Resumo
The Laughing Dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) is a columbid bird commonly found throughout most of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Australia. Its preferred habitat includes scrubland, agricultural lands, and human settlements. Despite this species' extensive breeding range, very little information is available regarding its breeding ecology. The main objective of this study was to investigate the breeding features of the Laughing Dove in Taif City, Saudi Arabia between March and May 2018 and December 2018 and May 2019. The results indicate that this species constructs its nests at a mean height of 2.74 ± 0.1 m from the ground. The average number of nesting materials used for building a Laughing Dove nest was 109.3 ± 11.25. This study recorded that this species starts breeding in the middle of February. A clutch of two eggs comprised 72% of all the nests, with a mean of 1.75 ± 0.06 eggs per clutch. The average egg size was 25.27 ± 0.43 mm x 20.25 ± 0.19 mm, with an average egg volume of 5.01 ± 0.13 cm3. In total, 39.5% of the eggs hatched, and 64.7% of hatchlings reached the fledgling stage, resulting in an overall breeding success of 25.6%. This study suggested that nest desertion and predation were the major factors contributing to nest failure.
A rola-do-senegal (Streptopelia senegalensis) é uma ave columbídea comumente encontrada na maior parte da África, Oriente Médio, Ásia Central, Índia e Austrália. Seu hábitat preferido inclui cerrado, terras agrícolas e assentamentos humanos. Apesar da extensa gama de reprodução desta espécie, muito pouca informação está disponível sobre sua ecologia reprodutiva. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as características reprodutivas da rola-do-senegal na cidade de Taif, Arábia Saudita entre março e maio de 2018 e dezembro de 2018 e maio de 2019. Os resultados indicam que esta espécie constrói seus ninhos a uma altura média de 2,74 ± 0,1 m do chão. O número médio de materiais de nidificação usados para a construção de um ninho de rola-do-senegal foi de 109,3 ± 11,25. Este estudo registrou que esta espécie começa a se reproduzir em meados de fevereiro. Uma ninhada de dois ovos compôs 72% de todos os ninhos, com média de 1,75 ± 0,06 ovo por ninhada. O tamanho médio dos ovos foi de 25,27 ± 0,43 mm x 20,25 ± 0,19 mm, com volume médio de ovos de 5,01 ± 0,13 cm3. No total, 39,5% dos ovos eclodiram e 64,7% dos filhotes atingiram a fase de filhote, resultando em um sucesso reprodutivo geral de 25,6%. Este estudo sugeriu que a deserção do ninho e a predação foram os principais fatores que contribuíram para o fracasso do ninho.
Assuntos
Animais , Reprodução , Comportamento Animal , Aves/fisiologia , Arábia SauditaResumo
ABSTRACT Information on the breeding biology of most Neotropical birds, and interpopulation comparisons, are insufficient. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), is a forest understory passerine commonly found in the gallery forests of the tropical savanna-like Cerrado biome. We provide information about the nesting phenology, nesting cycle, nests, eggs, nestlings, and nest-site characteristics of a population of the Helmeted Manakin in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During two breeding seasons we found 16 active, and 30 inactive nests. Breeding activities occurred from mid- August to mid- January, and nests were constructed in bushes and saplings in the forests understory, 0.45-3.48 m above ground (1.56 ± 0.66 m). Clutch size was two eggs, which were laid in intervals of one to three days. Three remarkable patterns of interclutch egg color and marking variations were observed. The incubation period of two nests was 18 and 19 days, and nestling periods were 16.3 ± 0.6 days (16-17 days, n = 3 nests). The apparent nest survival of 11 thoroughly monitored nests was 36.4%. In addition to the first description of the interclutch egg pattern variations, the following information differs from previous literature data: egg laying interval and nestling periods. Our data contribute to the overall knowledge of the variations in breeding parameters of the Helmeted Manakin.
