Using canonical correlation analysis to understand the rumen biohydrogenation patterns of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in the rumen fluid of bovines

The objective of this study was to determine the multivariate relationship among linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and their main rumen biohydrogenation (BH) intermediates and products in bovine rumen fluid using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A dataset consisting of 1177 observations generated by 107 in vitro rumen incubation systems of pure and mixed linoleic acid (18:2-c9, c12) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3-c9, c12, c15) was gathered. Two canonical variates were defined: A: composed of the nine main BH intermediates and products (18:2-c9, t11; 18:2-t11, c15; 18:1-t11; 18:1-t9; 18:1-t6; 18:1-c11; 18:1-c6; 18:1-c9; 18:0) of 18:2-c9, c12 and 18:3-c9, c12, c15 and B: composed of 18:2-c9, c12 and 18:3-c9, c12, c15. Two canonical functions between A and B with significant canonical correlations (R1=0.990 and R2=0.738; p <0.01) were obtained. However, only the first function was selected for CCA. Exploration of canonical loadings for first function, revealed the following quantitative significance (absolute value) order for fatty acids (FA) within their respective canonical variates: A: 18:0(0.958)>18:1-t9(0.837)>18:1-c11(0.835)>18:1-c6(0.824)>18:1-t11(0.747)>18:1-c9(0.738)>18:1-t6(0.415)>18:2-t11, c15(0.387)> 18:2-c9, t11(0.239); B: 18:2-c9, c12(0.667)>18:3-c9, c12, c15(0.488). The CCA showed that 18:2-c9, c12 has a greater contribution than that of 18:3-c9, c12, c15 on the production of the aforementioned BH intermediates, in which 18:0, as well as the groups of 18:1 cis and trans-FA were mainly affected.(AU)

Effects of chromium yeast supplementation on productive and metabolic responses of laying hens fed diets containing different energy levels

This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast (Cr yeast) and two apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels on productive performance, egg quality, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in laying hens. A total of 192 Bovans White laying hens at 47 weeks of age were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (six replicates each) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four levels of supplemental Cr (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm as Cr yeast) and two AME levels (2,780 and 2,900 kcal AME kg−1). No significant effect of Cr yeast supplementation on feed intake, egg weight, egg production, intact eggs, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, or egg quality was observed. Egg quality parameters and Cr content in the yolk were not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma glucose and lipid levels were not influenced by either Cr yeast or AME levels used in this study. However, Cr yeast supplementation improved yolk percentage and hepatic glycogen content. The inclusion of Cr yeast at 0.2 and 0.4 ppm induced the highest hepatic glycogen content with the energy levels 2,900 and 2,780 kcal AME kg−1, respectively. Laying hens fed 2,900 kcal AME kg−1 showed the highest abdominal fat. The results observed in the present study support the hypothesis that the lack of positive effects of Cr yeast supplementation on production performance and egg quality may be related to good management practices, as the birds were not subjected to stressful conditions.

Efeito da suplementação com óleo de avocado (Persea americana Mill) na temperatura superficial corpórea de equinos antes e após exercício em esteira / [Effect of supplementation with avocado oil (Persea americana Mill) on body surface temperature of horses before and after exercise on treadmill]

Oito equinos foram distribuídos em delineamento randomizado cruzado, sendo um grupo sem suplementação (GC) e outro grupo suplementado com óleo de avocado (GOAv) por um período de sete semanas. Ao fim da sexta semana, os animais foram submetidos a teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e, após sete dias, a teste de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD). Após o primeiro ciclo, houve período de descanso "washout" de 30 dias para troca de grupos para o segundo ciclo, que seguiu o protocolo do primeiro. A termorregulação foi avaliada com base na temperatura retal e na temperatura superficial corpórea, obtidas por termografia, de 15 regiões de interesse. A temperatura retal e as imagens termográficas foram obtidas antes, um minuto e 15 minutos após o exercício. Não houve diferença entre os grupos GC e GOAv em nenhum momento. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que a suplementação de 5% da matéria seca (MS) com óleo de avocado por seis e sete semanas não influenciou na termorregulação com base na temperatura superficial corpórea dos equinos submetidos ao teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e ao exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD), respectivamente.(AU)

Eight equines were distributed in a randomized crossover design, one control group (CG) without supplementation and another group supplemented (SG) with avocado oil for a period of six weeks. At the end of the sixth week, the animals were submitted to standard exercise test (SET) and after seven days to the low intensity test (LIT). After the first cycle, there was a 30-day washout rest period to exchange groups for the second cycle, which followed the protocol of the first one. Thermoregulation was evaluated based on rectal temperature and body surface temperature of 15 regions of interest obtained by thermography. Rectal temperature and thermographic images were obtained before, one minute and 15 minutes after exercise. There was no difference between the CG and SG at any time. The results obtained in this study revealed that the supplementation of 5% of dry matter with avocado oil for six and seven weeks did not influence the thermoregulation based on the body surface temperature of the horses submitted to SET and LIT, respectively.(AU)

Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets / Substituição da ractopamina por óleo de cártamo ou óleo de coco como aditivos em dietas para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P 0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P 0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P 0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P 0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.(AU)

Effect of ultra-fine traditional Chinese medicine compounds on regulation of lipid metabolism and reduction in egg cholesterol of aying hens

