Resumo

Purpose: Reflux esophagitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophagus, resulting from the backflow of stomach acid and other gastric contents into the esophagus. Columbianadin is a coumarin derivative that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we tried to scrutinize the protective effect of Columbianadin against acute reflux esophagitis in rats. Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were utilized to assess cell viability and measure the production of inflammatory parameters. The rats received anesthesia, and reflux esophagitis was induced via ligation of pylorus and fore stomach and corpus junction. Rats received the oral administration of Columbianadin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg). The gastric secretion volume, acidity, and pH were measured. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress parameters, cytokines, and inflammatory markers were determined. At the end of the study, mRNA expression was assessed. Results: Columbianadin remarkably suppressed the cell viability and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and prostaglandin (PGE2). Columbianadin treatment remarkably suppressed the secretion of gastric volume, total acidity and enhanced the pH level in the stomach. Columbianadin remarkably altered the level of hydrogen peroxidase, free iron, calcium, and plasma scavenging activity, sulfhydryl group; oxidative stress parameters like malonaldehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase; inflammatory cytokines viz., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10, IL-17, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; inflammatory parameters including PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, and nuclear kappa B factor (NF-κB). Columbianadin remarkably (P < 0.001) suppressed the mRNA expression TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Conclusions: Columbianadin demonstrated a protective effect against acute reflux esophagitis via NF-κB pathway.

Resumo

Pythiosis is the disease caused by aquatic oomycetes of the genus Pythium. In dogs the typical course of the disease involves the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by transmural thickening of the stomach or intestines. However, infection by Pythium spp. has only rarely been recognized as a cause of esophagitis in dogs. Thus, the present reports a case of esophageal and gastric pythiosis in an eight-month-old female pit bull dog. The dog was attended at the hospital after two months presenting regurgitation and dyspnea. It was reported that the dog lived in an urban area and had no previous sanitary issues. At clinical examination it was noted that the dog presented crackling sounds at pulmonary auscultation. A support therapy accompanied by antibiotics has been employed; however, 22 days after hospitalization the clinical condition worsened, and the dog died. At necropsy, the wall of the distal segment of the esophagus and the cardia and part of the fundus of the stomach were expanded by a focal extensive irregular intramural annular mass. Additionally, there was a transmural esophageal fistula. At histology, the walls of the esophagus and stomach were extensively expanded by multifocal extensive areas of necrosis, associated with a pyogranulomatous infiltrate and abundant granulation tissue containing multiple negative images of hyphae that were highlighted by silver impregnation (Grocott). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and PCR for P. insidiosum were both positive in samples of paraffin-embedded esophageal tissue.

A Pitiose é uma doença causada por oomicetos aquáticos do gênero Pythium. Em cães o curso típico da doença envolve o trato gastrointestinal, caracterizado por espessamento transmural do estômago ou intestinos. No entanto, a infecção por Pythium spp. raramente foi reconhecida como causa de esofagite em caninos. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de pitiose esofágica e gástrica em um canino Pit Bull fêmea de oito meses de idade. O cão foi recebido no hospital com histórico de regurgitação e dispneia durante dois meses. Foi relatado que o animal era de um domicílio de área urbana e não possuía histórico pregresso de enfermidades. No exame clínico contatou-se ainda crepitações à ausculta pulmonar. Foi instituído tratamento de suporte e antibioticoterapia, porém após 22 dias de internação, o cão evoluiu para o óbito. Na necropsia, as paredes do segmento distal do esôfago e o cárdia e parte do fundo do estômago estavam expandidos por uma massa anular intramural focalmente extensiva e irregular. Além disso, havia uma fístula esofágica transmural. À histologia, as paredes do esôfago e do estômago apresentavam-se difusamente expandidas por áreas multifocais extensas de necrose, associadas a infiltrado piogranulomatoso, abundante proliferação de fibroblastos imaturos, neovascularização e contendo múltiplas imagens negativas de hifas realçadas pela impregnação por prata (Grocott). Além disso, tanto a imuno-histoquímica como PCR para P. insidiosum foram positivas em amostras de esôfago embebidas em parafina.

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Uma avestruz-do-pescoço-vermelho, com dois anos de idade, apresentava um nódulo no terço médio do esôfago e foi submetida a procedimento cirúrgico. Histologicamente, observou-se uma área focalmente extensa de necrose estendendo-se da túnica mucosa à muscular, e, em algumas secções, à túnica adventícia. Circundando a área de necrose, observou-se uma reação inflamatória composta principalmente por granulócitos e macrófagos, associada à fibroplasia e neovascularização. Em meio às áreas de necrose e inflamação, verificavam-se numerosas imagens negativas de hifas em seções longitudinais e transversais, melhor apreciadas pela coloração de metenamina nitrato de prata de Grocott. O diagnóstico definitivo de infecção por Pythium insidiosum foi confirmado por imuno-histoquímica. A avestruz recebia água para consumo de um lago localizado em uma área de pastagem, no qual alguns cavalos haviam desenvolvido pitiose cutânea anteriormente.(AU)

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Background: The esophagus is a tubular organ that connects the laryngopharynx to the stomach. This organ has three pointsof narrowing: the thoracic inlet, the base of the heart, and the diaphragmatic hiatus; these are common sites of obstructionby foreign bodies. Clinical signs of esophageal obstructions include sialorrhea, dysphagia, regurgitation, dehydration, anddepression. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination, anamnesis, and complementary imaging. The treatment requiresthe removal of the foreign body. Herein, we report a case of esophageal perforation associated with a foreign body in aSpitz German treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco.Case: A 2-year-old female German Spitz was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (HV-UFRPE); she presented with recurrent drooling and emesis. According to the instructor, approximatelyfive days after a party at the residence, the animal began to exhibit clinical signs. She was examined at a veterinary clinic,where she remained hospitalized for three days, without clinical improvement. She was then taken to the HV-UFRPE forfurther assessment. Upon physical examination, sialorrhea, hypercormed conjunctival mucosa, hyperthermia (41ºC), andregurgitation were observed. Imaging tests (simple radiography and ultrasonography), blood count, and a serum biochemistry panel (urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and albumin) were requested.The radiographic examination revealed a pulmonary interstitial pattern and pleural effusion. Analysis of the thoracic fluidyielded results consistent with a septic exudate. No significant changes were observed on total abdominal ultrasonography.The hemogram showed thrombocytosis, leukocytosis with absolute neutrophilia, as well as relative and absolute monocytosis. Esophagoscopy was offered...

