The economic value of sustainability of the integrated crop-livestock system in relation to conventional systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of improving the economic value of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) compared to conventional systems specialized in monoculture. The experimental area was 16.02 ha, divided into 18 paddocks of 0.89 ha each, organized in a randomized block design, with three replicates and six models of production systems: crop system [corn ( Zea mays ) grain production], livestock system (beef cattle under grazing conditions), and four ICLS, identified as: ICLS-1, corn integrated with Marandu palisadegrass [ Urochloa brizantha (Hoechst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu] sown simultaneously without herbicide; ICLS-2, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously with herbicide; ICLS-3, corn and Marandu palisadegrass with lagged sowing; and ICLS-4, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously, with herbicide in rows and between-rows of corn. We demonstrated the economic impact analysis combined with the risk optimization and discounted cash flow techniques based on Monte Carlo simulation, considering price and productivity uncertainties. The indicators of added value and return on investment of ICLS had an economic advantage compared with conventional systems. It was also found that ICLS needed a smaller operational area than conventional systems for the economic break-even point. Integrated systems provide lower financial and operational risk levels and greater economic value per hectare compared with conventional systems specialized in monoculture.(AU)

International competitiveness of exports of forest products / Competitividade internacional das exportações de produtos florestais madeireiros

This article analyzed the international competitiveness of exports of forest products from 2008 to 2018. The information is available in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the indicators used were: revealed comparative advantage (RCA), trade openness index (Oi) and the contribution to trade balance index (CTB). Results showed that the exportation of forest products are competitive, in addition gains in competitiveness have been observed by the RCA and in Europe, countries had losses in detriment of the financial crises and austerity measures adopted. All countries showed a low degree of openness by the Oi and had a comparative advantage by the CTB, except for China and Germany. It is concluded that the countries with bigger comparative advantages in the exportation of forest products were the ones that had contributed more for its commercial balance.

Este artigo analisou a competitividade internacional das exportações de produtos florestais, de 2008 e 2018. As informações estão disponíveis na Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimento (FAO) e os indicadores utilizados foram: vantagem comparativa revelada (RCA), o índice de abertura do comércio (Oi) e o índice de contribuição ao saldo comercial (CTB). Os resultados mostram que as exportações de produtos florestais são competitivas, ademais foram observados pelo RCA ganhos em competitividade e na Europa, os países tiveram perdas em detrimento das crises financeiras e medidas de austeridade adotadas. Todos os países apresentaram baixo grau de abertura pelo Oi e teve vantagem comparativa pelo CTB, com exceção da China e Alemanha. Conclui-se que os países com maiores vantagens comparativas nas exportações de produtos florestais foram os que mais contribuíram para o seu saldo comercial.

Economic performance of highenergy diets and supplementation with chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in ewes' production

The experiment aimed to analyze the economic viability of using highenergy diets and the supplementation of chromium propionate or calcium salts of palm oil in the diet of ewes from the late gestation until the end of lactation. Seventy-two ewes of Santa Ines × Dorper crossbreeds were allocated to five treatments: CTL (n = 14) with 100% of NRC recommendation for metabolizable energy per kg dry matter intake (ME/kg DMI), LOW (n = 14) with 90% ME/kg DMI, HIGH (n = 15) with 110% ME/kg DMI, Cr (n = 15) HIGH diet plus chromium propionate, and FAT (n = 14) HIGH diet plus calcium salts of palm oil. Based on the performance data, a short-term analysis was performed for a module of 1000 ewes, evaluating costs, revenues, and profitability, and long-term analysis was performed by an additional cash flow of 120 months. The CTL and FAT treatments were not viable due to higher costs and lower revenues, and they also had a negative net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). The LOW treatment, despite lower costs and positive profitability, had a negative NPV (-$872.90) and IRR (1.85%) that was below the discount rate, making it unprofitable in the long run. The HIGH and Cr treatments were considered feasible because they had lower unit costs and higher profitability, in addition to a high NPV ($64,894.11 and 104,902.05, respectively) and a higher IRR (9.03% and 13.65%, respectively) than the discount rate. The use of high-energy diets, with added chromium propionate, promoted better performance and, consequently, better economic return.(AU)