Resumo
Information on the breeding biology of most Neotropical birds, and interpopulation comparisons, are insufficient. The Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), is a forest understory passerine commonly found in the gallery forests of the tropical savanna-like Cerrado biome. We provide information about the nesting phenology, nesting cycle, nests, eggs, nestlings, and nest-site characteristics of a population of the Helmeted Manakin in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During two breeding seasons we found 16 active, and 30 inactive nests. Breeding activities occurred from mid- August to mid- January, and nests were constructed in bushes and saplings in the forest's understory, 0.45-3.48 m above ground (1.56 ± 0.66 m). Clutch size was two eggs, which were laid in intervals of one to three days. Three remarkable patterns of interclutch egg color and marking variations were observed. The incubation period of two nests was 18 and 19 days, and nestling periods were 16.3 ± 0.6 days (16-17 days, n = 3 nests). The apparent nest survival of 11 thoroughly monitored nests was 36.4%. In addition to the first description of the interclutch egg pattern variations, the following information differs from previous literature data: egg laying interval and nestling periods. Our data contribute to the overall knowledge of the variations in breeding parameters of the Helmeted Manakin.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Passeriformes/fisiologia , BrasilResumo
This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Tamanho da Ninhada , Animais Selvagens , BrasilResumo
This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Aves/fisiologia , Tamanho da Ninhada , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Brasil , Animais SelvagensResumo
Despite the fact that E. chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) is common and widely distributed in South America, the reproductive aspects of the species are poorly documented. Here we present data on 18 active nests found from August to February, between 2007 and 2012. Nests were globular with a lateral entrance, and measured 97.9 ± 14.4 mm in outside height, 110.6 ± 11.6 mm in outside diameter, and were 4.88 ± 2.09 m above ground. They were often supported from bellow and were composed mainly of tiny dry leafs and leaflets, fine petioles, and plumed seeds, all compacted with spider web silk. Eggs were laid on consecutive days or with one day interval, and clutch size varied from 1-3 eggs (2.1 ± 0.6, n = 9 nests). Only females incubated the eggs, but both sexes were involved in nest construction and nestling attendance at similar rates. Incubation and nestling periods were 14 and 21 days, respectively, and overall nest survival probability was 5%. A vespiary used for nesting was not occupied by wasps and nest material was deposited only to form the incubatory chamber. Although nesting near wasps or bees is a widespread strategy among birds in general, nesting inside the nests of social insects is a poorly documented behavior.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Aves Canoras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Comportamento de Nidação , Reprodução , Brasil , VespasResumo
Despite the fact that E. chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766) is common and widely distributed in South America, the reproductive aspects of the species are poorly documented. Here we present data on 18 active nests found from August to February, between 2007 and 2012. Nests were globular with a lateral entrance, and measured 97.9 ± 14.4 mm in outside height, 110.6 ± 11.6 mm in outside diameter, and were 4.88 ± 2.09 m above ground. They were often supported from bellow and were composed mainly of tiny dry leafs and leaflets, fine petioles, and plumed seeds, all compacted with spider web silk. Eggs were laid on consecutive days or with one day interval, and clutch size varied from 1-3 eggs (2.1 ± 0.6, n = 9 nests). Only females incubated the eggs, but both sexes were involved in nest construction and nestling attendance at similar rates. Incubation and nestling periods were 14 and 21 days, respectively, and overall nest survival probability was 5%. A vespiary used for nesting was not occupied by wasps and nest material was deposited only to form the incubatory chamber. Although nesting near wasps or bees is a widespread strategy among birds in general, nesting inside the nests of social insects is a poorly documented behavior.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Aves Canoras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Comportamento de Nidação , Reprodução , Vespas , BrasilResumo
Several behavioral aspects of the Red-crested Finch Coryphospingus cucullatus (Statius Müller, 1776) are poorly studied. Here we provide reproductive information on 16 active nests. This information may be valuable to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of this bird, and to design plans to manage it. Nesting activities occurred from October to February. Clutches consisted of two to three eggs (2.06 ± 0.25), which were laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually started the morning the females laid their last egg and lasted 11.27 ± 0.47 days. Hatching was synchronous, or happened at a one-day interval. The nestling stage lasted 12 ± 0.89 days. Only females incubated the eggs and they fed the young more often than the males did. Overall nesting success, from incubation to fledging, was 28.2%. Nest architecture and egg color proved to be diagnostic characteristics of Coryphospingus , supporting its maintenance as a distinct genus within the recently proposed sub-family Tachyphoninae. Red-crested Finches showed a preference for certain nesting sites, i.e., forest borders or a Cerrado in late regeneration stage. This information can be useful to programs aiming to release illegally trapped individuals.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Comportamento de Nidação , Passeriformes , Comportamento AnimalResumo
