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The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.(AU)

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As neoplasias mamárias são um dos três tipos neoplásicos mais frequentes nas fêmeas de gatos domésticos, sendo observada a ocorrência de 20 casos e frequência de 33,90% em animais com idade de 10 a 12 anos. Fatores como a utilização de hormônios, pseudociese, obesidade e alimentação rica em lipídeos na fase jovem podem estar envolvidos na etiologia desta patologia mamária em gatas. Existe um alto índice de malignidade na maioria dos tumores mamários felinos, sendo a maior parte carcinomas com 42,86% dos casos verificados. As neoplasias benignas mais comuns são os adenomas. O prognóstico é reservado para a maioria das gatas, sendo a morte geralmente causada por efeitos clínicos secundários à progressão da doença local (doença localizada na cadeia mamária) ou devido à disseminação metastática para órgãos vitais. Desta forma, o diagnóstico é de extrema importância para um bom prognóstico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização epidemiológica e histopatológica das neoplasias mamárias em felinos no município de Fortaleza e região metropolitana, fazendo uma análise de dados de 59 exames histopatológicos de amostras de tecido mamário desta espécie.

Mammary neoplasms are one of the three most neoplasms common types in female domestic cats, with an occurrence of 20 cases and a frequency of 33.90% in animals aged 10 to 12 years. Factors such as the use of hormones, pseudocyesis, obesity, and a diet rich in lipids in the young phase may be a part of the etiology of this pathology in cats. There is a high rate of malignancy in most feline mammary tumors, most being carcinomas corresponding to 42.86% of the cases. The most common benign neoplasms are adenomas. The prognosis is reserved for most cats, and death is usually caused by clinical effects secondary to the progression of the local disease (disease located in the mammary chain) or due to metastatic spread to vital organs. Thus, the diagnosis is of extreme importance for a good prognosis. The present work aimed at the epidemiological and histopathological characterization of mammary neoplasms in felines in the city of Fortaleza and its metropolitan region, analyzing data from 59 histopathological exams of mammary tissue samples of this species.

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Mastitis is one of the most prevalent diseases in dairy cattle globally, ranking at the top in terms of prevalence and incidence. It impacts milk production and quality, subsequently decreasing economic returns and farm sustainability. Early diagnosis and treatment of mastitis are crucial to mitigate its detrimental effects on both animals and the dairy industry. Infrared thermography (IRT) in animals serves as a clinically relevant method to detect pathophysiological changes, marked by thermal variations caused by inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of IRT as a diagnostic tool for clinical and subclinical mastitis in Girolando and Jersey cows. We examined 78 udder quarters from Girolando cows and 104 from Jersey cows, all from farms in the Adamantina region. Differences in IRT image intensities were compared with anterior and posterior udder temperatures at a single central point or area, correlating with results from Tamis and CMT tests. All analyses were conducted in R software, with a significance level set at 5%. When evaluating thermographic images, the effect size was significant for the breed and CMT test, but not for the Tamis test. In conclusion, IRT exhibits potential in screening for subclinical mastitis in the evaluated breeds, demonstrating a predictive diagnostic capability similar to the CMT, albeit with a temperature difference between them. Their measurements, whether at a point or an area of the mammary gland, were found to be equivalent.

A mastite é uma das doenças mais comuns do gado leiteiro em todo o mundo, ocupando o primeiro lugar, com alta prevalência e incidência. Afeta a produção e a qualidade do leite, diminuindo o retorno econômico e a sustentabilidade da fazenda. A precocidade do diagnóstico e tratamento da mastite é de extrema importância, visando diminuir os danos, tanto para o animal quanto para o produtor e a indústria. A termografia infravermelha (TI) em animais é um método clinicamente útil para detectar alterações fisiopatológicas, por meio de variações térmicas, causadas pela inflamação. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial da técnica de TI para o diagnóstico de mastite clínica e subclínica em vacas Girolando e Jersey. Foram avaliados 78 quartos de vacas Girolando e 104 de Jersey pertencentes a propriedades rurais de Adamantina e região. As diferenças das intensidades das imagens por TI foram comparadas com as temperaturas do quarto anterior e posterior, em um único ponto central ou área, em relação aos resultados dos testes de Tamis e CMT. Todas as análises foram realizadas no Software R, sendo adotado um nível de significância igual a 5%. Quando a imagem termográfica foi avaliada, o tamanho do efeito foi significativo para raça e para o teste de CMT, porém não para o teste de Tamis. Em conclusão, a TI tem potencial no rastreamento de mastite subclínica nas raças avaliadas, com capacidade diagnóstica preditiva semelhante ao CMT, mas com diferença de temperatura entre elas, sendo equivalentes suas mensurações em ponto ou área da glândula mamária.