Regional concentration of native fuelwood production in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (1990­2017) / Concentração regional da produção de lenha nativa no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil (1990-2017)

This paper examined the regional concentration of native fuelwood production in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, between 1990-2017. Information on native fuelwood was gathered from forestry activities collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This study analyzed the current situation and the spatial distribution of the state's fuelwood production by quartiles. The following indicators were used to measure market concentration: Gini Coefficient (G), Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]. In Rio Grande do Norte, there was a -2.76% annual decrease in the production of native fuelwood, from 5,280 x10³ m³ (1990) to 777 x10³ m³ (2017). Classification of the municipalities by quartile revealed that most municipalities had low fuelwood production. The G inferred a very strong to absolute inequality for the municipalities and a weak to null inequality for the mesoregions.The CCI demonstrated no market concentration in the municipalities and a regional concentration in the mesoregions. The HHI corroborated the CCI by affirming the presence of a competitive market for the municipalities and microregions and a concentrated market in the mesoregions.The CR(k) of the four largest municipalities indicated a moderately low concentration. This study concluded that there is a competitive market structure for native fuelwood inthe state of Rio Grande do Norte.

Este artigo analisou a concentração regional da produção de lenha nativa do Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil, no período de 1990 a 2017. As informações da lenha nativa foram obtidas da produção da extração vegetal e da silvicultura, disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Analisou a conjuntura, a distribuição espacial da produção de lenha estadual por meio os quartis e mensurou a concentração por meio dos indicadores: Coeficiente de Gini (G), Índice de Concentração Compreensiva (CCI), Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) e Razão de Concentração [CR(k)]. Os resultados mostraram que houve decréscimo de -2,76% a.a. na produção de lenha nativa estadual, partindo de 5.280 x10³ m³ (1990) para 777 x10³ m³ (2017). O quartil municipal revelou que a maioria dos municípios produz pouca lenha; apesar do G ter inferido uma desigualdade muito forte a absoluta para os municípios produtores de lenha e fraca a nula para as mesorregiões, já o CCI mostrou para os municípios que é não concentrado e as mesorregiões tem concentração regional; HHI corroborou com esta afirmação mostrando um mercado altamente competitivo para os municípios e microrregiões e concentrado para as mesorregiões produtoras de lenha; o CR(k) dos quatro maiores municípios foi constatada uma concentração moderadamente baixa. Conclui-se que a lenha nativa do estado do Rio Grande do Norte possui estrutura de mercado competitiva.

Meat sheep farming systems according to economic and productive indicators: A case study in Southern Brazil

This study aimed to characterize 24 representative sheep production farms from five mesoregions in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, so that economic and productive improvement strategies could be proposed. The representative farms for each region were defined at meetings with sheep farmers and technicians via the rapid appraisal methodology and represent 65% of the state's flock. The information of each representative farm was collected between March 2015 and February 2016. Principal component analysis was used to verify the relationships among the different variables that characterized the farms. These characteristics were: number of ewes (V1), total cost per kilogram of revenue-generating product (V2), feeding costs (V3), labor costs (V4), facility and equipment depreciation costs (V5), and gross margin in the production cycle (V6). Cluster analysis was performed, resulting in three distinct groups: one including eight, another seven, and the third, nine farms. The results aided in classifying the farms into groups with similar characteristics, such as production scale, reproductive efficiency, technical and managerial control, appreciation of cooperatives, and availability of continuous technical assistance. The production scale, reproductive and productive efficiency, adoption of technologies, and cooperative organizational structure can be emphasized as positive performance benchmarks and were the most important aspects to achieve positive economic results.