This study has the objective of investigating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on serum lipid, abdominal and hepatic fat percentage, cholesterol content in eggs, and mRNA expression of genes apoA I and apoB100. One hundred and thirty five healthy (300-day-old) layers were randomly assigned to three treatments. The hens in control group were fed with the basal diet. The hens in the experimental groups (TCM 1 and TCM 2) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1% TCM 1 and 1% TCM 2 respectively over a period of 60 days. Laying performance and the serum parameters relevant to fat metabolism were measured. The results showed that no significant differences were found in average daily feed intake and egg weight among three treatments. Average daily laying rate in TCM treatments was increased, and the cholesterol content in eggs was decreased. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in experimental treatments were decreased (p<0.05), while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Additionally, abdominal fat percentage decreased in TCM 1 treatment (p<0.05), and hepatic fat percentage decreased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). The expression of apolipoproteinA I (apoA I) and apolipoproteinB100 (apoB100) mRNA in the liver increased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). These results suggest that the diet supplemented with TCM could increase the expression of apoA I and apoB100 mRNA in the liver, and decrease lipid content in the serum, and reduce egg cholesterol in layers.(AU)

Effect of ultra-fine traditional Chinese medicine compounds on regulation of lipid metabolism and reduction in egg cholesterol of aying hens

This study has the objective of investigating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on serum lipid, abdominal and hepatic fat percentage, cholesterol content in eggs, and mRNA expression of genes apoA I and apoB100. One hundred and thirty five healthy (300-day-old) layers were randomly assigned to three treatments. The hens in control group were fed with the basal diet. The hens in the experimental groups (TCM 1 and TCM 2) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 1% TCM 1 and 1% TCM 2 respectively over a period of 60 days. Laying performance and the serum parameters relevant to fat metabolism were measured. The results showed that no significant differences were found in average daily feed intake and egg weight among three treatments. Average daily laying rate in TCM treatments was increased, and the cholesterol content in eggs was decreased. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in experimental treatments were decreased (p<0.05), while the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. Additionally, abdominal fat percentage decreased in TCM 1 treatment (p<0.05), and hepatic fat percentage decreased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). The expression of apolipoproteinA I (apoA I) and apolipoproteinB100 (apoB100) mRNA in the liver increased in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). These results suggest that the diet supplemented with TCM could increase the expression of apoA I and apoB100 mRNA in the liver, and decrease lipid content in the serum, and reduce egg cholesterol in layers.

Effect of different commercial fat sources on brain, liver and blood lipid profiles of rats in growth phase

Purpose: To investigate the fatty acid content of different fat sources and evaluate the effect of them on plasma and hepatic lipids and on the fatty acid profile of the brain tissue of Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty male albino Wistar rats received for 59 days, the following diets: diet added of margarine with low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); diet added of margarine with high content of PUFA; diet added of butter; diet added of hydrogenated vegetable fat; diet added of soybean oil. Fatty acid profile of the lipid sources, blood and hepatic lipids fractions and fatty acid profile of the brain tissue were determined. Results: Margarine consumption of provided different responses as to concentrations of blood and hepatic lipid fractions. Intake of butter and hydrogenated increased LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, being the steepest increase promoted by hydrogenated vegetable fat, which also raised LDL-c levels expressively. All fats used in the treatments reduced the cerebral concentration of docosahexaenoic acid when compared to soybean oil (control). Conclusion: The different fat sources commonly consumed by population provided different responses in vivo. This is particularly relevant considering the role of these lipids in the incidence and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.(AU)

Substituição do cloreto de colina por uma fonte vegetal de colina em dietas de frangos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma fonte vegetal de colina em substituição do cloreto de colina, e seus efeitos no desempenho animal, metabolismo e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1120 frangos de corte macho linhagem Cobb 500 de um dia de vida, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 8 repetições de 35 aves cada, sendo os tratamentos: 1 - controle (Colina na forma de Cloreto de Colina 60%); 2 - 75% de cloreto de colina e 25% de colina vegetal (Choline-H) como fonte de colina; 3 - 50% de cloreto de colina e 50% de colina vegetal (Choline-H) como fonte de colina; 4 - 100% de colina vegetal (Choline-H) como fonte de colina. Foi avaliado o desempenho zootécnico (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade e uniformidade), rendimento de carcaça e cortes, padrão de empenamento, perfil bioquímico sérico, saúde do sistema locomotor e fígado, anomalias musculares peitorais, e zonas de crescimento da epífise proximal da tíbia dos frangos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no desempenho zootécnico (peso médio, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade) dos frangos em nenhuma das fases avaliadas (7, 21, 35 e 42 dias), o tratamento que utilizou apenas colina vegetal proporcionou maior uniformidade das aves a partir de 35 dias, para as variáveis de rendimento de carcaça e porcentagem de órgãos também não tiveram diferenças estatísticas. Na análise de escore de empenamento não houve diferenças, já na porcentagem de penas, os tratamentos que combinaram as duas fontes de colina obtiveram maior porcentagem de penas. Em relação as análises histopatológicas e avaliações de problemas locomotores não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Na análise de bioquímica sérica, o tratamento com uso de somente colina vegetal diminuiu os níveis de colesterol e LDL aos 21 dias, e de LDL aos 42 dias, não apresentando diferenças significativas para os demais parâmetros avaliados (enzimas FA, GGT e AST e triglicerídeos, HDL e VLDL). Conclui-se que a fonte vegetal de colina pode substituir o integralmente o cloreto de colina em dietas de frangos de corte, sem prejudicar o desempenho e diminuindo os níveis circulantes de LDL.