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As neoplasias mamárias representam a terceira neoplasia mais comum em gatas, enquanto nos machos a incidência é rara. Esse trabalho relata o caso de um gato macho, não castrado, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, com uma neoformação mamária. O diagnóstico inicial, obtido por meio de punção aspirativa por agulha fina, sugeriu a presença de carcinoma mamário. Exames de imagem como a radiografia torácica e a ultrassonografia abdominal não evidenciaram a presença de metástase no parênquima pulmonar e nos órgãos abdominais, respectivamente. O tratamento instituído foi a remoção cirúrgica da neoformação, pela técnica de mastectomia parcial bilateral. O exame histopatológico da massa evidenciou uma hiperplasia fibroepitelial. Diante disso, conclui-se que, apesar de raras, as neoformações mamárias em gatos do sexo masculino podem ocorrer, devendo, dessa forma, compor parte da lista de diagnósticos diferenciais para aumentos de volume na região ventral desses animais.(AU)

Mammary neoplasms represent the third most common neoplasm in queens, while in tomcats the incidence is rare. This study reports the case of a tomcat, not neutered, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará, with a mammary neoformation. The initial diagnosis, obtained through aspiration cytology, suggested the presence of mammary carcinoma. Imaging tests such as thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasound, did not show the presence of metastasis in the lung parenchyma and abdominal organs, respectively. The chosen treatment was the surgical removal of the neoformation, using the bilateral partial mastectomy technique. Histopathological examination of the mass showed a mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia. Therefore, it is concluded that, although rare, mammary neoformations in male cats can occur, thus, it should be part of the list of differential diagnoses for increases in volume in the ventral region of these animals.(AU)

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Background: Thirteen mammary neoplasms types are described in Cavia porcellus in the literature. Among these, the most prevalent are the benign and spontaneous neoplasms (70%), between the malignant stand out the adenocarcinomas (majoritary), tubular and tubulopapillary, however, when it comes to mixed carcinomas, despite being rare, they present greater malignancy. The present study aims to report the case of a guinea pig cytologic and histologically diagnosed with mammary gland mixed carcinoma treated by surgical excision. Case: A 1-year-old female Abyssinian guinea pig weighing 1.1 kg was treated at the Wild and Exotic Animal Sector of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)in the city of Curitibanos, SC, Brazil. The patient revealed an alert and docile temperament without considerable physiological changes in the physical examination. The patient presented a mass, measuring 1.4 x 1.6 cm with a nodular appearance, firm consistency and not adhered in the region of the left inguinal mam-mary gland. A sample was collected by fine needle aspiration biopsy technique (FNAB), which revealed to be suggestive of malignant neoplasm from epithelial tissue, due observation of presence of 3-dimensional clusters of epithelial cells, with discrete anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. In 7 days, the nodule showed gradual and progressive growth, measuring 2.0 x 1.6 cm. Radiographs were taken in order to rule out the presence of metastases in other organs and systems. The suitable treatment was surgical excision of the nodule and mammary gland, which occurred without intercurrences, and the material was sent for histopathological analysis. On the day of the surgical procedure, the nodule measured 2.4 x 1.6 cm. As a result, it was noted the rupture of tubules, isolated cells or forming nests in the middle of the stroma composed mainly of myoepithelial cells and adipocytes and presence of lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic infiltrate, compatible with mixed mammary gland carcinoma in a grade I. After 10 days of the procedure, the patient was released healthy and weighing 1.18 kg. Due to the absence of metastasis was not indicated post-surgical chemotherapy, however it was proposed ovariohysterectomy in order to prevent recurrence. So far, there has been no sign of recurrence or development of metastases in the patient. Discussion: In fact, guinea pig mammary neoplasms are locally invasive, large in size and highly vascularized, but they rarely metastasize, and there is no sexual predisposition. An important characteristic of the guinea pigs neoplasms is the fast growth that can be associated with the accelerated metabolism in these animals. Diagnostic methods such as FNAB are important to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic processes, as mastitis or mammary hyperplasia. However, the cytologic appearance may vary greatly depending on the type of neoplasm, thus the histopathology provides the definitive diagnosis. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, once these animals are poorly tolerant to chemotherapy. The adoption of measures, as ovariohysterectomy, can help the treatment or prevention of mammary neoplasms, although the tutor refutes the indication in this case. On the other hand, there is a still gap in the knowledge of neoplasms in guinea pig, making studies allow us to understand the pathophysiology of these diseases in this specie.

