Genetic connectivity in the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Lutjaniformes: Lutjanidae) between Mexico and Panama throughout the Tropical Eastern Pacific

The spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus, is an important fishery species with high potential for aquaculture. Genetic characterization of its natural populations is necessary to avoid stock collapse and loss of genetic diversity. Previous studies carried out in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), however, have shown contrasting results in the genetic structure of fish populations, particularly in species of Lutjanidae. Therefore, to understand the genetic structure of spotted rose snapper in the TEP, twelve microsatellite loci were used to assess the genetic diversity and explore the hypothesis of population genetic structure in samples of the species collected throughout the TEP. Fin clips from 186 sampled individuals (27 to 49 per site) were analyzed from five sites in the three regional biogeographic provinces, delimited by shoreline reef habitat breaks: La Paz (Cortez province), Colima and Oaxaca (Mexican province), Chiriqui and Port of Panama (Panamic province). Results of global Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), population pairwise FST, hierarchical AMOVA, and a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) reflected a panmictic population involving the entire set of sampled sites. The role of larval dispersal, post-recruitment migration, and marine current dynamics as drivers of genetic connectivity in this species is discussed.(AU)

Global phylogeography of the flood mosquito, Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae), from mitochondrial DNA

This contribution endeavored to investigate the genetic structure and gene flow of the flood mosquito, Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830). Using partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene, available from BOLD Systems and GenBank, the Haplotypic (Hd) and nucleotide (π) gene diversity, genetic structuring and gene flow of A. vexans at the global, continental, and country levels were calculated. In total, 1,184 sequences were obtained, distributed among America (88.60%; represented by EUA and Canada), Europe (7.35%), Asia (3.89%), and Africa (0.17%). From these, 395 haplotypes (H) without presence of pseudogenes (NUMTs) were detected. The cluster analyses grouped the haplotypes into six clades. Clade I includes haplotypes from countries in America and Europe, while clades II and III include haplotypes exclusively from Asia and Europe; clade IV grouped only one haplotype from Africa and clade V grouped haplotypes from America and Africa. The global Hd and π were 0.92 and 0.01, respectively. In addition, there is evidence of genetic structuring among continents (7.07%), countries (1.62%), and within countries (91.30%; FST = 0.08, p < 0.05) and no isolation by distance was detected (r = 0.003, p > 0.05). The genetic diversity of A. vexans was found to be greater in North America than in other continents. Although this provisional conclusion might be influenced by a sample bias, since 88.60% of the sequences are from America, is also plausible to consider that America corresponds to the ancestral distribution area of the flood mosquito. This hypothesis needs further testing, using a more comprehensive sample from other continents. Additionally, the six clusters found and their geographical distribution do not support previous proposals of splitting the genus into three subspecies confined to certain geographical areas.

Variability and genetic structure in fragments of Eugenia involucrata De Candolle established through microsatellite markers / Variabilidade e estruturação genética em fragmentos de Eugenia involucrata de Candolle utilizando marcadores microssatélites

Eugenia involucrata DC. is a forest species with high environmental and economic potential. The objective of this study was to quantify the genetic variability and analyzed the genetic structure of three natural fragments located in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. We used four microsatellite loci developed for the congener species Eugenia uniflora and using GenAlEx 6.5 software, parameters of genetic variability and its partition among and within fragments were estimated for each locus. We observed high levels of genetic variability (3.67 alleles per locus; HO = 0.815; HE = 0.625; FIS = 0.294), most of which (93%) were distributed within the fragments, suggesting that these individuals came from a single original population. Gene flow between fragments was high (2.35 to 4.56 migrants per generation), resulting in low genetic differentiation indexes (FST values ranging from 0.052 to 0.096). The fragments showed high genetic variability, distributed within the remnants themselves, and low genetic differentiation. Our results have repercussions for planning locally adapted germplasm collections for forest restoration programs, thereby avoiding the implantation of populations with an exogamous depression.(AU)

Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma espécie florestal com elevado potencial ambiental e econômico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar a variabilidade e analisar a estruturação genética em três fragmentos naturais localizados na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Com o emprego de quatro locos microssatélites desenvolvidos para a espécie congênere Eugenia uniflora e usando-se o software GenAlEx 6.5, foram estimados parâmetros de variabilidade genética, para cada loco, e sua partição entre e dentro dos fragmentos. Foram observados altos índices de variabilidade genética (3,67 alelos por loco; HO = 0,815; HE = 0,625; FIS = -0,294), com a maior proporção (93%) distribuída dentro dos fragmentos, sugerindo que os indivíduos estudados são provenientes de uma única população original. O fluxo gênico foi elevado entre os fragmentos, variando de 2,35 a 4,56 migrantes por geração, resultando em baixo índice de diferenciação genética (FST), entre 0,052 a 0,096. Os fragmentos estudados apresentam elevada variabilidade genética, a maior parte distribuída dentro dos próprios remanescentes, e baixa diferenciação genética. Os resultados observados têm repercussões no planejamento de coleta de germoplasma com adaptação local para programas de restauração florestal, assim evitando a implantação de populações com depressão exogâmica.(AU)

Population genetics of the endangered catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) based on species-specific microsatellite loci