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CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO USO DE LINHAGENS CELULARES DE IXODÍDEOS COMO MODELO DE ESTUDO IN VITRO DA INTERAÇÃO ENTRE CARRAPATO e LEISHMANIA SPP

A leishmaniose é um conjunto de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania que afetam homens e animais. A leishmaniose canina é uma doença de grande importância na saúde pública, pois os cães são o principal reservatório do parasito. A maioria dos cães infectados vem de áreas pobres, onde há ectoparasitos, como o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Sua presença levantou a hipótese de que este poderia ser um vetor do parasito. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um modelo in vitro de estudo da interação entre Leishmania spp. e carrapatos Ixodídeos, usando a linhagemcelular do carrapato Ixodes scapularis (IDE8). Para esta análise, células IDE8 foram incubadas com promastigotas de L. amazonensis ou L. infantum durante: 2, 24 e 48 h a 34 ° C. Resultados mostraram que as formas promastigotas se ligam, interagem com a membrana das células de carrapato, são endocitadas e permanecem dentro de um vacúolo justaposto, como mostrado por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. O índice de associação entre IDE8 e L. amazonensis não se alterou, mas entre IDE8 e L.infantum aumentou em cerca de 7 vezes em 48h. Os ensaios de viabilidade através da atividade de LDH mostraram que as células permanecem viáveis durante incubação com os parasitas. Além disso, L. infantum apresentou uma sobrevivência 13 vezes maior do que L. amazonenses após a interação com IDE8 em 48h. As células IDE8 apresentaram aumento de 2 vezes na produção de ROS e de 8 vezes da produção de oxiesterol após a interação com L. infantum. Os lipídeos triacilglicerol, 1,2 e 1,3 diacilgliceróis, monoacilglicerol e colesterol esterificado, todos derivados dos ácidos graxos, também apresentaram aumento após a interação. Assim, nossos dados indicam a capacidade de Leishmania spp. Interagir com células de carrapato in vitro, sobreviver a essa interação e modular reações metabólicas na célula hospedeira.

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect humans and animals. Canine leishmaniasis is a disease of great public health importance, since dogs are the main reservoir of the parasite. Most infected dogs come from poor areas where there are ectoparasites, such as the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick. Its presence raised the hypothesis that this could be a vector of the parasite. The aim of this work was to propose an in vitro model to study the interaction between Leishmania spp. and Ixodid ticks, using the cell line from the Ixodes scapularis tick (IDE8). For this analysis, IDE8 tick cells were incubated with L. amazonensis or L. infantum promastigotes during: 2, 24 and 48 h at 34 ° C. The results showed that promastigotes bind, interact with the tick cell membrane, are endocytosed, and remain within a juxtaposed vacuole, as shown by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The association index between IDE8 and L. amazonensis did not change, but between IDE8 and L. infantum it increased approximately 7 times up to 48 h. Viability assay through LDH activity demonstrated that IDE8 tick cell remain viable during infection with parasites. Furthermore, L. infantum showed a survival 13 times higher than L. amazonensis after interaction with IDE8. IDE8 tick cells infected with L. infantum also showed a 2-fold increase in ROS production and an 8-fold increase in oxysterol production. The lipids triacylglycerol, 1,2 and 1,3 diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerol and esterified cholesterol, derived from fatty acids, also showed an increase after the interaction. Therefore, our data indicate that Leishmania spp. are able to interact with tick cells in vitro, survive, and modulate metabolic reactions in tick cells.

