Potential of Soy Gum Emulsification in Starter Diets for Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the viability of using soy gum (residue from soy processing to obtain degummed oil) as an emulsifier in starter diets for broilers (1 to 21 days). For this, 600 1-day-old male broilers (Cobb® 500) were randomly assigned in a factorial arrangement (3 x 4), with three levels of gum inclusion (0, 1.25, and 2.5%) and four levels of soybean oil (0,1.3, 2.6, and 3.9%), with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. At 7, 14, and 21 days of age, we analyzed the performance parameters, pancreatic lipase activity and digestibility coefficients. Inclusion of soy gum improved (p<0.05) the performance and the digestibility coefficient of the ether extract, increased (p<0.05) the levels of AME and AMEn. The higher inclusion of gum (2.5%) as an emulsifier resulted in improved performance, showing the best values of feed conversion, with increased ether extract digestibility, increased AME content of the diets, and a lower requirement for pancreatic lipase in micelle formation.(AU)

Eurytrema coelomaticum infection: correlation between parasite burden and impairment of pancreatic exocrine enzyme secretion / Eurytrema coelomaticum: correlação entre carga parasitária e insuficiência pancreática exócrina

Eurytrema coelomaticum is a trematode reported in the pancreatic ducts of ruminants. It is conjectured that may cause disorders in the pancreas, as well as digestive and metabolic processes dependent on them. This study, determined if there is an impairment of exocrine pancreatic function, and correlated it with parasite burden. Pancreas, blood, and fecal samples were collected from 119 bovines at a abattoir. Stool samples were subjected to the gelatin and x-ray film digestion tests (to detect the presence of trypsin in feces). Using blood samples, the following biochemical tests were performed: amylase, lipase, glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, and globulins. Analyses were correlated with pancreatic parasite burden. Cattle with a high parasitic load presented higher incidence of negative tests in both gelatin digestion and x-ray film digestion tests (P < 0.001) when compared to non-parasitized animals and those with a low parasitic load. Changes in those tests only occurred if the parasitemia was moderate or severe. The activity of the amylase and lipase enzymes was significantly higher in animals with low parasitemia (P < 0.05), compared to non-parasitized animals and with a high parasitic burden. In this study, in cases of high parasitemia, negative results were observed in both gelatin and x-ray film in the feces digestion tests. However, the low infection of E. coelomaticum, higher levels of serum amylase and lipase that also indicated loss of pancreatic exocrine functions were reported.

Eurytrema coelomaticum, um trematódeo de ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes. Conjectura-se que possa ocasionar transtornos nas funções pancreáticas, mais especificamente nos processos digestivos e metabólicos dependentes destas. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi determinar se há comprometimento da função pancreática exócrina, correlacionado-a a carga parasitária. Foram utilizados pâncreas e respectivas amostras de sangue e fezes de 119 bovinos. As amostras de fezes foram submetidas aos testes de digestão da gelatina em tubo e digestão de filme radiográfico, ambos para detecção de tripsina nas fezes. Foram realizados os seguintes exames bioquímicos em amostras de sangue: amilase, lipase, glicemia, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas. Após isto, as análises bioquímicas foram correlacionadas com a quantidade numérica de parasitas encontrados no pâncreas (post-mortem). Houve maior quantidade de testes negativos (digestão do filme radiográfico e prova de digestão da gelatina) nos animais com alta carga parasitária (P < 0.001), quando comparados aos animais não parasitados e com baixa carga parasitária. Portanto, os exames supracitados se alteram somente se a quantidade de parasitas for moderada ou severa. As atividades das enzimas amilase e lipase foram significativamente maiores nos animais que apresentavam baixa parasitemia (P < 0.05), em comparação com os animais com alta carga parasitária e não parasitados. Conclui-se que em quadros de alta parasitemia há alteração significativa nos testes de digestão nas fezes, e que em quadros de baixa parasitemia há alterações significativas nos valores de amilase e lipase séricas, ambos comprovando alterações pancreáticas importantes, de acordo com o quadro de parasitemia.

