Developing an algorithm to geographically estimate the available time for agricultural field spraying in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul / Desenvolvendo um algoritmo para estimar geograficamente o tempo disponível para pulverização agrícola no estado de Mato Grosso do Su

The dimensions of mechanized agricultural systems depend on the edaphoclimatic conditions, crops, and work regimes. This study aimed to geographically estimate the monthly available time and number of favorable hours for agricultural field spraying in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The meteorological restrictions imposed during unfavorable hours were as follows: ambient temperature above 32 ºC, relative humidity below 50 %, wind speed above 15 km h-1, and volumetric soil humidity above 39 % (equivalent to 90 % of the available water capacity). Mathematical models were then developed considering a period of ten years, which used historical data from the ground monitoring stations of the National Institute of Meteorology within the region. The subsequent algorithm was programmed and installed in a web server to simulate the time required for agricultural field spraying. During the cropping period in the region, there were climatic restrictions on performing agricultural spraying, with relative humidity being the variable with the most significant impact. However, soil moisture conditions restricted the available time for agricultural spraying more than the wind speed, relative air humidity, or ambient temperature.

O dimensionamento de sistemas mecanizados agrícolas depende das condições edafoclimáticas, da cultura e do regime de trabalho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar geograficamente o tempo disponível mensal e o número de horas favoráveis à pulverização agrícola no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As restrições meteorológicas impostas para o cálculo das horas desfavoráveis foram: temperatura ambiente acima de 32ºC, umidade relativa abaixo de 50%, velocidade do vento acima de 15 km h-1 e umidade volumétrica do solo acima de 39% (equivalente a 90% da capacidade hídrica disponível). Os modelos matemáticos foram elaborados considerando um período de dez anos, com base nos dados históricos das estações automáticas do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia instaladas no Estado. O algoritmo desenvolvido e instalado em ambiente web permitiu simular o tempo disponível para pulverização agrícola no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Durante o período de safra na região, há restrições climáticas para a realização da atividade de pulverização agrícola, sendo a umidade relativa do ar a variável de maior impacto. A condição de umidade do solo é mais restritiva para o tempo disponível para a pulverização agrícola do que a velocidade do vento, umidade relativa do ar ou temperatura do ambiente.

Soil morphostructural characterization and coffee root distribution under agroforestry system with Hevea Brasiliensis

Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.(AU)

Soil morphostructural characterization and coffee root distribution under agroforestry system with Hevea Brasiliensis

Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in cultural profile walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile.

Spatial variability of soil penetration resistance in the lowland area cultivated with soybean / Variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração em área de várzea cultivada com soja

This study determined the spatial variability of soil penetration resistance and yield of the soybean crop in lowland areas. The soil resistance to penetration at four different depths (0 to 0.10 m; 0.11 to 0.20 m; 0.21 to 0.30 m and 0.31 to 0.40 m), volumetric humidity of the soil at two depths (0 to 0.20 m and 0.21 to 0.40 m) and soybean yield were determined in an area of 1.13 hectares, using a sample mesh of 10 x 10 m. The corresponding data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Pearsons simple linear correlation analysis (p0.05) was conducted and the spatial dependence was assessed by analyzing the isotropic semivariograms using spherical, exponential, linear, and Gaussian models. The results showed that the soil penetration resistance increased with depth, with restrictive values to root growth between 0.05 and 0.35 m. There was no correlation between yield and soil penetration resistance, and the semivariograms did not show a defined ascending region regarding the soil penetration resistance data. For the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, the sample 10 x 10 m mesh was suitable for assessing the spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration in depths exceeding 0.10 m.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração e na produtividade da cultura da soja, em área de várzea. Foram realizadas determinações de resistência do solo à penetração, em quatro profundidades (0 a 0,10 m; 0,11 a 0,20 m; 0,21 a 0,30 m e 0,31 a 0,40 m); umidade volumétrica do solo, em duas profundidades (0 a 0,20 m e 0,21 a 0,40 m); e produtividade da soja em uma área de 1,13 hectares, utilizando-se malha amostral de 10 x 10 m. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Realizou-se análise de correlação linear simples de Pearson (p0,05) e a dependência espacial foi avaliada pela análise de semivariogramas isotrópicos, utilizando os modelos: esférico, exponencial, linear e gaussiano. Os resultados indicaram que, a resistência do solo à penetração aumentou em profundidade, com valores restritivos ao crescimento radicular entre 0,05 e 0,35 m. Não se obteve correlação entre produtividade e resistência do solo à penetração sendo que, para os dados de resistência do solo à penetração, os semivariogramas não apresentaram uma região ascendente definida. Para as condições em que o experimento foi realizado, a malha amostral de 10 x 10 m utilizada foi adequada para avaliar a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração em profundidades superiores a 0,10 m.(AU)

