Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Abstract Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Resumo Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Abstract Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Resumo Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.(AU)

Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.(AU)

Pesquisa de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. e Leishmania spp. em cães no município de Pardinho, São Paulo / Research for Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. and Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from Pardinho, São Paulo / Investigación de anticuerpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. y Leishmania spp. en perros en el municipio de Pardinho, São Paulo

Com a crescente abordagem integração entre saúde humana, saúde animal e ambiental, o cão vem se destacando como potencial reservatório ou sentinela na cadeia epidemiológica de determinadas zoonoses, devido a sua importância como membro do núcleo familiar atual. O presente estudo objetivou determinar a soroprevalência e fatores de risco para toxoplasmose, leptospirose e leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em 181 cães do município de Pardinho, SP, Brasil, participantes de Programa de Controle Populacional, realizado pelo Serviço de Vigilância Sanitária local. As amostras de soro foram submetidas a detecção de anticorpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)e Leishmania spp. pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), bem como anticorpos para Leptospira spp. pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Adicionalmente, questionário epidemiológico relacionado às zoonoses abordadas foi aplicado aos tutores para verificar associação epidemiológica dos fatores de risco com os resultados sorológicos. Para leptospirose, 7/181 (3,87%; IC95% 1,5-7,8%) animais foram reagentes, sendo Canicola o sorovar prevalente (5/7, 71,43%), seguido por Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14,29%) e Pyrogenes (1/7, 14,29%). Para toxoplasmose, 17/181 (9,39%; IC95% 5,6-14,6%) amostras apresentaram anticorpos específicos, sendo 8/17 (47,05%) com título de 16, 7/17 (41,17%) com título 64, 1/17 (5,88%) com título 256 e 1/17 (5,89%) com título 4096. Por outro lado, nenhuma amostra apresentou anticorpos específicos detectáveis para Leishmania spp. Por meio deste estudo, foi possível o registro da circulação de T. gondii e Leishmania spp. em cães do município estudado. Com isso, demonstra-se a importância de realização de inquéritos sorológicos em cães durante programas de controle populacional. Dada a importância de se controlar estas e outras zoonoses relevantes a saúde pública, se destacam a necessidade de ações de vigilância epidemiológica e a importância do cão como sentinela.

The dog, with the growing approach to the integration between human, animal and environmental, has been standing out as a potential reservoir or sentinel to the epidemiological chain of some specific zoonoses, due to its importance as a member of the current family nucleus. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors to toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC) in 181 dogs from Pardinho, SP, Brazil, included on a Population Control Program carried outby the local Health Surveillance Service. Serum samples were researched for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Leishmania spp. IgG antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), whereas Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Additionally, an epidemiological questionnaire related to the studied zoonoses was applied to the owners to verify the epidemiological association of the risk factors to the serological results. For leptospirosis, seropositivity was in 7/181 (3.87%; 95%CI 1.5-7.8%) animals resulted reagent, with Canicola as the prevalent serovar (5/7, 71.43%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14.29%) and Pyrogenes (1/7, 14.29%). For toxoplasmosis, 17/181 (9.39%; 95%CI 5.6-14.6%) samples resulted positive, presenting titer 16 (8/17, 47.05%), titer 64 (7/17, 41.17%), titer 256 (1/17, 5.89%), and titer 4096 (1/17, 5.88%). On the other hand, no sample resulted positive for Leishmania spp. antibodies. In this way, this study reports the unprecedented record of the circulation of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. among dogs in the studied area. This demonstrates the importance of serological surveys on dogs during population control programs. The need for epidemiological surveillance actions and the importance of the dog as sentinel are highlighted, due to the importance of controlling these and other zoonoses relevant to public health.

Con el creciente enfoque para la integración entre la salud humana, animal y ambiental, el perro se destaca como potencial reservorio o centinela en la cadena epidemiológica de determinadas zoonosis, por su importancia como miembro del núcleo familiar actual. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores de riesgo para toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis y leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC) en 181 perros de la ciudad de Pardinho, SP, Brasil, participantes del Programa de Control de la Población, realizado por el Servicio de Vigilancia Sanitaria local. Las muestras de suero fueronsometidas a reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (RIFI) para la detección de anticuerpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) y Leishmania spp., así como anticuerpos frente a Leptospiraspp. por la técnica de aglutinación microscópica (SAM). Adicionalmente, se aplicó a los propietarios un cuestionario epidemiológico relacionado a las zoonosis abordadas para verificar la asociación epidemiológica de los factores de riesgo con los resultados serológicos. Para la leptospirosis, 7/181 (3,87%; IC95% 1,5-7,8%) animales fueron reactivos, siendo Canicola el serovar prevalente (5/7, 71,43%), seguido de Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14,29%) y Pyrogenes (1/7, 14,29%). Para la toxoplasmosis, 17/181 (9,39%; IC95% 5,6-14,6%) mostraron anticuerpos específicos, 8/17 (47,05%) con un título de 16, 7/17 (41,17%) %) con título 64, 1/17 (5,89%) con título 256 y 1/17 (5,88%) con título 4096. Por otro lado, ninguna muestra mostró anticuerpos específicos detectables para Leishmaniaspp. Así, en este estudio fue posible registrar la circulación de T. gondiiy Leishmaniaspp. en los perros del municipio estudiado. Esto demuestra la importancia de realizar investigaciones serológicas en perros durante los programas de control de la población. Dada la importancia de controlar estas y otras zoonosis relevantes para la salud pública, se destaca la necesidad de acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica y la importancia del perro como centinela.