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Canine malignant mammary neoplasms (CMMN) exhibit behavioral variability with the patient survival time depending on several prognostic factors. In the present study, 134 CMMN were selected and different immunophenotypes and their associations with clinical and pathological parameters were identified. The tumors were classified as follows: 46% of luminal B HER2-, 34% of luminal A, 13% of triple-negative, and 7% of luminal B HER2+. Shorter specific survival time were associated with larger tumor sizes (>3.0 cm, HR=1.94; P=0.0209), lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis (HR= 2.82; P <.0001), more aggressive histological types (HR= 7.15, P<0.0001), higher histological grades (HR= 12.97 P=0.011), angiolymphatic invasion (HR=4.68, P<0.0001) and luminal B HER2 - (HR= 3.27, P<0.0001) and luminal B HER2 + (HR= 7.14 P<0.0001) immunophenotypes. In patients with lymph nodal metastasis, shorter survival times were associated with luminal immunophenotype B HER2 + (P=0.003). However, in patients without metastasis, an increased risk of death was associated with the aggressive histological type. In conclusion, the classification in our study allowed us to identify subtypes with different prognoses in canine malignant mammary tumors. Factors such as clinical stage, histological type, luminal B HER2+ subtype, and angiolymphatic invasion were the most important prognostic factors.

Neoplasias mamárias malignas caninas (CMMN) apresentam variável comportamento biológico e o tempo de sobrevida depende de diversos fatores prognósticos. Neste estudo, foram selecionadas 134 CMMN, bem como identificados diferentes imunofenótipos e suas associações com parâmetros clínicos e patológicos. Os tumores foram classificados em: 46% luminal B HER2-, 34% luminal A, 13% triplo negativo e 7% luminal B HER2+. Menores taxas de sobrevida específica foram associadas a tamanhos de tumor maiores (> 3,0cm; HR = 1,94; P = 0,0209), metástases em nodais ou a distância (HR = 2,82; P <0,0001), tipos histológicos mais agressivos (HR = 7,15; P <0,0001), graus histológicos mais elevados (HR = 12,97; P = 0,011), invasão angiolinfática (HR = 4,68; P <0,0001) e aos imunofenótipos luminal B HER2- (HR = 3,27; P <0,0001) e luminal B HER2+ ( HR = 7,14; P <0,0001). Em pacientes com estágio avançado, menor sobrevida específica foi associada ao imunofenótipo luminal B HER2+ (P = 0,003). Entretanto, em estágio inicial, um risco aumentado de óbito foi associado a tipos histológicos agressivos. Em conclusão, a classificação utilizada no presente estudo permitiu identificar subtipos com diferentes prognósticos em CMMN. Estágio clínico, tipo histológico, subtipo luminal B HER2+ e invasão angiolinfática foram os fatores prognósticos mais importantes.

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This study addresses the hypothesis that acute stress can cumulatively cause a decrease in milk yield in Saanen goats. In fact, dairy animals are subject to several environmental and management challenges that may cause acute stress during the same lactation. However, the cumulative effect of acute stress on milk yield remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different acute stressors on milk yield and milk quality in goats. Thirty Saanen goats were either maintained on their usual routine and comfort conditions (control group) or subjected to different environmental stressors (heat stress, adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] administration, hoof care, and rain). These stressful challenges were performed sequentially, one challenge per day, on four consecutive days to evaluate the influence of the challenge on milk yield and milk quality. The acute stress imposed on goats caused significant changes in respiratory rate, rectal temperature, cortisol, insulin, triiodothyronine, insulin-like growth factor 1, and glucose concentrations when compared to the control group. Although these acute-stress-triggered physiological responses are fundamental to restoring homeostasis, the cumulative effects of different imposed challenges caused a change in hormone release, an increase in somatic cell count (SCC), and a decrease in milk yield. In this context, the results of this study indicate that farmers should avoid concurrently subjecting goats to management and environmental challenges that can induce acute stress because these stressors have a negative and cumulative impact on SCC and milk yield.(AU)

Este estudo aborda a hipótese de que o estresse agudo pode causar cumulativamente uma diminuição na produção de leite de cabras Saanen. De fato, os animais leiteiros estão sujeitos a vários desafios ambientais e de manejo que podem causar estresse agudo durante a mesma lactação. No entanto, o efeito cumulativo do estresse agudo na produção de leite ainda não está claro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes estressores agudos na produção e qualidade de leite de cabras Saanen. Trinta cabras Saanen foram mantidas em sua rotina habitual e condições de conforto (grupo controle) ou submetidas a diferentes estressores ambientais (estresse por calor, administração de hormônio adrenocorticotrófico [ACTH], cuidados com os cascos e chuva). Esses desafios estressantes foram realizados sequencialmente, um desafio por dia, em quatro dias consecutivos para avaliar a influência do desafio na produção e qualidade do leite. O estresse agudo imposto as cabras causou alterações significativas na frequência respiratória, temperatura retal, cortisol, insulina, triiodotironina, fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 e concentrações de glicose quando comparado ao grupo controle. Embora essas respostas fisiológicas desencadeadas pelo estresse agudo sejam fundamentais para restaurar a homeostase, os efeitos cumulativos de diferentes desafios impostos causaram uma mudança na liberação de hormônios, um aumento na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e uma diminuição na produção de leite. Neste contexto, os resultados deste estudo indicam que os produtores devem evitar submeter as cabras concomitantemente a desafios de manejo e ambientais que possam induzir estresse agudo, pois esses estressores têm impacto negativo e cumulativo na CCS e na produção de leite.(AU)