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Preconsolidation stress of gibbsitic and kaolinitic Oxisols under a multipractice conservationist coffee system / Pressão de pré-consolidação de Latossolos gibbsítico e caulinítico sob sistema de multipraticas conservacionista no cultivo cafeeiro

Our goal was to analyze the impact of a multipractice soil conservationist system on coffee production in tropical soils (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO caulinítico/kaolinitic Haplustox and LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-gibbsítico/gibbsitic Acrustox) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the experimental area, the soil management involved a set of multiple conservationist practices during cultivation for more than 3.5 yrs. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 10-15, and 20-25 cm depths at two positions: planting rows and between rows. The soil physical and mechanical properties were determined, with a focus mainly on the preconsolidation stress model (preconsolidation stress versus matric tension). For the purpose of analysis, a split-split plot experimental design was implemented. A linear mixed regression model (LMR) was fitted, and Wald's test was performed (P < 0.05). An improvement of soil physical quality for both Oxisols was observed at the planting row position. The effects of multipractice soil management after 3.5 yrs of cultivation in association with increased gibbsite content could promote new soil structure organization, as revealed by LMR, resulting in more resilient soils (between rows) and increasing the resistance to external pressures on gibbsitic Acrustox. Overall, the findings herein are in concordance with global trends towards conservationist practices that may alleviate soil compaction in agricultural systems to maintain environmental sustainability.(AU)

Nosso objetivo foi analisar o impacto de um sistema de manejo do solo com multi-práticas conservacionistas para o cultivo cafeeiro em solos tropicais (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO caulinítico/ kaolinitic Haplustox and LATOSSOLO VERMELHO gibbsítico/ gibbsitic Acrustox) em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Na área experimental, o manejo do solo incluiu um conjunto de multi-práticas conservacionistas por mais de 3,5 anos. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em 0-5; 10-15; e profundidades de 20 a 25 cm em duas posições: linha e entrelinha. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo foram determinadas, concentrando-se principalmente na modelagem da compactação (estresse de pré-consolidação versus tensão matricial). Para fins de análise, foi considerado o delineamento experimental de parcelas subsubdivididas. Foi ajustado o modelo de regressão linear mista (RLM), bem como o teste F de Wald (P < 0,05). Melhorias na qualidade física do solo em ambos os Latossolos foi observada na linha de plantio. Os efeitos do sistema de manejo multipráticas usado após 3,5 anos de cultivo associado ao maior conteúdo de gibbsita podem promover uma nova organização da estrutura do solo revelada pelo RLM, que resulta em solos mais resilientes (na entrelinha), melhorando a resistência às pressões externas aplicadas ao Latossolo gibbsítico. No geral, os resultados aqui apresentadas estão de acordo com as tendências globais em direção a práticas conservacionistas que podem aliviar a compactação do solo em sistemas agrícolas e manter a sustentabilidade ambiental.(AU)