Padronização de um protocolo para assepsia de segmentos nodais de Phalaenopsispara clonagem in vitro / Standardization of a protocol for assepsis of nodal Phalaenopsissegments for in vitrocloning

A biotecnologia vegetal é uma área de elevada importância, uma vez que tem a função de obter organismos vegetais com características superiores aos já existentes no mercado. A clonagem é uma das ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas para essa função, através dela, seleciona-se organismos com características de interesse e realiza-se a multiplicação deste individuo, garantindo que as plantas regeneradas sejam geneticamente idênticas a matriz desejada, estabelecendo uma padronização. Sabendo que o setor de plantas ornamentais contribui de maneira expressiva com a economia e dentre as plantas ornamentais de mais estima entre os brasileiros, encontram-se as orquídeas, que vem adquirindo visibilidade cultural e um grande número de colecionadores nos últimos anos. O objetivo, do presente trabalho, foi estabelecer um protocolo de assepsia eficiente para meristemas laterais e obtenção de clones da orquídea do gênero Phalaenopsis. Para metodologia, visando a padronização de um protocolo de assepsia, foram elaborados e testados 4 tratamentos que possuíam diferentes combinações (concentração x tempo) de agentes como o hipoclorito de sódio, álcool, cobre, tween e lavagem dos explantes com água destilada estéril para meristemas laterais da orquídea de gênero Phalaenopsis. Os meristemas, também conhecidos como gemas laterais, foram retirados do caule das plântulas, de suas hastes florais...

Plant biotechnology is an área of high importance since it has the function of obtaining plant organisms with characteristics superior to those already on the market. Cloning is one of the tools that can be used for this function, through it, organisms with characteristics of interest are selected and this individual is multiplied, ensuring that the regenerated plants are genetically identical to the desired matrix, establishing a standardization. Knowing that the ornamental plants sector contributes significantly to the economy and among the most esteemed ornamental plants among Brazilians, there are orchids which have acquired cultural visibility and a large number of collectors in recent years.  The objective of the present work was to establish an efficient assepsis protocol for lateral meristems and to obtain clones of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. For methodology, aiming at the standardization o fan asepsis protocol, 4 treatments were developed and tested with different combinations (concentration x time) of agents such as sodium hypochlorite, alcohol, copper, tween and washing the explants with sterile distilled wáter for meristems of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. The meristems, also known as lateral buds, were removed from the stem of the seedlings, from their floral stems. As for obtained clones, the experiment carried out consisted of...

Economic impact and epidemiological aspects of subclinical mastitis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in the semiarid northeastern region of Brazil / Impacto econômico e aspectos epidemiológicos da mastite e artrite encefalite caprina na região semiárida do Nordeste Brasileiro

Dairy activity in the semi-arid region has gained prominence due to its profit potential; however, there are still sanitary problems that result in significant economic impact. Thus, this study aimed to assess the economic impact and to conduct an epidemiological study of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and subclinical mastitis in dairy goat herds of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil. The study proceeded with the collection of blood (n = 351) and milk samples (n = 321) from 15 rural properties with up to 50 animals, risk factor assessment, economic profile analysis, and georeferencing of the properties. The blood serum obtained was subjected to the AGID test. The milk samples were cultured on blood agar, and the reading was performed 24 hours after incubation. Overall, 3.4% of the animals were seropositive for CAE, and 15.8% were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. 71.95% of the positive animals belonged to properties with a semi-intensive rearing system, weekly cleaning of the facilities, and no pre- or post-dipping. Subclinical mastitis caused by the main agent Staphylococcus spp. was associated with the breed type of the animals, highlighting two risk factors: purebred animals (OR = 12.52) and the milking performed close the soil (OR = 18.07). A reduction of up to 35.34% was observed in the income of dairy properties, constituting a considerable economic impact. Due to these sanitary problems, the economic impact demonstrates the need for a sanitary management program focused on these infirmities.

A atividade leiteira na região semiárida vem ganhando expressividade devido seu potencial lucrativo, no entanto, ainda existem problemas sanitários que ocasionam de grande impacto econômico. Assim, objetivou-se dimensionar o impacto econômico e realizar o estudo epidemiológico da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e mastite subclínica, nos rebanhos caprinos leiteiros do semiárido nordestino. A pesquisa seguiu-se com a coleta das amostras de sangue (n=351) e leite (n= 321), ava-liação dos fatores de risco, análise do perfil econômico das propriedades e georreferenciamento. O soro sanguíneo obtido foi submetido ao teste de IDGA. As amostras de leite foram semeadas em ágar sangue e a leitura realizada 24 horas após incuba-ção. No total, 3,4%, dos animais foram soropositivos para CAE e 15,8% diagnosticados com mastite subclínica. 71,95% dos animais positivos pertenciam a propriedades com sistema de criação semi-intensivo, limpeza das instalações semanalmente e sem realização de pré e pós dipping. A mastite subclínica causada pelo principal agente Staphylococcus spp. mostrou-se asso-ciada ao padrão racial dos animais, sendo observado dois fatores de risco: padrão racial puro (OR = 12,52) e ordenha no solo (OR = 18,07). A redução nas receitas das propriedades leiteiras foi de até 35,34%, portanto, um relevante impacto econômico. Pode-se constatar a circulação do vírus da CAE nas propriedades rurais visitadas, além da presença de patógenos causadores da mastite com importância na área da saúde pública. O impacto econômico gerado em função da presença desses proble-mas sanitários demonstra a necessidade da implantação de um programa de manejo sanitário com foco nessas enfermidades.