Betaine and ractopamine for pigs from 90 to 140 kg

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com fêmeas suínas dos 90 aos 140 kg. No primeiro estudo (I), o objetivo foi avaliar a suplementação de ractopamina e betaína, isolada ou em associação, no desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne e na expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico no tecido muscular glicolítico e oxidativo e no tecido adiposo subcutâneo. No segundo experimento (II), objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne e a expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico no tecido muscular glicolítico e oxidativo de duas linhagens genéticas distintas consumindo ractopamina. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas 72 fêmeas híbridas (Agroceres PIC), com peso médio inicial de 88,96 ± 3,44 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, nove repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por uma ração controle (CONT), CONT + 2,5 g/kg de betaína (BET), ração com 20 ppm de ractopamina (RAC), RAC + 2,5 g/kg de betaína (RAC + BET). No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas 18 fêmeas Agroceres PIC 337 (Large White x Landrace x Duroc x Pietrain) x Camborough (Large White x Landrace) (HIB), com peso médio inicial de 88,96± 3,44 kg e 12 fêmeas DB LQ 1250 (Duroc) x DB 90 (Large White x Landrace) (DUR), com peso médio inicial de 85,63± 1,55 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (Híbrido) ou (Duroc), com 9 e 6 repetições, respectivamente, e dois animais por unidade experimental. No experimento I, suínos consumindo RAC e RAC+BET apresentaram maior ganho de peso diário, menor conversão alimentar comparado às demais dietas e maior peso de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça em relação à dieta CONT. Suínos que consumiram as dietas BET, RAC e RAC+BET apresentaram maior área de olho de lombo, enquanto a espessura de toucinho foi menor nos animais que receberam a dieta RAC+BET em comparação ao CONT. A carne de animais que receberam a dieta BET apresentou menor força de cisalhamento e maior percentual de gordura intramuscular comparado ao CONT. A BET aumentou a expressão de fatores lipogênicos no Longissimus dorsi e no músculo Sóleo em relação ao CONT. Em relação ao tecido adiposo, RAC e BET aumentaram a expressão de genes relacionados a lipólise e -oxidação. Os resultados indicam que o desempenho e as características de carcaça podem ser aumentados com o uso da ractopamina, enquanto a betaína promove aumento na área de olho de lombo e na qualidade da carne suína. No experimento II, o desempenho dos suínos de ambos os grupos genéticos foi semelhante. No entanto, os suínos DUR apresentaram menor espessura de toucinho. A carne dos suínos DUR apresentou maior L* (luminosidade), menor a* (intensidade de vermelho) e maior percentual de gordura intramuscular. Suínos DUR apresentaram maior expressão do receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissoma gama (PPAR) e da proteína ácido graxo translocase/cluster de diferenciação (FAT/CD36), além de maior abundância do mRNA da lipase hormônio sensível (HSL) e Adiponectina (ADIP) no Longissimus Dorsi. Maior abundância do mRNA do PPAR e FAT/CD36 também foi observado no músculo Sóleo dos animais DUR, mas sem alteração na expressão de enzimas relacionadas à degradação lipídica comparado a suínos HIB. Suínos DUR apresentam carcaça com menor espessura de toucinho e melhor qualidade de carne, evidenciado pelo maior percentual de gordura intramuscular em relação aos suínos HIB. Possivelmente a maior concentração de gordura intramuscular seja devido principalmente a maior expressão de fatores de transcrição e enzimas relacionados a adipogêneses e lipogêneses no tecido muscular esquelético glicolítico e oxidativo nos suínos DUR.

Two experiments were carried out with female pigs from 90 to 140 kg. In experiment I, the objective was to evaluate the supplementation of ractopamine and betaine, alone or in association, on performance, carcass traits, meat quality and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in skeletal glycolytic and oxidative muscle tissue and in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In experiment II, to evaluate performance, carcass traits, pork quality and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in glycolytic and oxidative muscle tissues of two divergent genetic lines fed ractopamine. In experiment I, a total of 72 female pigs (Agroceres PIC) with initial body weight of 88.96 ± 3.44 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design in four diets with nine replicates and two pigs per experimental unit, represented by the pen. Diets consisted of a control (CTRL) diet (without ractopamine and betaine); CTRL + 2.5 g/kg betaine (BET); CTRL+ 20 ppm ractopamine (RAC); and RAC + 2.5 g/kg de betaine (RAC + BET). In experiment II, eighteen female pigs Agroceres PIC 337 (Large White x Landrace x Duroc x Pietrain) x Camborough (Large White x Landrace) (HYB), with initial body weight of 88.96 ± 3.44 kg and 12 female pigs DB LQ 1250 (Duroc) x DB 90 (Large White x Landrace) (DUR), with initial body weight of 85.63 ± 1.55 kg were used. Pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design in two groups: HYB and DUR with nine and six replicates, respectively, and two pigs per experimental unit, represented by the pen. In experiment I, pigs fed RAC and RAC+BET diets had higher daily weight gain, lower feed conversion compared to pigs fed the other diets and higher hot carcass weight and carcass yield, compared to CTRL diet. Pigs fed BET, RAC and RAC+BET diets had greater loin muscle area. The backfat thickness was lower in pigs fed RAC+BET diet, compared to the CTRL. The meat from pigs fed BET diet had lower Warner-Bratzler shear force and higher percentage of intramuscular fat compared to CTRL. BET diet increased the expression of lipogenic factors in Longissimus dorsi and Soleus muscles compared to CTRL. In adipose tissue, RAC and BET diets increased the expression of genes related to lipolysis and -oxidation. The results indicate that performance and carcass traits can be improved with ractopamine and betaine promotes increase in loin muscle area and pork quality. In experiment II, the performance of pigs from both genetic groups was similar. However, DUR pigs had lower backfat thickness. The meat from DUR pigs had higher L* (brightness), lower a* (redness) and higher percentage of intramuscular fat. DUR pigs had higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR) and fatty acid protein translocase/cluster differentiation (FAT/CD36), in addition to higher abundance of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and Adiponectin (ADIP) mRNA in the Longissimus dorsi. Greater abundance of PPAR and FAT/CD36 mRNA was also observed in the Soleus muscle of DUR pigs with no change in the expression of enzymes related to lipid degradation compared to HYB pigs. DUR pigs had carcasses with lower backfat thickness and better meat quality, evidenced by the higher percentage of intramuscular fat compared to HYB pigs. Possibly the higher concentration of intramuscular fat is mainly due to the higher expression of transcription factors and enzymes related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis in glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle tissue in DUR pigs

Diferença esperada na progênie (DEP) para precocidade de tourinhos Nelore e sua relação entre adipogênese, fibrogênese, lipogênese e metabolismo lipídico