Several behavioral aspects of the Red-crested Finch Coryphospingus cucullatus (Statius Müller, 1776) are poorly studied. Here we provide reproductive information on 16 active nests. This information may be valuable to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of this bird, and to design plans to manage it. Nesting activities occurred from October to February. Clutches consisted of two to three eggs (2.06 ± 0.25), which were laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually started the morning the females laid their last egg and lasted 11.27 ± 0.47 days. Hatching was synchronous, or happened at a one-day interval. The nestling stage lasted 12 ± 0.89 days. Only females incubated the eggs and they fed the young more often than the males did. Overall nesting success, from incubation to fledging, was 28.2%. Nest architecture and egg color proved to be diagnostic characteristics of Coryphospingus , supporting its maintenance as a distinct genus within the recently proposed sub-family Tachyphoninae. Red-crested Finches showed a preference for certain nesting sites, i.e., forest borders or a Cerrado in late regeneration stage. This information can be useful to programs aiming to release illegally trapped individuals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Passeriformes , Comportamento de Nidação , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Comportamento AnimalResumo
Basic information on natural history is crucial for assessing the viability of populations, but is often lacking for many species of conservation concern. One such species is the White-tailed Tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (Mathews, 1915). Here, we address this shortfall by providing detailed information on reproductive biology, distribution and threats on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil the largest colony of P. lepturus in the South Atlantic. We assessed reproduction from August 2011 to January 2012 by monitoring tropicbird nests and their contents. A population estimate was obtained through a combination of active searches for nests and by census at sea between 2010 and 2012. Breeding success was calculated by traditional methods. The growth curve of chicks and life table were also calculated. Additional information on nest and mate fidelity and on age of breeding birds was obtained from the banded birds. Our results indicate that the unusual nest form (limestone pinnacles) and predation by crabs may be responsible for the observed patterns of hatching and fledging success. Although the Fernando de Noronha population appears to be stable (at between 100-300 birds), a long term monitoring program would be desirable to assess fluctuations in this globally important population. Conservation strategies should focus on controlling predation by land crabs and tegu lizards.(AU)
Informações básicas sobre história natural são cruciais para acessar a viabilidade de populações, mas são ausentes para muitas espécies que necessitam de conservação. Uma destas espécies é o rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja, Phaethon lepturus Daudin, 1802. Aqui, vamos abordar o déficit de dados para esta espécie, fornecendo informações detalhadas sobre a biologia reprodutiva, tamanho da população, distribuição e ameaças em Fernando de Noronha, Brasil a maior colônia de P. lepturus no Atlântico Sul. Acompanhamos a reprodução do rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja de Agosto de 2010 a Janeiro de 2011 monitorando ninhos e seus conteúdos. A estimativa da população foi obtida através de uma combinação de busca ativa de ninhos e censo no mar entre 2010 e 2012. O sucesso reprodutivo foi avaliado por métodos tradicionais. A curva de crescimento da coorte e a tabela de vida também foram obtidas. Além disso, informações sobre fidelidade ao ninho e parceiro e, a idade de reprodutores foi obtida a partir das aves anilhadas anteriormente. Nossos resultados indicam que a forma incomum de ninho (pináculos de calcário) e a predação por caranguejos podem ser responsáveis pelo sucesso observado de eclosão e recrutamento. A população de Fernando de Noronha parece estar estável entre 100-300 aves. No entanto, um programa de monitoramento a longo prazo seria desejável para avaliar as flutuações desta população globalmente importante. As estratégias de conservação devem se concentrar em controlar a predação por caranguejos e lagartos teiú.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Aves/classificação , Aves/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Dinâmica PopulacionalResumo
Abstract Basic information on natural history is crucial for assessing the viability of populations, but is often lacking for many species of conservation concern. One such species is the White-tailed Tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (Mathews, 1915). Here, we address this shortfall by providing detailed information on reproductive biology, distribution and threats on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil the largest colony of P. lepturus in the South Atlantic. We assessed reproduction from August 2011 to January 2012 by monitoring tropicbird nests and their contents. A population estimate was obtained through a combination of active searches for nests and by census at sea between 2010 and 2012. Breeding success was calculated by traditional methods. The growth curve of chicks and life table were also calculated. Additional information on nest and mate fidelity and on age of breeding birds was obtained from the banded birds. Our results indicate that the unusual nest form (limestone pinnacles) and predation by crabs may be responsible for the observed patterns of hatching and fledging success. Although the Fernando de Noronha population appears to be stable (at between 100-300 birds), a long term monitoring program would be desirable to assess fluctuations in this globally important population. Conservation strategies should focus on controlling predation by land crabs and tegu lizards.