Economic impact and epidemiological aspects of subclinical mastitis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in the semiarid northeastern region of Brazil / Impacto econômico e aspectos epidemiológicos da mastite e artrite encefalite caprina na região semiárida do Nordeste Brasileiro

Dairy activity in the semi-arid region has gained prominence due to its profit potential; however, there are still sanitary problems that result in significant economic impact. Thus, this study aimed to assess the economic impact and to conduct an epidemiological study of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and subclinical mastitis in dairy goat herds of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil. The study proceeded with the collection of blood (n = 351) and milk samples (n = 321) from 15 rural properties with up to 50 animals, risk factor assessment, economic profile analysis, and georeferencing of the properties. The blood serum obtained was subjected to the AGID test. The milk samples were cultured on blood agar, and the reading was performed 24 hours after incubation. Overall, 3.4% of the animals were seropositive for CAE, and 15.8% were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. 71.95% of the positive animals belonged to properties with a semi-intensive rearing system, weekly cleaning of the facilities, and no pre- or post-dipping. Subclinical mastitis caused by the main agent Staphylococcus spp. was associated with the breed type of the animals, highlighting two risk factors: purebred animals (OR = 12.52) and the milking performed close the soil (OR = 18.07). A reduction of up to 35.34% was observed in the income of dairy properties, constituting a considerable economic impact. Due to these sanitary problems, the economic impact demonstrates the need for a sanitary management program focused on these infirmities.(AU)

A atividade leiteira na região semiárida vem ganhando expressividade devido seu potencial lucrativo, no entanto, ainda existem problemas sanitários que ocasionam de grande impacto econômico. Assim, objetivou-se dimensionar o impacto econômico e realizar o estudo epidemiológico da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE) e mastite subclínica, nos rebanhos caprinos leiteiros do semiárido nordestino. A pesquisa seguiu-se com a coleta das amostras de sangue (n=351) e leite (n= 321), ava-liação dos fatores de risco, análise do perfil econômico das propriedades e georreferenciamento. O soro sanguíneo obtido foi submetido ao teste de IDGA. As amostras de leite foram semeadas em ágar sangue e a leitura realizada 24 horas após incuba-ção. No total, 3,4%, dos animais foram soropositivos para CAE e 15,8% diagnosticados com mastite subclínica. 71,95% dos animais positivos pertenciam a propriedades com sistema de criação semi-intensivo, limpeza das instalações semanalmente e sem realização de pré e pós dipping. A mastite subclínica causada pelo principal agente Staphylococcus spp. mostrou-se asso-ciada ao padrão racial dos animais, sendo observado dois fatores de risco: padrão racial puro (OR = 12,52) e ordenha no solo (OR = 18,07). A redução nas receitas das propriedades leiteiras foi de até 35,34%, portanto, um relevante impacto econômico. Pode-se constatar a circulação do vírus da CAE nas propriedades rurais visitadas, além da presença de patógenos causadores da mastite com importância na área da saúde pública. O impacto econômico gerado em função da presença desses proble-mas sanitários demonstra a necessidade da implantação de um programa de manejo sanitário com foco nessas enfermidades.(AU)

Padronização de um protocolo para assepsia de segmentos nodais de Phalaenopsispara clonagem in vitro / Standardization of a protocol for assepsis of nodal Phalaenopsissegments for in vitrocloning