The Neotropical catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma comprises eight species of large size, widely distributed in South American basins. The endangered species P. magdaleniatum is endemic to Magdalena basin (Colombia), experiences high fishing pressure and its population genetics is relatively unknown. To study the genetic status and structure of P. magdaleniatum, 25 species-specific polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using next-generation sequencing and then tested in samples collected in the Magdalena-Cauca basin. Based on 15 of these loci, P. magdaleniatum showed a high number of alleles per locus (9-10), high values of observed (0.762-0.798) and expected (0.770-0.791) heterozygosities, recent reduction of population size and gene flow. These findings constitute a baseline to measure potential changes in genetic diversity and structure of this commercially important species in a basin undergoing high anthropogenic activities.(AU)

El género de bagres neotropicales Pseudoplatystoma comprende ocho especies de gran tamaño, ampliamente distribuidas en las cuencas de Suramérica. La especie en peligro de extinción P. magdaleniatum es endémica de la Cuenca del Magdalena (Colombia), experimenta una alta presión pesquera y su genética poblacional es relativamente desconocida. Para estudiar el estado y estructura genética de P. magdaleniatum, se desarrollaron 25 loci microsatélites polimórficos especie específicos utilizando secuenciación de próxima generación y se evaluaron en muestras recolectadas en la Cuenca del Magdalena-Cauca. Con base en 15 loci, P. magdaleniatum mostró un alto número de alelos por locus (9-10), valores altos de heterocigosidad observada (0.762-0.798) y esperada (0.770-0.791), reducción reciente del tamaño poblacional y flujo génico. Estos hallazgos constituyen una línea de base para medir cambios potenciales en la diversidad y estructura genética de esta especie comercialmente importante en una cuenca sometida a altas actividades antropogénicas.(AU)

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics in the bumblebee catfish species Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

The Neotropical freshwater catfish Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus are two recently discovered species endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca River basin. In this study, a set of 13 microsatellite loci were developed by using next generation sequence technology to assess the genetic diversity and population structure in P. atricaudus and test for cross-species amplification in P. magnus. Both species exhibited high genetic diversity (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) compared to the mean levels of genetic diversity reported for Neotropical Siluriformes, and lack of genetic differentiation among sampling sites within the Cauca River (P. atricaudus: F'ST=0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). This work is the first insight on the diversity and the population genetics of species of the family Pseudopimelodidae and provides a framework to further population genetic and conservation analyses needed in this poorly studied family at the microevolutionary level.(AU)

Los bagres neotropicales Pseudopimelodus atricaudus y Pseudopimelodus magnus son dos especies recientemente descubiertas, endémicas de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia. En este estudio, se desarrollaron 13 loci microsatélites usando tecnología de secuenciación de próxima generación para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de P. atricaudus y evaluar su amplificación cruzada en P. magnus. Ambas especies exhibieron altos valores de diversidad genética (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alelos/locus, HO: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alelos/locus, HO: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) comparados con los valores promedios de diversidad genética reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales, y ausencia de estructura genética entre los sitios analizados (P. atricaudus: F'ST= 0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). Este trabajo representa la primera aproximación a la diversidad y genética poblacional de especies de la familia Pseudopimelodidae y proporciona un marco de referencia para futuros estudios genético-poblacionales y de conservación, requeridos en esta familia de bagres poco estudiada en el nivel microevolutivo.(AU)

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics of the catfish Pimelodus yuma (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

Pimelodus yuma (formerly Pimelodus blochii) is a freshwater fish, endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca and Caribbean basins that experiences habitat disturbances resulting from anthropogenic activities. Due to the lack of information about the population genetics of this species, this study developed 14 species-specific microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of samples from the lower section of the Cauca River. The studied species showed genetic diversity levels higher than the average values reported for Neotropical Siluriformes and significant inbreeding levels as was described for some congeners. Furthermore, P. yuma comprises two coexisting genetic groups that exhibit gene flow along the lower section of the Cauca River. This information constitutes a baseline for future monitoring of the genetic diversity and population structure in an anthropic influenced sector of the Magdalena-Cauca basin.(AU)

Pimelodus yuma (anteriormente Pimelodus blochii) es un pez dulceacuícola endémico de las cuencas colombianas Magdalena-Cauca y Caribe que experimenta alteraciones del hábitat como resultado de actividades antropogénicas. Debido a la falta de información sobre la genética poblacional de esta especie, este estudio desarrolló 14 loci microsatélites especie-específicos para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de muestras de la sección baja del río Cauca. La especie estudiada mostró niveles de diversidad genética más altos que los valores promedio reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales y niveles de endogamia significativos como se describió para algunos congéneres. Además, P. yuma comprende dos grupos genéticos coexistentes que exhiben flujo de genes a lo largo de la sección baja del río Cauca. Esta información constituye una línea base para futuros monitoreos de la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional en un sector de influencia antrópica de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca.(AU)

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics of the catfish Pimelodus yuma (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)

