Calves with arthritis - changes in antioxidant parameters

Background: In a healthy organism, oxidants and antioxidants are in balance. However, in cases such as inflammation, infection, and stress, this balance is disrupted in favor of oxidants, creating oxidative stress that can cause damage to cells or tissues. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance, especially in inflammatory diseases, plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and developing treatment strategies. This study, it was aimed to reveal the oxidant status in inflammatory disease of calves with septic and aseptic arthritis. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study consisted of 21 calves up to 2 months old, of different races and genders, 14 (9 male, 5 female) with arthritis and 7 healthy (control, 5 male, 2 female). Of the calves with arthritis, 11 were septic and 3 were acute aseptic. In the calves with arthritis, the affected joint or joints were determined by clinical examinations. By palpating the joints, swelling, local temperature increase, tension in the joint capsule, presence of pain, and the presence and severity of lameness were examined. The color, clarity, viscosity, odor, and clot formation of the synovial fluid were examined and determined to be septic or aseptic. To determine the antioxidant status, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most important oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluta-thione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which are the enzymatic antioxidant enzymes, were measured spectro-photometrically in serum samples. Vitamin E, C, and A levels, which are nonenzymatic antioxidants, were also measured colorimetrically. In the clinical examination, lameness was detected in the relevant extremity of all patients with arthritis. In the macroscopic examination of the synovial fluids taken from animals with arthritis, the colors of the synovial fluids varied between yellow and yellow tones in 11 cases; in 3 cases, it was determined that they were red and brown. It was observed that the colors of the synovial fluids were transparent in the subjects in the control group. It was observed that the synovial fluid clarity of the calves with arthritis was lost, with severe turbidity (+++) in 3 cases, moderately turbid (++) in 6 cases, slightly turbid (+) in 2 cases, and clear (-) in 3 cases. It was observed that the viscosity of synovial fluid taken from calves with arthritis decreased in varying degrees according to the severity of the disease, severe (+++) in 5 cases, moderately decreased (++) in 4 cases, slightly decreased (+) in 2 cases, and normal in 3 cases. It was determined that the viscosity of the synovial fluid taken from the calves in the control group was normal. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA (P < 0.01), SOD (P < 0.01), GSH-Px (P < 0.05), vitamin E (P < 0.001), and vitamin C (P < 0.01), while MDA levels increased in calves with arthritis, SOD and GSH-Px activities and vitamin E and C levels decreased significantly. Although there was no statistically significant difference in CAT (P > 0.05) enzyme activity, it was determined that it was at a lower level in calves with arthritis, and there was no significant difference be-tween the groups in terms of vitamin A (P > 0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the study, there is an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant status in calves with arthritis. It is thought that these changes may be due to efforts to reduce tissue damage by reducing lipid peroxidation. As a result, it was determined that oxidant and antioxidant balance was impaired in calves with arthritis, and oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation developed due to the increase in free radicals. It is thought that giving additional antioxidants to the calves may contribute to the recovery of the disease and reduce treatment costs.

Trauma decorrente de queda provocada pelo cabo extensor de um bezerreiro tropical / Trauma resulting from a fall caused by the extension cable of a tropical calf

A criação de bezerras é uma das fases mais importantes na bovinocultura leiteira e um manejo profilático em ambientes físicos de alojamento é crucial para evitar acidentes que possam comprometer a vida produtiva dos animais futuramente. O bezerreiro tropical é um dos alojamentos mais comuns utilizados no Nordeste brasileiro em grandes criações, possivelmente devido ao baixo custo. Diante disso, objetivou-se nesse trabalho relatar um acidente provocado por tropeço em fio extensor de superfície do bezerreiro tropical, no qual ocasionou um traumatismo tibial em uma bezerra Girolando de dois meses de idade. O atendimento ocorreu no Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais do Centro Universitário Inta (Uninta) em Sobral/CE e o animal foi proveniente de uma fazenda de alta produção leiteira da cidade de Umirim/CE. O exame clínico revelou que a região afetada foi próxima ao jarrete. O exame radiográfico constatou fratura na região epifisária da tíbia proximal. Após avaliação pela equipe clínica e cirúrgica, o paciente foi encaminhado para cirurgia de correção, mas antes foi estabelecida imobilização e bandagens para manter o membro afetado imóvel até a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. O tratamento clínico medicamentoso pós-cirúrgico foi conduzido, além de foram instituídos cuidados diários de limpeza do ferimento cirúrgico com antisséptico local. Após a realização da cirurgia de correção da fratura, estando o paciente estabilizado, este mesmo animal recebeu alta médica 17 dias depois da internação. Desta forma, o bezerreiro tropical está passando por mudanças estruturais e de manejo para evitar mais traumas provocados pelo tropeço, enroscamento e quedas das bezerras.

Calf rearing is one of the most important stages in dairy cattle and, prophylactic management in physical accommodation environments is crucial to avoid accidents that could compromise the productive life of these animals in the future. The tropical calf is one of the most common housings used in the Brazilian Northeast in large creations, possibly due to the low cost. This study aimed to report an accident caused by tripping over surface extender wire of the tropical calf, which caused a tibial trauma in a 2-months-old Girolando heifer. The attendance took place at the Veterinary Hospital for Large Animals of the Inta University Center (Uninta) in Sobral/Ce and the animal came from a high-production dairy farm in the city of Umirim/Ce. The clinical examination revealed that the affected region was close to the knuckle. The radiographic examination showed a fracture in the epiphyseal region of the proximal tibia. After evaluation by the clinical and surgical team, the patient was referred for corrective surgery, but before that, immobilization and bandages were established to keep the affected limb immobile until the surgical procedure was performed. The post-surgical medical treatment was conducted, in addition to the daily care of cleaning the surgical wound with local antiseptic. After the surgery, to correct the fracture with the patient stabilized, the hospital discharge occurred 17 days after hospitalization. Thus, the tropical calf, is undergoing structural and management changes to avoid further trauma caused by stumbling, tangling, and falling.