Objetivou-se avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, bem como identificar por meio da ferramenta de proteômica diferencial, as principais diferenças no perfil proteico do músculo longissimus thoracis (LT) e da espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) de progênies Nelore, filhos de touros com DEP contrastante para precocidade sexual e crescimento. Para isso, o presente estudo foi dividido em 3 manuscritos. Em síntese, foram utilizados 105 bovinos, machos não castrados, com idade média de 20 ± 2 meses e 400 ± 24 kg, provenientes de um mesmo rebanho, com informações genéticas para precocidade e crescimento. Os animais foram confinados por 100 dias e realizada a ultrassonografia de carcaça a cada 28 dias. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar as concentrações metabólicas e hormonais na última pesagem. Os animais foram abatidos após 100 dias e durante o abate foram colhidas amostras do músculo LT e da EGS entre a 12a e 13a costelas além de amostras da gordura visceral (GV). Todas essas amostras foram imediatamente congeladas em nitrogênio líquido e mantidas em freezer 80ºC até a realização das análises de expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real (RT-qPCR) e análise e SDS-PAGE, seguida de identificação proteica pela análise de espectrometria de massas acoplada a cromatografia liquida (LC-MS/MS). Durante a desossa foi avaliada a gordura intramuscular (MAR) no músculo LT. Também foram coletados bifes para lipídeos totais, perfil de ácidos graxos e solubilidade do colágeno. Os animais foram selecionados de acordo com a DEP de seus pais (touros). Do total de 105 animais, foram selecionados 6 pais com DEPs simultaneamente contrastantes para precocidade e crescimento, de forma que cada grupo experimental tivessem 3 pais. A partir dos pais, foram formados 2 grupos contrastantes denominados de alta DEP (H_EPD; N=16) e baixa DEP (L_EPD; N=16). Os animais do grupo H_EPD tiveram maior EGS (P=0,006); menor LDL (P=0,014); maior IGF-1 (P=0,064); maior solubilidade do colágeno (P=0,098); menor expressão do gene LPL, no LT (P=0,045). Também este grupo apresentou maior expressão dos genes envolvidos na lipogênese avaliados na EGS: ACACA (P=0,060), LPL (P=0,085), ACOX1 (P= 0,100), LEP (P=0,030), SDC (P= 0,009), e GAPDH (P=0,081), do que os animais do grupo L_DEP. Uma banda eletroforética foi detectada como diferentemente abundante no músculo LT (banda 16) e três bandas eletroforéticas foram detectadas como diferentemente abundantes na EGS (bandas 24, 30, 32). As vias KEGG do metabolismo de piruvato, glicólise/gluconeogênese, metabolismo de carbono, biossíntese de aminoácidos, dentre outras, foram enriquecidas para as proteínas diferencialmente abundantes identificadas no LT e na EGS. A seleção genética para precocidade e crescimento afeta o proteoma muscular e consequentemente o metabolismo lipídico e proteico de bovinos não castrados. O hormônio IGF-1, o gene LPL e as proteínas PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2 and ACY1 podem ser considerados futuros biomarcadores candidatos para EGS. Palavras-chave: Bovinos de corte. Espessura de gordura subcutânea. Vias metabólicas. Metabolismo proteico e lipídico. Proteômica.

This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, as well as to identify, through the proteomics tool, differences in the protein profile of Longissimus thoracis (LT) and backfat thickness (BFT) proteins of Nelore progenies, offspring of bulls with contrasting factors of expected progeny difference (EPD) for precocity and growth. For this, the present study was divided into 3 manuscripts. In summary, 105 male bulls were used, with a mean age of 20 ± 2 months and 400 ± 24 kg, from the same herd, with the genetic information of precocity and growth. The animals remained confined for 100 days, and the carcass ultrasound was performed every 28 days. Blood samples were collected to determine the metabolic and hormonal profile. The animals were slaughtered after 100 days and during slaughter, muscle LT and BFT were collected between the 12th and 13th ribs, in addition to visceral fat (GV). All of these were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept in a freezer - 80ºC until the analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and analysis and SDSPAGE, followed by the identification of proteins by coupled mass spectrometry liquid chromatography (LC-MS / MS). During boning, the intramuscular fat (MAR) in the LT muscle was evaluated. Steaks for total lipids, fatty acid profile, and collagen solubility were also collected. The animals were selected according to a EPD from their parent bulls. Were selected 6 parents with EPD contrasting simultaneously for precocity and growth, so that each experimental group had 3 parents bulls. Then, were formed, 2 contrasting groups called high EPD (H_EPD; N = 16) and low EPD (L_EPD; N = 16), using 32 progenies. The animals in the H_EPD group had higher BFT (P = 0.006); lower LDL (P = 0.014); higher IGF-1 (P = 0.064); greater collagen solubility (P = 0.098); lower expression of the LPL gene, in LT (P = 0.045). This group also showed greater expression of the genes involved in lipogenesis evaluated in BFT: ACACA (P = 0.060), LPL (P = 0.085), ACOX1 (P = 0.100), LEP (P = 0.030), SDC (P = 0.009), and GAPDH (P = 0.081), than the animals in the L_EPD group. One electrophoretic band was detected as differently abundant in the LT muscle (band 16) and three electrophoretic bands were detected as differently abundant in the BFT (bands 24, 30, 32). The KEGG pathways of pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, among others, were enriched for the differentially abundant proteins identified in the LT and BFT. The genetic selection for precocity and growth affects the muscle proteome and consequently the lipid and protein metabolism of noncastrated cattle. The IGF-1 hormone, the LPL gene, and the PKLR, PKM, ALDOA, DLD, GPI, VIM, ACTC1, OXCT1, GAPDH, LDHA, LDHB, MDH1, MDH2, IDH1, PGK1, SUCLG2, and ACY1 proteins can be considered future biomarkers candidates for BFT. Keywords: Beef Cattle. Backfat thickness. Metabolic pathways. Protein and lipid metabolism. Proteomics.

