Behavior of horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.(AU)

Behavior of horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.

Morcegos urbanos de Guarulhos: alta riqueza de espécies e dominância de espécies ecologicamente flexíveis reveladas a partir de dados de monitoramento da raiva / Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data

Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.(AU)

Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that citiesʼ environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.(AU)

Morcegos urbanos de Guarulhos: alta riqueza de espécies e dominância de espécies ecologicamente flexíveis reveladas a partir de dados de monitoramento da raiva / Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data

Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.

Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that citiesʼ environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.

Morcegos urbanos de Guarulhos: alta riqueza de espécies e dominância de espécies ecologicamente flexíveis reveladas a partir de dados de monitoramento da raiva

ABSTRACT Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that cities environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.

RESUMO Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.

Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.(AU)

Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs’ positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.

Welfare in pig housing - brazilian and portuguese legislation

The Animal welfare is conditional on well-planned and well-managed exploitation, since the management of the animals strongly influences their behavior, their productivity and, consequently, the yield and quality of the final product. In this study, an investigative review was carried out of the literature, governmental databases and main institutions relating to animal welfare, seeking to highlight and discuss differences in legislation between Brazil and Portugal, in view of the interest and concern of the scientific community and the consumer market in relation to methods used for animal production. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation on the welfare of pigs and other related legislation is used as a basis. However, Portugal has more specific legislation on the subject. Considering the dissemination of knowledge and the growing concern with animal welfare in the European consumer market, it is noted that the need for its application standards that ensure animal welfare in production/breeding, possibly becoming a basic requirement in the coming years. However, Brazilian pig farms, like all other animal production activities, are still lacking specific legislation that is appropriate for Brazil, which ends up delaying the effective practice of welfare in productions, abstaining from the population of information about the activity. New studies are needed to ascertain the necessity and applicability of the legislation, and whether the legislation is effective in improving animal welfare or serves only to increase bureaucracy.(AU)

Welfare in pig housing - brazilian and portuguese legislation

The Animal welfare is conditional on well-planned and well-managed exploitation, since the management of the animals strongly influences their behavior, their productivity and, consequently, the yield and quality of the final product. In this study, an investigative review was carried out of the literature, governmental databases and main institutions relating to animal welfare, seeking to highlight and discuss differences in legislation between Brazil and Portugal, in view of the interest and concern of the scientific community and the consumer market in relation to methods used for animal production. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation on the welfare of pigs and other related legislation is used as a basis. However, Portugal has more specific legislation on the subject. Considering the dissemination of knowledge and the growing concern with animal welfare in the European consumer market, it is noted that the need for its application standards that ensure animal welfare in production/breeding, possibly becoming a basic requirement in the coming years. However, Brazilian pig farms, like all other animal production activities, are still lacking specific legislation that is appropriate for Brazil, which ends up delaying the effective practice of welfare in productions, abstaining from the population of information about the activity. New studies are needed to ascertain the necessity and applicability of the legislation, and whether the legislation is effective in improving animal welfare or serves only to increase bureaucracy.

Determining the contribution of ventilation and insulation of broiler breeding houses in production performance using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This study was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank broiler breeding farms in Zanjan province, Iran, regarding buildings, installations, and equipment to determine their effects on production factors. Data on 108 farms were collected using designed forms. This data was analyzed based on the effectiveness of each parameter in the production and management category according to experts opinion. The results indicated that ventilation systems (fans, inlets, and damper) as well as wall and roof insulation in poultry houses, constituted 66% of the technology coefficient. The stocking density increased through improvement of the mechanization coefficient. Most of these farms used longitudinal or tunnel ventilation and a combination of small and large fans. Roof insulation was mostly done using glass wool, and corrugated plastic while installing the heaters outside the poultry house. In these farms, the use of nipple drinkers and plate feeders was more prevalent. Moreover, the results showed that feed conversion and production indices have a significant correlation with mechanization coefficient so that farms with better mechanization coefficients had lower conversion ratio (p=0.04) and higher production indices (p=0.015). In general, the results indicated that ventilation and air inlet systems, as well as wall and roof building technologies have the greatest influence on the mechanization coefficient, while better mechanization coefficients translated into improvements in production efficiency and economic performance of poultry farms.(AU)