Pimelodus yuma (formerly Pimelodus blochii) is a freshwater fish, endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca and Caribbean basins that experiences habitat disturbances resulting from anthropogenic activities. Due to the lack of information about the population genetics of this species, this study developed 14 species-specific microsatellite loci to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of samples from the lower section of the Cauca River. The studied species showed genetic diversity levels higher than the average values reported for Neotropical Siluriformes and significant inbreeding levels as was described for some congeners. Furthermore, P. yuma comprises two coexisting genetic groups that exhibit gene flow along the lower section of the Cauca River. This information constitutes a baseline for future monitoring of the genetic diversity and population structure in an anthropic influenced sector of the Magdalena-Cauca basin.(AU)

Pimelodus yuma (anteriormente Pimelodus blochii) es un pez dulceacuícola endémico de las cuencas colombianas Magdalena-Cauca y Caribe que experimenta alteraciones del hábitat como resultado de actividades antropogénicas. Debido a la falta de información sobre la genética poblacional de esta especie, este estudio desarrolló 14 loci microsatélites especie-específicos para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de muestras de la sección baja del río Cauca. La especie estudiada mostró niveles de diversidad genética más altos que los valores promedio reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales y niveles de endogamia significativos como se describió para algunos congéneres. Además, P. yuma comprende dos grupos genéticos coexistentes que exhiben flujo de genes a lo largo de la sección baja del río Cauca. Esta información constituye una línea base para futuros monitoreos de la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional en un sector de influencia antrópica de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca.(AU)

Development of microsatellite loci and population genetics in the bumblebee catfish species Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

The Neotropical freshwater catfish Pseudopimelodus atricaudus and Pseudopimelodus magnus are two recently discovered species endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca River basin. In this study, a set of 13 microsatellite loci were developed by using next generation sequence technology to assess the genetic diversity and population structure in P. atricaudus and test for cross-species amplification in P. magnus. Both species exhibited high genetic diversity (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alleles/locus, Ho: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) compared to the mean levels of genetic diversity reported for Neotropical Siluriformes, and lack of genetic differentiation among sampling sites within the Cauca River (P. atricaudus: F'ST=0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). This work is the first insight on the diversity and the population genetics of species of the family Pseudopimelodidae and provides a framework to further population genetic and conservation analyses needed in this poorly studied family at the microevolutionary level.(AU)

Los bagres neotropicales Pseudopimelodus atricaudus y Pseudopimelodus magnus son dos especies recientemente descubiertas, endémicas de la cuenca Magdalena-Cauca en Colombia. En este estudio, se desarrollaron 13 loci microsatélites usando tecnología de secuenciación de próxima generación para evaluar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de P. atricaudus y evaluar su amplificación cruzada en P. magnus. Ambas especies exhibieron altos valores de diversidad genética (P. atricaudus: Na: 9.000 - 9.769 alelos/locus, HO: 0.760 - 0.804, HE: 0.804 - 0.840; P. magnus: Na: 12.8 - 5.4 alelos/locus, HO: 0.638 - 0.683, HE: 0.747 - 0.755) comparados con los valores promedios de diversidad genética reportados para Siluriformes neotropicales, y ausencia de estructura genética entre los sitios analizados (P. atricaudus: F'ST= 0.013 - 0.017, P > 0.05, D'est= -0.004 - 0.023, P > 0.05; P. magnus: F'ST= 0.031, P= 0.055; D'est= 0.045, P= 0.058). Este trabajo representa la primera aproximación a la diversidad y genética poblacional de especies de la familia Pseudopimelodidae y proporciona un marco de referencia para futuros estudios genético-poblacionales y de conservación, requeridos en esta familia de bagres poco estudiada en el nivel microevolutivo.(AU)

Population genetics of the endangered catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) based on species-specific microsatellite loci

The Neotropical catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma comprises eight species of large size, widely distributed in South American basins. The endangered species P. magdaleniatum is endemic to Magdalena basin (Colombia), experiences high fishing pressure and its population genetics is relatively unknown. To study the genetic status and structure of P. magdaleniatum, 25 species-specific polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using next-generation sequencing and then tested in samples collected in the Magdalena-Cauca basin. Based on 15 of these loci, P. magdaleniatum showed a high number of alleles per locus (9-10), high values of observed (0.762-0.798) and expected (0.770-0.791) heterozygosities, recent reduction of population size and gene flow. These findings constitute a baseline to measure potential changes in genetic diversity and structure of this commercially important species in a basin undergoing high anthropogenic activities.(AU)

El género de bagres neotropicales Pseudoplatystoma comprende ocho especies de gran tamaño, ampliamente distribuidas en las cuencas de Suramérica. La especie en peligro de extinción P. magdaleniatum es endémica de la Cuenca del Magdalena (Colombia), experimenta una alta presión pesquera y su genética poblacional es relativamente desconocida. Para estudiar el estado y estructura genética de P. magdaleniatum, se desarrollaron 25 loci microsatélites polimórficos especie específicos utilizando secuenciación de próxima generación y se evaluaron en muestras recolectadas en la Cuenca del Magdalena-Cauca. Con base en 15 loci, P. magdaleniatum mostró un alto número de alelos por locus (9-10), valores altos de heterocigosidad observada (0.762-0.798) y esperada (0.770-0.791), reducción reciente del tamaño poblacional y flujo génico. Estos hallazgos constituyen una línea de base para medir cambios potenciales en la diversidad y estructura genética de esta especie comercialmente importante en una cuenca sometida a altas actividades antropogénicas.(AU)