Pesquisa de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. e Leishmania spp. em cães no município de Pardinho, São Paulo / Research for Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. and Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from Pardinho, São Paulo / Investigación de anticuerpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp. y Leishmania spp. en perros en el municipio de Pardinho, São Paulo

Com a crescente abordagem integração entre saúde humana, saúde animal e ambiental, o cão vem se destacando como potencial reservatório ou sentinela na cadeia epidemiológica de determinadas zoonoses, devido a sua importância como membro do núcleo familiar atual. O presente estudo objetivou determinar a soroprevalência e fatores de risco para toxoplasmose, leptospirose e leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em 181 cães do município de Pardinho, SP, Brasil, participantes de Programa de Controle Populacional, realizado pelo Serviço de Vigilância Sanitária local. As amostras de soro foram submetidas a detecção de anticorpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)e Leishmania spp. pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), bem como anticorpos para Leptospira spp. pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Adicionalmente, questionário epidemiológico relacionado às zoonoses abordadas foi aplicado aos tutores para verificar associação epidemiológica dos fatores de risco com os resultados sorológicos. Para leptospirose, 7/181 (3,87%; IC95% 1,5-7,8%) animais foram reagentes, sendo Canicola o sorovar prevalente (5/7, 71,43%), seguido por Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14,29%) e Pyrogenes (1/7, 14,29%). Para toxoplasmose, 17/181 (9,39%; IC95% 5,6-14,6%) amostras apresentaram anticorpos específicos, sendo 8/17 (47,05%) com título de 16, 7/17 (41,17%) com título 64, 1/17 (5,88%) com título 256 e 1/17 (5,89%) com título 4096. Por outro lado, nenhuma amostra apresentou anticorpos específicos detectáveis para Leishmania spp. Por meio deste estudo, foi possível o registro da circulação de T. gondii e Leishmania spp. em cães do município estudado. Com isso, demonstra-se a importância de realização de inquéritos sorológicos em cães durante programas de controle populacional. Dada a importância de se controlar estas e outras zoonoses relevantes a saúde pública, se destacam a necessidade de ações de vigilância epidemiológica e a importância do cão como sentinela.(AU)

The dog, with the growing approach to the integration between human, animal and environmental, has been standing out as a potential reservoir or sentinel to the epidemiological chain of some specific zoonoses, due to its importance as a member of the current family nucleus. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors to toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis and canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC) in 181 dogs from Pardinho, SP, Brazil, included on a Population Control Program carried outby the local Health Surveillance Service. Serum samples were researched for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Leishmania spp. IgG antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), whereas Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Additionally, an epidemiological questionnaire related to the studied zoonoses was applied to the owners to verify the epidemiological association of the risk factors to the serological results. For leptospirosis, seropositivity was in 7/181 (3.87%; 95%CI 1.5-7.8%) animals resulted reagent, with Canicola as the prevalent serovar (5/7, 71.43%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14.29%) and Pyrogenes (1/7, 14.29%). For toxoplasmosis, 17/181 (9.39%; 95%CI 5.6-14.6%) samples resulted positive, presenting titer 16 (8/17, 47.05%), titer 64 (7/17, 41.17%), titer 256 (1/17, 5.89%), and titer 4096 (1/17, 5.88%). On the other hand, no sample resulted positive for Leishmania spp. antibodies. In this way, this study reports the unprecedented record of the circulation of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. among dogs in the studied area. This demonstrates the importance of serological surveys on dogs during population control programs. The need for epidemiological surveillance actions and the importance of the dog as sentinel are highlighted, due to the importance of controlling these and other zoonoses relevant to public health.(AU)