Nutritional value, total dry matter losses, effluent production and pollutant potential in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass / [Valor nutricional, perdas totais de matéria seca, produção e potencial poluidor de efluentes em silagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate losses, production and polluting potential of the effluent, nutritional value and aerobic stability of silages of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass, in different particle sizes and compaction density in silage. Three theoretical particle sizes (TTP 5; 8 and 12mm) and three compaction densities (DC 550; 600 and 650kg/m3) were evaluated, distributed in a factorial design (3 x 3), with four repetitions. The highest volume of effluent was found in silages with higher compaction densities (600 and 650kg/m3) and lower TTP (5 and 8mm). The highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were registered in the treatment with TTP of 5mm and higher DC (600 and 650kg/m3). Greater in vitro digestibility of DM was verified in the silage chopped at 5 and 8mm. There was no break in aerobic stability for 216 hours. Silage with a low compaction density 550kg/m3 and processing with a theoretical particle size of 12mm reduces effluent losses. In general, the nutritional value of Paiaguás grass was not influenced by the treatments. Different particle sizes and compaction density did not change the aerobic stability of silages.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar perdas, produção e potencial poluidor do efluente, valor nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens do capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás, em diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação na ensilagem. Foram avaliados três tamanhos teóricos de partícula (TTP 5; 8 e 12mm) e três densidades de compactação (DC 550; 600 e 650kg/m3), distribuídos em arranjo fatorial (3 x 3), com quatro repetições. O maior volume de efluente foi verificado nas silagens com maiores densidades de compactação (600 e 650kg/m3) e menores TTP (5 e 8mm). As maiores demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio foram registradas no tratamento com TTP de 5mm e nas maiores DC (600 e 650kg/m3). Maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS (média de 57,2%) foi verificada na silagem picada a 5 e 8mm. Não houve quebra da estabilidade aeróbia durante 216 horas. A ensilagem com baixa densidade de compactação (550kg/m3) e o processamento com tamanho teórico de partículas 12mm reduzem as perdas por efluente. O valor nutricional da silagem de capim-paiaguás, em geral, não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação não alteraram a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Least limiting water range, S-index and compressibility of a Udalf under different management systems

Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR), S-index, compressibility parameters, organic carbon and the organic matter granulometric fractions of a Udalf under different agricultural uses. Soil samples with disturbed and non-disturbed structure from the 0.00 to 0.10 m layer were collected on farms in the Southeast Hillside, Turuçu region, RS, for analyzing soil under: i) conventional system of corn after tobacco crop, (CT); ii) conventional system of corn after native field (CNF), iii) native field (NF) and iv) native area (NA). Both the CT and the CNF systems had a negative influence on the values of bulk density, soil porosity, least limiting water range, compressibility parameters and total organic carbon, coarse fraction carbon and carbon associated with minerals.

Least limiting water range, S-index and compressibility of a Udalf under different management systems

Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR), S-index, compressibility parameters, organic carbon and the organic matter granulometric fractions of a Udalf under different agricultural uses. Soil samples with disturbed and non-disturbed structure from the 0.00 to 0.10 m layer were collected on farms in the Southeast Hillside, Turuçu region, RS, for analyzing soil under: i) conventional system of corn after tobacco crop, (CT); ii) conventional system of corn after native field (CNF), iii) native field (NF) and iv) native area (NA). Both the CT and the CNF systems had a negative influence on the values of bulk density, soil porosity, least limiting water range, compressibility parameters and total organic carbon, coarse fraction carbon and carbon associated with minerals.(AU)

Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.

Changes in soil chemical and physical properties in pasture fertilised with liquid swine manure

Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha1 y1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.(AU)

Epidemiology of colic syndrome in horses over 15 years of care / Epidemiologia da síndrome cólica em equinos ao longo de 15 anos de atendimento

Colic syndrome is a condition of great importance in equine production, a syndrome considered to be complex and multifactorial in nature. In this way epidemiological studies have been acting to contribute to the identification of risk factors in the development of wind power. This study evaluated the clinical epidemiology of the colic syndrome according to race, gender, diagnosis, affected segment, therapeutic decision and outcome of the cases treated at the Veterinary Hospital "Dr Halim Atique", interior of São Paulo.  The medical records of the animals assisted from January 2004 to July 2018, whose complaint was abdominal discomfort, were evaluated. Of the 535 animals, the most affected breed was the Quarter Horses (69.3%) followed by the Mangalarga (6.9%); females (53.1%) were more prone to the development of the syndrome. Compaction (28.8%), gastritis (11.8%), followed by gas distension (10.3%) were the most frequent changes; the affected segments being the stomach (21.9%), major colon (17.2%), and small intestine (15.7%). Clinical treatment (64.7%) was the most instituted and in the outcome of the cases, the discharge (77.4%) prevailed. The study presents data that can support epidemiological research in the area, assisting in the identification of causal and predictive factors for the colic syndrome.