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Mammary tumors are the most common in bitches, and bone and pulmonary metastases are not well described. Adenosquamous mammary carcinoma is a rare tumor that can be classified as a type of metaplastic tumor. This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of this atypical presentation of mammary carcinoma in an 11-year-old, spayed, Poodle. Surgery was performed to remove malignant mammary nodules with a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma on cytologic examination. Thirteen months later, the dog returned showing left pelvic limb lameness that had persisted for 6 months prior to the consultation. The patient showed right pelvic limb lameness and a mass in the same limb. Radiographs of the affected limb revealed a pathological fracture in the femoral diaphysis and proliferation of the periosteum. After clinical staging, a left pelvic limb amputation was performed. A diagnosis of grade II adenosquamous mammary carcinoma was made through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon, bone and pulmonary metastases from mammary tumors, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, can be considered differential diagnoses for bony tumors. This report highlights the aggressive nature and significant metastatic potential of the adenosquamous carcinoma.

Os tumores mamários são os mais comuns em cadelas e as metástases ósseas e pulmonares não são bem descritas. O carcinoma mamário adenoescamoso é um tumor raro que pode ser classificado como um tipo de tumor metaplásico. Este relato descreve os achados clínicos e histopatológicos dessa apresentação atípica de carcinoma mamário em um Poodle de 11 anos de idade, castrado. A cirurgia foi realizada para remover nódulos mamários malignos com diagnóstico provisório de carcinoma no exame citológico. Treze meses depois, a cadela retornou apresentando claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo que persistia por seis meses antes da consulta. O paciente apresentava claudicação do membro pélvico direito e uma massa no mesmo membro. A radiografia do membro afetado revelou fratura patológica na diáfise femoral, proliferação do periósteo e áreas de osteopenia. Após estadiamento clínico, foi realizada amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O diagnóstico de carcinoma adenoescamoso mamário grau II foi feito através da histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Embora incomuns, as metástases ósseas e pulmonares de tumores mamários, como o carcinoma adenoescamoso, podem ser consideradas diagnósticos diferenciais para tumores ósseos. Este relatório destaca a natureza agressiva e significativo potencial metastático do carcinoma adenoescamoso.

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A anestesia locorregional, em pequenos animais, está em crescente utilização como forma de promover analgesia para procedimentos cirúrgicos, através do bloqueio reversível da condução do impulso nervoso. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o uso do bloqueio locorregional do plano serrátil (SP block) associado ao bloqueio locorregional do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP block) em uma cadela da raça Lhasa Apso. A associação de tais bloqueios visou à insensibilização da musculatura na região da cadeia mamária para um procedimento cirúrgico de mastectomia unilateral total. A cadela castrada, foi encaminhada para a mastectomia unilateral total direita, apresentando nódulos nas glândulas mamárias torácica caudal e inguinal. Os bloqueios foram realizados com a paciente em decúbito dorsal, utilizando-se bupivacaína a 0,25%. Em seguida, a paciente foi liberada para o procedimento, o qual foi monitorado. Os parâmetros de eletrocardiografia, frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, oximetria de pulso, pressão arterial oscilométrica (composta por pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e pressão arterial média), capnografia e temperatura esofágica foram anotados a cada dez minutos em uma ficha de avaliação anestésica. Durante a recuperação pós-operatória, foi realizada a avaliação de dor aguda por meio da escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne. Os resultados demonstram que a associação do TAP block com o SP block foi eficiente em promover analgesia para uma mastectomia total unilateral de cadela.