Con el creciente enfoque para la integración entre la salud humana, animal y ambiental, el perro se destaca como potencial reservorio o centinela en la cadena epidemiológica de determinadas zoonosis, por su importancia como miembro del núcleo familiar actual. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores de riesgo para toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis y leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC) en 181 perros de la ciudad de Pardinho, SP, Brasil, participantes del Programa de Control de la Población, realizado por el Servicio de Vigilancia Sanitaria local. Las muestras de suero fueronsometidas a reacción de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (RIFI) para la detección de anticuerpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) y Leishmania spp., así como anticuerpos frente a Leptospiraspp. por la técnica de aglutinación microscópica (SAM). Adicionalmente, se aplicó a los propietarios un cuestionario epidemiológico relacionado a las zoonosis abordadas para verificar la asociación epidemiológica de los factores de riesgo con los resultados serológicos. Para la leptospirosis, 7/181 (3,87%; IC95% 1,5-7,8%) animales fueron reactivos, siendo Canicola el serovar prevalente (5/7, 71,43%), seguido de Icterohaemorrhagiae (1/7, 14,29%) y Pyrogenes (1/7, 14,29%). Para la toxoplasmosis, 17/181 (9,39%; IC95% 5,6-14,6%) mostraron anticuerpos específicos, 8/17 (47,05%) con un título de 16, 7/17 (41,17%) %) con título 64, 1/17 (5,89%) con título 256 y 1/17 (5,88%) con título 4096. Por otro lado, ninguna muestra mostró anticuerpos específicos detectables para Leishmaniaspp. Así, en este estudio fue posible registrar la circulación de T. gondiiy Leishmaniaspp. en los perros del municipio estudiado. Esto demuestra la importancia de realizar investigaciones serológicas en perros durante los programas de control de la población. Dada la importancia de controlar estas y otras zoonosis relevantes para la salud pública, se destaca la necesidad de acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica y la importancia del perro como centinela.(AU)

Comparison of serological and molecular tests to investigate Leishmania spp. infections in stray dogs from an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Brazil / Comparação de testes sorológicos e moleculares para investigar infecções por Leishmania spp. em cães errantes de uma área de intensa transmissão de leishmaniose visceral no Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of exposure to Leishmania infection in stray dogs in an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 178 dogs were analyzed using serological and molecular assays: rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cPCR and qPCR). Positivity values obtained with serological tests were 71.4% (127/178), 70.2% (125/178), and 50.6% (90/178) using ICT, ELISA, and IFAT, respectively, with 38.8% (69/178) of the dogs were simultaneously positive for all three tests. The positivity values obtained with cPCR and qPCR were 20.2% (36/178) and 38.8% (69/178), respectively, with 11.8% (21/178) testing positive in both molecular assays. Overall, 87.1% (155/178) were positive for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies and/or Leishmania spp. DNA. Positivity to one or more tests was statistically associated with lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions, lymphocytosis, anemia and hyperproteinemia. The results of this study revealed a high level of exposure to Leishmania in stray dogs in an area of intense human visceral leishmaniasis transmission, suggesting that dogs play a role as reservoirs in the transmission cycle of this zoonosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o nível de exposição à infecção por Leishmania em cães errantes de uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral no estado de Pernambuco. Amostras de sangue de 178 cães foram avaliadas por testes sorológicos e moleculares: teste imunocromatográfico (IC), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), teste de imunofluorescência de anticorpos (RIFI), reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional e quantitativa (cPCR e qPCR). Os valores de positividade obtidos com os testes sorológicos foram 71,4% (127/178), 70,2% (125/178) e 50,6% (90/178) com IC, ELISA e RIFI, respectivamente. E com 38,8% (69/178) dos cães mostraram-se simultaneamente positivos aos três testes. Os valores de positividade obtidos por cPCR e qPCR foram 20,2% (36/178) e 38,8% (69/178), respectivamente. E com 11,8% (21/178) dos cães foram positivos em ambos os testes moleculares. No geral, 87,1% (155/178) foram positivos para anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. e/ou material genético de Leishmania spp. A positividade a um ou mais testes foi estatisticamente associada à linfonodomegalia, lesões cutâneas, linfocitose, anemia e hiperproteinemia. Os resultados do estudo revelam um alto nível de exposição à Leishmania spp. em cães errantes em uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral humana, sugerindo que eles podem desempenhar um papel como reservatórios no ciclo de transmissão dessa zoonose.(AU)