Effect of total splenectomy in the lipid profile in mice

PURPOSE: To analyze total splenectomy effect on the lipid profile - total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and triglycerides levels, in Balb/c mice.METHODS: Thirty Balb/c male mice, one (1) month old and average weight 26.2g ± 4.0 were used in the experiment. They were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each: a control group (non-operated), a simulation group (spleen manipulation) and the splenectomy group. The animals were subjected to blood sampling to measure plasma lipid levels, at three different times: before surgery, days 30 and 75 of the experiment.RESULTS: Increased total cholesterol and LDL were observed in the control group from the start to end of the experiment. The simulation group showed increased rates of VLDL and triglycerides at the 30th and 75th days. Splenectomized animals showed no significant change.CONCLUSION: Total splenectomy did not induce increased plasma lipids levels of in Balb/c mice.(AU)

LIPIDOGRAMA EM CÃES: O JEJUM É REALMENTE NECESSÁRIO?

A análise do perfil lipídico sérico têm ganhado mais atenção por parte dos clínicos veterinários. Ele consiste em mensurar os parâmetros de triglicerídios, colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é explanar sobre o perfil lipídico e sua importância em cães e apresentando o resultado da pesquisa desenvolvida durante o período de mestrado. O estudo constituiu em avaliar os parâmetros de lipidograma de 32 cães em quatro momentos (horas): 1, 4, 8 e 12 pós-prandial. Os cães tinham entre dois a sete anos de idade, de ambos os sexos (machos inteiros e fêmeas em anestro), acima de 30 kg, das raças Fila Brasileiro n=11 (alimento seco comercial), Pastor Belga de Malinois n=10 (alimentos seco comercial e quirera de arroz) e Rottweiler n=11 (alimento super premium seco e pescoço de frango cru). A análise estatística utilizada foram os testes ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk e Friedman com nível de significância de 5%. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que amostras sanguíneas de cães em jejum ou pós prandial permaneceram dentro dos valores de referências utilizadas mundialmente para cães.

The analysis of the serum lipid profile has gained more attention on the part of veterinary clinicians. It consists of measuring the parameters of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to explain about the lipid profile and its importance in dogs and presenting the result of the research developed during the master's period. The study consisted of evaluating the lipid parameters of 32 dogs in four moments (hours): 1, 4, 8 and 12 postprandial. The dogs were between two and seven years old, of both sexes (whole males and females in anestrus), over 30 kg, of the Fila Brasileiro n = 11 (commercial dry food), Belgian Shepherd of Malinois n = 10 ( commercial dry food and rice cookers) and Rottweiler n=11 (super premium dry food and raw chicken neck). The statistical analysis used was the ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk and Friedman tests with a significance level of 5%. With the results obtained it was possible to conclude that blood samples from dogs fasting or post prandial remained within the reference values used worldwide for dogs.

EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA EM EXPLANTES DE GLÂNDULA MAMÁRIA DE OVELHAS LACTANTES CULTIVADOS IN VITRO COM ÁCIDOS PALMÍTICO E ESTEÁRICO

BESSANI, D. T. C. EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA EM EXPLANTES DE GLÂNDULA MAMÁRIA DE OVELHAS LACTANTES CULTIVADOS IN VITRO COM ÁCIDOS PALMÍTICO E ESTEÁRICO. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal Área: Produção Animal). Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal. Lages, 2020. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito dos ácidos palmítico, esteárico e sua combinação na expressão de genes envolvidos na síntese lipídica em explantes de glândula mamária de ovelhas lactantes, cultivados in vitro. Foram utilizados explantes de tecido mamário de 3 ovelhas lactantes com partos gemelares, da raça Lacaune, com 30 (± 4) dias de lactação, produzindo em uma ordenha 1,3 ± 0,8 kg de leite/dia, peso vivo médio de 70,5 ± 9,5 kg e escore de condição corporal 3,0 ± 0,5. O cultivo foi feito em placas de 6 poços em estufa a 37°C com 5% deCO2 e com umidade saturada por 24h. Utilizou-se osseguintestratamentos: a) Controle: 6 ml de meio de cultivo + albumina sérica bovina (0,1% BSA); b) C16: 6 ml de meio de cultivo + 100M de ácido palmítico; c) C18: 6 ml de meio de cultivo + 100M de ácido esteárico; d) C16C18: 6 ml de meio de cultivo + 100M de ácido palmítico + 100M de ácido esteárico. Após as 24h de cultivo, os explantes foram retirados das placas e realizou-se a extração de RNA, síntese de DNA complementar e análise de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR). Os dados foram analisados pelo software estatístico SAS através do procedimento MIXED, a um nível de 5% de significância e tendência quando entre 5 e 10%. O tratamento C16 aumentou a abundância do RNAm da SCD em 227,4% e reduziu em 50% a abundância do RNAm da AGPAT6 em relação ao Controle. O tratamento C16C18 aumentou a abundância do RNAm da FASN, CD36, FABP4, SCD, GPAT e PPAR- em 71,6, 111,7, 114,1, 218,6, 31,2 e 96,9%, respectivamente, em relação ao Controle. Concluindo, a adição do tratamento C16C18 em explantes de glândula mamária de ovelhas lactante, cultivados in vitro, foi capaz de aumentar a expressão dos genes envolvidos na síntese lipídica.