Locoregional anesthesia in small animals is increasingly used as a way to promote analgesia for surgical procedures, through a reversible block of nerve impulse conduction. Thus, the objective of this study was to report the use of locoregional block of the serratus plane (SP block) associated with the locoregional block of the transverse abdominis plane (TAP block) in a bitch of the Lhasa Apso breed. The association of such blocks aimed to desensitize the musculature in the region of the mammary chain for a surgical procedure of total unilateral mastectomy. The castrated bitch was referred for total right unilateral mastectomy, showing nodules in the caudal thoracic and inguinal mammary glands. The blocks were performed with the patient in dorsal decubitus, using 0.25% bupivacaine. Then, the patient was released for the procedure, which was monitored. The parameters of electrocardiography, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse oximetry, oscillometric blood pressure (composed of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure), capnography, and esophageal temperature were recorded every 10 minutes in an anesthetic evaluation form. During the postoperative recovery, acute pain was evaluated using the pain scale of the University of Melbourne. The results demonstrate that the association of TAP block with SP block was efficient in promoting analgesia for a total unilateral mastectomy in a bitch.

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O tipo placentário dos carnívoros representa uma barreira relativamente impenetrável para a transferência de imunoglobulinas maternas, tornando os cães e gatos extremamente dependentes da ingestão e absorção do colostro para a adequada transferência de imunidade passiva. Portanto, os filhotes são considerados hipogamaglobulinêmicos, sendo a ingestão de colostro essencial para a sobrevivência neonatal. O principal motivo pelo qual a reposição de colostro deve ser instituída é a orfandade ou ausência dos cuidados maternos, os quais podem gerar diferentes graus de cuidados intensivos com os filhotes. Portanto, no caso do óbito materno, enfermidade ou debilidade materna, ausência de aptidão materna ou rejeição da ninhada, alterações da glândula mamária, agalactia ou hipogalactia e filhotes debilitados ou de baixo peso. Na ausência de colostro ou de adequada colostragem, algumas alternativas podem ser adotadas para garantir a transferência de imunidade passiva. A reposição de colostro pode ser estabelecida naturalmente ou artificialmente, conforme a disponibilidade de preparações comerciais, banco de colostro ou fêmeas doadoras.(AU)

The placental type of carnivores represents a relatively impenetrable barrier to the transfer of maternal immunoglobulins, making dogs and cats extremely dependent on colostrum ingestion and absorption for adequate passive immunity transfer. Therefore, puppies are considered hypogammaglobulinemic, and colostrum ingestion is essential for neonatal survival. The main reason why colostrum replacement should be instituted is the orphanage or absence of maternal care, which can generate different degrees of neonatal intensive care. Therefore, in the case of maternal death, maternal illness or weakness, lack of maternal instinct or rejection of the litter, disorders of the mammary gland, agalactia or hypogalactia and weak or low birth weight puppies. In the absence of colostrum or inadequate colostrum uptake, some alternatives can be adopted to ensure the transfer of passive immunity. Colostrum replacement can be established naturally or artificially, depending on the availability of commercial preparations, colostrum bank or female donors.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The efficiency of the disinfectants used in the milking management is fundamental to the success in the dairy activity, being a critical point to the control of mastitis. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of iodine used in pre and post-dipping against coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Thus, 53 CNS isolates were studied for the action of the 1.0% disinfectant and their serial dilutions of 0.5%, 0.375% and 0.25%, in addition to two commercial presentations of iodine in concentrations of 0.5% and 0.25%. The rate of CNS inhibition achieved by iodine at 0.375%, 0.5% and 1.0% for 60 seconds, was 60.4%. In 30 seconds, iodine at 0.5% and 1.0% showed a microbial inhibition rate of 52.8% and 56.6%, respectively. The other protocols tested were less efficient. It is concluded that the greatest in vitro disinfectant activity for CNS was demonstrated by iodine at 0.375%, 0.5% and 1.0%, for 60 seconds. Microbial susceptibility tests should be carried out periodically, as well as health education practices and corrective training on the property, in order to ensure udder health and mastitis control.

RESUMO: A eficiência dos desinfetantes empregados no manejo de ordenha é fundamental no sucesso na atividade leiteira, sendo um ponto crítico ao controle da mastite. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia in vitro do iodo utilizado no pré e pós-dipping frente à Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN). Foram estudados 53 isolados de SCN quanto à ação do desinfetante a 1,0% e suas diluições seriadas de 0,5%, 0,375% e 0,25%, além de duas apresentações comerciais nas concentrações de 0,5% e 0,25%. A taxa de inibição de SCN alcançada pelo iodo a 0,375%, 0,5% e 1,0% durante 60 segundos, foi de 60,4%. Em 30 segundos, o iodo a 0,5% e 1,0% apresentaram taxa de inibição microbiana de 52,8% e 56,6%, respectivamente. Os demais protocolos testados foram menos eficientes. Conclui-se que a maior atividade desinfetante in vitro para SCN foi demonstrada pelo iodo a 0,375%, 0,5% e 1,0%, durante 60 segundos. Testes de susceptibilidade microbiana devem ser realizados periodicamente, assim como práticas de educação em saúde e treinamentos corretivos na propriedade, visando garantir a saúde do úbere e o controle da mastite.