Genetic diversity and population structure of endangered rosewood from the Peruvian Amazon using ISSR markers / Diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de palo de rosa en peligro de extinción de la Amazonía Peruana utilizando marcadores ISSR

Palo de rosa, Aniba rosaeodora es una especie en peligro de extinción en los bosques amazónicos. Sus rodales naturales se han agotado debido a la sobreexplotación para la industria cosmética. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de 90 accesiones de palo de rosa de ocho localidades en la Amazonía Peruana utilizando 11 marcadores de Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas (ISSR). Los marcadores ISSR produjeron una suma de 378 bandas, de las cuales 375 (99,2%) fueron polimórficas, con un valor promedio de contenido de información de polimorfismo (PIC) de 0,774. El promedio del número efectivo de alelos (Ne), índice informativo de Shannon (I), diversidad genética (He) y diversidad genética total (Ht) fueron 1,485; 0,294; 0,453 y 0,252; respectivamente. El análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA) mostró la presencia de máxima variabilidad dentro de las poblaciones (88%). El algoritmo Structure, neighbor joining y análisis de coordenadas principales (PCoA) agruparon las 90 accesiones de palo de rosa en tres poblaciones principales (A, B y C). Los índices de diversidad a nivel interpoblacional revelaron una mayor diversidad genética en la población A, debido al mayor flujo de genes. El análisis de neighbor joining agrupó las poblaciones A y B, mientras la población C fué divergente a nivel interpoblacional. Concluimos que la población A refleja mayor diversidad genética y debería priorizarse para futuros planes de manejo y conservación.(AU)

Rosewood, Aniba rosaeodora is an endangered species in Amazon forests and its natural stands have been heavily depleted due to over-exploitation for the cosmetic industry. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 rosewood accessions from eight localities in the Peruvian Amazon through 11 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers. The ISSR primers produced a sum of 378 bands, of which 375 (99.2%) were polymorphic, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.774. The mean effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon informative index (I), gene diversity (He) and total gene diversity (Ht) were 1.485, 0.294, 0.453 and 0.252, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the presence of maximum variability within populations (88%). The Structure algorithm, neighbor joining and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped the 90 rosewood accessions into three main populations (A, B and C). Diversity indices at the inter-population level revealed a greater genetic diversity in population A, due to higher gene flow. The neighbor-joining analysis grouped populations A and B, while population C was found to be divergent at the inter population level. We concluded that population A reflects higher genetic diversity and should be prioritized for future management and conservation plans.(AU)

Genetic Diversity and Phyletic Evolution of Eleven Chinese Indigenous and Three Commercial Chicken Breeds by mtDNA Sequences

Chinese indigenous chicken breeds are geographically widespread, and a total of 116 indigenous chicken breeds are listed as Chinese national genetic resources. However, these indigenous chicken breeds are facing serious challenges as declining population and germplasm degeneration because lots of commercial chicken breeds had been introduced. In this study, the genetic variations of eleven Chinese indigenous chicken breeds of Sichuan province and three commercial chicken breeds were investigated based on the partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop of 487bp in length. 147 individuals from 14 breeds were examined and 34 haplotypes were observed. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the highest haplotype diversity level was found in Dahen Chicken (DH) population, while the Arbor Acres Chicken (WF) and Roman layer (RM) showed lower genetic diversity levels. The long-term artificial selection may lead to reduced nucleotide diversity. Genetic population differentiation analysis indicated that most of the variation (80.80%) was attributed to variations among breeds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these individuals were divided into four distinct genetic clades, including cluster A, B, C and D. Eighteen haplotypes were classified as cluster A, eight haplotypes were classified as cluster B, five haplotypes were classified as cluster C and three haplotypes were classified as cluster D. There was no breed-specific clade. Our study firstly identified the populations genetic structure of Chinese indigenous chickens and the most important commercial breeds in Sichuan province, though the genetic diversity of indigenous breeds did not suffer obvious decrease, but could be helpful for efficient artificial breeding selection and genetic resources conservation.(AU)

Genetic Diversity and Phyletic Evolution of Eleven Chinese Indigenous and Three Commercial Chicken Breeds by mtDNA Sequences

Chinese indigenous chicken breeds are geographically widespread, and a total of 116 indigenous chicken breeds are listed as Chinese national genetic resources. However, these indigenous chicken breeds are facing serious challenges as declining population and germplasm degeneration because lots of commercial chicken breeds had been introduced. In this study, the genetic variations of eleven Chinese indigenous chicken breeds of Sichuan province and three commercial chicken breeds were investigated based on the partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop of 487bp in length. 147 individuals from 14 breeds were examined and 34 haplotypes were observed. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the highest haplotype diversity level was found in Dahen Chicken (DH) population, while the Arbor Acres Chicken (WF) and Roman layer (RM) showed lower genetic diversity levels. The long-term artificial selection may lead to reduced nucleotide diversity. Genetic population differentiation analysis indicated that most of the variation (80.80%) was attributed to variations among breeds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these individuals were divided into four distinct genetic clades, including cluster A, B, C and D. Eighteen haplotypes were classified as cluster A, eight haplotypes were classified as cluster B, five haplotypes were classified as cluster C and three haplotypes were classified as cluster D. There was no breed-specific clade. Our study firstly identified the populations genetic structure of Chinese indigenous chickens and the most important commercial breeds in Sichuan province, though the genetic diversity of indigenous breeds did not suffer obvious decrease, but could be helpful for efficient artificial breeding selection and genetic resources conservation.