Comparison of serological and molecular tests to investigate Leishmania spp. infections in stray dogs from an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Brazil / Comparação de testes sorológicos e moleculares para investigar infecções por Leishmania spp. em cães errantes de uma área de intensa transmissão de leishmaniose visceral no Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the level of exposure to Leishmania infection in stray dogs in an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 178 dogs were analyzed using serological and molecular assays: rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cPCR and qPCR). Positivity values obtained with serological tests were 71.4% (127/178), 70.2% (125/178), and 50.6% (90/178) using ICT, ELISA, and IFAT, respectively, with 38.8% (69/178) of the dogs were simultaneously positive for all three tests. The positivity values obtained with cPCR and qPCR were 20.2% (36/178) and 38.8% (69/178), respectively, with 11.8% (21/178) testing positive in both molecular assays. Overall, 87.1% (155/178) were positive for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies and/or Leishmania spp. DNA. Positivity to one or more tests was statistically associated with lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions, lymphocytosis, anemia and hyperproteinemia. The results of this study revealed a high level of exposure to Leishmania in stray dogs in an area of intense human visceral leishmaniasis transmission, suggesting that dogs play a role as reservoirs in the transmission cycle of this zoonosis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o nível de exposição à infecção por Leishmania em cães errantes de uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral no estado de Pernambuco. Amostras de sangue de 178 cães foram avaliadas por testes sorológicos e moleculares: teste imunocromatográfico (IC), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), teste de imunofluorescência de anticorpos (RIFI), reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional e quantitativa (cPCR e qPCR). Os valores de positividade obtidos com os testes sorológicos foram 71,4% (127/178), 70,2% (125/178) e 50,6% (90/178) com IC, ELISA e RIFI, respectivamente. E com 38,8% (69/178) dos cães mostraram-se simultaneamente positivos aos três testes. Os valores de positividade obtidos por cPCR e qPCR foram 20,2% (36/178) e 38,8% (69/178), respectivamente. E com 11,8% (21/178) dos cães foram positivos em ambos os testes moleculares. No geral, 87,1% (155/178) foram positivos para anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. e/ou material genético de Leishmania spp. A positividade a um ou mais testes foi estatisticamente associada à linfonodomegalia, lesões cutâneas, linfocitose, anemia e hiperproteinemia. Os resultados do estudo revelam um alto nível de exposição à Leishmania spp. em cães errantes em uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral humana, sugerindo que eles podem desempenhar um papel como reservatórios no ciclo de transmissão dessa zoonose.

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.(AU)

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.(AU)

Clinical and ultrasonographic aspects of benign and malignant mammary tumors in female dogs

Background: Mammary neoplasms in dogs are commonly observed in veterinary clinical routine, most of which beingmalignant. Hormonal stimulation, endogenous or exogenous, may possibly influence its development. In addition to clinicalevaluation, ultrasound analysis can provide information about the characteristics of breast lumps. The association betweenclinical-epidemiological and pathological data is important for diagnosis. Therefore, given the importance of this pathologyfor the health of affected dogs, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and ultrasound alterations, along with the factors associated with the development of benign and malignant mammary neoplasms in female dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: We examined 47 samples from the mammary tumors of 35 female dogs at the Small Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Santa Cruz State University (UESC). The dogs underwent a completeclinical examination, with clinical staging, via TNM classification, followed by hematological, biochemical, radiologicaland ultrasound, abdominal, and breast exams. Breast ultrasound examination was used to evaluate the shape parameterssuch as, limits, margins or contour, ecotexture, echogenicity, hyperechoic halo, posterior acoustic shading, surroundingchanges, and nodule components. These criteria were associated with the histopathological classification of neoplasms.Epidemiological data was studied through an adapted questionnaire containing information on risk factors associated withbreast cancer. The same questionnaire was applied to tutors of 19, age-matched, female dogs with no history of breastcancer. The results revealed that most female dogs with neoplasia were over eight years of age, with no specific breed andwere not castrated, and 31.4% of them had already been administered with contraceptives during the reproductive period...

Clinical and ultrasonographic aspects of benign and malignant mammary tumors in female dogs

Background: Mammary neoplasms in dogs are commonly observed in veterinary clinical routine, most of which beingmalignant. Hormonal stimulation, endogenous or exogenous, may possibly influence its development. In addition to clinicalevaluation, ultrasound analysis can provide information about the characteristics of breast lumps. The association betweenclinical-epidemiological and pathological data is important for diagnosis. Therefore, given the importance of this pathologyfor the health of affected dogs, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and ultrasound alterations, along with the factors associated with the development of benign and malignant mammary neoplasms in female dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: We examined 47 samples from the mammary tumors of 35 female dogs at the Small Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Santa Cruz State University (UESC). The dogs underwent a completeclinical examination, with clinical staging, via TNM classification, followed by hematological, biochemical, radiologicaland ultrasound, abdominal, and breast exams. Breast ultrasound examination was used to evaluate the shape parameterssuch as, limits, margins or contour, ecotexture, echogenicity, hyperechoic halo, posterior acoustic shading, surroundingchanges, and nodule components. These criteria were associated with the histopathological classification of neoplasms.Epidemiological data was studied through an adapted questionnaire containing information on risk factors associated withbreast cancer. The same questionnaire was applied to tutors of 19, age-matched, female dogs with no history of breastcancer. The results revealed that most female dogs with neoplasia were over eight years of age, with no specific breed andwere not castrated, and 31.4% of them had already been administered with contraceptives during the reproductive period...(AU)