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A selection of commercially available antibodies, targeted against markers employed in studies of mammary gland biology, was tested to determine their reactivity in goat mammary tissue and the derived tissue cultures. Expression of the markers smooth muscle actin (SMA), selected keratins (KRT) 5, 14, 18, and 19, CD24 molecule (CD24), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), mucin 1 (MUC1), integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6; CD49F), integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1; CD29), cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A; p21), membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME; CD10), progesterone receptor (PGR), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and vimentin (VIM) was first assessed on mRNA level, using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The reactivity of the antibodies in the tissue sections and the derived tissue cultures was determined using immunofluorescence. The result of this study is a list of commercially available antibodies, raised mostly against human antigens, which also recognize orthologous goat antigens and are useful for characterization of different mammary cell types. Additionally, primers that are functional in detecting expression of mammary lineage markers in goat mammary mRNA isolates were validated. The suggested antibodies, PCR primers, and the described methods are of practical value for researchers interested in characterization and isolation of cell types comprising mammary tissue of goats and probably other ruminants.(AU)

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The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.

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Here is described a 9-years-old, intact female dog with cytopathological analysis from mammary tumors containing Leishmania spp. amastigotes in macrophages. The animal was submitted to euthanasia and necropsy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was a mammary carcinoma in a mixed tumor, grade I, with myeloid metaplasia component containing macrophages laden with a large amount of amastigotes. For confirmation, immunohistochemistry was used in neoplastic tissue and resulted in strong positivity for Leishmania antibody. Myeloid metaplasia portion of mammary carcinoma in a mixed tumor may be, rarely, a site for diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis.~ien

Resumo

As neoplasias mamárias são as mais frequentes nas fêmeas da espécie canina, sendo sua maioria de caráter maligno. Dentre as principais causas dessas neoplasias, destacam-se o fator genético, a idade, castração tardia, obesidade e o uso de anticoncepcionais. Embora o uso de métodos contraceptivos a base de fármacos em cadelas e gatas ser extremamente prejudicial, podendo acarretar vários problemas como infecções uterinas e câncer de mama, no Brasil sua comercialização em estabelecimentos veterinários é consideravelmente alta, talvez por ser considerado por muitos tutores como uma forma mais barata de controlar a natalidade, quando comparada com a ovariohisterectomia. Foram entrevistados os responsáveis/funcionários de 50 estabelecimentos veterinários na cidade de Descalvado SP e municípios da região por meio de questionários sobre a comercialização dos anticoncepcionais avaliando o percentual de estabelecimentos que fazem prescrição dessas medicações, e a forma como os mesmos são prescritos. 90% deles disseram comercializar algum tipo de fármaco contraceptivo, 50% responderam que a venda é feita sempre que o tutor solicita o uso do medicamento, 26,7% só indicam o uso antes de cada cio e 8,9% em caso de gestação indesejada; 77% administram a mesma dose independente do peso do animal; 16% dos entrevistados disseram não orientar os tutores sobre os possíveis riscos e complicações

Mammary neoplasms are the most frequent cancer in bitches and mostly of them are malignant. Among the main causes of these neoplasms are the genetic factor, age, late ovariohysterectomy, obesity and contraceptive use. Although the use of contraceptives in female dogs and cats is extremely harmful and can lead to various problems such as uterine infections and mammary cancer, in Brazil its marketing in veterinary establishments is considerably high, perhaps because many tutors consider it a cheaper way to birth control as compared to castration. The sales profile of contraceptives in veterinary establishments in the Sao Paulo state was evaluated in relation to the percentage of establishments that prescribe these medications as well as the way they are prescribed. Fifty veterinary establishments were interviewed through questionnaires, 90% said they sell the product, 50% answered that the sale is made whenever the owner requests the use of the drug, 26.7% only indicate use before each estrus and 8,9% in case of unwanted pregnancy; 77% administer the same dose regardless of the animal's weight; About the sterilization´s indication, 87% of respondents said they indicated; 16% said they did not advise tutors about the possible risks and complications of administering these contraceptives. Despite all the risks of contraceptives, their sale is still very common in veterinary establishments due to the affordable price, often without the guidance of an appropriate professional explaining about the risk to animal health.