Pollen and seed dispersal of Brazil nut trees in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Dispersão de pólen e sementes da castanheira no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

Pollen and seed dispersal patterns greatly influence the spatial distribution of plant genetic diversity. Microsatellite-based parentage analysis provides accurate estimates of contemporary gene dispersal. Although most tropical trees have been shown to exhibit widespread pollen dispersal, few studies have estimated contemporary gene dispersal after seedling establishment. Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) is pollinated by large-bodied bees, while previous seed-tracking experiments suggest their seeds are mainly dispersed across very short distances by scatter-hoarding rodents, who primarily act as seed predators. Here we used parentage analysis to provide contemporary estimates of pollen and seed dispersal in B. excelsa recruits. We examined six 25-ha plots located in two natural stands in the Acre River valley, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. We used 11 microsatellite markers to estimate genetic diversity and fixation index parameters in adults, seedlings and saplings. Genetic diversity was moderate and did not differ across size classes or sampling locations. We assigned pollen and seed parents for < 20% of the recruits, indicating that most events of realized gene flow occurred beyond our 25-ha plots. Only 10 parentage assignments were confirmed with 80% confidence. Pollen distance ranged from 33 to 372 m and seed dispersal from 58 to 655 m. Actual seed-dispersal distances were far greater than the estimates obtained in previous seed-tracking experiments. Thus, studies encompassing larger sampling areas are necessary to determine a more representative spatial scale of B. excelsas pollen and seed dispersal capacity in natural stands.

Os padrões de dispersão de pólen e sementes influenciam a distribuição espacial da diversidade genética. Muitas espécies arbóreas tropicais apresentam ampla dispersão de pólen, mas poucos estudos avaliaram fluxo gênico a partir de plântulas. Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) é polinizada por abelhas e as sementes são dispersas por roedores do tipo scatter-hoarders (que estocam recursos em diferentes pontos de sua área de vida), que atuam primariamente como predadores de sementes. Experimentos de remoção de sementes tem mostrado que a dispersão de sementes por esses roedores é espacialmente limitada. Nosso objetivo foi obter estimativas de dispersão de pólen e sementes em B. excelsa a partir da análise de parentesco de regenerantes. Nós estudamos seis parcelas de 25 ha, em duas áreas de floresta nativa no vale do Rio Acre, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Parâmetros de diversidade genética e índice de fixação foram estimados em adultos, varetas e plântulas com 11 marcadores microssatélites. A diversidade genética foi moderada e não diferiu entre classes de tamanho ou entre localidades. A paternidade foi determinada em menos de 20% dos regenerantes, indicando que a maioria dos eventos de fluxo gênico ocorreu em distâncias maiores que as encontradas nas parcelas de 25 ha. As distâncias de pólen variaram de 33 a 372 m e as de dispersão de sementes variaram de 58 a 655 m. As distâncias de dispersão obtidas neste estudo excedem em muito as estimativas obtidas em experimentos de remoção de sementes. Estudos envolvendo áreas maiores são necessários para que possamos aprofundar nosso conhecimento sobre capacidade de dispersão de pólen e sementes em populações naturais de B. excelsa.

Pollen and seed dispersal of Brazil nut trees in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Dispersão de pólen e sementes da castanheira no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

Pollen and seed dispersal patterns greatly influence the spatial distribution of plant genetic diversity. Microsatellite-based parentage analysis provides accurate estimates of contemporary gene dispersal. Although most tropical trees have been shown to exhibit widespread pollen dispersal, few studies have estimated contemporary gene dispersal after seedling establishment. Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) is pollinated by large-bodied bees, while previous seed-tracking experiments suggest their seeds are mainly dispersed across very short distances by scatter-hoarding rodents, who primarily act as seed predators. Here we used parentage analysis to provide contemporary estimates of pollen and seed dispersal in B. excelsa recruits. We examined six 25-ha plots located in two natural stands in the Acre River valley, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. We used 11 microsatellite markers to estimate genetic diversity and fixation index parameters in adults, seedlings and saplings. Genetic diversity was moderate and did not differ across size classes or sampling locations. We assigned pollen and seed parents for < 20% of the recruits, indicating that most events of realized gene flow occurred beyond our 25-ha plots. Only 10 parentage assignments were confirmed with 80% confidence. Pollen distance ranged from 33 to 372 m and seed dispersal from 58 to 655 m. Actual seed-dispersal distances were far greater than the estimates obtained in previous seed-tracking experiments. Thus, studies encompassing larger sampling areas are necessary to determine a more representative spatial scale of B. excelsas pollen and seed dispersal capacity in natural stands.(AU)