Molecular diagnosis and risk factors of canine ehrlichiosis in the municipality of Itabuna-Bahia, Brazil / Diagnóstico molecular e fatores de risco da erliquiose canina no município de Itabuna-Bahia

Ehrlichiosis is an emerging zoonosis worldwide and has had several adverse effects on public health. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), caused by Ehrlichia canis, has the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus as the vector. The main clinical signs in affected dogs are fever, apathy, anorexia, weight loss, and neurological signs. The diagnosis is made through the association of clinical signs with parasitological, serological, and molecular tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. canis infection in dogs from the city of Itabuna-Bahia, as well as to identify the risk factors related to infection. For this, 405 dogs from the Center for Zoonoses Control (CCZ), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and dogs domiciled and semi-domiciled in the city of Itabuna, southern Bahia, were evaluated. After initial physical evaluation of the dogs, blood samples were collected by venipuncture for subsequent DNA extraction and E. canis testing using the nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested-PCR) technique. In addition, an epidemiological questionnaire that included questions related to the animals was administered to the dog owners to identify the risk factors for exposure to the etiological agent and to the vector. Approximately 17% of the dogs in the municipality of Itabuna-Bahia tested positive for E. canis by nested-PCR, a result higher than that found in other studies conducted in the same municipality. Among the factors associated with E. canis infection, contact with other dogs (p = 0.0226) was an important factor for the dissemination of CME, since dogs are reported to be reservoirs of E. canis. Male dogs (p = 0.0016) presented lower risk for E. canis infection. Other studies, however, describe no association between animal gender and infection by E. canis. Preventive measures to reduce exposure to the vector of ehrlichiosis are necessary.

A erliquiose é uma zoonose emergente em todo o mundo e tem acarretado diversos transtornos para a saúde pública. A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC), causada pela Ehrlichia canis, tem como vetor o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Os principais sinais clínicos nos cães afetados são febre, apatia, anorexia, perda de peso e sinais neurológicos. O diagnóstico é feito através da associação dos sinais clínicos, exames parasitológicos, sorológicos e moleculares. Objetivou-se através deste estudo avaliar a ocorrência de infecção por E. canis em cães do município de Itabuna-Bahia, bem como identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção. Para tanto, foram avaliados 405 cães provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), Organizações não governamentais (ONGs), cães domiciliados e semi-domiciliados da cidade de Itabuna-Bahia. Após avaliação física inicial dos cães, procedeu-se em seguida a coleta de amostras de sangue por punção venosa, para posterior extração de DNA e pesquisa de E. canis pela técnica de nested-Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (nested-PCR). Adicionalmente, um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado junto aos responsáveis, no qual constavam questões relacionadas aos animais, com a finalidade de identificar os fatores de risco de exposição destes ao agente etiológico e ao vetor. Em suma, este estudo mostrou que aproximadamente 17% dos cães do município de Itabuna-Bahia foram positivos para E. canis pela nested-PCR, resultado superior ao encontrado em outros estudos realizados no mesmo município. Dos fatores associados à infecção por E. canis, foi significativo o contato com outros cães (p=0,0226), um fator importante para a disseminação da EMC, pois os cães são relatados como reservatórios da E. canis. O gênero macho (p=0,0016) apresentou menor risco para a infecção por E. canis. Outros estudos, no entanto, descrevem que não há nenhuma associação entre o gênero do animal e a infecção por...

Molecular diagnosis and risk factors of canine ehrlichiosis in the municipality of Itabuna-Bahia, Brazil / Diagnóstico molecular e fatores de risco da erliquiose canina no município de Itabuna-Bahia

Ehrlichiosis is an emerging zoonosis worldwide and has had several adverse effects on public health. Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), caused by Ehrlichia canis, has the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus as the vector. The main clinical signs in affected dogs are fever, apathy, anorexia, weight loss, and neurological signs. The diagnosis is made through the association of clinical signs with parasitological, serological, and molecular tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. canis infection in dogs from the city of Itabuna-Bahia, as well as to identify the risk factors related to infection. For this, 405 dogs from the Center for Zoonoses Control (CCZ), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and dogs domiciled and semi-domiciled in the city of Itabuna, southern Bahia, were evaluated. After initial physical evaluation of the dogs, blood samples were collected by venipuncture for subsequent DNA extraction and E. canis testing using the nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested-PCR) technique. In addition, an epidemiological questionnaire that included questions related to the animals was administered to the dog owners to identify the risk factors for exposure to the etiological agent and to the vector. Approximately 17% of the dogs in the municipality of Itabuna-Bahia tested positive for E. canis by nested-PCR, a result higher than that found in other studies conducted in the same municipality. Among the factors associated with E. canis infection, contact with other dogs (p = 0.0226) was an important factor for the dissemination of CME, since dogs are reported to be reservoirs of E. canis. Male dogs (p = 0.0016) presented lower risk for E. canis infection. Other studies, however, describe no association between animal gender and infection by E. canis. Preventive measures to reduce exposure to the vector of ehrlichiosis are necessary.(AU)