Lesão na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo de bezerra Gir decorrente de contenção para pesagem / Injury in the metacarpinal region of the left thoracic limbs resulting from retention for weighing in a Gir calf

Fraturas ósseas e luxações são mais comuns em animais jovens e, na maioria das vezes, essas fraturas ocorrem devido ao manejo incorreto desses animais, podendo levar a uma queda de produção a curto ou longo prazo, gerando perdas econômicas e produtivas de animais de alto padrão genético. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de uma fratura na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo de uma bezerra Gir de 12 dias de idade, causada por uma contenção ineficaz durante a pesagem. O animal proveniente de uma fazenda em Umirim/CE foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais do Centro Universitário INTA em Sobral/CE. Ao passar pelo exame radiográfico, foi constatada a fratura na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo. O animal foi imobilizado de forma manual, seguindo-se métodos semiológicos para minimizar o estresse. Para a imobilização do membro, foi utilizada a muleta de Thomas modificada e bandagens, associadas ao controle da dor com as drogas Flunixin meglumine (1,1mg/kg) e Fenilbutazona (4,4mg/kg). Depois da imobilização, o animal seguiu internado no HOVET-GA e, após 18 dias, foi realizada uma nova radiografia para ver o progresso a partir do tratamento adotado. Constatou-se a formação de um calo ósseo, com a ossificação da fratura, não sendo necessário o encaminhamento cirúrgico do animal. Assim, o tratamento com muleta de Thomas modificada foi efetivo para a recuperação do membro fraturado, além de ser um tratamento de baixo custo e fácil aplicação, tendo o animal apresentado uma boa resposta ao tratamento terapêutico para controle da dor.

Bone fractures and dislocations are more common in young animals and mostly occur due to incorrect handling of these animals, which can lead to a short or long-term drop in production, generating economic and productive losses of animals of high genetic standard. This study aimed to report the occurrence of a fracture in the metacarpal region of the left thoracic limb of a 12-day-old Gir heifer, caused by an ineffective restraint during weighing. The animal from a farm in Umirim/CE was sent to the Veterinary Hospital of Large Animals of the University Center INTA in Sobral/CE. The radiographic examination found a fracture in the metacarpal region of the left thoracic limb. The animal was manually immobilized following semiological methods to minimize stress. For the limb immobilization, a modified Thomas crutch and bandages associated with pain control with the drugs Flunixin meglumine (1.1mg/kg) and Phenylbutazone (4.4mg/kg) were used. After immobilization, the animal remained hospitalized at HOVET-GA and after 18 days a new radiograph was performed to evaluate the progress achieved with the treatment adopted. It was found the formation of a bone callus with the ossification of the fracture, not requiring the surgical referral of the animal. Thus, the treatment with the modified Thomas crutch was effective for the recovery of the fractured limb, in addition to being a low-cost and easy-to-apply treatment. The animal showed a good response to the therapeutic treatment for pain control.

Vitamin A deficiency as a cause of blindness in feedlot calves / Deficiência de vitamina A como causa de cegueira em bezerros confinados

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient to reproduction, development, normal growth, and function of the nervous system and vision, especially in growing animals. Hypovitaminosis A can affect any of these functions. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological aspects, and diagnostic approach in an outbreak of blindness in feedlot calves fed only grain. Five of 57 ten-month-old calves became blind after eight months at the feedlot. Clinical signs were mydriasis, absent pupillary and menace reflexes, bilaterally. Hypovitaminosis A was suspected and subsequently confirmed by low serum levels of vitamin A. One calf was euthanized and necropsied, and no gross findings were present. Histopathological lesions were restricted to the retina and characterized by degeneration and atrophy of the photoreceptor layer and some retinal scars. The calves were treated with intramuscular vitamin A injection at a dose of 5,000 international units (IU) per kilogram of body weight (kg BW) every 60 days until slaughter. Affected calves did not recover visual capacity, but no other cases occurred.

Vitamina A é um micronutriente essencial para reprodução, desenvolvimento, crescimento normal, além de participar do funcionamento do sistema nervoso central e visão, especialmente em animais em crescimento. Hipovitaminose A pode afetar qualquer uma dessas funções. O objetivo desse artigo é descrever a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, aspectos patológicos e abordagem diagnóstica em um surto de cegueira em bezerros confinados alimentados apenas com grãos. De 57 bezerros de dez meses de idade, cinco ficaram cegos após oito meses no confinamento. Os sinais clínicos eram midríase, ausência de reflexo pupilar a luz e de ameaça, bilateralmente. Suspeitou-se de hipovitaminose A, que foi subsequentemente confirmada pelos baixos níveis séricos de vitamina A. Um bezerro foi eutanasiado e necropsiado, e alterações macroscópicas não foram encontradas. Lesões histopatológicas estavam restritas a retina e caracterizavam-se por degeneração e atrofia da camada de fotorreceptores, além de cicatrizes na retina. Os bezerros foram tratados com injeção intramuscular de vitamina A, na dose de 5.000 unidades internacionais (UI) por quilograma de peso vivo (Kg PV) a cada 60 dias, até o dia do abate. Os bezerros afetados não recuperaram a capacidade visual, mas novos casos não ocorreram.