A síndrome cólica é uma afecção de grande importância na equideocultura, síndrome essa considerada de natureza complexa e multifatorial. Desta forma os estudos epidemiológicos vêm atuando para contribuir na identificação de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da cólica. Este estudo avaliou a epidemiologia clínica da síndrome cólica de acordo com a raça, sexo, diagnóstico, segmento acometido, decisão terapêutica e desfecho dos casos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário “Dr Halim Atique”, interior de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os prontuários dos animais atendidos no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2018, cuja queixa foi o desconforto abdominal. Dos 535 animais, a raça mais acometida foi a Quarto de Milha (69,3%) seguido do Mangalarga (6,9%); quanto ao sexo, fêmeas (53,1%) se mostraram mais propensas ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Compactação (28,8%), gastrite (11,8%) seguidoda distensão por gás (10,3%) foram às alterações mais frequentes; sendo os segmentos acometidos, o estômago (21,9%), cólon maior (17,2%) e intestino delgado (15,7%). O tratamento clínico (64,7%) foi o mais instituído e no desfecho dos casos, a alta (77,4%) prevaleceu. O estudo apresenta dados que podem subsidiar pesquisas epidemiológicas na área auxiliando na identificação de fatores causais e preditivos para a síndrome cólica.

Epidemiology of colic syndrome in horses over 15 years of care / Epidemiologia da síndrome cólica em equinos ao longo de 15 anos de atendimento

Colic syndrome is a condition of great importance in equine production, a syndrome considered to be complex and multifactorial in nature. In this way epidemiological studies have been acting to contribute to the identification of risk factors in the development of wind power. This study evaluated the clinical epidemiology of the colic syndrome according to race, gender, diagnosis, affected segment, therapeutic decision and outcome of the cases treated at the Veterinary Hospital "Dr Halim Atique", interior of São Paulo.  The medical records of the animals assisted from January 2004 to July 2018, whose complaint was abdominal discomfort, were evaluated. Of the 535 animals, the most affected breed was the Quarter Horses (69.3%) followed by the Mangalarga (6.9%); females (53.1%) were more prone to the development of the syndrome. Compaction (28.8%), gastritis (11.8%), followed by gas distension (10.3%) were the most frequent changes; the affected segments being the stomach (21.9%), major colon (17.2%), and small intestine (15.7%). Clinical treatment (64.7%) was the most instituted and in the outcome of the cases, the discharge (77.4%) prevailed. The study presents data that can support epidemiological research in the area, assisting in the identification of causal and predictive factors for the colic syndrome.(AU)

A síndrome cólica é uma afecção de grande importância na equideocultura, síndrome essa considerada de natureza complexa e multifatorial. Desta forma os estudos epidemiológicos vêm atuando para contribuir na identificação de fatores de risco no desenvolvimento da cólica. Este estudo avaliou a epidemiologia clínica da síndrome cólica de acordo com a raça, sexo, diagnóstico, segmento acometido, decisão terapêutica e desfecho dos casos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário “Dr Halim Atique”, interior de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os prontuários dos animais atendidos no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2018, cuja queixa foi o desconforto abdominal. Dos 535 animais, a raça mais acometida foi a Quarto de Milha (69,3%) seguido do Mangalarga (6,9%); quanto ao sexo, fêmeas (53,1%) se mostraram mais propensas ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Compactação (28,8%), gastrite (11,8%) seguidoda distensão por gás (10,3%) foram às alterações mais frequentes; sendo os segmentos acometidos, o estômago (21,9%), cólon maior (17,2%) e intestino delgado (15,7%). O tratamento clínico (64,7%) foi o mais instituído e no desfecho dos casos, a alta (77,4%) prevaleceu. O estudo apresenta dados que podem subsidiar pesquisas epidemiológicas na área auxiliando na identificação de fatores causais e preditivos para a síndrome cólica.(AU)

Cropping sequences and no-till quality indicators in the Middle Plateau of Rio Grande do Sul / Sucessão de cultivos e indicadores da qualidade do plantio direto no Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul

The no-tillage system (SPD) brings together the largest complex of conservation technologies for tropical and subtropical soils, however many producers are partially adopting these precepts, enhancing its degradation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of SPD in a locality, located in the Middle Plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, observing the current situation of soil management and agricultural plots in the region conducted under SPD. Land use monitoring was carried out at Linha Cristal, located in the city of Selbach, RS, as well as the evaluation of agricultural plots that represented the different managements observed there, as well as a native forest as reference. For this, the dry phytomass (DP) and the soil surface coverage rate (CR), the density (Sd), critical density (Bd) and degree of compaction (DC) of the soil were determined, in addiction to soil organic matter (SOM). Statistical analysis consisted of univariate analyzes (mean and standard deviation), while the results between the SOM and Ds levels were also submitted to regression analysis. The cultivated area showed low crop diversity in summer crops, predominating soybean (88.6%). Most of the corn in 2016/17 was destined to silage production (59%). The winter harvests were more diversified, with predominance of wheat, barley, white oats and black oats. The annual average DP added to the soil