Determining the contribution of ventilation and insulation of broiler breeding houses in production performance using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This study was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank broiler breeding farms in Zanjan province, Iran, regarding buildings, installations, and equipment to determine their effects on production factors. Data on 108 farms were collected using designed forms. This data was analyzed based on the effectiveness of each parameter in the production and management category according to experts opinion. The results indicated that ventilation systems (fans, inlets, and damper) as well as wall and roof insulation in poultry houses, constituted 66% of the technology coefficient. The stocking density increased through improvement of the mechanization coefficient. Most of these farms used longitudinal or tunnel ventilation and a combination of small and large fans. Roof insulation was mostly done using glass wool, and corrugated plastic while installing the heaters outside the poultry house. In these farms, the use of nipple drinkers and plate feeders was more prevalent. Moreover, the results showed that feed conversion and production indices have a significant correlation with mechanization coefficient so that farms with better mechanization coefficients had lower conversion ratio (p=0.04) and higher production indices (p=0.015). In general, the results indicated that ventilation and air inlet systems, as well as wall and roof building technologies have the greatest influence on the mechanization coefficient, while better mechanization coefficients translated into improvements in production efficiency and economic performance of poultry farms.

Thermal environment in growing and finishing pig facilities of different building typologies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort of growing and finishing pigs affected by the different constructive typologies of the installations regarding the floor and lateral partitions. Were evaluated the following pen types: pen with water pit, pen with partially slotted floor on the sides, and pen with partially slotted floor on the sides and in the center of the facilities. The following thermal variables were measured: dry bulb temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Based on these data, the temperature and humidity index, the temperature index of the globe and humidity, and the specific enthalpy were calculated. The pen with a water pit showed higher average relative air humidity and lower black globe temperature compared to the other pens. In the hottest period of the day, the temperature index of the globe and humidity presented mean values above that recommended for adult pigs, although there were no differences between pens. This indicates that animals, irrespective of the type of pen used, have suffered from thermal stress, which most likely affected their performance.(AU)

Thermal environment in growing and finishing pig facilities of different building typologies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort of growing and finishing pigs affected by the different constructive typologies of the installations regarding the floor and lateral partitions. Were evaluated the following pen types: pen with water pit, pen with partially slotted floor on the sides, and pen with partially slotted floor on the sides and in the center of the facilities. The following thermal variables were measured: dry bulb temperature, black globe temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Based on these data, the temperature and humidity index, the temperature index of the globe and humidity, and the specific enthalpy were calculated. The pen with a water pit showed higher average relative air humidity and lower black globe temperature compared to the other pens. In the hottest period of the day, the temperature index of the globe and humidity presented mean values above that recommended for adult pigs, although there were no differences between pens. This indicates that animals, irrespective of the type of pen used, have suffered from thermal stress, which most likely affected their performance.

Modelos de classificação para suporte à decisão baseados em mineração de dados para a geração de alertas de extremos climáticos para poedeiras leves

