Resumo
Background: Snake attacks on sheep, horses, cattle and, most frequently, dogs, have previously been described but few of these cases involve highly lethal poison, especially with farm animals. In Brazil, most attacks on humans involving poisonous snakes are related to the genus Bothrops sp. Information about snakebites in sheep is usually obtained from experiments. There are few reports of natural cases and their clinical and pathological characteristics. The aim of the present study was to report the clinical and pathological characteristics of two spontaneous cases of snake envenomation in sheep. Case: Two sheep were sent to the UFSM Veterinary Hospital after being found in the lateral decubitus position by their owner. The two sheep came from a farm located near the University. The animals were subjected to a thorough clinical examination. Blood was collected from one animal for a hemogram and biochemical tests. The animals died about two hours after their arrival at the veterinary hospital. During the necropsy, the fi rst ewe exhibited severe dyspnea, swelling of the submandibular and periorbital regions, and unilateral nasal serosanguineous secretion. The second animal exhibited nasal and ocular bilateral bleeding, hematoma and intense gingival bleeding. The left eye was completely obliterated. In the blood and serum analysis, this animal exhibited a low content of plasma
Background: Snake attacks on sheep, horses, cattle and, most frequently, dogs, have previously been described but few of these cases involve highly lethal poison, especially with farm animals. In Brazil, most attacks on humans involving poisonous snakes are related to the genus Bothrops sp. Information about snakebites in sheep is usually obtained from experiments. There are few reports of natural cases and their clinical and pathological characteristics. The aim of the present study was to report the clinical and pathological characteristics of two spontaneous cases of snake envenomation in sheep. Case: Two sheep were sent to the UFSM Veterinary Hospital after being found in the lateral decubitus position by their owner. The two sheep came from a farm located near the University. The animals were subjected to a thorough clinical examination. Blood was collected from one animal for a hemogram and biochemical tests. The animals died about two hours after their arrival at the veterinary hospital. During the necropsy, the fi rst ewe exhibited severe dyspnea, swelling of the submandibular and periorbital regions, and unilateral nasal serosanguineous secretion. The second animal exhibited nasal and ocular bilateral bleeding, hematoma and intense gingival bleeding. The left eye was completely obliterated. In the blood and serum analysis, this animal exhibited a low content of plasma
Resumo
Water stress affects deeply plant cell metabolism. The objective of this work was to quantify the effects of water deficits and its recovery on the performances of nitrogen metabolism enzymes: nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine sintethase (GS) and glutamate sintase (GOGAT) and an accumulation of proline in maize genotypes BR 2121 and BR 205. The trial was carried out in greenhouse, by using pots with 14.3kg of soil. The treatments performed were a combination of two genotypes and four intervals among irrigation (1, 3, 5 and 7 days). On the day in which the treatments were evaluated (49 days after emergency), there was irrigation on the treatments with intervals of 3 and 7 days, therefore those treatments were considered as light and severe recovery of water deficit, respectively. The extractions and analysis were performed by taking the third leaf completely expanded from top to down. The activities of enzymes did not differ among water deficit treatments, control and recovery of severe stress showed higher enzymatic activity than control. The accumulation of free proline in the leaves increased with deficit and responded to recovery of water deficit by reducing its content. In general, the enzimatic activity and the proline accumulation showed inverse answers within treatments.
O estresse hídrico afeta profundamente o metabolismo celular vegetal. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se quantificar os efeitos da deficiência hídrica e sua recuperação sobre a atividade das enzimas do metabolismo do nitrogênio: redutase do nitrato (RN), glutamina sintetase (GS) e glutamato sintase (GOGAT) e sobre o acúmulo de prolina em plantas dos genótipos de milho BR 2121 e BR 205. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se vasos que continham 14,3kg de solo. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação dos dois genótipos e quatro intervalos entre irrigações (1, 3, 5 e 7 dias). No dia da avaliação (49 dias após emergência), os tratamentos com intervalos entre 3 e 7 dias, haviam sido irrigados no dia anterior, caracterizando-se portanto como recuperação da deficiência hídrica leve e severa, respectivamente. As extrações e análises foram realizadas utilizando-se a terceira folha basípeta completamente expandida. As atividades das enzimas estudadas não diferiram entre os tratamentos de estresse hídrico, controle e recuperação do estresse moderado, entretanto as plantas sob recuperação do estresse severo apresentaram atividade enzimática superior à das plantas controle. O acúmulo de prolina livre nas folhas aumentou com o estresse hídrico e respondeu à recuperação do estresse apresentando redução. De modo geral, a atividade enzimática e o acúmulo de prolina apresentaram respostas inversas dentro dos tratamentos.