Os padrões de dispersão de pólen e sementes influenciam a distribuição espacial da diversidade genética. Muitas espécies arbóreas tropicais apresentam ampla dispersão de pólen, mas poucos estudos avaliaram fluxo gênico a partir de plântulas. Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) é polinizada por abelhas e as sementes são dispersas por roedores do tipo scatter-hoarders (que estocam recursos em diferentes pontos de sua área de vida), que atuam primariamente como predadores de sementes. Experimentos de remoção de sementes tem mostrado que a dispersão de sementes por esses roedores é espacialmente limitada. Nosso objetivo foi obter estimativas de dispersão de pólen e sementes em B. excelsa a partir da análise de parentesco de regenerantes. Nós estudamos seis parcelas de 25 ha, em duas áreas de floresta nativa no vale do Rio Acre, no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Parâmetros de diversidade genética e índice de fixação foram estimados em adultos, varetas e plântulas com 11 marcadores microssatélites. A diversidade genética foi moderada e não diferiu entre classes de tamanho ou entre localidades. A paternidade foi determinada em menos de 20% dos regenerantes, indicando que a maioria dos eventos de fluxo gênico ocorreu em distâncias maiores que as encontradas nas parcelas de 25 ha. As distâncias de pólen variaram de 33 a 372 m e as de dispersão de sementes variaram de 58 a 655 m. As distâncias de dispersão obtidas neste estudo excedem em muito as estimativas obtidas em experimentos de remoção de sementes. Estudos envolvendo áreas maiores são necessários para que possamos aprofundar nosso conhecimento sobre capacidade de dispersão de pólen e sementes em populações naturais de B. excelsa.(AU)

Insecticide resistance and genetic variability in natural populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia

Mosquito control prevails as the most efficient method to protect humans from the dengue virus, despite recent efforts to find a vaccine for this disease. We evaluated insecticide resistance and genetic variability in natural populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Colombia. This is the first Colombian study examining kdr mutations and population structure. Bioassays with larvae of three mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá and Montenegro) were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, using Temephos. For the analysis of the Val1016Ile mutation and genetic diversity, we sampled recently-emerged adults from four mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá, Montenegro and Barcelona). Following the WHO protocol, bioassays implemented with larvae showed resistance to Temephos in mosquito populations from Armenia (77% ± 2) and Calarcá (62% ± 14), and an incipient altered susceptibility at Montenegro (88% ± 8). The RR95 of mosquito populations ranged from 3.7 (Montenegro) to 6.0 (Calarca). The Val1016Ile mutation analysis of 107 genotyped samples indicates that 94% of the specimens were homozygous for the wild allele (1016Val) and 6% were heterozygous (Val1016Ile). The 1016Ile allele was not found in Barcelona. Genetic variability analysis found three mitochondrial lineages with low genetic diversity and gene flow. In comparison with haplotypes from the American continent, those from this study suggest connections with Mexican and North American populations. These results confirm that a continuous monitoring and managing program of A. aegypti resistance in the state of Quindío is required.

Insecticide resistance and genetic variability in natural populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia

Mosquito control prevails as the most efficient method to protect humans from the dengue virus, despite recent efforts to find a vaccine for this disease. We evaluated insecticide resistance and genetic variability in natural populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) from Colombia. This is the first Colombian study examining kdr mutations and population structure. Bioassays with larvae of three mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá and Montenegro) were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, using Temephos. For the analysis of the Val1016Ile mutation and genetic diversity, we sampled recently-emerged adults from four mosquito populations (Armenia, Calarcá, Montenegro and Barcelona). Following the WHO protocol, bioassays implemented with larvae showed resistance to Temephos in mosquito populations from Armenia (77% ± 2) and Calarcá (62% ± 14), and an incipient altered susceptibility at Montenegro (88% ± 8). The RR95 of mosquito populations ranged from 3.7 (Montenegro) to 6.0 (Calarca). The Val1016Ile mutation analysis of 107 genotyped samples indicates that 94% of the specimens were homozygous for the wild allele (1016Val) and 6% were heterozygous (Val1016Ile). The 1016Ile allele was not found in Barcelona. Genetic variability analysis found three mitochondrial lineages with low genetic diversity and gene flow. In comparison with haplotypes from the American continent, those from this study suggest connections with Mexican and North American populations. These results confirm that a continuous monitoring and managing program of A. aegypti resistance in the state of Quindío is required.(AU)

Honey Bees of Santa Catarina, Brazil, have only African mitochondrial DNA / Abelhas de Santa Catarina, Brasil, possuem apenas DNA mitocondrial africano

As diferenças entre a subspécie de abelha africana (Apis mellifera scutellata) e as subspécies europeias (Apis mellifera mellifera e Apis mellifera ligustica) nos quesitos comportamento higiênico e agressividade são marcantes. Diferenças acentuadas no comportamento higiênico entre colônias de abelhas foram relatadas em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Suspeitou-se que essas diferenças fossem devidas a um possível fluxo gênico entre as abelhas africanizadas brasileiras e as abelhas europeias da Argentina. Amostras de abelhas de 30 localidades de Santa Catarina foram analisadas por meio do uso de um marcador PCR-RFLP do DNA mitocondrial específico para identificação da origem da linhagem maternal. Os resultados indicaram ausência de linhagem materna de origem europeia em Santa Catarina. Baseando-se em hipóteses e resultados de trabalhos anteriores, conclui-se que não há fluxo gênico entre as populações das diferentes subespécies. O resultado também reforça que a eliminação do DNA maternal europeu é um indicativo de ineficácia de introduções de abelhas de subespécies europeias, no Brasil, com propósitos de melhoramento do atributo agressividade.(AU)