É verídico que as mudanças climáticas estão prejudicando a produção animal e vegetal em decorrência de extremos climáticos, levando a perdas econômicas e causando impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, é possível utilizar bancos de dados meteorológicos e produtivos com o intuito de gerar modelos capazes de auxiliar na tomada de decisão evitando perdas financeiras. Os dados armazenados são de extrema importância para o produtor rural, pois, com o auxílio de ferramentas de análise de dados, consegue-se extrair informações que os olhos humanos não são capazes de ver sem os recursos computacionais e estatísticos que os softwares de inteligência artificial possuem. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar faixas de conforto térmico e com a aplicação da mineração de dados desenvolver árvores de decisão baseadas em índices de conforto térmico, para galinhas poedeiras, em três diferentes aviários, em todas as estações do ano. Foi utilizado um banco de dados bioclimáticos e de desempenho de três aviários comerciais localizados em Bastos/SP, do ano de 2013 e 2014, para quatro estações do ano, denominadas de: ciclo 1, ciclo 2, ciclo 3, ciclo 4. Os dados foram organizados e classificados em planilhas eletrônicas. Posteriormente a esta etapa, houve o pré-processamento e os dados foram transcritos em formato compatível com o software Weka® para que fosse aplicado o algoritmo J48 (C4.5) para a realização da mineração de dados. Com base no banco de dados bioclimáticos, foi possível elaborar faixas de conforto térmico com base em temperatura (ºC) e umidade relativa (%) e as mesmas transcorreram para o desenvolvimento dos cenários possíveis para o software criar as árvores de decisão, fornecendo subsídios para que a decisão fosse tomada. A execução da técnica possibilitou a construção de modelos com coeficiente Kappa de 98% em média, evidenciando que o classificador da mineração de dados como excelente para a maioria (83%) dos modelos gerados.

It is true that climate change is damaging animal and plant production due to weather extremes, leading to economic losses and causing environmental impacts. In this sense, it is possible to use meteorological and productive databases in order to generate models that can assist in decision making and avoid financial losses. The stored data is extremely important for the rural producer, because with the help of data analysis tools, it is possible to extract information that human eyes are not able to see without the computational and statistical resources that artificial intelligence software has. Thus, the objective of this study was to create thermal comfort ranges and with the application of data mining develop decision trees based on thermal comfort indices, for laying hens, in three different aviaries, in all seasons of the year. A bioclimatic and performance database of three commercial aviaries located in Bastos/SP, from the year 2013 and 2014, for four seasons of the year, called: cycle 1, cycle 2, cycle 3, cycle 4, was used. The data were organized and classified in electronic spreadsheets. After this step, there was the pre-processing and the data were transcribed into format compatible with Weka® software to be applied the J48 algorithm (C4.5) to perform data mining. Based on the bioclimatic database, it was possible to elaborate thermal comfort ranges based on temperature (ºC) and relative humidity (%) and the same were transcribed for the development of possible scenarios for the software to create the decision trees, providing subsidies for the decision to be made. The execution of the technique allowed the construction of models with Kappa coefficient of 98% on average, showing that the data mining classifier as excellent for most (83%) of the models generated.

DESEMPENHO TÉRMICO DAS SALAS DE MATURAÇÃO E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NO QUEIJO ARTESANAL

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho térmico das salas de maturação por meio do comportamento diário das temperaturas e umidades relativas internas e externas, do índice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa (k1) e seu efeito na qualidade físico-química dos queijos. Realizou-se coleta de informações arquitetonicas e ambientais, e mensuração da temperatura e umidade relativa de hora em hora, nas salas de maturação de cinco queijarias artesanais, QA, QB, QC, QD e QE localizadas na zona bioclimática 3, no estado de Minas Gerais, pelo período de 17 dias de inverno e primavera de 2019. As propriedades térmicas dos materiais de construção foram caracterizadas pela capacidade térmica (CT) e a transmitância térmica (U). A análise de índice de desempenho térmico de massa k1 foi realizada para as queijarias em deliniamento de blocos casualisados ( 5 queijarias), e dois tratamentos (inverno e primavera). Realizou-se análises acerca dos parâmetros de umidade, matéria seca, gordura, atividade de água, pH, acidez titulável e firmeza . Na análise da influência do índice de desempenho térmico nos parâmetros de qualidade, foi avaliada a influência de k1 sobre os parâmetros de qualidade de quatro queijarias, em deliniamento de blocos casualisados ( 4 queijarias) com dois queijos de cada idade de maturação (03 e 17 dias), em quatro queijarias (QA, QB, QC e QD), no inverno e primavera de 2019. As principais inviabildiades construtivas que prejudicam o desempenho térmico das salas de maturação foram: ausência de vegetação próxima à envoltória, orientação a oeste e leste das fachadas; pé-direito baixo de 3 metros, baixas propriedades térmicas das coberturas e das fachadas, acesso direto a sala de fabricação, janelas e óculos de expedição permanentemente fechados. Nenhuma das salas de maturação conseguiu fornecer adequada temperatura e umidade relativa de maturação para o tipo de queijo que produzem. O indice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa no inverno foi superior (p<0,05) ao da primavera, revelando maior amplitude termica da estação mais fria e menor amplitude térmica na primavera. Quanto maior o índice de Desempenho Térmico de Massa, os queijos tenderam a perder mais umidade para o ambiente, aumentar o teor de gordura, reduzir a atividade de água, e aumentar a firmeza (p<0,05). Além disso, ocorreu o aumento da acidez e a redução do pH (p<0,05). Esses parâmetros são indesejáveis para a qualidade do queijo artesanal, pois os sujeita ao aparecimento de defeitos. Modificações por meio de estratégias primárias e secundárias são indispensáveis para as salas de maturação, a fim de minimizar as oscilações climáticas de temperatura e umidade e proporcionar condições adequadas para maturação do queijo artesanal.