O sistema plantio direto (SPD) reúne o maior complexo de tecnologias conservacionistas para solos tropicais e subtropicais, entretanto muitos produtores estão adotando parcialmente estes preceitos, potencializando a degradação do mesmo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do SPD em uma localidade, localizada no Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul, observando qual a situação atual do manejo do solo e das glebas agrícolas da região conduzidas sob SPD. Foi realizado o monitoramento do uso do solo da localidade de Linha Cristal, situada no município de Selbach, RS, bem como a avaliação de glebas agrícolas que representassem diferentes manejos ali observados, além de uma mata nativa servindo de referência. Para isso, nestas glebas foram determinados os aportes de fitomassa seca (FMS) e o índice de cobertura (IC) da superfície do solo, a densidade (Ds), densidade crítica (Dsc) e grau de compactação (GC) do solo, além dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A análise estatística consistiu em análises univariadas (média e desvio padrão), já os resultados entre os teores de MOS e a Ds, também foram submetidos à análise de regressão. A área cultivada apresentou baixa diversidade de culturas no período de verão, predominando a soja (88,6%). Maior parte do milho em 2016/2017, destinou-se a produção de silagem (59%). Os cultivos de inverno foram mais diversificados

Cropping sequences and no-till quality indicators in the Middle Plateau of Rio Grande do Sul / Sucessão de cultivos e indicadores da qualidade do plantio direto no Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul

The no-tillage system (SPD) brings together the largest complex of conservation technologies for tropical and subtropical soils, however many producers are partially adopting these precepts, enhancing its degradation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of SPD in a locality, located in the Middle Plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, observing the current situation of soil management and agricultural plots in the region conducted under SPD. Land use monitoring was carried out at Linha Cristal, located in the city of Selbach, RS, as well as the evaluation of agricultural plots that represented the different managements observed there, as well as a native forest as reference. For this, the dry phytomass (DP) and the soil surface coverage rate (CR), the density (Sd), critical density (Bd) and degree of compaction (DC) of the soil were determined, in addiction to soil organic matter (SOM). Statistical analysis consisted of univariate analyzes (mean and standard deviation), while the results between the SOM and Ds levels were also submitted to regression analysis. The cultivated area showed low crop diversity in summer crops, predominating soybean (88.6%). Most of the corn in 2016/17 was destined to silage production (59%). The winter harvests were more diversified, with predominance of wheat, barley, white oats and black oats. The annual average DP added to the soil(AU)

O sistema plantio direto (SPD) reúne o maior complexo de tecnologias conservacionistas para solos tropicais e subtropicais, entretanto muitos produtores estão adotando parcialmente estes preceitos, potencializando a degradação do mesmo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do SPD em uma localidade, localizada no Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul, observando qual a situação atual do manejo do solo e das glebas agrícolas da região conduzidas sob SPD. Foi realizado o monitoramento do uso do solo da localidade de Linha Cristal, situada no município de Selbach, RS, bem como a avaliação de glebas agrícolas que representassem diferentes manejos ali observados, além de uma mata nativa servindo de referência. Para isso, nestas glebas foram determinados os aportes de fitomassa seca (FMS) e o índice de cobertura (IC) da superfície do solo, a densidade (Ds), densidade crítica (Dsc) e grau de compactação (GC) do solo, além dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A análise estatística consistiu em análises univariadas (média e desvio padrão), já os resultados entre os teores de MOS e a Ds, também foram submetidos à análise de regressão. A área cultivada apresentou baixa diversidade de culturas no período de verão, predominando a soja (88,6%). Maior parte do milho em 2016/2017, destinou-se a produção de silagem (59%). Os cultivos de inverno foram mais diversificados(AU)

Seeding furrow opening mechanisms and the soybean planting in lowland areas / Mecanismos sulcadores da semeadora e a implantação de soja em área de terras baixas

