Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base / Vascularização da base do encéfalo de Alouatta belzebul

We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent. The interhemispheric artery goes to the midbrain region and the corpus callosum knee divides into pericalous artery and callosarginal artery, which will supply the pre and post-central regions of the cerebral hemispheres of this species, as well as other non-human and human primates. It is noted that in the first part of the left rostral cerebral artery, there is a direct inosculation between the recurrent branch of the rostral cerebral artery and left middle cerebral artery to supply the entorhinal region. This fact also occurs in Pongo spp. The middle cerebral artery travels along the lateral sulcus where it emits several superficial branches to irrigate the superior and inferior lateral cortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It is not part of the arterial circle but is the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. A. belzebul can be considered to depend on two sources of supply to the brain: the vertebra-basilar and carotid systems, contributing to the intervention of veterinarians during clinical and surgical procedures in other primates, as well as the preservation of wild animals.(AU)

Estudamos o círculo arterial no encéfalo de cinco espécimes do primata Alouatta belzebul. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40°C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 650), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%) e dissecado para verificação dos vasos. O círculo arterial deste primata é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontra-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem a artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica no início do seu trajeto, formando uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Em seu trajeto emitiu ramos dando origem a artéria cerebelar inferior rostral, as artérias pontinas, as artérias cerebelares rostrais, as artérias cerebelares rostrais satélites e o seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral caudal, que apresentou-se em dois segmentos: o pré-comunicante e pós-comunicante, unindo-se a artéria carótida interna e originando a artéria comunicante caudal. Este grupo de artérias e anastomoses encerram a porção caudal do círculo arterial. Das artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda, inicia-se a porção rostral do círculo arterial, ao qual é constituído pelas artérias cerebrais rostrais direita e esquerda e as artérias cerebrais médias direita e esquerda. As artérias cerebrais rostrais se anastomosam em um tronco único dando origem a artéria inter-hemisférica e em A. belzebul e Sapajus libidinosus, a artéria comunicante rostral se encontra ausente. A artéria inter-hemisférica segue para região média do encéfalo e no joelho do corpo caloso se divide em artéria pericalosa e artéria calosomarginal, que vão suprir as regiões pré e pós-central dos hemisférios cerebrais desta espécie, assim como outros primatas não humanos e humano. Nota-se que na primeira parte da artéria cerebral rostral esquerda, ocorre uma inosculação direta entre o ramo recorrente da artéria cerebral rostral e artéria cerebral média esquerda para suprir a região entorrinal, esse fato também ocorre em Pongo spp. A artéria cerebral média segue seu trajeto pelo sulco lateral onde emite vários ramos superficiais para irrigar as regiões corticais supero e ínfero lateral do lobo frontal, parietal e temporal, esta não faz parte do círculo arterial mas é o ramo terminal da artéria carótida interna. Pode-se considerar que A. belzebul depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas vértebro-basilar e carotídeo, contribuindo na intervenção de médicos veterinários durante os procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos em outros primatas, assim como na preservação de animais silvestres.(AU)

Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base / Vascularização da base do encéfalo de Alouatta belzebul

We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent...(AU)

Estudamos o círculo arterial no encéfalo de cinco espécimes do primata Alouatta belzebul. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40°C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 650), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%) e dissecado para verificação dos vasos. O círculo arterial deste primata é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontra-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem a artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica no início do seu trajeto, formando uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Em seu trajeto emitiu ramos dando origem a artéria cerebelar inferior rostral, as artérias pontinas, as artérias cerebelares rostrais, as artérias cerebelares rostrais satélites e o seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral caudal, que apresentou-se em dois segmentos: o pré-comunicante e pós-comunicante, unindo-se a artéria carótida interna e originando a artéria comunicante caudal. Este grupo de artérias e anastomoses encerram a porção caudal do círculo arterial. Das artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda, inicia-se a porção rostral do círculo arterial, ao qual é constituído pelas artérias cerebrais rostrais direita e esquerda e as artérias cerebrais médias direita e esquerda. As artérias cerebrais rostrais se anastomosam em um tronco único dando origem a artéria inter-hemisférica e em A. belzebul e Sapajus libidinosus, a artéria comunicante rostral se encontra ausente. A artéria inter-hemisférica segue para região média do encéfalo e no joelho do corpo caloso se divide em artéria pericalosa e artéria calosomarginal, que vão suprir as regiões pré e pós-central dos hemisférios cerebrais desta espécie, assim como outros primatas não humanos e humano...(AU)

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo de preá (Galea spixii) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population. Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels. Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with Noprene Latex “650” stained with water-based white or red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 48 h, and soon after the brain skull cap was dissected and removed, which was then analyzed, photographed and sketched. Of the 20 animals evaluated, 100% presented vertebrobasilar system responsible for encephalic irrigation of the rostral and caudal regions, and anastomosis of the left internal carotid artery was found in only […]