Enzymatic synthesis optimization of isoamyl butyrate from fusel oil

Many food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries have increased their interest in short-chain esters due to their flavor properties. From the industrial standpoint, enzyme reactions are the most economical strategy to reach green products with neither toxicity nor damage to human health. Isoamyl butyrate (pear flavor) was synthesized by isoamyl alcohol (a byproduct of alcohol production) and butyric acid with the use of the immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM and hexane as solvents. Reaction variables (temperature, butyric acid concentration, isoamyl alcohol:butyric acid molar ratio and enzyme concentration) were investigated in ester conversion (%), concentration (mol L-1) and productivity (mmol ester g-1 mixture . h), by applying a sequential strategy of the Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) and the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). High isoamyl butyrate conversion of 95.8% was achieved at 24 hours. At 3 hours, the highest isoamyl butyrate concentration (1.64 mol L-1) and productivity (0.19 mmol ester g-1 mixture . h) were obtained under different reaction conditions. Due to high specificity and selectivity of lipases, process parameters of this study and their interaction with the Lipozyme TL IM are fundamental to understand and optimize the system so as to achieve maximum yield to scale up. Results show that fusel oil may be recycled by the green chemistry process proposed by this study.

Enzymatic synthesis optimization of isoamyl butyrate from fusel oil

Many food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries have increased their interest in short-chain esters due to their flavor properties. From the industrial standpoint, enzyme reactions are the most economical strategy to reach green products with neither toxicity nor damage to human health. Isoamyl butyrate (pear flavor) was synthesized by isoamyl alcohol (a byproduct of alcohol production) and butyric acid with the use of the immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM and hexane as solvents. Reaction variables (temperature, butyric acid concentration, isoamyl alcohol:butyric acid molar ratio and enzyme concentration) were investigated in ester conversion (%), concentration (mol L-1) and productivity (mmol ester g-1 mixture . h), by applying a sequential strategy of the Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) and the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). High isoamyl butyrate conversion of 95.8% was achieved at 24 hours. At 3 hours, the highest isoamyl butyrate concentration (1.64 mol L-1) and productivity (0.19 mmol ester g-1 mixture . h) were obtained under different reaction conditions. Due to high specificity and selectivity of lipases, process parameters of this study and their interaction with the Lipozyme TL IM are fundamental to understand and optimize the system so as to achieve maximum yield to scale up. Results show that fusel oil may be recycled by the green chemistry process proposed by this study.(AU)

Predisposition to acute pancreatitis in dogs with severe acute renal failure

ABSTRACT: Patients with acute renal failure often have a negative energy balance, which promotes metabolic changes predisposing to complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate laboratory parameters of 30 dogs with severe acute renal failure, to assess their relationship with the possibility of developing acute pancreatitis due to the negative energy balance, and to correlate these findings with the degree of renal failure. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, amylase, total lipase, and canine pancreatic lipase were compared between healthy dogs and dogs with severe acute renal failure. A greater serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and greater activity of pancreatic enzymes, particularly canine pancreatic lipase, as well as a stronger correlation between the latter and serum creatinine concentrations, were related to the occurrence of acute pancreatitis in patients with severe acute renal failure. A greater degree of renal failure implied a greater predisposition to acute pancreatitis.

RESUMO: O portador de insuficiência renal aguda é um paciente que, muitas vezes, encontra-se sob importante condição de balanço energético negativo, gerando alterações metabólicas que predispõem a complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros laboratoriais de trinta cães com insuficiência renal aguda grave, quanto a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de pancreatite aguda em função do balanço energético negativo, e relacioná-los ao grau de gravidade da insuficiência renal. As concentrações séricas de ureia, creatinina, betahidroxibutirato, triglicérides, amilase, lipase total e lipase pancreática canina foram comparadas entre o grupo de cães hígidos e o de cães doentes. Observou-se maior concentração sérica de betahidroxibutirato e maior atividade das enzimas pancreáticas, especialmente da lipase pancreática canina, além de forte correlação entre esta última e a concentração sérica de creatinina, demonstrando a ocorrência de pancreatite aguda em pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda grave. Verificou-se também que quanto mais grave é a insuficiência renal, maior é a predisposição à pancreatite aguda.