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeder furrow opening mechanisms on soil physical characteristics, plant growth, and soybean yield in lowland areas with the presence of compacted layer near the surface. An experiment was conducted in the lowland experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Brazil, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replications and four treatments: Planter using shank (S) at 0.23 m depth; S at 0.13 m; Planter using double disk at 0.07 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth. The use of S at 0.23 m depth allowed reduction of penetration resistance and increase of soil macroporosity in the layers 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m depth in the seeding row. Sowing with S at 0.23 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth allowed a better development of soybean plants in compacted irrigated rice area (higher nodulation, leaf area index and root growth), as well as higher grain yield.(AU)

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de mecanismos sulcadores da semeadora sobre características físicas do solo, crescimento de plantas e produtividade de soja em área de terras baixas com presença de camada compactada. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento na área de várzea da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, durante as safras agrícolas 2015/16 e 2016/17. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos, sendo eles: Haste sulcadora (HS) a 0.23 m de profundidade; HS a 0.13 m; Disco duplo a 0.07 m e Microcamalhão+HS a 0.12 m. A utilização da HS a 0.23 m possibilitou o aumento da macroporosidade e a redução da resistência à penetração mecânica do solo nas camadas de 0-0.1 e 0.1-0.2 m de profundidade na linha de semeadura. A semeadura com HS a 0.23 m e Microcamalhão+HS a 0.12 m viabilizam melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de soja em área de terras baixas compactada (maior nodulação, índice de área foliar e crescimento radicular), bem como maior produtividade de grãos.(AU)

Physical attributes of a dystrophic Regolithic Neosol under pasture submitted to mechanical forage harvestingor animal grazing / Atributos físicos do neossolo regolítico distrófico sob pastagem submetido à colheita mecanizada da forragem e pastejo animal

Cattle grazing and the use of machines for different operations such as tillage, sowing, cropping and harvesting in Brazilian soils have been indicated as the main cause of soil compac-tion. This effect reduces root growth and development and increases the loss of nitrogen due to denitrification and soil erosion due to reduced water infiltration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical attributes and basic water infiltration rate in a Regolithic Neosol under pasture submitted to different types of management (extensive grazing and mechanical forage harvesting). The study was conducted on the Roçadinho Farm, municipality of Capoeiras, Agreste de Pernambuco, under Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliares L.) in a continuous grazing system of cattle, with an average stocking rate of 2 animal units (dairy cows with a mean live weight of 450 kg), and under growth of the same forage. Both areas were established more than 5 years ago, with mechanical forage harvesting where the harvester is coupled to the tractor and with trailer hitch. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with application of the F test at a 5% level of significance. Continuous grazing resulted in greater penetration resistance and bulk density and lower soil porosity compared to the area submitted to mechanical forage harvesting, as well as a lower basic soil infiltration rate. Animal trampling causes greater soil compaction than mechanical forage harvesting. Consequently, the extensive pasture area exhibits greater penetration resistance and bulk density and a lower total porosity and water infiltration rate in the superficial soil layer.

O pastejo de bovinos e a utilização de máquinas em várias operações de preparo, semeadura, tratos culturais, colheita, entre outros, nos solos brasileiros tem sido apontada como a principal causa da compactação. Esse efeito reduz o crescimento e o desenvolvimento radicular, aumenta a perda de nitrogênio por desnitrificação e a erosão do solo pela menor infiltração de água. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar e avaliar os atributos físicos e a velocidade de infiltração básica de água em um Neossolo Regolítico sob pastagem com diferentes formas de manejo (área sob pastejo extensivo e colheita mecanizada de forragem). O estudo foi conduzido na Fazenda Roçadinho, município de Capoeiras, Agreste de Pernambuco, sob pastagem com capim Búffel (Cenchrus ciliares L.) em pastejo contínuo de bovinos, com lotação média de 2 unidades animais (vacas leiteiras com peso vivo médio de 450 kg), e sob cultivo da mesma forrageira, ambos estabelecidos há mais de 5 anos, com colheita mecanizada da forragem, com a colhedora acoplada ao reboque do trator e com engate para carreta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, plicando-se o teste F a 5% de significância. O pastejo contínuo ocasionou maior resistência à penetração e densidade e menor porosidade do solo em comparação à área onde é realizada a colheita mecanizada de forragem, assim como uma menor velocidade de infiltração básica do solo. O pisoteio animal causa maior compactação do solo quando comparado à colheita mecanizada de forragem, portanto, a área de pastejo extensivo apresenta maior resistência à penetração e densidade, e obtém menor porosidade total e velocidade de infiltração da água na camada superficial do solo na camada superficial do solo.