BESSANI, D. T. C. GENE EXPRESSION IN MAMMARY GLAND EXPLANTS OF LACTATING EWES CULTIVATED IN VITRO WITH PALMITIC AND STEARIC ACIDS. Dissertation (Master Degree in Animal Sciences Area: Animal Production). University of the State of Santa Catarina. Post-graduate Program in Animal Sciences. Lages, 2020. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the palmitic and stearic acids, and their combination on the expression of genes involved in the lipid synthesis in mammary gland explants of lactating ewes cultivated in vitro. The mammary tissue explants from 3 lactating Lacaune ewes rearing twins, with 30 (± 4) days of lactation, to produce 1.3 ± 0.8 kg of milk / day, average live weight of 70, 5 ± 9.5 kg and body condition score 3.0 ± 0.5 were cultivated for 24 hours in 6-well plates in an oven at 37 ° C with 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. The treatments were: a) Control: 6 mL of culture medium + bovine serum albumin (0.1% BSA); b) C16: 6 mL of culture medium + 100M of palmitic acid; c) C18: 6 mL of culture medium + 100M of stearic acid; d) C16C18: 6 mL of culture medium + 100M palmitic acid + 100M stearic acid. After cultivating for 24 hours, the explants were removed from the plates, RNA was extracted, complementary DNA synthesized, and the quantitative real-time PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) performed. The data were analyzed using software SAS through the MIXED procedure at a level of 5% of significance and trend between 5 to 10%. The C16 treatment increased the abundance of SCD RNAm by 227.4% and reduced the abundance of AGPAT6 RNAm by 50% when relation to the control. In addition, the C16C18 treatment increased the abundance of FASN, CD36, FABP4, SCD, GPAT, and PPAR- mRNA by 71.6, 111.7, 114.1, 218.6, 31.2 and 96.9%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Therefore, the addition of the C16C18 treatment in mammary gland explants of lactating ewes, cultivated in vitro, increased the expression of the genes involved in lipid synthesis.

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.(AU)

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.

Avaliação de fonte herbal de colina como alternativa ao cloreto de colina na dieta para cães

A colina é considerada um nutriente essencial aos animais, sendo sua forma usual de suplementação o cloreto de colina. Porém, o cloreto de colina é altamente higroscópico, dificultando seu uso na fabricação das dietas. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do uso de uma fonte herbal de colina, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e palatabilidade da dieta, características fecais, variáveis sanguíneas e função hepática e cardíaca de cães. Foram utilizados 16 cães adultos (4,5 + 0,1 anos) da raça Beagle, os quais foram alimentados com duas dietas: controle, contendo 0,28% de cloreto de colina 60 e teste, contendo 0,14% de uma fonte herbal de colina, durante 44 dias, distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso. No início e final do experimento foi coletado sangue e avaliada, por ultrassonografia, a morfologia hepática e por ecocardiograma a função cardíaca dos cães. Não houve alterações na digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta, no hemograma e leucograma e nas características fecais dos animais alimentados com o cloreto de colina ou colina herbal (P>0,05). Entretanto, os cães alimentados com a fonte herbal de colina apresentaram redução (P<0,05) no colesterol total e triglicerídeos séricos e na fosfatase alcalina (FA) e aspartato aminotransferase (ALT). Ainda, os cães que consumiram a fonte herbal de colina apresentaram (P<0,05) dilatação de grandes vasos, como veia cava e porta, mas não foi observada nenhuma outra alteração hepática ou cardíaca que corroborasse esse resultado. A avaliação ultrassonográfica não evidenciou alterações de tamanho e ecogenicidade dos órgãos, como fígado e pâncreas, não revelando acúmulo anormal de gordura no fígado. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que a fonte herbal de colina pode substituir o cloreto de colina na nutrição de cães.