Resumo Informações básicas sobre história natural são cruciais para acessar a viabilidade de populações, mas são ausentes para muitas espécies que necessitam de conservação. Uma destas espécies é o rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja, Phaethon lepturus Daudin, 1802. Aqui, vamos abordar o déficit de dados para esta espécie, fornecendo informações detalhadas sobre a biologia reprodutiva, tamanho da população, distribuição e ameaças em Fernando de Noronha, Brasil a maior colônia de P. lepturus no Atlântico Sul. Acompanhamos a reprodução do rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja de Agosto de 2010 a Janeiro de 2011 monitorando ninhos e seus conteúdos. A estimativa da população foi obtida através de uma combinação de busca ativa de ninhos e censo no mar entre 2010 e 2012. O sucesso reprodutivo foi avaliado por métodos tradicionais. A curva de crescimento da coorte e a tabela de vida também foram obtidas. Além disso, informações sobre fidelidade ao ninho e parceiro e, a idade de reprodutores foi obtida a partir das aves anilhadas anteriormente. Nossos resultados indicam que a forma incomum de ninho (pináculos de calcário) e a predação por caranguejos podem ser responsáveis pelo sucesso observado de eclosão e recrutamento. A população de Fernando de Noronha parece estar estável entre 100-300 aves. No entanto, um programa de monitoramento a longo prazo seria desejável para avaliar as flutuações desta população globalmente importante. As estratégias de conservação devem se concentrar em controlar a predação por caranguejos e lagartos teiú.
Resumo
Information on the breeding biology of birds is essential for improving avian life-history theory and implementing sound management and conservation actions for these organisms. Comprehensive reviews of this kind of information are lacking for most Neotropical regions, including Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. Aiming to update the knowledge on the reproductive status of birds in Rio Grande do Sul, we reviewed breeding records of all potential breeding species recorded in the state using a set of predefined, restrictive criteria for accepting breeding evidences as effective. Data satisfying our criteria were available for 165 species in the literature. We also collected novel breeding information obtained in the state for an additional 126 species, including observations for several species whose reproductive biology is poorly known. Among these are birds previously unknown to breed in Brazil. This new data and the critical review of the previous information resulted in a total of 291 species for which breeding evidences are accepted as effective. This corresponds to 54.7% of the 532 species considered either confirmed or potential breeders in the state. In addition to providing information on nesting dates, clutch size, nest architecture and breeding behavior of south Brazilian birds, our review serves as a benchmark for the adequate assessment of avian breeding records elsewhere. We hope to stimulate observers to rigorously document breeding events, especially for taxa for which basic information is lacking.(AU)
Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva das aves são essenciais para aprimorar estudos teóricos sobre a história natural do grupo e implementar ações de manejo e conservação efetivas para esses organismos. Não existem revisões abrangentes sobre o tema para a maioria das regiões neotropicais, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul, o estado mais meridional do Brasil. Com o objetivo de atualizar o conhecimento sobre o status reprodutivo das aves no Rio Grande do Sul, analisamos os registros reprodutivos de todas as espécies de aves que potencialmente se reproduzem no estado utilizando um conjunto de critérios pré-definidos e restritivos para avaliar a efetividade das evidências reprodutivas. Dados que satisfazem nossos critérios foram encontrados para 165 espécies na literatura. Também compilamos registros de reprodução inéditos obtidos no estado para outras 126 espécies, incluindo observações sobre diversas espécies cuja biologia reprodutiva é pouco conhecida. Entre elas estão espécies cuja reprodução no Brasil era até então desconhecida. Esses novos dados, em conjunto com a revisão crítica dos registros prévios, resultaram em um total de 291 espécies para as quais existem evidências de reprodução efetivas, o que corresponde a 54,7% das 532 espécies que efetiva ou potencialmente se reproduzem no estado. Além de fornecer informações sobre datas de nidificação, tamanho de postura ou prole, arquitetura de ninhos e comportamento reprodutivo das aves do sul do Brasil, nossa análise serve como referência para a avaliação adequada de registros de reprodução de aves em outras regiões. Esperamos estimular observadores a documentar rigorosamente eventos reprodutivos, especialmente para táxons que carecem de informações básicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Aves/metabolismo , Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento ReprodutivoResumo
Information on the breeding biology of birds is essential for improving avian life-history theory and implementing sound management and conservation actions for these organisms. Comprehensive reviews of this kind of information are lacking for most Neotropical regions, including Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost Brazilian state. Aiming to update the knowledge on the reproductive status of birds in Rio Grande do Sul, we reviewed breeding records of all potential breeding species recorded in the state using a set of predefined, restrictive criteria for accepting breeding evidences as effective. Data satisfying our criteria were available for 165 species in the literature. We also collected novel breeding information obtained in the state for an additional 126 species, including observations for several species whose reproductive biology is poorly known. Among these are birds previously unknown to breed in Brazil. This new data and the critical review of the previous information resulted in a total of 291 species for which breeding evidences are accepted as effective. This corresponds to 54.7% of the 532 species considered either confirmed or potential breeders in the state. In addition to providing information on nesting dates, clutch size, nest architecture and breeding behavior of south Brazilian birds, our review serves as a benchmark for the adequate assessment of avian breeding records elsewhere. We hope to stimulate observers to rigorously document breeding events, especially for taxa for which basic information is lacking.
Informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva das aves são essenciais para aprimorar estudos teóricos sobre a história natural do grupo e implementar ações de manejo e conservação efetivas para esses organismos. Não existem revisões abrangentes sobre o tema para a maioria das regiões neotropicais, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul, o estado mais meridional do Brasil. Com o objetivo de atualizar o conhecimento sobre o status reprodutivo das aves no Rio Grande do Sul, analisamos os registros reprodutivos de todas as espécies de aves que potencialmente se reproduzem no estado utilizando um conjunto de critérios pré-definidos e restritivos para avaliar a efetividade das evidências reprodutivas. Dados que satisfazem nossos critérios foram encontrados para 165 espécies na literatura. Também compilamos registros de reprodução inéditos obtidos no estado para outras 126 espécies, incluindo observações sobre diversas espécies cuja biologia reprodutiva é pouco conhecida. Entre elas estão espécies cuja reprodução no Brasil era até então desconhecida. Esses novos dados, em conjunto com a revisão crítica dos registros prévios, resultaram em um total de 291 espécies para as quais existem evidências de reprodução efetivas, o que corresponde a 54,7% das 532 espécies que efetiva ou potencialmente se reproduzem no estado. Além de fornecer informações sobre datas de nidificação, tamanho de postura ou prole, arquitetura de ninhos e comportamento reprodutivo das aves do sul do Brasil, nossa análise serve como referência para a avaliação adequada de registros de reprodução de aves em outras regiões. Esperamos estimular observadores a documentar rigorosamente eventos reprodutivos, especialmente para táxons que carecem de informações básicas.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Aves/fisiologia , Aves/metabolismo , Comportamento ReprodutivoResumo
We describe some aspects of the reproductive biology of the Great Antshrike (Taraba major), such as: reproductive period, nests, eggs, nestlings, incubation period, and permanence of nestlings in the nest. The data were collected during the breeding seasons of 2009 and 2010 at Retiro Novo Farm, municipality of Poconé, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Nest searching was conducted through active searching and observation of adults carrying nest material or food for the nestlings. The nests were visited at intervals of three to four days. Fifty-one active nests were monitored. The reproductive period of the species lasted from October to December. The average time of nest construction was 06 ± 1.6 days (n = 08). Eggs were ovoid, white with brown spots scattered throughout their length. The mass, length, and average width of the eggs were 0.5 g, 6.1 ± 1 mm, and 26.8 ± 19.5 ± 1 mm, respectively (n = 74). Litter size ranged from two (n = 13) to three (n = 1) eggs. Both sexes built the nest and took turns during incubation. The average time of incubation was 15.5 ± 1.7 days (n = 08), and the nestling period ranged from 13.2 ± 1.6 days (n = 08).
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Taraba major tais como período reprodutivo, ninhos, ovos, ninhegos, tamanho de ninhada, período de incubação e permanência dos ninhegos no ninho. Os dados foram coletados durante as estações reprodutivas de 2009 e 2010, na fazenda Retiro Novo, município de Poconé, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A procura dos ninhos ocorreu de forma ativa e através da observação dos adultos transportando material para o ninho ou alimento para o filhote. Os ninhos foram visitados com intervalos de três a quatro dias. Foram monitorados 51 ninhos ativos. O período reprodutivo da espécie estendeu-se de outubro a dezembro. O tempo médio de construção dos ninhos foi de 06 ± 1,6 dias (n = 08). Os ovos são de formato ovóide, esbranquiçados com manchas marrons espalhadas por toda sua extensão. A massa, comprimento e largura média dos ovos foram 6,1 ± 0,5 g, 26,8 ± 1,5 mm, 19,5 ± 1,7 mm, respectivamente (n = 74). O tamanho da ninhada variou de dois (n = 13) a três (n = 1) ovos. Ambos os sexos constroem o ninho e revezam na incubação. O tempo médio de incubação foi de 15,5 ± 1,7 dias (n = 08), e a permanência dos ninhegos nos ninhos de 13,2 ± 1,6 dias (n = 08).