Effectiveness of oral electrolyte solutions with different compositions for the treatment of neonatal calves with induced osmotic diarrhea / Eficácia de soluções eletrolíticas orais com diferentes composições no tratamento de bezerros neonatos com diarreia osmótica induzida

In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of five oral electrolyte solutions (OESS) with different compositions of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances of diarrheal neonatal calves. Osmotic diarrhea and dehydration were induced with sucrose in milk, spironolactone, and hydrochlorothiazide for 48 h in thirty 10-day old Holstein healthy calves with 43.5 ± 3.80 kg BW who were fed with natural milk. They were allocated to five treatment groups (n=6) based on the administered OES (commercial: OES A, B, C, D; and non-commercial: OES UEL). On the day of treatment, the calves received 6L of OES in two doses apart from milk intakes. Venous blood samples were collected at -48h (start of induction), -24h, Oh (start of the treatment day), 8h, 16h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. TPP, glucose, D-lactate, L-lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, CI, SID3, SIG, AG, Atot and percentage change in plasma volume (%PV) were measured or calculated and analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. All the calves developed osmotic diarrhea, mild to moderate dehydration, hyponatremia, relative hyperchloremia, and moderate to severe metabolic acidosis. The tested OESS were well accepted by the calves and effective in reversing dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. OES D did not completely correct hyponatremia, and SEO B caused transient hyperglycemia. It has been concluded that all the tested OESS are safe and effective for the treatment of diarrhea in calves with moderate degrees of dehydration and metabolic acidosis, which indicates that they have proper compositions for this purpose.

Em um ensaio clínico controlado e aleatório, foram comparados os efeitos de cinco soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEOs) sobre os equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base de bezerros neonatos diarreicos. Diarreia osmótica e desidratação foram induzidas com sacarose no leite, espironolactona e hidroclorotiazida, por 48h, em 30 bezerros Holandeses com 10 dias de idade, 43,5 ± 3,8kg de peso, e alimentados com leite natural. Eles foram distribuídos em cinco grupos de tratamento (n=6) de acordo com a SEO administrada (comercial: SEO A, B, C, D; e não comercial: SEO UEL). No dia do tratamento, os bezerros receberam 6L de SEO em duas doses além da ingestão de leite. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em -48h (início da indução), - 24h, Oh (início do dia de tratamento), 8h, 16h, 24h, 48h e 72h. PPT, glicose, lactatos Le D, pH, pCO2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, CI, SID3, SIG, AG, Atot e variação percentual no volume plasmático (%VP) foram mensurados ou calculados, e analisados por meio de ANOVA de duas vias de medidas repetidas. Todos os bezerros desenvolveram diarreia osmótica, desidratação leve a moderada, hiponatremia, hipercloremia relativa e acidose metabólica moderada a grave. As SEOs testadas foram bem aceitas pelos bezerros e eficazes para a reversão da desidratação, dos desequilíbrios eletrolíticos e da acidose metabólica. A SEO D não corrigiu completamente a hiponatremia, e a SEO B causou hiperglicemia transitória. Conclui-se que todas as SEOs são eficazes para o tratamento da diarreia em bezerros com graus moderados de desidratação e de acidose metabólica, o que indica que possuem composições adequadas para esse fim.

Mandibulectomia em um bovino - Relato de caso / Mandybulectomy in a bovine - Case report abstract / Mandibulectomia a en bovinos - Reporte de caso

A fratura é uma descontinuidade óssea, completa ou incompleta. Fraturas mandibulares em ruminantes são provocadas por malformações congênitas, neoplasias, manipulação obstétrica e traumas. Essas patologias causam defeitos segmentares da mandíbula que requerem interversões cirúrgicas. Relata-se caso de fratura completa bilateral em região de meridiano mandibular em um bezerro da raça Braford de vinte dias de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da FAIT, Itapeva-SP. O animal apresentou protusão de língua, sialorreia, taquicardia, edema na região mandibular, odor fétido e secreção purulenta. Segundo a confirmação radiográfica e achados de termografia infravermelha, o tratamento consistiu na cirurgia de mandibulectomia bilateral. Conclui-se que a mandibulectomia, aplicada devido abordagem tardia e inviabilidade do tecido mole, não proporciona adaptação a dieta com volumoso, comprometendo a expectativa de vida do bovino.(AU)

Fracture is a bone discontinuity, complete or incomplete. Congenital malformations, neoplasms, obstetric manipulation andtrauma cause mandibular fractures in ruminants. These pathologies cause segmental defects of the mandible that require surgical interventions. We report a case of complete bilateral fracture in the region of the mandibular meridian in a twenty-day-old Braford calf, treated at the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital of FAIT, Itapeva-SP. The animal presented tongue protrusion, drooling, tachycardia, edema in the mandibular region, foul odor and purulent secretion. According to radiographic confirmation and infrared thermography findings, treatment consisted of bilateral mandibulectomy surgery.It is concluded that mandibulectomy, applied due to late approach and infeasibility of the soft tissue, does not provide adaptation to bulky feeds, compromising the life expectancy of the bovine.(AU)

La fractura es una discontinuidad ósea, completa o incompleta. Las fracturas mandibulares en rumiantes son causadas por malformaciones congénitas, neoplasias, manipulación obstétrica y traumatismos. Estas patologías provocan defectos segmentarios de la mandíbula que requieren intervenciones quirúrgicas. Presentamos un caso de fractura bilateral completa en la región del meridiano mandibular en un ternero de veinte días de edad atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de Grandes Animales de la FAIT, Itapeva-SP. El animal presentaba protrusión de la lengua, babeo, taquicardia, edema en la región mandibular, mal olor y secreción purulenta. Según la confirmación radiográfica y los hallazgos de la termografía infrarroja, el tratamiento consistió en una cirugía de mandibulectomía bilateral. Se concluye que la mandibulectomía, aplicada por abordaje tardío e inviabilidad de los tejidos blandos, no proporciona adaptación a la dieta con fibra, comprometiendo la expectativa de vida del bovino.(AU)