The objective was to evaluate the thermal performance of the maturation rooms through the daily behavior of internal and external temperatures and relative humidity, the Thermal Mass Performance Index (k1) and its effect on the physical-chemical quality of the cheeses. Architectural and environmental information was collected, and hourly temperature and relative humidity were measured in the maturation rooms of five artisanal cheese shops, QA, QB, QC, QD and QE located in the bioclimatic zone 3, in the state of Minas. Gerais, for a period of 17 days in winter and spring 2019. The thermal properties of construction materials were characterized by thermal capacity (CT) and thermal transmittance (U). The analysis of the thermal performance index of mass k1 was carried out for the cheese makers in a randomized block design (5 cheese makers), and two treatments (winter and spring). Analyzes were carried out on the parameters of humidity, dry matter, fat, water activity, pH, titratable acidity and firmness. In the analysis of the influence of the thermal performance index on the quality parameters, the influence of k1 on the quality parameters of four cheesemakers was evaluated, in a randomized block design (4 cheesemakers) with two cheeses of each age of maturation (03 and 17 days), in four cheese factories (QA, QB, QC and QD), in the winter and spring of 2019. The main constraints that hinder the thermal performance of the maturation rooms were: absence of vegetation close to the envelope, orientation to the west and east the facades; low ceiling height of 3 meters, low thermal properties of roofs and facades, direct access to the manufacturing room, windows and shipping glasses permanently closed. None of the maturation rooms were able to provide adequate maturation temperature and relative humidity for the type of cheese they produce. The Mass Thermal Performance index in winter was higher (p <0.05) than in the spring, revealing a greater thermal range in the coldest season and a lower thermal range in spring. The higher the Thermal Mass Performance Index, the cheeses tended to lose more moisture to the environment, increase the fat content, reduce the water activity, and increase the firmness (p <0.05). In addition, there was an increase in acidity and a decrease in pH (p <0.05). These parameters are undesirable for the quality of artisanal cheese, as they are subject to the appearance of defects. Modifications by means of primary and secondary strategies are indispensable for the ripening rooms, in order to minimize climatic fluctuations in temperature and humidity and to provide adequate conditions for the maturation of artisanal cheese.