Predisposition to acute pancreatitis in dogs with severe acute renal failure / Predisposição à pancreatite aguda em cães com insuficiência renal aguda grave

Patients with acute renal failure often have a negative energy balance, which promotes metabolic changes predisposing to complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate laboratory parameters of 30 dogs with severe acute renal failure, to assess their relationship with the possibility of developing acute pancreatitis due to the negative energy balance, and to correlate these findings with the degree of renal failure. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, amylase, total lipase, and canine pancreatic lipase were compared between healthy dogs and dogs with severe acute renal failure. A greater serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and greater activity of pancreatic enzymes, particularly canine pancreatic lipase, as well as a stronger correlation between the latter and serum creatinine concentrations, were related to the occurrence of acute pancreatitis in patients with severe acute renal failure. A greater degree of renal failure implied a greater predisposition to acute pancreatitis.(AU)

O portador de insuficiência renal aguda é um paciente que, muitas vezes, encontra-se sob importante condição de balanço energético negativo, gerando alterações metabólicas que predispõem a complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros laboratoriais de trinta cães com insuficiência renal aguda grave, quanto a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de pancreatite aguda em função do balanço energético negativo, e relacioná-los ao grau de gravidade da insuficiência renal. As concentrações séricas de ureia, creatinina, betahidroxibutirato, triglicérides, amilase, lipase total e lipase pancreática canina foram comparadas entre o grupo de cães hígidos e o de cães doentes. Observou-se maior concentração sérica de betahidroxibutirato e maior atividade das enzimas pancreáticas, especialmente da lipase pancreática canina, além de forte correlação entre esta última e a concentração sérica de creatinina, demonstrando a ocorrência de pancreatite aguda em pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda grave. Verificou-se também que quanto mais grave é a insuficiência renal, maior é a predisposição à pancreatite aguda.(AU)

Predisposition to acute pancreatitis in dogs with severe acute renal failure / Predisposição à pancreatite aguda em cães com insuficiência renal aguda grave

Patients with acute renal failure often have a negative energy balance, which promotes metabolic changes predisposing to complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate laboratory parameters of 30 dogs with severe acute renal failure, to assess their relationship with the possibility of developing acute pancreatitis due to the negative energy balance, and to correlate these findings with the degree of renal failure. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, amylase, total lipase, and canine pancreatic lipase were compared between healthy dogs and dogs with severe acute renal failure. A greater serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and greater activity of pancreatic enzymes, particularly canine pancreatic lipase, as well as a stronger correlation between the latter and serum creatinine concentrations, were related to the occurrence of acute pancreatitis in patients with severe acute renal failure. A greater degree of renal failure implied a greater predisposition to acute pancreatitis.(AU)

O portador de insuficiência renal aguda é um paciente que, muitas vezes, encontra-se sob importante condição de balanço energético negativo, gerando alterações metabólicas que predispõem a complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros laboratoriais de trinta cães com insuficiência renal aguda grave, quanto a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de pancreatite aguda em função do balanço energético negativo, e relacioná-los ao grau de gravidade da insuficiência renal. As concentrações séricas de ureia, creatinina, betahidroxibutirato, triglicérides, amilase, lipase total e lipase pancreática canina foram comparadas entre o grupo de cães hígidos e o de cães doentes. Observou-se maior concentração sérica de betahidroxibutirato e maior atividade das enzimas pancreáticas, especialmente da lipase pancreática canina, além de forte correlação entre esta última e a concentração sérica de creatinina, demonstrando a ocorrência de pancreatite aguda em pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda grave. Verificou-se também que quanto mais grave é a insuficiência renal, maior é a predisposição à pancreatite aguda.(AU)

Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.

Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.(AU)

Citral as food additive for common snook - zootechnical parameters and digestive enzymes / Citral como aditivo na ração para robalo flecha - parâmetros zootécnicos e enzimas digestivas

Essential oils of plants whose main compound is citral showed beneficial effects when added to fish feed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary effect of the addition of citral on zootechnical parameters and digestive enzyme activities of Centropomus undecimalis. Juveniles were fed for 45 days with diets containing different amounts of citral (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL per kg of diet). The water quality parameters were kept stable during the experiment and no mortality was observed. At the end of the experimental period, the treatment 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet had the lowest weight gain and specific growth rate, and the highest feed conversion, while the same parameters did not differ between the other treatments. Pepsin activity was higher in the stomach of fish fed with 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet and amylase activity was higher in the intestine of fish fed with 0.5 and 2.0 mL citral per kg of diet compared to the control group. Intestinal lipase activity was higher in all groups that were fed with citral compared to the control group. Chymotrypsin and trypsin activities showed no difference between groups. Consequently, dietary addition of citral at any of the levels tested is not recommended for common snook.(AU)

Óleos essenciais de plantas, cujo composto majoritário é o citral, mostraram efeitos benéficos quando adicionados à ração para peixes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de citral sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos e atividades das enzimas digestivas de Centropomus undecimalis. Os juvenis foram alimentados por 45 dias com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de citral (0,0 - controle, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 mL por kg de ração). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram mantidos estáveis ​​durante o experimento e nenhuma mortalidade foi observada. Ao final do período experimental, o tratamento 0,5 mL citral por kg de ração teve o menor ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico e a maior conversão alimentar, enquanto os mesmos parâmetros não diferiram entre os demais tratamentos. A atividade da pepsina foi maior no estômago de peixes alimentados com 0,5 mL de citral por kg de ração e a atividade de amilase foi maior no intestino de peixes alimentados com 0,5 e 2,0 mL citral por kg de ração comparado ao grupo controle. A atividade da lipase intestinal foi maior em todos os grupos que foram alimentados com citral, em comparação ao grupo controle. As atividades de quimotripsina e tripsina não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. Consequentemente, a adição de citral na ração em qualquer um dos níveis testados não é recomendada para robalo flecha.(AU)

Effects of Lysophospholipid and Lipase Enzyme Supplementation to Low Metabolizable Energy Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Population and Some Blood Metabolites in Broiler Chickens

This experiment aimed to evaluate the impacts of dietary lysophospholipid (LPL) and lipase enzyme complementation based on low-energy diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites, immune response, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Two hundreds broiler chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications with ten one-day old chicks. The five treatments were: positive control (PC) without LPL supplementation and adequate in all nutrients, negative control (NC) without LPL the reduced 150 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, NC+ 0.15% LPL (LPL15), NC+ lipase (NCL), NC+ 0.15% LPL+ lipase (NCLL). Feeding LPL improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In contrast, lipase supplementation showed no significant improvement on weight gain and FCR. Supplementation of LPL and lipase did not have significant effect on immune organ, abdominal fat, and liver and thigh but decreased heart and gizzard and increased breast relative weight (p 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter did not show significant effect but crude protein and ether extract improved digestibility in LPL15 and NCLL group in contrast to NC group (p 0.05). Dietary treatment showed no significant improvement on the metabolic blood factors (p 0.05). The inclusion of LPL to negative diet (LPL15) and LPL+lipase to negative control diet raised villus height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth and increased crypt depth. Overall, LPL inclusion to diet increased weight gain and improved FCR, crude protein and fat digestibility, and improved villus height and ratio of villi height to crypt depth to NC group.(AU)

Effects of Lysophospholipid and Lipase Enzyme Supplementation to Low Metabolizable Energy Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Population and Some Blood Metabolites in Broiler Chickens

This experiment aimed to evaluate the impacts of dietary lysophospholipid (LPL) and lipase enzyme complementation based on low-energy diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites, immune response, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Two hundreds broiler chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications with ten one-day old chicks. The five treatments were: positive control (PC) without LPL supplementation and adequate in all nutrients, negative control (NC) without LPL the reduced 150 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, NC+ 0.15% LPL (LPL15), NC+ lipase (NCL), NC+ 0.15% LPL+ lipase (NCLL). Feeding LPL improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In contrast, lipase supplementation showed no significant improvement on weight gain and FCR. Supplementation of LPL and lipase did not have significant effect on immune organ, abdominal fat, and liver and thigh but decreased heart and gizzard and increased breast relative weight (p 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter did not show significant effect but crude protein and ether extract improved digestibility in LPL15 and NCLL group in contrast to NC group (p 0.05). Dietary treatment showed no significant improvement on the metabolic blood factors (p 0.05). The inclusion of LPL to negative diet (LPL15) and LPL+lipase to negative control diet raised villus height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth and increased crypt depth. Overall, LPL inclusion to diet increased weight gain and improved FCR, crude protein and fat digestibility, and improved villus height and ratio of villi height to crypt depth to NC group.