The effect of various heat-treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves

To investigate the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum at different duration on the health and performance, 48 Holstein calves were enrolled randomly into four treatment groups before first feeding and consumed untreated colostrum (H0, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 30 min. (H30, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 60 min. (H60, n = 12) and heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 90 min. (H90, n = 12). Blood samples were collected for analyses of IgG and protein profile at 0, 6, and 24h of age. The colostrum sample from treated and untreated batches and feces sample from each calf also were taken. The results showed heat-treatment of colostrum at 60ºC for 60 (p = 0.03) and 90 min. (p = 0.01) reduced total bacterial count, while colostral IgG concentration maintained up to 60 min. Serum total protein (p = 0.02), IgG concentrations (p = 0.03), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (p = 0.02) were significantly greater at 6 and 24h in calves that were fed heat-treated colostrum (H90) compared to calves fed unheated colostrum (H0). General health status of calves that were received heat-treated colostrum was better and the prevalence of diarrhea-induced pathogens was lower than calves were fed unheated colostrum. In conclusion, the consumption of heat-treated colostrum had a positive effect on health, growth characteristics, and performance of calves during the suckling period.(AU)

The effect of various heat-treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves

To investigate the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum at different duration on the health and performance, 48 Holstein calves were enrolled randomly into four treatment groups before first feeding and consumed untreated colostrum (H0, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 30 min. (H30, n = 12), heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 60 min. (H60, n = 12) and heat-treated colostrum at 60ºC for 90 min. (H90, n = 12). Blood samples were collected for analyses of IgG and protein profile at 0, 6, and 24h of age. The colostrum sample from treated and untreated batches and feces sample from each calf also were taken. The results showed heat-treatment of colostrum at 60ºC for 60 (p = 0.03) and 90 min. (p = 0.01) reduced total bacterial count, while colostral IgG concentration maintained up to 60 min. Serum total protein (p = 0.02), IgG concentrations (p = 0.03), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (p = 0.02) were significantly greater at 6 and 24h in calves that were fed heat-treated colostrum (H90) compared to calves fed unheated colostrum (H0). General health status of calves that were received heat-treated colostrum was better and the prevalence of diarrhea-induced pathogens was lower than calves were fed unheated colostrum. In conclusion, the consumption of heat-treated colostrum had a positive effect on health, growth characteristics, and performance of calves during the suckling period.

Deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda em bezerra - relato de caso / Acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of a female calf - case report

O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma bezerra com deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda de origem idiopática. No exame físico o animal não conseguia se locomover normalmente e, durante o exame de extensão e flexão, foi constatada a rigidez da articulação metacarpofalangeana do lado esquerdo. O tratamento instituído foi a imobilização do membro acometido com tala de PVC e a administração de oxitetraciclina, associada a dexametasona. Decorridos oito dias do tratamento a tala foi retirada e a bezerra passou a apoiar o membro no chão, locomovendo-se normalmente.

The present paper is a case report of a heifer presenting an acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of idiopathic origin. During the physical examination it was observed that the animal was unable to move normally and during the extension and flexion examination it was found rigidity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint. The treatment applied was the immobilization of the affected limb with PVC splint and administration of Oxytetracycline, associated with Dexamethasone. After eight days, the splint was removed and the heifer was moving normally supporting his limb on the ground.

Use of sulfonamides for the treatment of bovine neonatal diarrhea: clinical and performance parameters / Utilização de sulfonamidas para o tratamento de diarreia neonatal bovina: parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos

This study was developed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and performance parameters of calves affected by diarrhea caused by the bacterial enteric pathogen Escherichia coli, treated with three different protocols containing sulfonamides. Fourteen Holstein calves were monitored from birth to 60 days of age, and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, administered orally (BM), dissolved in 160 ml of water every 24 h; Group 2 (n=4) received IM sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), and Group 3 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, which is made up of 16 g of phthalylsulfathiazole, associated with 2.28 g neomycin sulfate, 1.6 g of pectin, and 80 g of kaolin, dissolved in 160 ml of water and administered every 24 h by mouth, in addition to sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg live weight, through IM injection. During the study, the animals were clinically evaluated, and once they were diagnosed with diarrhea, feces samples were collected to identify the bacterial enteric pathogen, antibiogram, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and coproparasitological exams. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the hematological profile, and the performance profile was monitored weekly. In the clinical examination, all calves presented a reduction in body temperature (<39.2°C) and some improvement in hydration after treatment (p=0,31). However, group 2 had a better concentration of lymphocytes and TP concerning the other animals, as well as better performance. Besides, E.coli was detected in 100% of feces samples. Thus, the therapeutic protocols with sulfonamides used to treat bovine neonatal diarrhea were effective in the clinical improvement of the animals. Nonetheless, the protocol with systemic therapy using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil) intramuscularly, provided better performance, with better weight gain, and body development of the animals.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e zootécnicos de bezerras acometidas por diarreia provocada pelo agente bacteriano Escherichia coli, tratadas com três diferentes protocolos contendo sulfonamidas. Quatorze bezerras da raça Holandês foram monitoradas do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida e divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=5), animais tratados com a dose de 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por via oral (VO), dissolvido em 160ml de água a cada 24 horas; Grupo 2 (n=4) receberam sulfadiazina e trimetropim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), na dose de 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, por via intramuscular (IM); Grupo 3 (n=5) 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por VO dissolvido em 160ml de água, a cada 24 horas e com 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, de sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), por via IM. Durante o estudo, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e a partir do diagnóstico de diarreia foram coletadas amostras de fezes para a identificação do agente bacteriano, antibiograma, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e exames coproparasitológicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil hematológico e o perfil zootécnico foi acompanhado semanalmente. No exame clínico, todas as bezerras apresentaram redução na temperatura corporal (<39,2°C) e melhora na hidratação após o período de tratamento (p=0,31), porém o grupo 2 obteve maior concentração de linfócitos e PPT em relação aos demais, assim como melhor desempenho zootécnico, além disso em 100% das amostras de fezes foi detectado E. coli. Sendo assim, os protocolos terapêuticos com sulfonamidas utilizados para o tratamento da diarreia neonatal bovina foram eficazes na melhora clínica dos animais. Porém, o protocolo com terapia sistêmica com sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil) por via intramuscular proporcionou um melhor desempenho zootécnico, com melhor ganho de peso e desenvolvimento corporal dos animais.(AU)

