeito quadrático, com estimativas de 0,98; 0,92 e 1,18 mg kg-1 de ração, respectivamente. O comprimento da tíbia teve aumento linear de acordo com os níveis de suplementação de vitamina K. Não houve efeito na concentração de cálcio no soro, porém, houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na concentração de fosfatase alcalina. A suplementação de vitamina K não afetou o desempenho de codornas de corte de 1 a 14 dias de idade, mostrando que a quantidade de vitamina K presente em rações a base de milho e farelo de soja é suficiente para atender às necessidades de desempenho das codornas.