A erliquiose é uma zoonose emergente em todo o mundo e tem acarretado diversos transtornos para a saúde pública. A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC), causada pela Ehrlichia canis, tem como vetor o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Os principais sinais clínicos nos cães afetados são febre, apatia, anorexia, perda de peso e sinais neurológicos. O diagnóstico é feito através da associação dos sinais clínicos, exames parasitológicos, sorológicos e moleculares. Objetivou-se através deste estudo avaliar a ocorrência de infecção por E. canis em cães do município de Itabuna-Bahia, bem como identificar os fatores de risco relacionados à infecção. Para tanto, foram avaliados 405 cães provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), Organizações não governamentais (ONGs), cães domiciliados e semi-domiciliados da cidade de Itabuna-Bahia. Após avaliação física inicial dos cães, procedeu-se em seguida a coleta de amostras de sangue por punção venosa, para posterior extração de DNA e pesquisa de E. canis pela técnica de nested-Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (nested-PCR). Adicionalmente, um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado junto aos responsáveis, no qual constavam questões relacionadas aos animais, com a finalidade de identificar os fatores de risco de exposição destes ao agente etiológico e ao vetor. Em suma, este estudo mostrou que aproximadamente 17% dos cães do município de Itabuna-Bahia foram positivos para E. canis pela nested-PCR, resultado superior ao encontrado em outros estudos realizados no mesmo município. Dos fatores associados à infecção por E. canis, foi significativo o contato com outros cães (p=0,0226), um fator importante para a disseminação da EMC, pois os cães são relatados como reservatórios da E. canis. O gênero macho (p=0,0016) apresentou menor risco para a infecção por E. canis. Outros estudos, no entanto, descrevem que não há nenhuma associação entre o gênero do animal e a infecção por...(AU)

Uma nova perspectiva sobre organização social em cães: modelo contingencial / A new perspective on social organization in dogs: contingencial model

A domesticação alterou significativamente a capacidade cognitiva dos cães e permitiu que certos comportamentos sociais fossem selecionados e garantissem uma grande variação de possibilidades na organização e interação social destes animais. Juntamente com o diferencial de um ambiente compartilhado com a espécie humana, e diante do crescente interesse científico em compreender a cognição canina, vários modelos teóricos têm sido utilizados para respaldar a dinâmica da organização social canina, incluindo nossa relação com eles. Desde os primeiros modelos estabelecidos pela Etologia, inspirados na teoria transicional, até o modelo de hierarquia de dominância, as atuais tentativas de explicar a complexidade social canina parecem distantes de solucionar ou equalizar o que as evidências científicas vêm demonstrando sobre esta espécie em termos sociais. Mesmo após a desconstrução dos modelos de dominância, até o surgimento de alternativas teóricas, a emergência de teorias que possam formular uma nova visão que atenda a complexidade social dos cães é necessária Diante disso, este artigo propôs uma discussão da organização social canina na perspectiva do Behaviorismo Radical de Skinner, para a construção de um modelo denominado contingencial. Tal modelo pressupõe a capacidade múltipla dos cães em adaptar-se ao ambiente social partilhado com o homem e a partir da teoria Comportamental estabelecer as bases das dinâmicas sociais envolvendo a organização intra e interespécie por meio das habilidades sociais que irão compor os efeitos contingenciais sociais.

Domestication significantly altered the dogs' cognitive ability and allowed certain social behaviors to be selected and guaranteed a wide range of possibilities in the organization and social interaction of these animals. Along with the differential of an environment shared with the human species, and given the growing scientific interest in understanding canine cognition, several theoretical models have been used to support the dynamics of canine social organization, including our relationship with them. From the first models established by Ethology, inspired by the transitional theory, to the hierarchy model of dominance, current attempts to explain canine social complexity seem far from solving or equalizing what scientific evidence has been demonstrating about this species in social terms. Even after the deconstruction of dominance models, until the emergence of theoretical alternatives, the emergence of theories that can formulate a new vision that meets the social complexity of dogs is necessary. In view of this, this article proposed a discussion of the canine social organization from the perspective of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism, for the construction of a model called contingency. Such a model presupposes the multiple ability of dogs to adapt to the social environment shared with man and, based on Behavioral Theory, to establish the bases of social dynamics involving intra and interspecies organization through the social skills that will compose the contingent social effects.