Physical attributes of a dystrophic Regolithic Neosol under pasture submitted to mechanical forage harvestingor animal grazing / Atributos físicos do neossolo regolítico distrófico sob pastagem submetido à colheita mecanizada da forragem e pastejo animal

Cattle grazing and the use of machines for different operations such as tillage, sowing, cropping and harvesting in Brazilian soils have been indicated as the main cause of soil compac-tion. This effect reduces root growth and development and increases the loss of nitrogen due to denitrification and soil erosion due to reduced water infiltration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical attributes and basic water infiltration rate in a Regolithic Neosol under pasture submitted to different types of management (extensive grazing and mechanical forage harvesting). The study was conducted on the Roçadinho Farm, municipality of Capoeiras, Agreste de Pernambuco, under Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliares L.) in a continuous grazing system of cattle, with an average stocking rate of 2 animal units (dairy cows with a mean live weight of 450 kg), and under growth of the same forage. Both areas were established more than 5 years ago, with mechanical forage harvesting where the harvester is coupled to the tractor and with trailer hitch. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with application of the F test at a 5% level of significance. Continuous grazing resulted in greater penetration resistance and bulk density and lower soil porosity compared to the area submitted to mechanical forage harvesting, as well as a lower basic soil infiltration rate. Animal trampling causes greater soil compaction than mechanical forage harvesting. Consequently, the extensive pasture area exhibits greater penetration resistance and bulk density and a lower total porosity and water infiltration rate in the superficial soil layer.(AU)

O pastejo de bovinos e a utilização de máquinas em várias operações de preparo, semeadura, tratos culturais, colheita, entre outros, nos solos brasileiros tem sido apontada como a principal causa da compactação. Esse efeito reduz o crescimento e o desenvolvimento radicular, aumenta a perda de nitrogênio por desnitrificação e a erosão do solo pela menor infiltração de água. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar e avaliar os atributos físicos e a velocidade de infiltração básica de água em um Neossolo Regolítico sob pastagem com diferentes formas de manejo (área sob pastejo extensivo e colheita mecanizada de forragem). O estudo foi conduzido na Fazenda Roçadinho, município de Capoeiras, Agreste de Pernambuco, sob pastagem com capim Búffel (Cenchrus ciliares L.) em pastejo contínuo de bovinos, com lotação média de 2 unidades animais (vacas leiteiras com peso vivo médio de 450 kg), e sob cultivo da mesma forrageira, ambos estabelecidos há mais de 5 anos, com colheita mecanizada da forragem, com a colhedora acoplada ao reboque do trator e com engate para carreta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, plicando-se o teste F a 5% de significância. O pastejo contínuo ocasionou maior resistência à penetração e densidade e menor porosidade do solo em comparação à área onde é realizada a colheita mecanizada de forragem, assim como uma menor velocidade de infiltração básica do solo. O pisoteio animal causa maior compactação do solo quando comparado à colheita mecanizada de forragem, portanto, a área de pastejo extensivo apresenta maior resistência à penetração e densidade, e obtém menor porosidade total e velocidade de infiltração da água na camada superficial do solo na camada superficial do solo.(AU)

Least limiting water range for oil palm production in Amazon region, Brazil

In areas cultivated with oil palm, typically mechanized field operations using heavy vehicles may negatively affect soil physical properties and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical quality in an area cultivated with oil palm by monitoring the temporal variation of the soil water content and relating it to the critical limits of the least limiting water range. Soil bulk density (Bd), soil penetration resistance (SR), least limiting water range (LLWR), and water stress days (WSD) were used to assess soil physical quality in planting rows (PR) and the traffic zone (TZ) at depths 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm. The Bd was higher and the LLWR was reduced in TZ only at the surface layer. The effect of temporal variation in soil water content on the soil physical quality was higher in TZ, mainly in subsurface layers. Bd and LLWR did not affect the fresh fruit bunch production; however, WSD in TZ at 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers provided evidence of effects of temporal variation of soil water content on oil palm productivity.