Resumo
We describe some aspects of the reproductive biology of the Great Antshrike (Taraba major), such as: reproductive period, nests, eggs, nestlings, incubation period, and permanence of nestlings in the nest. The data were collected during the breeding seasons of 2009 and 2010 at Retiro Novo Farm, municipality of Poconé, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Nest searching was conducted through active searching and observation of adults carrying nest material or food for the nestlings. The nests were visited at intervals of three to four days. Fifty-one active nests were monitored. The reproductive period of the species lasted from October to December. The average time of nest construction was 06 ± 1.6 days (n = 08). Eggs were ovoid, white with brown spots scattered throughout their length. The mass, length, and average width of the eggs were 0.5 g, 6.1 ± 1 mm, and 26.8 ± 19.5 ± 1 mm, respectively (n = 74). Litter size ranged from two (n = 13) to three (n = 1) eggs. Both sexes built the nest and took turns during incubation. The average time of incubation was 15.5 ± 1.7 days (n = 08), and the nestling period ranged from 13.2 ± 1.6 days (n = 08).
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever aspectos da biologia reprodutiva de Taraba major tais como período reprodutivo, ninhos, ovos, ninhegos, tamanho de ninhada, período de incubação e permanência dos ninhegos no ninho. Os dados foram coletados durante as estações reprodutivas de 2009 e 2010, na fazenda Retiro Novo, município de Poconé, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A procura dos ninhos ocorreu de forma ativa e através da observação dos adultos transportando material para o ninho ou alimento para o filhote. Os ninhos foram visitados com intervalos de três a quatro dias. Foram monitorados 51 ninhos ativos. O período reprodutivo da espécie estendeu-se de outubro a dezembro. O tempo médio de construção dos ninhos foi de 06 ± 1,6 dias (n = 08). Os ovos são de formato ovóide, esbranquiçados com manchas marrons espalhadas por toda sua extensão. A massa, comprimento e largura média dos ovos foram 6,1 ± 0,5 g, 26,8 ± 1,5 mm, 19,5 ± 1,7 mm, respectivamente (n = 74). O tamanho da ninhada variou de dois (n = 13) a três (n = 1) ovos. Ambos os sexos constroem o ninho e revezam na incubação. O tempo médio de incubação foi de 15,5 ± 1,7 dias (n = 08), e a permanência dos ninhegos nos ninhos de 13,2 ± 1,6 dias (n = 08).
Resumo
The breeding biology of Suiriri affinis (Campo Suiriri) and S. islerorum (Chapada Flycatcher) is described for the first time. The nest of S. affinis is a basket constructed mainly with vegetable fibers and lined with a thick layer of silk cotton. All its exterior is ornamented with lichens and dry leaf fragments. All those layers are firmly attached to each other by a large amount of spider web. The nest is supported by its bottom and sides between two or more divergent branches. Although superficially similar, the nest of S. islerorum present many differences, being shorter, shallower, and supported only by its sides between a forked branch. Its interior is also lined by an additional layer of vegetable fibers over the silk cotton layer. The nest of both species is constructed exclusively by the females. The eggs of S. affinis (mean of 20.8 x 15.1 mm, 2.5 g) are pearl white, and those of S. islerorum (20.4 x 15.4 mm, 2.4 g) are light cream, presenting a wreath of small brown blotches around its thicker end. The fledglings of S. islerorum are very similar to the adults, while those of S. affinis present the head, back and wing coverts largely tipped white. The incubation is performed only by the female, lasting 15.2 days for both species. The nestling period of S. affinis and S. islerorum is of 18.9 and 18.3 days, respectively. Some evidences suggests that S. affinis may be a cooperative breeder.