Uma nova perspectiva sobre organização social em cães: modelo contingencial / A new perspective on social organization in dogs: contingencial model

A domesticação alterou significativamente a capacidade cognitiva dos cães e permitiu que certos comportamentos sociais fossem selecionados e garantissem uma grande variação de possibilidades na organização e interação social destes animais. Juntamente com o diferencial de um ambiente compartilhado com a espécie humana, e diante do crescente interesse científico em compreender a cognição canina, vários modelos teóricos têm sido utilizados para respaldar a dinâmica da organização social canina, incluindo nossa relação com eles. Desde os primeiros modelos estabelecidos pela Etologia, inspirados na teoria transicional, até o modelo de hierarquia de dominância, as atuais tentativas de explicar a complexidade social canina parecem distantes de solucionar ou equalizar o que as evidências científicas vêm demonstrando sobre esta espécie em termos sociais. Mesmo após a desconstrução dos modelos de dominância, até o surgimento de alternativas teóricas, a emergência de teorias que possam formular uma nova visão que atenda a complexidade social dos cães é necessária Diante disso, este artigo propôs uma discussão da organização social canina na perspectiva do Behaviorismo Radical de Skinner, para a construção de um modelo denominado contingencial. Tal modelo pressupõe a capacidade múltipla dos cães em adaptar-se ao ambiente social partilhado com o homem e a partir da teoria Comportamental estabelecer as bases das dinâmicas sociais envolvendo a organização intra e interespécie por meio das habilidades sociais que irão compor os efeitos contingenciais sociais.(AU)

Domestication significantly altered the dogs' cognitive ability and allowed certain social behaviors to be selected and guaranteed a wide range of possibilities in the organization and social interaction of these animals. Along with the differential of an environment shared with the human species, and given the growing scientific interest in understanding canine cognition, several theoretical models have been used to support the dynamics of canine social organization, including our relationship with them. From the first models established by Ethology, inspired by the transitional theory, to the hierarchy model of dominance, current attempts to explain canine social complexity seem far from solving or equalizing what scientific evidence has been demonstrating about this species in social terms. Even after the deconstruction of dominance models, until the emergence of theoretical alternatives, the emergence of theories that can formulate a new vision that meets the social complexity of dogs is necessary. In view of this, this article proposed a discussion of the canine social organization from the perspective of Skinner's Radical Behaviorism, for the construction of a model called contingency. Such a model presupposes the multiple ability of dogs to adapt to the social environment shared with man and, based on Behavioral Theory, to establish the bases of social dynamics involving intra and interspecies organization through the social skills that will compose the contingent social effects.(AU)

Achados clínicos, laboratoriais e ultrassonográficos de cão diabético com cistite enfisematosaˆipt / Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of diabetic dog with emphysematous cystitisˆien

Background:Emphysematous cystitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the lower urinary tract characterized by the ac-cumulation of gas within the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. The clinical manifestations of emphysematous cystitis resemble those of bacterial cystitis, often hindering the differentiation between the two. In this work, we report a case of emphysematous cystitis in a diabetic dog. The diagnosis of cystitis was followed by ultrasonography for the early detec-tion of emphysematous cystitis, which showed the presence of multifocal and irregular hyperechoic interfaces forming a distal reverberation artifact.Case: A 9-year-old female dog was referred to VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 h with a history of urinary incontinence, polydipsia, polyuria, and diabetes mellitus. At first, the blood glucose was measured and found to be 376 mg/dL. Blood count, biochemical measurements of alkaline phosphatase (AF), urea, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (AAT), urinalysis, urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. The hematological exams showed that the serum was lipemic and with hemolysis; the values of AAT, AF, and total plasma proteins were above the reference values; hematocrit was below the normal level; erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocyto-sis with platelet aggregates were present. Urinalysis showed the presence of traces of proteins, glucose, and occult blood as well as granular and hyaline cylinders and transitional epithelial cells. In urine culture, growth of the aerobic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed, being sensitive to most of the antimicrobials. Ultrasonography showed the pres-ence of gas in the wall of the urinary bladder, besides a discrete thickening of the wall, compatible with the diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis. Discussion: The first report of emphysematous cystitis in dogs was made in 1926 in a diabetic dog...