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the cerebrum of mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

Objetivou-se descrever e sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo. Foram utilizados dez gerbils que se encontravamarmazenados em freezer no laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal Aplicada da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Osanimais foram descongelados, incisados na linha mediana para identificação do ventrículo esquerdo, o qual foi perfurado einjetados 3ml de Látex Neoprene 650 na concentração de 20% e no pigmento vermelho. Posteriormente aguardou-se cerca de 1minuto em virtude da polimerização do Látex e logo após foram fixados por imersão em solução aquosa de Formaldeído a 3,7% eapós 72 horas, tiveram os encéfalos removidos da calota craniana para análise de sua superfície ventral. Foi visto que o sistemavertebrobasilar e carótico estiveram presentes em todos os animais analisados, mostrando-se responsável pela vascularizaçãodo encéfalo caudal e rostral, respectivamente. As principais artérias observadas no modelo padrão incluem as ímpares: basilar,espinhal ventral, ramo medial da artéria cerebral rostral e as pares: vertebral, cerebelar caudal, cerebelar média, trigeminal,cerebelar rostral, ramo terminal da basilar, carótida interna, cerebral caudal, hipofisária, cerebral média, cerebral rostral, lateral dobulbo olfatório e etmoidal interna. Conclui-se com base nos resultados que a irrigação da superfície ventral encefálica do gerbilfoi suprida pelos sistemas vertebro-basilar e carótico de forma equivalente, pertencendo assim ao modelo do tipo II. O circuitoarterioso apresentou-se aberto caudalmente e fechado rostralmente, fato que difere do relatado em roedores como capivara,cutia, preá, chinchila e nutria.(AU)

The objective was to describe and systematize the arteries of the base of the brain. Ten gerbils were used, which were stored in afreezer in the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University. The animals were thawed,incised in the midline to identify the left ventricle, which was punctured and injected 3 ml of Latex Neoprene 650 at a concentrationof 20% and red pigment. After about one minute the polymerization of the Latex was delayed and afterwards fixed by immersionin 3.7% aqueous Formaldehyde solution and after 72 hours the brain was removed from the skull cap for analysis of its ventralsurface. It was observed that the vertebro-basilar and carotid system were present in all animals analyzed, being responsible forthe vascularization of the caudal and rostral encephalon, respectively. The main arteries observed in the standard model includethe odd: basilar, ventral spinal, medial branch of the rostral cerebral artery and, the pairs: vertebral, cerebellar caudal, cerebellarmedial, trigeminal, cerebellar rostral, terminal branch of the basilar, internal carotid, caudal cerebral, Pituitary, middle cerebral, rostral,lateral, olfactory and internal ethmoidal. Based on the results, the irrigation of the ventral brain surface of the gerbil was suppliedby the vertebro-basilar and carotic systems in an equivalent way, thus belonging to the type II model. The arterial circuit was opencaudally and closed rostrally, a fact that differs from that reported in rodents such as capybara, agouti, cavy, chinchilla and nutria.(AU)

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo de preá (Galea spixii) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population. Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels. Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with Noprene Latex “650” stained with water-based white or red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 48 h, and soon after the brain skull cap was dissected and removed, which was then analyzed, photographed and sketched. Of the 20 animals evaluated, 100% presented vertebrobasilar system responsible for encephalic irrigation of the rostral and caudal regions, and anastomosis of the left internal carotid artery was found in only […](AU)

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with

Arterial Vascularization of the Base of the Brain in Galea (Galea spixii)

Background: Galea (Galea spixii) are rodents which are especially distributed in the northeastern region of Brazil, and have economic importance as their meat is used as a source of protein by the regional population.  Currently, they have received attention from researchers in studies involving their morphology. Thus, seeking to contribute information that supports their sanitary management in addition to the lack of literature on their nervous system, our objective was to describe the arterial vascularization of the base of the brain in this species, in order to identify the arterial pattern and arterial circuit behavior, as well as possible variations in these vessels.Materials, Methods & Results: Brains were obtained from 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) aged between 11 and 12 months, obtained from the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (CEMAS) of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University (UFERSA), under the approval of CEUA/UFERSA (case number 23.091.000653/2014-26 and opinion number 15/2014), euthanized according to anesthetic protocol recommended for rodents (resolution number 714/2002 of the CFMV/ UFERSA) and preserved frozen in a freezer for an average period of 30 days. The animals were thawed and a longitudinal incision was performed in the thoracic region to allow exposure of the aortic arch. Next, they were cannulated in the cranial direction and injected with