Use of sulfonamides for the treatment of bovine neonatal diarrhea: clinical and performance parameters / Utilização de sulfonamidas para o tratamento de diarreia neonatal bovina: parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos

This study was developed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and performance parameters of calves affected by diarrhea caused by the bacterial enteric pathogen Escherichia coli, treated with three different protocols containing sulfonamides. Fourteen Holstein calves were monitored from birth to 60 days of age, and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, administered orally (BM), dissolved in 160 ml of water every 24 h; Group 2 (n=4) received IM sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), and Group 3 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, which is made up of 16 g of phthalylsulfathiazole, associated with 2.28 g neomycin sulfate, 1.6 g of pectin, and 80 g of kaolin, dissolved in 160 ml of water and administered every 24 h by mouth, in addition to sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg live weight, through IM injection. During the study, the animals were clinically evaluated, and once they were diagnosed with diarrhea, feces samples were collected to identify the bacterial enteric pathogen, antibiogram, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and coproparasitological exams. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the hematological profile, and the performance profile was monitored weekly. In the clinical examination, all calves presented a reduction in body temperature (<39.2°C) and some improvement in hydration after treatment (p=0,31). However, group 2 had a better concentration of lymphocytes and TP concerning the other animals, as well as better performance. Besides, E.coli was detected in 100% of feces samples. Thus, the therapeutic protocols with sulfonamides used to treat bovine neonatal diarrhea were effective in the clinical improvement of the animals. Nonetheless, the protocol with systemic therapy using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil) intramuscularly, provided better performance, with better weight gain, and body development of the animals.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e zootécnicos de bezerras acometidas por diarreia provocada pelo agente bacteriano Escherichia coli, tratadas com três diferentes protocolos contendo sulfonamidas. Quatorze bezerras da raça Holandês foram monitoradas do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida e divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=5), animais tratados com a dose de 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por via oral (VO), dissolvido em 160ml de água a cada 24 horas; Grupo 2 (n=4) receberam sulfadiazina e trimetropim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), na dose de 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, por via intramuscular (IM); Grupo 3 (n=5) 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por VO dissolvido em 160ml de água, a cada 24 horas e com 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, de sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), por via IM. Durante o estudo, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e a partir do diagnóstico de diarreia foram coletadas amostras de fezes para a identificação do agente bacteriano, antibiograma, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e exames coproparasitológicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil hematológico e o perfil zootécnico foi acompanhado semanalmente. No exame clínico, todas as bezerras apresentaram redução na temperatura corporal (<39,2°C) e melhora na hidratação após o período de tratamento (p=0,31), porém o grupo 2 obteve maior concentração de linfócitos e PPT em relação aos demais, assim como melhor desempenho zootécnico, além disso em 100% das amostras de fezes foi detectado E. coli. Sendo assim, os protocolos terapêuticos com sulfonamidas utilizados para o tratamento da diarreia neonatal bovina foram eficazes na melhora clínica dos animais. Porém, o protocolo com terapia sistêmica com sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil) por via intramuscular proporcionou um melhor desempenho zootécnico, com melhor ganho de peso e desenvolvimento corporal dos animais.(AU)

Relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu-type cows (Bos indicus)

To determine a possible relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu cows, 30 cow-calf pairs were estrus synchronized at 25 days post-partum. No differences were observed in the number of cows displaying estrus or ovulating between those cows reacting to more calves with higher intensity, and the rest of the herd (P > 0.05). However, significant negative correlations were found between cows reacting to more calves and the presence of follicles (-0.39; P = 0.03), and cows displaying a more intense reaction toward their calf and estrous display (-0.46; P = 0.01). Current results suggest that protective maternal components might affect some reproductive variables.(AU)

Deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda em bezerra - relato de caso / Acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of a female calf - case report

O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma bezerra com deformidade flexural adquirida da articulação metacarpofalangeana esquerda de origem idiopática. No exame físico o animal não conseguia se locomover normalmente e, durante o exame de extensão e flexão, foi constatada a rigidez da articulação metacarpofalangeana do lado esquerdo. O tratamento instituído foi a imobilização do membro acometido com tala de PVC e a administração de oxitetraciclina, associada a dexametasona. Decorridos oito dias do tratamento a tala foi retirada e a bezerra passou a apoiar o membro no chão, locomovendo-se normalmente.(AU)

The present paper is a case report of a heifer presenting an acquired flexural deformity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of idiopathic origin. During the physical examination it was observed that the animal was unable to move normally and during the extension and flexion examination it was found rigidity of the left metacarpophalangeal joint. The treatment applied was the immobilization of the affected limb with PVC splint and administration of Oxytetracycline, associated with Dexamethasone. After eight days, the splint was removed and the heifer was moving normally supporting his limb on the ground.(AU)

Relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu-type cows (Bos indicus)