Exostose cartilaginosa múltipla em um canino pediátrico / Multiple cartilaginous exostoses in a pediatric dog

Background: Multiple cartilaginous exostosis (MCE) is a rare neoplastic disease in dogs that is characterized by the presence of osteochondromas in multiple bones. MCE is a disorder of development during growth and maturation, the realetiology of which has yet to be elucidated, but is believed to have a genetic basis. Usually affected animals have a historyof a palpable mass on the bone surface, causing anatomical deformities and compression of adjacent structures. SinceMCE is a rare neoplastic disease in dogs it may be difficult to recognize in the clinic. The aim of this study was to reporta case of MCE in a pediatric dog.Case: A female 4-month-old Rottweiler dog with a history of bone neoformation on the left hind limb, anorexia, weightloss, and difficulty walking received clinical care. The disease had its initial onset 2 months prior. At physical examination, the animal showed paresis of the hind limbs and a bony tumor on the lateral part of the left tibia. A complete bloodcell count and serum biochemical profile were obtained. The only abnormality diagnosed was hyperproteinemia due tohyperglobulinemia. Other diagnostic tests were not authorized and the animal was euthanized. At the necropsy, an intrathoracic neoformation was observed from the sixth to the eighth rib on the right antimer. Some tumors were also observedon the fourth lumbar vertebra and between the first and the second sacral vertebra, and a left tibial tumor, which had beenobserved at physical examination. The sagittal section of the spine revealed the presence of extradural compression of thespinal cord due to vertebral proliferations with compression of the nerve roots. All of the proliferations had macroscopicsimilarities, being firm, sessile, irregular, and with complete adherence to deep planes. Tumor samples were submitted tohistopathological analysis and the tissue morphology was compatible with osteochondroma...

Achados clínicos, laboratoriais e ultrassonográficos de cão diabético com cistite enfisematosaˆipt / Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of diabetic dog with emphysematous cystitisˆien

Background:Emphysematous cystitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the lower urinary tract characterized by the ac-cumulation of gas within the wall and lumen of the urinary bladder. The clinical manifestations of emphysematous cystitis resemble those of bacterial cystitis, often hindering the differentiation between the two. In this work, we report a case of emphysematous cystitis in a diabetic dog. The diagnosis of cystitis was followed by ultrasonography for the early detec-tion of emphysematous cystitis, which showed the presence of multifocal and irregular hyperechoic interfaces forming a distal reverberation artifact.Case: A 9-year-old female dog was referred to VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 h with a history of urinary incontinence, polydipsia, polyuria, and diabetes mellitus. At first, the blood glucose was measured and found to be 376 mg/dL. Blood count, biochemical measurements of alkaline phosphatase (AF), urea, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (AAT), urinalysis, urine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. The hematological exams showed that the serum was lipemic and with hemolysis; the values of AAT, AF, and total plasma proteins were above the reference values; hematocrit was below the normal level; erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocyto-sis with platelet aggregates were present. Urinalysis showed the presence of traces of proteins, glucose, and occult blood as well as granular and hyaline cylinders and transitional epithelial cells. In urine culture, growth of the aerobic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed, being sensitive to most of the antimicrobials. Ultrasonography showed the pres-ence of gas in the wall of the urinary bladder, besides a discrete thickening of the wall, compatible with the diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis. Discussion: The first report of emphysematous cystitis in dogs was made in 1926 in a diabetic dog...(AU)

Exostose cartilaginosa múltipla em um canino pediátrico / Multiple cartilaginous exostoses in a pediatric dog

Background: Multiple cartilaginous exostosis (MCE) is a rare neoplastic disease in dogs that is characterized by the presence of osteochondromas in multiple bones. MCE is a disorder of development during growth and maturation, the realetiology of which has yet to be elucidated, but is believed to have a genetic basis. Usually affected animals have a historyof a palpable mass on the bone surface, causing anatomical deformities and compression of adjacent structures. SinceMCE is a rare neoplastic disease in dogs it may be difficult to recognize in the clinic. The aim of this study was to reporta case of MCE in a pediatric dog.Case: A female 4-month-old Rottweiler dog with a history of bone neoformation on the left hind limb, anorexia, weightloss, and difficulty walking received clinical care. The disease had its initial onset 2 months prior. At physical examination, the animal showed paresis of the hind limbs and a bony tumor on the lateral part of the left tibia. A complete bloodcell count and serum biochemical profile were obtained. The only abnormality diagnosed was hyperproteinemia due tohyperglobulinemia. Other diagnostic tests were not authorized and the animal was euthanized. At the necropsy, an intrathoracic neoformation was observed from the sixth to the eighth rib on the right antimer. Some tumors were also observedon the fourth lumbar vertebra and between the first and the second sacral vertebra, and a left tibial tumor, which had beenobserved at physical examination. The sagittal section of the spine revealed the presence of extradural compression of thespinal cord due to vertebral proliferations with compression of the nerve roots. All of the proliferations had macroscopicsimilarities, being firm, sessile, irregular, and with complete adherence to deep planes. Tumor samples were submitted tohistopathological analysis and the tissue morphology was compatible with osteochondroma...(AU)