Biosurfactant production by Phialemonium sp. using agroindustrial wastes: influence of culture conditions

Biosurfactant are surface active compounds with emulsifying capacity and are produced by microorganisms, and they may be affected by factors related to microbial cultivation, such as pH, salinity, incubation time, carbon and nitrogen sources. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the culture conditions on the production of biosurfactants by Phialemonium sp using agroindustrial wastes. The processing parameters of temperature, humidity and pH produced the most significant effects on the production of biosurfactant and emulsifying activity. The maximum concentration of biosurfactant obtained in this study was equivalent to a surface tension reduction of 8.5 mg L-1 surfactin commercial solution using wheat bran, pH of 4.5, and 0.5% of soybean oil added at 30°C. Under these conditions, 83.4 EU g-1 of emulsifying activity, 16.4 g L-1 of emulsifier index and 18.3 U g-1 lipolytic capacity were obtained.

Biosurfactant production by Phialemonium sp. using agroindustrial wastes: influence of culture conditions

Biosurfactant are surface active compounds with emulsifying capacity and are produced by microorganisms, and they may be affected by factors related to microbial cultivation, such as pH, salinity, incubation time, carbon and nitrogen sources. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the culture conditions on the production of biosurfactants by Phialemonium sp using agroindustrial wastes. The processing parameters of temperature, humidity and pH produced the most significant effects on the production of biosurfactant and emulsifying activity. The maximum concentration of biosurfactant obtained in this study was equivalent to a surface tension reduction of 8.5 mg L-1 surfactin commercial solution using wheat bran, pH of 4.5, and 0.5% of soybean oil added at 30°C. Under these conditions, 83.4 EU g-1 of emulsifying activity, 16.4 g L-1 of emulsifier index and 18.3 U g-1 lipolytic capacity were obtained.(AU)

Composition of gastrointestinal content, protease and lipase activities in summer and winter of four freshwater siluriforms (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) with two different feeding habits

The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodus maculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.(AU)

Composition of gastrointestinal content, protease and lipase activities in summer and winter of four freshwater siluriforms (Teleostei: Actinopterygii) with two different feeding habits

The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodus maculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.

Impact of 1, 25(OH) 2 D 3 on TG content in liver of rats with type 2 diabetes

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the content of triglyceride (TG), as well as on the gene and protein expressions of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) so as to provide theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism by which 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates TG. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=25), with different treatments and detected the gene and protein expressions of AdipoR2, p38MAPK, and LPL in the liver tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Meanwhile, the content of TG in the liver tissue was detected by the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The expression of AdipoR2, p38MAPK, LPL gene and protein in the liver of VitD intervention group was significantly higher than that in T2DM group (P<0.05), while the TG content was significantly lower than that in T2DM group (P<0.05). Conclusion: 1,25(OH)2D3 can decrease the content of TG in the liver, and its mechanism may be achieved by upregulating the expressions of AdipoR2, p38MAPK, and LPL in the liver.(AU)

Enzymatic comparison and mortality of Beauveria bassiana against cabbage caterpillar Pieris brassicae LINN

Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, is the alternative biocontrol agent exploited against major economic crop pests. Pieris brassicae L. is an emerging pest of the Brassicaceae family. Therefore, in the present study, fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana, viz. MTCC 2028, MTCC 4495, MTCC 6291, and NBAII-11, were evaluated for their virulence against third instar larvae of P. brassicae. Among all these fungal isolates, maximum mortality (86.66%) was recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 4495 at higher concentration of spores (109 conidia/ml), and the minimum mortality (30.00%) was recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 6291 at a lower concentration (107 conidia/ml) after ten days of treatment. The extracellular cuticle-degrading enzyme activities of fungal isolates were measured. Variability was observed both in the pattern of enzyme secretion and the level of enzyme activities among various fungal isolates. B. bassiana MTCC 4495 recorded the maximum mean chitinase (0.51 U/ml), protease (1.12 U/ml), and lipase activities (1.36 U/ml). The minimum mean chitinase and protease activities (0.37 and 0.91 U/ml, respectively) were recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 6291. The minimum mean lipase activity (1.04 U/ml) was recorded in B. bassiana NBAII-11. Our studies revealed B. bassiana MTCC 4495 as the most pathogenic isolate against P. brassicae, which also recorded maximum extracellular enzyme activities, suggesting the possible roles of extracellular enzymes in the pathogenicity of B. bassiana against P. brassicae.(AU)