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Endoscopy is a visual examination of internal structures with the aid of an endoscope. In some cases, it is possible to define the etiology of the diseases and the patient's response to a particular disease, helping to define specific prognoses and therapies. It is minimally invasive, reducing surgical time and consequently the duration of anesthesia, which is desirable mainly in debilitated patients and is indicated for visualization and / or sampling of an organ or site with additional diagnostic information. In the present case, the objective was to perform endoscopic examination in a boa constrictor. This patient was anesthetized for digestive endoscopy and sample collection for histopathological examinations that allowed the definitive diagnosis of chronic histiolymphoplasmacytic esophagitis of probable bacterial origin. It was concluded that this technique made it possible, in a non-traumatic way, to obtain samples that, on histopathological examination, determined the definitive diagnosis.

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A estenose esofágica benigna é uma afecção rara em pequenos animais, comumente secundária a esofagites ulcerativas. O refluxo gastroesofágico, frequente durante procedimentos anestésicos, é a principal causa de esofagite grave, com consequente formação de cicatriz esofágica. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever dois casos de estenose esofágica ocorrentes após ovário-histerectomia, com destaque para os procedimentos diagnósticos realizados. Em ambos os casos, a combinação dos sinais clínicos sugestivos e os achados de esofagograma e esofagoscopia foram determinantes. No primeiro caso, devido ao tempo avançado de desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos, o paciente veio a óbito antes mesmo que a intervenção direta da região de estenose fosse realizada. Já no segundo, o procedimento de gastrostomia para melhor manejo alimentar, associado à dilatação esofágica via esofagoscopia e à terapia com medicamentos antiácidos, resultou em melhora clínica.(AU)

Benign esophageal stricture is a rare affection in small animals, usually secondary to ulcerative esophagitis. Gastroesophageal reflux, frequent during anesthetic procedures, is the main cause of severe esophagitis with consequent formation of esophageal cicatrix. The objective of this work is to describe two cases of esophageal stricture occurring after ovariohysterectomy, highlighting the diagnostic procedures performed. In both cases, the combination of the suggestive clinical signs and findings from an esophagram and an esophagoscopy were determinants. In the first case, due to the advanced stage of the clinical signs, the patient died before direct interventions on the stenosis region were performed. But in the second case, the gastrostomy procedures for better feed management associated with esophageal dilatation by esophagoscopy and therapy with antacids resulted in clinical improvement.(AU)

Resumo

Gastroesophageal reflux can affect various species and presents several etiologies, and general anesthesia can be considered one of the main causes of esophagitis in dogs, due to the reduction of the gastroesophageal sphincter tonus caused by anesthetic drugs. There are many factors responsible for the esophageal lesion due to reflux, including type of refluid material, reflux volume, frequency and duration, and esophageal mucosa integrity. It is important to prevent reflux during anesthesia because of the risk of causing not only post operatory esophagitis but also other serious complications such as formation of esophageal stenosis, or aspiration pneumonia . Thus, it is important to establish anesthetic protocols that do not modify the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter, as well as determine therapeutic strategies that could reduce reflux incidence. This research reviews the anatomic and physiological aspects of gastroesophageal junction as well as those aspects related with gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs.

O refluxo gastroesofágico pode afetar várias espécies e apresenta diversas etiologias, sendo as anestesias gerais uma das principais causas de esofagite em cães, devido à redução do tônus do esfíncter esofagogástrico, ocasionada por fármacos anestésicos. São fatores responsáveis pela lesão esofágica em consequência do refluxo, o tipo do material refluído, o volume, a frequência, a duração do refluxo e a integridade da mucosa esofágica. É importante prevenir o refluxo durante a anestesia, devido ao risco de ocasionar além da esofagite pós-operatória, outras graves complicações como a formação de estenoses esofágicas ou ainda resultar em pneumonia por aspiração. Para isso, é importante estabelecer protocolos anestésicos que não modifiquem a função do esfíncter esofagogástrico, bem como determinar estratégias terapêuticas que reduzam a incidência do refluxo. Neste artigo, são revisados os aspectos anatômicos e fisiológicos da junção esofagogástrica, assim como os relacionados com o refluxo gastroesofágico em cães anestesiados.

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Candida esophagitis (CE) is a common opportunistic infection in the immunocompromised host. C. glabrata is rarely cited as agent of CE and has been underestimated due to lack of proper identification. In this study, two cases of C. glabrata esophagitis in AIDS and chagasic patients are reported. Diagnosis of Candida species should be considered an important key for the ideal choice of antifungal therapy against this mycosis.

Esofagitepor Candida (CE) é uma infecção oportunista comum em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. C. glabrata é raramente citada como agente de CE e tem sido subestimada devido à falta de uma identificação apropriada. Este estudo relata dois casos de esofagitepor C. glabrata em pacientes com AIDS e doença de Chagas. O diagnóstico das espécies de Candida deveria ser considerado uma importante chave para a escolha da terapia antifúngica ideal contra esta micose.