Resumo
Water stress affects deeply plant cell metabolism. The objective of this work was to quantify the effects of water deficits and its recovery on the performances of nitrogen metabolism enzymes: nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine sintethase (GS) and glutamate sintase (GOGAT) and an accumulation of proline in maize genotypes BR 2121 and BR 205. The trial was carried out in greenhouse, by using pots with 14.3kg of soil. The treatments performed were a combination of two genotypes and four intervals among irrigation (1, 3, 5 and 7 days). On the day in which the treatments were evaluated (49 days after emergency), there was irrigation on the treatments with intervals of 3 and 7 days, therefore those treatments were considered as light and severe recovery of water deficit, respectively. The extractions and analysis were performed by taking the third leaf completely expanded from top to down. The activities of enzymes did not differ among water deficit treatments, control and recovery of severe stress showed higher enzymatic activity than control. The accumulation of free proline in the leaves increased with deficit and responded to recovery of water deficit by reducing its content. In general, the enzimatic activity and the proline accumulation showed inverse answers within treatments.
O estresse hídrico afeta profundamente o metabolismo celular vegetal. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se quantificar os efeitos da deficiência hídrica e sua recuperação sobre a atividade das enzimas do metabolismo do nitrogênio: redutase do nitrato (RN), glutamina sintetase (GS) e glutamato sintase (GOGAT) e sobre o acúmulo de prolina em plantas dos genótipos de milho BR 2121 e BR 205. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, utilizando-se vasos que continham 14,3kg de solo. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação dos dois genótipos e quatro intervalos entre irrigações (1, 3, 5 e 7 dias). No dia da avaliação (49 dias após emergência), os tratamentos com intervalos entre 3 e 7 dias, haviam sido irrigados no dia anterior, caracterizando-se portanto como recuperação da deficiência hídrica leve e severa, respectivamente. As extrações e análises foram realizadas utilizando-se a terceira folha basípeta completamente expandida. As atividades das enzimas estudadas não diferiram entre os tratamentos de estresse hídrico, controle e recuperação do estresse moderado, entretanto as plantas sob recuperação do estresse severo apresentaram atividade enzimática superior à das plantas controle. O acúmulo de prolina livre nas folhas aumentou com o estresse hídrico e respondeu à recuperação do estresse apresentando redução. De modo geral, a atividade enzimática e o acúmulo de prolina apresentaram respostas inversas dentro dos tratamentos.