To determine a possible relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu cows, 30 cow-calf pairs were estrus synchronized at 25 days post-partum. No differences were observed in the number of cows displaying estrus or ovulating between those cows reacting to more calves with higher intensity, and the rest of the herd (P > 0.05). However, significant negative correlations were found between cows reacting to more calves and the presence of follicles (-0.39; P = 0.03), and cows displaying a more intense reaction toward their calf and estrous display (-0.46; P = 0.01). Current results suggest that protective maternal components might affect some reproductive variables.(AU)

Relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu-type cows (Bos indicus)

To determine a possible relationship between protective maternal behavior and some reproductive variables in zebu cows, 30 cow-calf pairs were estrus synchronized at 25 days post-partum. No differences were observed in the number of cows displaying estrus or ovulating between those cows reacting to more calves with higher intensity, and the rest of the herd (P > 0.05). However, significant negative correlations were found between cows reacting to more calves and the presence of follicles (-0.39; P = 0.03), and cows displaying a more intense reaction toward their calf and estrous display (-0.46; P = 0.01). Current results suggest that protective maternal components might affect some reproductive variables.

Heifer management characterization in dairy herds from the west of Buenos Aires, Argentina / Caracterização da gestão de novilhas em rebanhos leiteiros do oeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina

The replacement program in a dairy farm represents the second or third largest cost in a dairy operation. This study aimed to characterize and typify the practices related to the dairy heifer replacement program and describe the growth, development, and health parameters during this period in commercial dairy herds in Trenque Lauquen. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, including 54 randomly selected dairy farms that were visited once to collect data about facilities and management through a semi-structured survey. Cluster and principal coordinates analysis were applied to classify the farms based on all variables collected, grouped in four main areas: pre-fresh cows, colostrum management, pre-weaning calf 's management, and personnel. Additionally, growth, development, and health status were also recorded and described for calves and breeding heifers. Two similar-sized farm clusters were identified with differences in management and facilities in different areas of calves rearing. In one cluster there was a greater proportion of farms having a pre-fresh group, implementing appropriate health (colostrum, vaccination) and feeding management. Also, differences in personnel and technical support were relevant. The estimated body gain was 452 and 774 g/d for calves younger or older than 60 d of age, respectively. The age and weight farm averages in breeding heifers were 21.0 mo (range: 16.7-27.5) and 416.3 kg (range: 336.7-519.3), respectively. Diarrhea and respiratory affections were the major problems in pre-weaning calves and heifer rearing, respectively. The median mortality was 7.3, 7.6, and 2.9% at the calving, pre-weaning, and heifer rearing period, respectively. The results showed an improvement opportunity for producers, the design of precise and high impact programs that could lead to an improved replacement program.(AU)

Nos rebanhos leiteiros, o programa de reposição representa o segundo ou o terceiro maior custo da atividade de produção de leite. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar e tipificar as práticas relacionadas ao programa de reposição de novilhas leiteiras e descrever o crescimento, desenvolvimento e parâmetros de saúde durante este período em rebanhos leiteiros comerciais localizados em Trenque Lauquen, oeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal incluindo 54 fazendas de produção de leite selecionadas ao acaso e visitadas uma única vez para a colheita de dados relacionados a instalações e manejo empregando-se um questionário semi-estruturado. Foi efetuada a análise dos agrupamentos e das coordenadas principais para classificar as fazendas com base em todas as variáveis colhidas e agrupadas em quatro principais áreas: vacas pré-parto, manejo de colostro, manejo pré-desmame de bezerros e recursos humanos. Os dados referentes ao crescimento, desenvolvimento e estado de saúde dos animais também foram registrados e descritos para bezerros e novilhas. Dois grupos de fazendas de tamanho semelhante foram identificados com diferenças no manejo e instalações em distintas áreas de recria de bezerros. Em um grupo houve uma maior proporção de fazendas que tinham um grupo de vacas pré-parto, com implementação de adequado manejo de saúde (colostro, vacinações) e manejo alimentar. Também foram relevantes as diferenças em termos de pessoal e suporte técnico. O ganho de peso estimado foi de 452 e 774 gramas por dia, respectivamente, para os bezerros jovens e os com idade superior a 60 dias. As médias das fazendas da idade e do peso das novilhas de reprodução foram, respectivamente, 21,0 meses (variação de 16,7 a 27,5) e 416,3 kg (variação de 336,7 a 519,3). A diarreia e as afecções respiratórias foram os maiores problemas de saúde, respectivamente, nos bezerros em pré-desmama e novilhas em recria. A média de mortalidade foi de 7,3; 7,6 e 2,9%, respectivamente, ao parto, na pré-desmama e durante a recria de novilhas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a existência de oportunidades de melhoria para os produtores, com o delineamento de programas precisos e de alto impacto que poderão propiciar um programa de reposição aprimorado.(AU)

Morbidity and mortality in Holstein calves from birth to 145 days of age on a large dairy farm in Brazil / Morbidade e mortalidade em bezerras da raça Holandesa do nascimento aos 145 dias de vida, em uma grande fazenda produtora de leite no Brasil