Resumo

The aim of this study was to perform the immunostaining of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and its inhibitors, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, on normal and neoplastic canine mammary tissue in order to evaluate the behavior of these proteins in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in different neoplastic mammary types. Thus, 48 samples of canine mammary tissue were analyzed, 14 of which complex carcinomas, 13 tubulopapillary carcinomas, six single adenomas and 15 normal mammary tissue. There were differences in MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 according to mammary histomorphology, and MMP-9 presented increased immunoexpression in epithelial and stromal cells in tubulopapillary and complex carcinomas. TIMP-1 exhibited reduced immunostaining in the stromal cells of the complex carcinomas and TIMP-2 enhanced immunostaining in the epithelial cells of tubulopapillary carcinomas. There was a positive correlation between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in epithelial and stromal cells regarding immunostaining intensity and number of labeled cells in the normal breast. There was a positive correlation between MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in the epithelial cells of tubulopapillary carcinomas. It is concluded that balanced activity between MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 maintains normal canine mammary tissue homeostasis while increased immunoexpression of MMP-9 and TIMP-2 and reduced TIMP- 1 in carcinomas suggest a favorable condition for tumor evolution.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a imunomarcação de MMP-9 e MMP-2 e seus inibidores, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2, no tecido mamário canino normal e neoplásico, a fim de avaliar o comportamento dessas proteínas no remodelamento da matriz extracelular (MEC) em diferentes tipos neoplásicos mamários. Foram analisadas 48 amostras de tecido mamário canino, sendo 14 carcinomas complexos, 13 carcinomas tubulopapilares, seis de adenomas simples e 15 mamas sem alterações. Houve diferença em MMP-9, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 de acordo com a histomorfologia mamária, sendo que MMP-9 apresentou maior imunoexpressão em células epiteliais e estromais em carcinomas tubulopapilares e complexos. TIMP-1 exibiu menor imunomarcação nas células estromais dos carcinomas complexos e TIMP-2 maior imunomarcação nas células epiteliais dos carcinomas tubulopapilares. Houve correlação positiva entre MMP-9 e TIMP-1 nas células epiteliais e estromais quanto à intensidade de imunomarcação e número de células marcadas na mama normal. Houve correlação positiva entre MMP-9 e TIMP-2 nas células epiteliais dos carcinomas tubulopapilares. Conclui-se que a atividade equilibrada entre MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 mantém a homeostase do tecido mamário canino normal enquanto a imunoexpressão aumentada de MMP-9 e TIMP-2 e a imunoexpressão reduzida de TIMP-1 nos carcinomas sugere condição propícia à evolução tumoral.

Resumo

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o conhecimento de tutores atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Vila Velha sobre as neoplasias de pequenos animais, e analisar possíveis fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessas neoplasias. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 282 proprietários de 232 cães e 55 gatos atendidos no período de agosto/2018 a julho/2019, que consistiam em perguntas sobre o câncer em animais, bem como sobre informações dos animais sob sua responsabilidade. A maioria dos proprietários não tinha conhecimento sobre o câncer animal (61,1%), mas estavam dispostos a realizar tratamento (85,5%) para o câncer. Observou-se que a frequência de neoplasias foi de 27,9%, sendo a maioria cães (80,7%), e destes em sua maioria tumores da glândula mamária (38,4%), seguido de neoplasias da pele (37,4%), trato reprodutivo (11,1%) e linfomas (6,1%). Idade, sexo, status reprodutivo, alimentação, condição corporal e raça foram fatores significativos para cães, podendo assim estar ligados ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias nessa espécie. Em gatos observou-se alta frequência de linfomas associados ao vírus da leucemia felina. Mostrou-se evidente que o conhecimento dos tutores sobre o câncer animal é escasso, e que médicos veterinários precisam entender melhor sobre seus fatores epidemiológicos para que possam orientar e introduzir medidas profiláticas.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the knowledge of owners assisted in the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Vila Velha about neoplasms of small animals, and to analyze epidemiological factors involved in the development of these neoplasms. Interviews were conducted with 282 owners of 232 dogs and 55 cats treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Vila Velha in the period from august / 2018 to july / 2019, which consisted of questions about animal cancer and the animals under their responsibility. Most owners were unaware of animal cancer (61.1%), but were willing to accept treatment (87,2%) for cancer. It was observed that the frequency of neoplasms was 27.9%, the majority of which were dogs (80.7%), and of these the majority presented mammary gland tumors (38.4%), followed by skin neoplasms (37.4%), neoplasms of the reproductive tract (11.1%) and lymphomas (6.1%). Age, gender, neutering status, diet, body score, and breed were significant factors linked to the development of neoplasms in dogs. In cats, there was a high frequency of lymphomas associated with the Feline Leukemia Virus. It was evident that the owners’ knowledge about animal cancer is scarce, and that veterinarians need to better understand their epidemiological factors so that they can guide prophylactic measures.