A biotecnologia vegetal é uma área de elevada importância, uma vez que tem a função de obter organismos vegetais com características superiores aos já existentes no mercado. A clonagem é uma das ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas para essa função, através dela, seleciona-se organismos com características de interesse e realiza-se a multiplicação deste individuo, garantindo que as plantas regeneradas sejam geneticamente idênticas a matriz desejada, estabelecendo uma padronização. Sabendo que o setor de plantas ornamentais contribui de maneira expressiva com a economia e dentre as plantas ornamentais de mais estima entre os brasileiros, encontram-se as orquídeas, que vem adquirindo visibilidade cultural e um grande número de colecionadores nos últimos anos. O objetivo, do presente trabalho, foi estabelecer um protocolo de assepsia eficiente para meristemas laterais e obtenção de clones da orquídea do gênero Phalaenopsis. Para metodologia, visando a padronização de um protocolo de assepsia, foram elaborados e testados 4 tratamentos que possuíam diferentes combinações (concentração x tempo) de agentes como o hipoclorito de sódio, álcool, cobre, tween e lavagem dos explantes com água destilada estéril para meristemas laterais da orquídea de gênero Phalaenopsis. Os meristemas, também conhecidos como gemas laterais, foram retirados do caule das plântulas, de suas hastes florais...(AU)

Plant biotechnology is an área of high importance since it has the function of obtaining plant organisms with characteristics superior to those already on the market. Cloning is one of the tools that can be used for this function, through it, organisms with characteristics of interest are selected and this individual is multiplied, ensuring that the regenerated plants are genetically identical to the desired matrix, establishing a standardization. Knowing that the ornamental plants sector contributes significantly to the economy and among the most esteemed ornamental plants among Brazilians, there are orchids which have acquired cultural visibility and a large number of collectors in recent years.  The objective of the present work was to establish an efficient assepsis protocol for lateral meristems and to obtain clones of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. For methodology, aiming at the standardization o fan asepsis protocol, 4 treatments were developed and tested with different combinations (concentration x time) of agents such as sodium hypochlorite, alcohol, copper, tween and washing the explants with sterile distilled wáter for meristems of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. The meristems, also known as lateral buds, were removed from the stem of the seedlings, from their floral stems. As for obtained clones, the experiment carried out consisted of...(AU)

Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: a case study of Pakistan / Impactos das mudanças climáticas no setor agrícola: um estudo de caso do Paquistão

The current article looks at the effects of climate change on agriculture, especially crop production, and influence factors of agricultural development in terms of their rational use in Pakistan. Due to the dependence of economic development, and agriculture in the South Asian region on access to renewable national resources and the associated vulnerability to climate change, the limited financial and professional resources of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan require a clear definition of national priorities in this area. In the preparation of this article, general scientific cognition methods, in particular, empirical-theoretical methods were used. Grouping and classification methods have been used to process and systematize the data. The ability to change productivity, depending on the variation of the average annual air temperature and the average annual precipitation rate, was considered using a two-factor regression model. The main finding of the study is that temperature and precipitation have a negative impact on agricultural production. This study can provide a scientific justification for the specialization of agricultural production in the regions of Pakistan as well as the execution of the necessary agricultural activities.

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na agricultura, especialmente a produção agrícola e os fatores de influência do desenvolvimento agrícola em termos de uso racional no Paquistão. Devido à dependência do desenvolvimento econômico e da agricultura na região do sul da Ásia do acesso a recursos nacionais renováveis e à vulnerabilidade associada às mudanças climáticas, os recursos financeiros e profissionais limitados da República Islâmica do Paquistão exigem uma definição clara das prioridades nacionais nessa área. Na preparação deste artigo, foram utilizados métodos gerais de cognição científica, em particular métodos teórico empíricos. Os métodos de agrupamento e classificação foram utilizados para processar e sistematizar os dados. A capacidade de alterar a produtividade, dependendo da variação da temperatura média anual do ar e da taxa média anual de precipitação, foi considerada usando um modelo de regressão de dois fatores. A principal descoberta do estudo é que a temperatura e a precipitação têm um impacto negativo na produção agrícola. Este estudo pode fornecer uma justificativa científica para a especialização da produção agrícola nas regiões do Paquistão, bem como a execução das atividades agrícolas necessárias.