The present study aimed to investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with the most common diseases during the rearing period of Holstein calves in a high-production dairy farm. The calves (n = 600) were allocated to three groups based on age: G1 (1-7 days, n = 216), G2 (30-40 days, n = 188), and G3 (69-85 days, n = 196). They were evaluated over 60 days at eight different times. The morbidity rates were 47.67% (286/600) for diarrhea, 73.00% (438/600) for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and 3.83% (23/600) for umbilical inflammation (UI). The mortality rate was 2.33% (14/600) for all the animals studied. The morbidity differed in the groups, with higher rates of diarrhea (78.85%, 166/216) and UI (6.94%, 15/216) in G1, and the highest rate of BRD in G3 (79.59%, 156/196). Diarrhea was associated with the occurrence of BRD in G1 and G2. Even in farms with good management practices, there is high morbidity associated with diarrhea and BRD, with the morbidity rate for diarrhea decreasing and that for BRD increasing as the animals get older. In addition, diarrhea is an important risk factor for BRD, especially in younger animals.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a morbidade e a mortalidade associadas às doenças mais comuns no período de criação de bezerras da raça Holandesa, em uma fazenda leiteira de alta produção. As bezerras (n = 600) foram alocadas em três grupos de acordo com a idade: G1 (1-7 dias, n = 216); G2 (30-40 dias, n = 188); G3 (69-85 dias, n = 196). Os animais foram avaliados durante 60 dias, em oito momentos diferentes. A morbidade foi de 47,67% (286/600) para diarreia, 73,00% (438/600) para doença respiratória bovina (DRB) e 3,83% (23/600) para inflamação umbilical (IU). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 2,33% (14/600), para o total de animais avaliados. A morbidade foi diferente entre os grupos, com maior frequência de diarreia (78,85%, 166/216) e IU (6,94%, 15/216) no G1, sendo a maior ocorrência de DRB no G3 (79,59%, 156/196). A diarreia foi associada à DRB no G1 e no G2. Mesmo em fazendas com boas práticas de manejo, há alta morbidade por diarreia e DRB, com a taxa de morbidade por diarreia diminuindo e a de DRB aumentando à medida que os animais envelhecem. Além disso, a diarreia é um importante fator de risco para DRB, especialmente em animais mais jovens.(AU)

Salmonelose em bezerros pelo sorovar Dublin no estado do Paraná, Brasil - aspectos clínico-patológicos / Salmonellosis in calves by serovar Dublin in Paraná State, Brazil - clinicopathological aspects

Background: Calf diarrhea remains one of the main diseases affecting the cattle industry. Persistence of this significant problem is associated with the complexity of factors that may be involved (infectious, environmental). An accurate diagnosis is essential for confirming the cause and helping clinicians and cattle producers to apply appropriate strategies in a timely manner. This report describes the histological changes according to the degree of salmonellosis severity, which is a contagious infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a Gram-negative bacterium, in two beef calves in northern Paraná State, southern Brazil. Cases: Two 90-day-old crossbred Angus and Nellore calves from a beef farm in northern Paraná State were referred to a Veterinary Hospital. Animal 1- developed acute clinical signs (enteritis, ataxia, and muscle rigidity) and died the day after the signs began. Gross findings included heavy and non-collapsed lungs, pulmonary oedema, hepatomegaly, enteritis, and severe diffuse typhlitis. Microscopic analysis revealed severe diffuse necrotic enteritis, typhlitis, severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia, moderate centrilobular hepatic necrosis, mild multifocal nephritis, and severe spleen and lymph node necrosis. Paratyphoid nodules were evidenced on the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Animal 2- presented apathy, green fibrinous diarrhea, and died three days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic examination showed moderate diffuse enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly. At the microscopic examination, many paratyphoid nodules were observed on the liver, spleen, kidneys, and Peyer's patches, which were associated with intralesional and intravascular bacilli. Additional findings included severe diffuse fibrinous necrotic enteritis with intralesional bacilli, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal splenic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and moderate multifocal to coalescent lymphocytic nephritis. Histological Gram staining was performed on selected samples, revealing intralesional Gram-negative bacilli in the liver and intestine. Thus, liver and intestine fragments were used for the microbiological examination. Microbiological culture, isolation and biochemical tests identified the genus Salmonella spp. Then, the colonies were subjected to serological tests for serovar identification, according to ISO/TR 6579-3, which determined the serovar Dublin. After identifying the disease etiological agent, the outbreak was controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy combined with the correction of sanitary measures. Discussion: Enteritis is a frequent disease in calves, posing a diagnostic challenge in identifying the etiological agent. In the present case, the histological, microbiological, and serological results confirmed a disseminated Salmonella spp. infection. The microscopic findings, such as interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous necrotic enteritis markedly in ileum and paratyphoid nodules in various organs, are the most common aspects of the disease. However, fibrinous cholecystitis, which is considered pathognomonic for salmonellosis, was not observed in this study. Therefore, the absence of such a lesion should not exclude the disease in sick animals. A microscopic injury score was used to determine lesion severity by assigning values from 1 to 4, wherein: 1 = no apparent lesions, 2 = mild lesions, 3 = moderate lesions, and 4 = severe lesions. Both calves were scored as 4. Multiple predisposing factors for the condition were identified in this farm such as different age animals in the same paddock and no specific paddock for sick animals, given that the infectious agent remains in feces, saliva, and nasal discharge. The serovar Dublin induces several clinical signs such as septicemic, respiratory, and enteric manifestations, making a clinical diagnosis a challenge

Heifer management characterization in dairy herds from the west of Buenos Aires, Argentina / Caracterização da gestão de novilhas em rebanhos leiteiros do oeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina

The replacement program in a dairy farm represents the second or third largest cost in a dairy operation. This study aimed to characterize and typify the practices related to the dairy heifer replacement program and describe the growth, development, and health parameters during this period in commercial dairy herds in Trenque Lauquen. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out, including 54 randomly selected dairy farms that were visited once to collect data about facilities and management through a semi-structured survey. Cluster and principal coordinates analysis were applied to classify the farms based on all variables collected, grouped in four main areas: pre-fresh cows, colostrum management, pre-weaning calf 's management, and personnel. Additionally, growth, development, and health status were also recorded and described for calves and breeding heifers. Two similar-sized farm clusters were identified with differences in management and facilities in different areas of calves rearing. In one cluster there was a greater proportion of farms having a pre-fresh group, implementing appropriate health (colostrum, vaccination) and feeding management. Also, differences in personnel and technical support were relevant. The estimated body gain was 452 and 774 g/d for calves younger or older than 60 d of age, respectively. The age and weight farm averages in breeding heifers were 21.0 mo (range: 16.7-27.5) and 416.3 kg (range: 336.7-519.3), respectively. Diarrhea and respiratory affections were the major problems in pre-weaning calves and heifer rearing, respectively. The median mortality was 7.3, 7.6, and 2.9% at the calving, pre-weaning, and heifer rearing period, respectively. The results showed an improvement opportunity for producers, the design of precise and high impact programs that could lead to an improved replacement program.(AU)

Nos rebanhos leiteiros, o programa de reposição representa o segundo ou o terceiro maior custo da atividade de produção de leite. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar e tipificar as práticas relacionadas ao programa de reposição de novilhas leiteiras e descrever o crescimento, desenvolvimento e parâmetros de saúde durante este período em rebanhos leiteiros comerciais localizados em Trenque Lauquen, oeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal incluindo 54 fazendas de produção de leite selecionadas ao acaso e visitadas uma única vez para a colheita de dados relacionados a instalações e manejo empregando-se um questionário semi-estruturado. Foi efetuada a análise dos agrupamentos e das coordenadas principais para classificar as fazendas com base em todas as variáveis colhidas e agrupadas em quatro principais áreas: vacas pré-parto, manejo de colostro, manejo pré-desmame de bezerros e recursos humanos. Os dados referentes ao crescimento, desenvolvimento e estado de saúde dos animais também foram registrados e descritos para bezerros e novilhas. Dois grupos de fazendas de tamanho semelhante foram identificados com diferenças no manejo e instalações em distintas áreas de recria de bezerros. Em um grupo houve uma maior proporção de fazendas que tinham um grupo de vacas pré-parto, com implementação de adequado manejo de saúde (colostro, vacinações) e manejo alimentar. Também foram relevantes as diferenças em termos de pessoal e suporte técnico. O ganho de peso estimado foi de 452 e 774 gramas por dia, respectivamente, para os bezerros jovens e os com idade superior a 60 dias. As médias das fazendas da idade e do peso das novilhas de reprodução foram, respectivamente, 21,0 meses (variação de 16,7 a 27,5) e 416,3 kg (variação de 336,7 a 519,3). A diarreia e as afecções respiratórias foram os maiores problemas de saúde, respectivamente, nos bezerros em pré-desmama e novilhas em recria. A média de mortalidade foi de 7,3; 7,6 e 2,9%, respectivamente, ao parto, na pré-desmama e durante a recria de novilhas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a existência de oportunidades de melhoria para os produtores, com o delineamento de programas precisos e de alto impacto que poderão propiciar um programa de reposição aprimorado.(AU)

Molecular survey of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Levantamento molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em bezerros do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts; it has been reported to be the cause of severe illness or death in livestock worldwide, which leads to decreased performance and production losses, especially in young animals. This study investigated the presence of Cryptosporidiumin calves from beef farms in the state of Mato Grosso, midwestern Brazil. For this purpose, fecal samples from 237 animals aged ≤ 45 days, raised in 20 rural properties were subjected to DNA extraction and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) targeting 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene followed by sequencing. Additionally, positive samples, previously identified as Cryptosporidium parvum by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene, were subsequently analyzed focusing the amplification and sequencing using nPCR of a fragment of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Of the 237 fecal samples analyzed by PCR (18S rRNA), 50 (21.1%) fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., while 14 (70%) of the 20 properties had at least one positive animal. The following Cryptosporidium species were detected: C. bovis, C. parvum, and C. ryanae. Thereafter, two potentially zoonotic subtypes (IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1) of C. parvum were identified based on gp60 gene sequences. This study resulted in the detection of subtype IIaA16G3R1 for the first time in South America and showed a wide distribution of the protozoan in beef farms in the studied area of the State.

Cryptosporidium spp. é um protozoário que infecta uma grande variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados, sendo descrito como causa de doenças graves ou morte na pecuária em todo o mundo, o que leva à diminuição do desempenho e à perda de produção, especialmente em animais jovens. Este estudo investigou a presença de Cryptosporidium em bezerros de fazendas de bovinocultura de corte no estado de Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Para esse fim, amostras fecais de 237 animais com idade ≤ 45dias, criados em 20 propriedades rurais foram submetidas à extração de DNA e uma "nested" da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (nPCR) direcionada ao gene 18S RNA ribossomal (18S rRNA), seguido do sequenciamento. Adicionalmente, amostras positivas, previamente identificadas como Cryptosporidium parvum pelo sequenciamento e análises filogenéticas baseadas no gene 18S rRNA, foram posteriormente analisadas usando a nPCR buscando a amplificação e sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene de uma glicoproteína de 60 kDa (gp60). Das 237 amostras fecais analisadas pela PCR (18S rRNA), 50 (21,1%)amostras fecais foram positivas para Cryptosporidium spp., enquanto 14 (70%) das 20 propriedades tinham ao menos um animal positivo. As seguintes espécies de Cryptosporidium foram detectadas: C. bovis, C. parvum e C. ryanae. Posteriormente, dois subtipos potencialmente zoonóticos (IIaA15G2R1e IIaA16G3R1) foram identificados. Este estudo resultou na detecção do subtipo IIaA16G3R1 pela primeira vez na América do Sul e mostrou uma ampla distribuição do protozoário em rebanhos de corte na área estudada do Estado.