A biologia reprodutiva de Suiriri affinis (suiriri-do-cerrado) e S. islerorum (suiriri-da-chapada) é descrita pela primeira vez. O ninho de S. affinis é em forma de cesto raso, sendo construído com fibras vegetais e forrado por painas, sendo todas essas camadas firmemente unidas por grande quantidade de teia de aranha. O seu exterior é ornamentado com liquens e fragmentos de folhas secas. O ninho é apoiado pela base e laterais entre dois ou mais ramos divergentes. Embora superficialmente similar, o ninho de S. islerorum apresenta várias diferenças, sendo mais baixo, raso e apoiado pelas laterais entre uma forquilha. O seu interior é forrado por uma camada adicional de fibras vegetais por sobre as painas. A construção dos ninhos de ambas as espécies é exclusividade das fêmeas. Os ovos de S. affinis são branco-perolados (média de 20,8 x 15,1 mm, 2,5 g), enquanto que os de S. islerorum são creme claro (20,4 x 15,4 mm, 2,4 g), apresentando uma coroa de manchas marrons escuras ao redor do pólo rombo. Os filhotes de S. affinis apresentam a cabeça, superfície dorsal e coberteiras das asas marcadas por abundantes e diminutas manchas brancas, enquanto que os filhotes de S. islerorum são semelhantes aos adultos. A incubação é realizada exclusivamente pelas fêmeas, sendo estimada em 15,2 dias para ambas as espécies. Já os filhotes de S. affinis e S. islerorum permanecem no ninho por 18,9 e 18,3 dias, respectivamente. Algumas evidências sugerem que S. affinis apresenta alguma forma de reprodução cooperativa.
Resumo
The breeding biology of Suiriri affinis (Campo Suiriri) and S. islerorum (Chapada Flycatcher) is described for the first time. The nest of S. affinis is a basket constructed mainly with vegetable fibers and lined with a thick layer of silk cotton. All its exterior is ornamented with lichens and dry leaf fragments. All those layers are firmly attached to each other by a large amount of spider web. The nest is supported by its bottom and sides between two or more divergent branches. Although superficially similar, the nest of S. islerorum present many differences, being shorter, shallower, and supported only by its sides between a forked branch. Its interior is also lined by an additional layer of vegetable fibers over the silk cotton layer. The nest of both species is constructed exclusively by the females. The eggs of S. affinis (mean of 20.8 x 15.1 mm, 2.5 g) are pearl white, and those of S. islerorum (20.4 x 15.4 mm, 2.4 g) are light cream, presenting a wreath of small brown blotches around its thicker end. The fledglings of S. islerorum are very similar to the adults, while those of S. affinis present the head, back and wing coverts largely tipped white. The incubation is performed only by the female, lasting 15.2 days for both species. The nestling period of S. affinis and S. islerorum is of 18.9 and 18.3 days, respectively. Some evidences suggests that S. affinis may be a cooperative breeder.
A biologia reprodutiva de Suiriri affinis (suiriri-do-cerrado) e S. islerorum (suiriri-da-chapada) é descrita pela primeira vez. O ninho de S. affinis é em forma de cesto raso, sendo construído com fibras vegetais e forrado por painas, sendo todas essas camadas firmemente unidas por grande quantidade de teia de aranha. O seu exterior é ornamentado com liquens e fragmentos de folhas secas. O ninho é apoiado pela base e laterais entre dois ou mais ramos divergentes. Embora superficialmente similar, o ninho de S. islerorum apresenta várias diferenças, sendo mais baixo, raso e apoiado pelas laterais entre uma forquilha. O seu interior é forrado por uma camada adicional de fibras vegetais por sobre as painas. A construção dos ninhos de ambas as espécies é exclusividade das fêmeas. Os ovos de S. affinis são branco-perolados (média de 20,8 x 15,1 mm, 2,5 g), enquanto que os de S. islerorum são creme claro (20,4 x 15,4 mm, 2,4 g), apresentando uma coroa de manchas marrons escuras ao redor do pólo rombo. Os filhotes de S. affinis apresentam a cabeça, superfície dorsal e coberteiras das asas marcadas por abundantes e diminutas manchas brancas, enquanto que os filhotes de S. islerorum são semelhantes aos adultos. A incubação é realizada exclusivamente pelas fêmeas, sendo estimada em 15,2 dias para ambas as espécies. Já os filhotes de S. affinis e S. islerorum permanecem no ninho por 18,9 e 18,3 dias, respectivamente. Algumas evidências sugerem que S. affinis apresenta alguma forma de reprodução cooperativa.