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The purpose was to show that displacements, promoters of genetic diversity in metapopulations, increase the probability of survival of bat species adapted to medium and long-distance flights. Samples were taken in four forest fragments, distributed in three municipalities in northern Paraná, and the maximum distance between the studied areas is 20 km. A monthly sampling was performed for each fragment, for the period of July 2008 to June 2009. We used eight nets for collection which remained open during the first four hours of the night, totalling 192 hours during a year of study. The marking occurred from October 2008 to March 2009 and was accomplished through the use of anodised metal rings of four different colours. One hundred and fifty individuals were banded and since the first capture, four displacements were recorded. After five months of collecting and marking, one Carollia perspicillata was found three km away. Two Artibeus lituratus were recorded about 20 km from the marking place: the first one after 22 months and the second one after 24 months. Additionally, one Platyrrhinus lineatus was captured at about 20 km, after 26 months. As they moved around over considerable distances and are not monogamous, they mate with females of other fragments, exchanging genes and reducing or even avoiding inbreeding. Thus, populations of bats have the ability to increase genetic diversity in metapopulations, provided by displacements between the forest fragments. Species that behave like this are not vulnerable to isolation.

Objetivou-se mostrar que os deslocamentos, promotores da diversidade genética em metapopulações, incrementam a probabilidade de sobrevivência das populações de espécies de morcegos adaptadas para voos de média e longa distância. As amostragens foram realizadas em quatro fragmentos florestais, distribuídos em três municípios da região norte do Paraná, sendo que a distância máxima entre as áreas de estudo foi de 20 km. Uma amostragem mensal foi realizada em cada fragmento, durante o período de julho de 2008 a junho de 2009. Foram utilizadas oito redes por coleta, que permaneceram abertas durante as quatro primeiras horas da noite, totalizando 192 horas, durante um ano de estudo. A marcação ocorreu de outubro de 2008 a março de 2009 e foi realizada por meio de anilhas metálicas anodizadas de quatro cores diferentes. Cento e cinquenta indivíduos foram marcados e, desde a captura, foram registrados quatro deslocamentos. Após cinco meses da coleta e da marcação, um Carollia perspicillata foi encontrado a três quilômetros. Dois Artibeus lituratus foram registrados a cerca de 20 km do local de marcação, um destes após 22 meses e o segundo, após 24 meses. Adicionalmente, um Platyrrhinus lineatus foi capturado a cerca de 20 km, após 26 meses. Ao se locomoverem por razoáveis distâncias, como não são monogâmicos, os machos cruzam com fêmeas de outros fragmentos, trocando genes e reduzindo - ou mesmo evitando - a endogamia. Assim, há a possibilidade de se incrementar a diversidade genética nas metapopulações, possibilitada pelos deslocamentos entre os fragmentos. As espécies que assim se comportam não são vulneráveis ao isolamento.

Testing hypotheses for morphological differences among populations of Miconia sellowiana (Melastomataceae) in southern Brazil / Testando hipóteses para as diferenças morfológicas entre populações de Miconia sellowiana (Melastomataceae) do sul do Brasil

Previous studies have uncovered considerable variability in foliar morphology and anatomy for Miconia sellowiana in different types of vegetation (Grassland, Montane Atlantic forest, Upper Montane Atlantic forest and Araucaria Pine forest). Although such variability could be due to phenotypic plasticity, an alternative explanation for this phenomenon is the existence of genetic differentiation among populations resulting from genetic drift or adaptation to different environments. The goal of the present study was to investigate the extent of genetic structures among populations of Miconia sellowiana using a neutral dominant genetic marker (RAPD - Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA). There was considerable variability in the studied samples, resulting in 96.5% polymorphic loci and a Gst = 0.13. The analysis of molecular variance showed the populations are genetically structured (p < 0.001). The subpopulations of M. sellowiana were grouped similarly together using genetic (based on a neutral marker) or morphological dendrograms, suggesting that the morphological differences observed are the result of local genetic differentiation by genetic drift and not the alleged phenotypic plasticity of the species.

Estudos prévios relatam a variabilidade na morfologia e anatomia de Miconia sellowiana em diferentes formações vegetacionais (Estepe Gramínio-Lenhosa, Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana, Floresta Ombrófila Densa Alto-Montana e Floresta Ombrófila Mista). Apesar dessa variabilidade poder ser devido à plasticidade fenotípica, uma explicação alternativa para o mesmo fenômeno é a existência de diferenciação genética entre as populações, resultado de deriva genética ou adaptação aos diferentes ambientes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a existência de estruturação genética entre as populações de M. sellowiana, utilizando um marcador genético dominante e neutro (RAPD - "Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA"). Foi encontrado um grau considerável de variabilidade nas amostras estudadas, sendo que 96,5% dos locos foram polimórficos e o valor de Gst foi de 0,13. O número estimado de migrantes por geração foi de 3,19, o que consiste com a existência de um fluxo gênico reduzido entre os locais estudados. Esse resultado foi confirmado pela análise de variância molecular (p < 0,001). As subpopulações de M. sellowiana ficaram igualmente agrupadas nos dendrogramas dos dados genéticos (baseado no marcador molecular neutro) e morfológicos, sugerindo que as diferenças morfológicas encontradas são resultado da diferenciação genética local e não por plasticidade fenotípica da espécie.