Lipoprotein lipase gene-deficient mice with hypertriglyceridaemia associated with acute pancreatitis

PURPOSE:To investigate the severity of pancreatitis in lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-deficient hypertriglyceridaemic (HTG) heterozygous mice and to establish an experimental animal model for HTG pancreatitis study.METHODS:LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice were rescued by somatic gene transfer and mated with wild-type mice. The plasma amylase, triglyceride, and pathologic changes in the pancreas of the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice were compared with those of wild-type mice to assess the severity of pancreatitis. In addition, acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced by caerulein (50 µg/kg) for further assessment.RESULTS:The levels of plasma amylase and triglyceride were significantly higher in the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice. According to the pancreatic histopathologic scores, the LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice showed more severe pathologic damage than the wild-type mice.CONCLUSIONS:Lipoprotein lipase deficient heterozygous mice developed severe caerulein-induced pancreatitis. In addition, their high triglyceride levels were stable. Therefore, LPL-deficient HTG heterozygous mice are a useful experimental model for studying HTG pancreatitis.(AU)

Aproveitamento de resíduos da agroindústria do óleo de dendê para a produção de lipase por Aspergillus Níger / Agro-industrial residues utilization of palm oil for lipase production by Aspergillus niger

Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de duas linhagens de Aspergillus niger (mutante 11T53A14 e selvagem C) previamente selecionadas como promissoras para a produção de lipases, utilizando meios de cultivo formulados a partir da torta de dendê (palmiste) e da borra alcalina do refino do óleo de dendê (borra de dendê), resíduos provenientes da agroindústria do óleo de dendê (palma) por fermentação em estado sólido (FES). Os experimentos de produção da enzima em FES foram conduzidos em colunas aeradas, incubadas em banho-maria a 32ºC com entrada controlada de ar não umedecido de 1,0vvm. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a cepa mutante A. niger 11T53A14 em meio contendo torta de dendê umedecida com solução sulfato de amônio (1,2%) e com a adição de 3% da borra de dendê. O valor máximo da atividade da lipase neste meio foi de 72,57U gss-1 em 48 horas. Esse valor foi 47,5% superior ao obtido no meio sem a borra de dendê. A comparação do desempenho da cepa mutante com a cepa selvagem mostrou que o meio composto por torta de dendê adicionado com sulfato de amônio e borra de dendê induziu ambas as linhagens a produzir lipases com bons níveis de atividade, além de reduzir o tempo de processo de fermentação.(AU)

In this paper it was evaluated the performance of two strains of Aspergillus niger (mutant 11T53A14 and wild type C) previously selected as promising for lipase production, from cultivation media formulated from palm kernel cake (kernel) and alkaline sludge from refining were evaluated palm oil (palm oil sludge), palm oil (palm) waste industrialization by solid state fermentation (SSF). Experiments of enzyme production in SSF were conducted in aerated columns, incubated in a water bath at 32°C with controlled inlet of 1.0vvm. The best results were obtained with the mutant strain A. niger 11T53A14 in medium containing palm kernel cake moistened with a solution of ammonium sulfate (1.2%) and with the addition of 3% of palm oil sludge. The maximum lipase activity in this medium was 72.57U gdw-1 in 48 hours and 47.5% higher than in the medium without sludge palm. A comparison of the performance of the mutant strain with the wild-type strain showed that the medium composed of palm kernel cake added with ammonium sulfate and blurs palm induced both strains to produce lipases with good activity levels and reduced the time of the fermentation process.(AU)