Aerial environment and deep litter temperature in a swine building / Ambiência aérea e temperatura da cama sobreposta em instalação para suínos

This study objective was to assess the air quality by measuring gas concentrations, and assess the surface and inside temperatures of deep litter materials in a finishing swine building. The experiment was conducted during the months of June and July. It was compared three treatments: deep litter composed of shaving woods + sugarcane bagasse (M + B), deep litter composed of sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and deep litter consisting of shaving woods (MAR). The installation stalls had a concrete floor under the deep litter. Measurements of instantaneous concentrations of ammonia, NH3 (ppm), carbon dioxide (CO2 ppm) and carbon monoxide (CO, ppm) at the level of the animals were taken. Data relating to surface temperature and inside the deep litter for swine were collected at three different points within the stalls (center, in the frontal region and background of the stalls). It was observed that the "MAR" deep litter showed the highest average concentration of NH3 (2.88 ppm). The "BAG" deep litter showed the lowest values of NH3 for all time intervals evaluated. In the morning period was observed significant differences for all treatments. The highest CO2 concentration (1530 ppm) was observed in treatment "BAG" at 11 h 30 min. The surface temperatures of deep beddings showed no significant differences between the sampling points. The temperature inside the deep litter at the front of the stall treatment was higher (M+B) when compared to treatment (ABG) and (MAR). The concentration of CO, CO2 and NH3, measured, gases not reached levels that could cause harm to the health of animals.(AU)

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avalia r a qualidade do ar, por meio das concentrações de gases, e as temperaturas superficiais e no interior de diferentes materiais de cama sobreposta, em instalações para terminação de suínos. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante os meses de junho e julho. Compararam-se três tratamentos: cama sobreposta composta por maravalha+bagaço de cana (M+B), cama sobreposta composta por bagaço de cana (BAG) e cama sobreposta composta por maravalha (MAR). As baias da instalação possuíam piso de concreto sob a cama. Foram feitas medições das concentrações instantâneas de amônia (NH3, ppm), dióxido de carbono (CO2, ppm) e monóxido de carbono (CO, ppm) ao nível dos animais. Dados relativos à temperatura superficial e no interior da cama sobreposta de suínos foram coletados em três pontos distintos dentro das baias (no centro, na região frontal e no fundo das baias). Observou-se que a cama “MAR” foi a que apresentou o maior valor médio de concentração de NH3 de 2,88 ppm. A cama “BAG” apresentou os menores valores de NH3 em todos os horários avaliados, com o período da manhã apresentando diferença significativa em relação às outras camas. O maior valor de concentração de CO2 (1530 ppm) ocorreu no tratamento com cama “BAG”, às 11 h 30 min. As temperaturas superficiais das camas sobrepostas não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos de coleta. A temperatura no interior das camas na parte da frente da baia foi superior no tratamento (M+B), quando comparada ao tratamento (BAG) e (MAR). A concentração dos gases CO, CO2 e NH3, mensurados, não atingiram níveis que possam causar danos à saúde dos animais. (AU)

Aerial environment and deep litter temperature in a swine building / Ambiência aérea e temperatura da cama sobreposta em instalação para suínos