VARIABILIDADE GENÉTICA EM POPULAÇÕES DE Aedes aegypti (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) DA REGIÃO MEIO NORTE DO BRASIL

O Aedes aegypti é um vetor de grande importância epidemiológica por ser responsável pela transmissão dos vírus da febre amarela, febre chikungunya e dengue. O presente estudo analisou a variabilidade genética e a dinâmica populacional de Ae. aegypti da região meio norte do Brasil com base em sequências do DNA mitocondrial (NADH4) e nuclear (microssatélites). As coletas foram realizadas em quatro estados da região meio norte (Pará, Piauí, Maranhão e Tocantins), acompanhadas de um agente de endemias, nas quais foram obtidas amostras de larvas, pupas e, na oportunidade, distribuídas armadilhas para ovos que foram deixadas por cinco dias no peridomicílio das residências. O material coletado foi transportado ao laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular do Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias CESC/UEMA, onde foram aplicados os procedimentos laboratoriais como extração de DNA e PCR. Para gene NADH4 foram sequenciados 119 espécimes distribuídos entre 11 populações do estado do Maranhão, dos quais foram obtidos um fragmento de 337 pb, nove haplótipos, 12 sítios informativos, = 0,673 e = 0,01628. A AMOVA indicou que a maior variação observada ocorreu dentro das populações (67,46% - FST = 0,325) com P significativo (<0,001). Os valores de FST par a par indicaram restrito fluxo gênico entre as populações. As análises filogenéticas agruparam os haplótipos encontrados no presente estudo com haplótipos de outros estudos realizados no Brasil e pelo mundo em dois clados bem suportados com 99% de bootstrap, indicando a presença de duas linhagens no estado do Maranhão. Para os três locos de microssatélites (T3A7, 3472, C2A8) foram genotipados 237 espécimes distribuídos entre 11 populações da região meio norte, dos quais foram obtidos 18, nove e 19 alelos, respectivamente. Todos os locos (T3A7, 3472, C2A8) apresentaram desvio significativo para o Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW). A heterozigosidade observada (Ho) variou de 0,036 a 1,000 e a heterozigosidade esperada (He) variou de 0,185 a 0,876. O coeficiente de endocruzamento (FIS) mostrou um excesso de heterozigotos (valor do f negativo) para todos os locos analisados em algumas das populações. A AMOVA indicou maior variação genética dentro das populações (76% - FST = 0,175) com P significativo (<0,001). Os valores de FST par a par para as análises de microssatélites indicaram fluxo gênico restrito entre as populações, com indício de estruturação populacional. Portanto, os níveis de diferenciação genética observados nas populações de Ae. aegypti neste estudo mostram a necessidade da implementação de novas estratégias de controle do vetor, pois os intensos tratamentos químicos aos quais o vetor vem sendo submetido nas ultimas décadas e a pressão causada por esses programas de prevenção favorecem a ocorrência de mutações e, consequentemente, uma maior adaptação da espécie ao ambiente.

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of great epidemiological importance for it transmits viruses which cause the yellow fever, dengue and the chikungunya fever. This study analyzed the genetic variability and the population dynamics of Ae. aegypti at the mid-northern region of Brazil using mitochondrial (NADH4) and nuclear (microsatellites) DNA sequences. Samples of larvae and pupae were collected in four states of the mid-northern region (Pará, Piauí, Maranhão and Tocantins), and sampling was accompanied by an endemism agent. Traps to collect eggs were placed at the vicinity of the visited houses, where they were left for five days. The collected material was transported to the laboratory Genética e Biologia Molecular do Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias CESC/UEMA, where laboratory procedures for DNA extraction and PCR were performed. The NADH4 genes were sequenced using 119 specimens of 11 populations from the state of Maranhão. One fragment of 337 bp, nine haplotypes, 12 informative sites, h= 0.673 and = 0.01628, were obtained. The AMOVA indicated that the largest variation occurred within populations (67.46% - FST = 0.325), with significant P (<0.001). The paired FST values indicated that the gene flow between populations is restricted. The phylogenetic analyzes grouped the haplotypes found in this study with the haplotypes found in other studies from Brazil and worldwide into two clades, which were supported by 99% bootstrap, indicating the presence of two lineages in the state of Maranhão. Variable number of alleles (18, nine, 19) were obtained from three microsatellite loci (T3A7, 3472, C2A8, respectively), by genotyping 237 specimens from 11 populations from the mid-northern region. All loci (T3A7, 3472, C2A8) showed significant deviation to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.036 to 1.000, and the expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.185 to 0.876. The coefficient of inbreeding (FIS) showed excessive heterozygotes (negative value of f) in all of the loci analyzed in some populations. The AMOVA indicated greater genetic variation within populations (76% - FST = 0.175), with significant P (<0.001). The paired values of FST for the analysis of microsatellites suggested restricted gene flow between populations, indicating population structuration. The distinct levels of genetic differentiation observed in the populations of Ae. aegypti point out for the necessity of new strategies to its control. The intense chemical treatments and the pressure caused by such prevention programs during the last decades favor the occurrence of mutations, and consequently greater adaptation of the vector mosquito to the environment.