Resumo

Background: Mammary gland neoplasia are often observed in bitches and cats, rarely in cows, goats, sheep, sows, andmares. Among the neoplasia that affect mares, breast tumors are rare, as they occur more frequently in older animals. Inhorses, mammary gland tumors occur more frequently in older animals. In this species there are reports of cases describingcarcinomas and adenocarcinomas and several subtypes. Mammary neoplasms in equines tend to be locally aggressive andpromote metastases to the regional lymph nodes and other organs, including the lungs, and may cause pleural effusion.The aim objective of the present case report was to describe the clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical findingsof a tubulopapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland in mare.Case: Was received a biopsy of a tumor mass of the mammary gland of a 15-year-old Quarter Horse mare. According tothe veterinarian, the mare presented an increase in volume with ulceration of the mammary gland three months before thebiopsy. Macroscopically, the mass was firm to the cut with white surface measuring 12x12 cm. The fragment was fixedin 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, paraffin embedded, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, we observed proliferation of epithelial neoplastic cells arranged in tubules and papillary projections, somewith two to three layers of cells. Neoplastic cells had oval, moderate and distinct cytoplasm. The nuclei were roundedwith dense chromatin and an apparent nucleolus. There were two figures of mitosis per field of high magnification. Proliferation of neoplastic cells invaded adjacent tissues, and in lymph vessels of the region, neoplastic cells were observedas well as inflammation in adjacent tissue. In addition, the breast fragment was submitted to the immunohistochemistrytechnique using anti-pancytokeratin and anti-vimentin antibody. In immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin, there wasimmunoreactivity...

Resumo

The main goal of this preliminary study was to determine and compare ultrasonographic characteristics of the mammary gland in two genotypes of ewes varying in milk productivity at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after lambing. Ultrasonographic images of the udder were obtained using the 5.0- and 7.5-MHz transducers, in axial and coronal planes, in four low milk-yielding Polish Mountain sheep and six high milk-yielding Olkuska ewes. All ultrasonograms were subjected to computerized image analyses using commercially available image analytical software (Image ProPlus®; Media Cybernetics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) to determine numerical pixel values (NPVs) and heterogeneity (pixel standard deviation-PSD) of the mammary gland parenchyma. During the 28-day period post-partum, the Olkuska sheep exceeded (P < 0.05) Polish Mountain ewes in milk productivity (31.6 ± 2.7 l and 25.0 ± 4.2 l, respectively; means ± SEMs) as estimated by the mean weight gains of suckling lambs. In animals examined with the 5.0-MHz transducer, mean NPVs of the mammary gland parenchyma in Olkuska ewes and mean PSD in both genotypes of ewes were lower (P < 0.05) before than after milking. In addition, PSD recorded both before and after milking were lower (P < 0.05) in the Polish Mountain compared with Olkuska breed. Mean PSD values for the mammary gland were less (P < 0.05) before than after milking in Polish Mountain ewes and they were greater (P < 0.05) in Olkuska compared with Polish Mountain ewes examined with the 7.5-MHz probe after milking. It can be concluded that milk quantity, histomorphology of the udder and ultrasound transducer frequency may all impinge on the echotextural characteristics of the mammary parenchyma in different breeds of sheep. Our observations warrant future studies of correlations between milk composition, mammary gland histophysiology and ultrasonographic image attributes of the mammary gland in ruminants.

Resumo

Background: Malignant myoepithelioma is a rare neoplasm in humans and rats, poorly reported in dogs and not previously described in rabbits. This study aimed to report a case of malignant mammary myoepithelioma in a domestic rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus).Case: A domestic, hybrid, female, entire, nulliparous, 7-year-old rabbit was attended in the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Ricardo Alexandre Hippler at Universidade Vila Velha (UVV) with a history of apathy, lethargy and anorexia. In the clinicalexamination a 5 cm tumour was observed in the right abdominal mammary gland (M2), along with floating smaller lesionsin M1 and M3. There were no palpable abnormalities in the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. Complete blood count andserum biochemistry were within the normal range. Fine needle aspiration was performed for cytopathological evaluationof the tumour in M2 and it was suggestive of a malignant glandular neoplasm, with probable epithelial origin. Completestaging included chest and abdominal radiographs, but they were unremarkable. The patient was submitted to a rightunilateral mastectomy, involving resection of the inguinal lymph node. The sample was sent to the Laboratory of AnimalPathology of UVV for routine histological evaluation. Histopathological evaluation in M2 was compatible with malignantmyoepithelioma based on the literature, while nodules in M1 and M3 were classified as mammary cysts. The inguinal lymphnode showed no significant abnormalities. An immunohistochemical panel was performed in the Comparative PathologyLaboratory of the Institute of Biological Sciences of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), using immunomarkers (pan-cytokeratin, p63 and vimentin) to characterize the tumour and confirm its diagnosis. Immunohistochemistryrevealed expression of p63, and was negative for pan-cytokeratin and vimentin, which confirmed the myoepithelial origin,without involvement of the epithelial compartment...