Resumo
Background: Snake attacks on sheep, horses, cattle and, most frequently, dogs, have previously been described but few of these cases involve highly lethal poison, especially with farm animals. In Brazil, most attacks on humans involving poisonous snakes are related to the genus Bothrops sp. Information about snakebites in sheep is usually obtained from experiments. There are few reports of natural cases and their clinical and pathological characteristics. The aim of the present study was to report the clinical and pathological characteristics of two spontaneous cases of snake envenomation in sheep. Case: Two sheep were sent to the UFSM Veterinary Hospital after being found in the lateral decubitus position by their owner. The two sheep came from a farm located near the University. The animals were subjected to a thorough clinical examination. Blood was collected from one animal for a hemogram and biochemical tests. The animals died about two hours after their arrival at the veterinary hospital. During the necropsy, the fi rst ewe exhibited severe dyspnea, swelling of the submandibular and periorbital regions, and unilateral nasal serosanguineous secretion. The second animal exhibited nasal and ocular bilateral bleeding, hematoma and intense gingival bleeding. The left eye was completely obliterated. In the blood and serum analysis, this animal exhibited a low content of plasma
Background: Snake attacks on sheep, horses, cattle and, most frequently, dogs, have previously been described but few of these cases involve highly lethal poison, especially with farm animals. In Brazil, most attacks on humans involving poisonous snakes are related to the genus Bothrops sp. Information about snakebites in sheep is usually obtained from experiments. There are few reports of natural cases and their clinical and pathological characteristics. The aim of the present study was to report the clinical and pathological characteristics of two spontaneous cases of snake envenomation in sheep. Case: Two sheep were sent to the UFSM Veterinary Hospital after being found in the lateral decubitus position by their owner. The two sheep came from a farm located near the University. The animals were subjected to a thorough clinical examination. Blood was collected from one animal for a hemogram and biochemical tests. The animals died about two hours after their arrival at the veterinary hospital. During the necropsy, the fi rst ewe exhibited severe dyspnea, swelling of the submandibular and periorbital regions, and unilateral nasal serosanguineous secretion. The second animal exhibited nasal and ocular bilateral bleeding, hematoma and intense gingival bleeding. The left eye was completely obliterated. In the blood and serum analysis, this animal exhibited a low content of plasma
Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi testar e validar o método da Amostragem de Gibbs (GS) como ferramenta de estimação de componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo - AOL, espessura de gordura medida entre a 12º e 13º costela - EG e espessura de gordura medida na garupa P8), crescimento (peso) e reprodutiva (perímetro escrotal -PE) em animais da raça Nelore. O banco de dados foi fornecido pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Raça Nelore PMRGN Nelore Brasil. O arquivo contém informações de carcaça e crescimento de bovinos da raça Nelore, que foram criados e recriados em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens e brizantha na Fazenda Guaporé Pecuária, pertencente à empresa Companhia Comercial OMB. O arquivo final de dados, após o trabalho de consistência, possuía 1.697 animais machos, nascidos de 2000 a 2003, filhos de 74 touros e possuíam, no momento da coleta, idades variando entre 15 e 19 meses. As imagens foram obtidas nos animais vivos, em dois locais diferentes, na área de olho de lombo (entre a 12o e 13o costela) e na garupa (entre o ílio e ísqueo). Além das medidas de ultra-som foram registrados, no mesmo dia, o peso vivo e o perímetro escrotal. Os componentes de (co)variância necessários à obtenção dos parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pelo método da Amostragem de Gibbs, com aplicação do programa MTGSAM (Multiple Trait using Gibbs Sampler under Animal Model). O modelo proposto incluiu três efeitos fixos, para as características de crescimento (peso), precocidade sexual (perímetro escrotal), e para as características de qualidade da carcaça (espessura de gordura e área do músculo Longissimus dorsi). Para essas análises usando MTGSAM para obtenção das estimativas dos componentes de (co) variância e parâmetros genéticos foi utilizado na implementação de GS, o esquema de cadeia longa (200.000 ciclos), valores iniciais não informativos, descarte amostral de 20.000 ciclos, e intervalo amostral de 100 ciclos. As estimativas de coeficiente de herdabilidade para todas as características em estudo apresentaram amplitude de média a alta: AOL (0.64), EG (0.41), P8 (0.65), PESO (0.56) e PE (0.61), em análise unicarater, sendo encontrados valores similares nas analises bicarater. Foram encontradas estimadas de correlação genética positiva entre AOL e PESO (0.49), AOL e PE (0.25), AOL e EG (0.17), AOL e P8 (0.11), EG e PESO (0.23), EG e P8 (0.54), PESO e PE (0.36) e correlação positiva baixa entre P8 e PE (0.09), e EG e PE (0.06). Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo são similares aos trabalhos revisados, concluindo que as características AOL e EG medidas por meio da técnica de ultra-sonografia apresentam herdabilidade média-alta e variabilidade genética suficientes para serem incorporados em programas de melhoramento genético