This study objective was to assess the air quality by measuring gas concentrations, and assess the surface and inside temperatures of deep litter materials in a finishing swine building. The experiment was conducted during the months of June and July. It was compared three treatments: deep litter composed of shaving woods + sugarcane bagasse (M + B), deep litter composed of sugarcane bagasse (BAG) and deep litter consisting of shaving woods (MAR). The installation stalls had a concrete floor under the deep litter. Measurements of instantaneous concentrations of ammonia, NH3 (ppm), carbon dioxide (CO2 ppm) and carbon monoxide (CO, ppm) at the level of the animals were taken. Data relating to surface temperature and inside the deep litter for swine were collected at three different points within the stalls (center, in the frontal region and background of the stalls). It was observed that the "MAR" deep litter showed the highest average concentration of NH3 (2.88 ppm). The "BAG" deep litter showed the lowest values of NH3 for all time intervals evaluated. In the morning period was observed significant differences for all treatments. The highest CO2 concentration (1530 ppm) was observed in treatment "BAG" at 11 h 30 min. The surface temperatures of deep beddings showed no significant differences between the sampling points. The temperature inside the deep litter at the front of the stall treatment was higher (M+B) when compared to treatment (ABG) and (MAR). The concentration of CO, CO2 and NH3, measured, gases not reached levels that could cause harm to the health of animals.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avalia r a qualidade do ar, por meio das concentrações de gases, e as temperaturas superficiais e no interior de diferentes materiais de cama sobreposta, em instalações para terminação de suínos. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante os meses de junho e julho. Compararam-se três tratamentos: cama sobreposta composta por maravalha+bagaço de cana (M+B), cama sobreposta composta por bagaço de cana (BAG) e cama sobreposta composta por maravalha (MAR). As baias da instalação possuíam piso de concreto sob a cama. Foram feitas medições das concentrações instantâneas de amônia (NH3, ppm), dióxido de carbono (CO2, ppm) e monóxido de carbono (CO, ppm) ao nível dos animais. Dados relativos à temperatura superficial e no interior da cama sobreposta de suínos foram coletados em três pontos distintos dentro das baias (no centro, na região frontal e no fundo das baias). Observou-se que a cama “MAR” foi a que apresentou o maior valor médio de concentração de NH3 de 2,88 ppm. A cama “BAG” apresentou os menores valores de NH3 em todos os horários avaliados, com o período da manhã apresentando diferença significativa em relação às outras camas. O maior valor de concentração de CO2 (1530 ppm) ocorreu no tratamento com cama “BAG”, às 11 h 30 min. As temperaturas superficiais das camas sobrepostas não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os pontos de coleta. A temperatura no interior das camas na parte da frente da baia foi superior no tratamento (M+B), quando comparada ao tratamento (BAG) e (MAR). A concentração dos gases CO, CO2 e NH3, mensurados, não atingiram níveis que possam causar danos à saúde dos animais.

APLICATIVO DE APOIO AO PRODUTOR RURAL NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA INSTALAÇÃO PARA ANIMAIS DE PRODUÇÃO

As informações referentes às adequações fisiológicas dos animais ao ambiente térmico permitem decisões mais acertadas no que se refere ao manejo, nutrição, instalações e equipamentos, e, consequentemente, aumento na lucratividade. Estas informações encontram-se disponíveis na literatura. Contudo, muitas vezes o acesso ou a socialização destas informações sobre adequações fisiológicas é limitado a pequeno e seleto número de pessoas ou ainda, as pessoas esperam que essas informações estejam sintetizadas, sistematizadas, disponíveis para serem acessadas, aplicadas, informações na ponta dos dedos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver aplicativo informatizado on line como ferramenta de apoio, capaz de organizar dados coletados de estudos e pesquisas científicas relacionadas às adequações fisiológicas dos animais e disponibilizá-los para que qualquer usuário tenha acesso e possa utilizá-los; bem como oferecer informações que auxiliem na escolha de materiais de construção, em função de suas características, para construção de instalações para animais de produção (aves, suínos, ovinos, bovinos e caprinos) com foco no conforto térmico. O aplicativo informatizado foi elaborado em linguagem de programação PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) e disponibilizado em link (http://www.pmppa.com.br/arquitetura /) para ser acessado em telefones celulares, computadores fixos ou portáteis. O registro do aplicativo foi feito no INPI (Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Ministério da Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços) garantindo a segurança jurídica ao seu detentor. Os resultados demonstram o desenvolvimento do aplicativo como ferramenta de apoio principalmente para os pequenos e médios produtores que desejam informações e orientações, sistematizadas de forma simples, sobre a definição de conforto térmico e sua importância para melhor qualidade no desenvolvimento da produtividade animal; informações sobre os materiais de construção mais adequados e sua implicação quando utilizados para subsidiar a prática das construções de instalações zootécnicas, visando conforto térmico, para animais de produção, com base na sua emissividade e condutividade térmica, requisito imprescindível para se alcançar o melhor desempenho do animal e consequentemente alta lucratividade.