Choline is considered an essential nutrient for animals and its usual form of supplementation is choline chloride. However, choline chloride is highly hygroscopic, making it difficult to manufacture diets. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the use of an herbal source of choline on the apparent digestibility coefficients (CDA) and diet palatability, fecal characteristics, blood variables and liver and cardiac function of dogs. Sixteen Beagle adult dogs (4.5 + 0.1 years) were feeding two diets: control, containing 0.28% choline chloride 60 and test, containing 0.14% from a source choline herbal for 44 days, distributed entirely at random. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, blood was collect and the liver morphology was evaluate by ultrasound, the cardiac function was evaluate by echocardiogram. There were no changes in the digestibility and palatability of the diet, in the blood count and in the leukogram and in the fecal characteristics of the herbal choline or chloride choline fed animals (P> 0.05). However, dogs fed with herbal source of choline showed a reduction (P <0.05) in total cholesterol and serum triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase (FA) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, dogs that consumed the herbal source of choline showed (P <0.05) dilation of large vessels, such as vena cava and portal, but no other liver or cardiac alteration was found to corroborate this result. The ultrasound evaluation did not show changes in size and echogenicity of organs, such as liver and pancreas, not revealing abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. Thus, it can be conclude that the herbal source of choline can replace choline chloride in dog nutrition.

Efeitos da L-Cartinina e de fontes lipídicas na dieta sobre o status antioxidante de matrizes e reprodutores de jundiá

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de rações com inclusão de L-carnitina e diferentes fontes lipídicas, sobre parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos, atividade de enzimas do sistema antioxidante e a histologia de fígado e gônadas de matrizes e reprodutores de jundiá. Foram utilizados 360 machos e fêmeas de jundiá (167,33 ± 9,24 g), distribuídos em um delineamento experimental com estrutura bi-fatorial 4x2, sendo dietas contendo quatro níveis de inclusão de L-carnitina (0, 150, 450, 750 mg·kg-1 de ração) e duas fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja e óleo de peixe marinho), totalizando oito tratamentos com três repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados durante 153 dias com estas dietas, isoproteicas (36,2% de proteína bruta) e isoenergéticas (3.188,9 kcal de energia digestível·kg-1). Foram analisados glicose, triglicérideos, colesterol, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e albumina plasmáticos. No fígado e gônadas, foram analisadas a histologia e a atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferase (GST). Para as fêmeas, as dietas com 750 mg de L-carnitina proporcionaram maiores níveis de glicose. A dieta, com 450 mg de L-carnitina associada ao óleo de soja, levou a maiores níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, e maior atividade da SOD no fígado. A dieta, com 150 mg de L-carnitina + óleo de peixe, levou à menor ALT e maior albumina. Dietas com 150 mg de L-carnitina ocasionaram maior AST. A atividade da GST não foi diferente entre os tratamentos. Pela histologia dos ovários, todas as fêmeas estavam aptas a desovar, sem diferenças no percentual de ovócitos vitelogênicos. Os fígados apresentaram tecido hepático normal, sem presença de vacúolos. Para os machos, a dieta com 750 mg de L-carnitina + óleo de peixe levou à menor média de HDL e maiores glicose plasmática e atividade da SOD nos testículos. O maior nível de colesterol foi observado nas dietas contendo 150 mg de L-carnitina. As dietas contendo óleo de peixe proporcionaram animais com maiores médias para glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, ALT e albumina, e menor AST. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes no fígado. Conforme análise histológica, todos os machos estavam aptos a espermiar, e no fígado não foi verificada a presença de vacúolos. Conclui-se que a suplementação de 450 mg de L-carnitina · kg-1 de ração, associada ao óleo de soja, pode alterar o metabolismo lipídico e influenciar positivamente o status antioxidante de fêmeas de jundiá, e a associação de 750 mg de L-carnitina · kg-1 de ração com o óleo de peixe, pode influenciar positivamente o status antioxidante de machos de jundiá.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets with inclusion of L-carnitine and different lipid sources, on blood biochemical parameters, activity of antioxidant enzymes and the histology of liver and gonads of jundiá broodstocks. Males and females of jundiá (n=360; 167.33 ± 9.24 g) were distributed in a 4x2 bi-factorial experimental design, with diets containing four levels of inclusion of L-carnitine (0, 150, 450, 750 mg kg-1 feed) and two lipid sources (soybean oil and marine fish oil), totaling eight treatments with three repetitions. Fish were fed on these diets, isoproteic (36.2% crude protein) and isoenergetic (3,188.9 kcal digestible energy kg-1) for 153 days. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and plasma albumin were analyzed. Liver and gonads were analyzed for histology and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). For females, diets with 750 mg L-carnitine resulted in higher levels of glucose. The diet with 450 mg L-carnitine combined with soybean oil led to higher levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, and higher SOD activity in the liver. The diet with 150 mg L-carnitine combined with fish oil led to lower ALT and higher albumin. Diets with 150 mg L-carnitine resulted in higher AST. GST activity was not different between treatments. According to the histology of the ovaries, all females were able to spawn, with no difference in the percentage of vitellogenic oocytes. Liver had normal liver tissue, without the presence of vacuoles. For males, the diet with 750 mg L-carnitine combined fish oil led to the lowest mean value of HDL and higher mean levels of plasma glucose and SOD activity in testicles. The highest cholesterol level was found with diets containing 150 mg L-carnitine. Diets containing fish oil provided animals with higher mean values for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT and albumin, and lower AST. There was no effect of diets on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. According to histological analysis, all males were able to spermiate, and their liver cells showed no vacuoles. The supplementation with 450 mg L-carnitine kg-1 feed, combined with soybean oil, can alter the lipid metabolism and positively influence the antioxidant status of jundiá females, and the combination of 750 mg L-carnitine kg-1 feed and fish oil can positively influence the antioxidant status of jundiá males.