The information regarding the physiological adequacy of the animals to the thermal environment allows for better decisions regarding management, nutrition, facilities and equipment, and, consequently, an increase in profitability. This information is available in the literature. However, access to, or socialization of, this information on physiological adequacy is often limited to small numbers of people, or people expect that this information will be synthesized, systematized, available to be accessed, applied, fingers ". Thus, the objective of this work was to develop an online computer application as a support tool, capable of organizing data collected from studies and scientific research related to the physiological adequacy of the animals and make them available so that any user has access and can use them ; as well as providing information to assist in the selection of building materials, depending on their characteristics, for the construction of facilities for production animals (poultry, swine, sheep, cattle and goats) with a focus on thermal comfort. The computerized application was developed in PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language and available in link (http://www.pmppa.com.br/arquitetura/) to be accessed in cell phones, fixed or portable computers. The registration of the application was made at INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property, Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services) guaranteeing legal security to its holder. The results demonstrate the development of the application as a support tool mainly for small and medium producers who wish information and guidelines, systematized in a simple way, on the definition of thermal comfort and its importance for better quality in the development of animal productivity; information on the most suitable building materials and their implication when used to subsidize the practice of the construction of zootechnical facilities, aiming at thermal comfort, for production animals, based on their emissivity and thermal conductivity, a prerequisite for achieving the best performance of the animal and consequently high profitability.

Capture and treatment of goat manure / Captação e tratamento de esterco de caprinos

The appropriate management and disposal of feces and urine derived from goat production systems can help minimize the environmental impact of the activity reflecting in animal welfare, good sanitary conditions, viable indexes and increase revenue by aggregating the activity value of the manure generated. Aiming to take advantage of zootechnical installation already used for the manure in rabbits husbandry, it was carried out the suitability of a 15.40 m² pen (5.7 x 2.7 meters, filled with dirt) in the goat rearing of UPD Itapetininga/APTA-SAA being deployed on slatted floor system for capturing and processing goat manure. It was dug in the floor of the bay rectangular holes with 15 m² of surface and 80 cm of depth for capturing of the excrements, filled with layers of gravel (0.20 m), coal (0.20 m), medium sand (0, 15 m) and clay (0.05 m) being the surface in direct contact with feces and urine. The gap of 40 cm between the back of the slatted floor and the last layer allowed the accumulation of manure during the occupation of the stall. We used the pens for 10 consecutive months for the management of newly calved Saanen and crossbred Saanen/Boer goats for 10 to 15 days postpartum in controlled feeding and termination of 27 confined kids. The maintenance of the collection system and treatment of manure was done through constant sweeps in the slatted floor and periodical aplica

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Predição do índice de temperatura do globo negro e umidade e do impacto das variações climáticas em galpões avícolas climatizados

The goal of this work was to adapt and to validate a model to predict black globe humidity index (BGHI) inside of acclimatized broiler houses, and analyzing the effect of climate changes on the thermal environment of production through the future scenarios. The experimental data used to adjust and validate of mathematical model were measured in two acclimatized broiler houses equipped with negative tunnel ventilation system coupled to pad and mist cooling systems. Prediction of BGHI values were statically equal to the observed (t test, P>0.05), with error of 1.55±1.08%. Considering the system analyzed, the climate change foreseen by the future scenarios will turn the environment unsuitable for broiler chicken production, especially during spring and summer that presented BGHI values above to the comfort limit.

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, adaptar e validar um modelo para predição do índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) no interior de galpões climatizados e analisar o efeito das variações climáticas sobre o ambiente térmico de produção por meio de cenários futuros. Os dados experimentais utilizados para o ajuste e validação do modelo matemático foram coletados em dois galpões avícolas climatizados, equipados com sistema de ventilação em modo túnel negativo e sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo do tipo material poroso umedecido e nebulização. Predições dos valores de ITGU foram estatisticamente iguais às observadas (teste t, P>0,05), com erro de 1,55±1,08%. Considerando o sistema analisado, observou-se que as mudanças climáticas previstas pelos cenários futuros tornarão os ambientes menos propícios à produção de frangos de corte, especialmente nas estações de primavera e verão, nas quais os valores de ITGU foram acima do limite de conforto.