Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

ABSTRACT: Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Fuel consumption by agricultural machinery: a review of pollutant emission control technologies / Consumo de combustível por máquinas agrícolas: uma revisão das tecnologias de controle de emissão de poluentes

ABSTRACT: Most energy used to operate agricultural machines in the field is generated from fossil fuel combustion. The combustion process emits atmospheric pollutants, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this context, this review is to discuss technologies for mitigating diesel engine GHG emissions to advance sustainable development in the agricultural machinery sector. This paper presents strategies and technologies widely adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers in controlling pollutant emissions during fuel combustion. The findings of this study encompass sustainable alternative technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter, and fuels. This study helps reveal the environmental impact of agricultural field operations that generate GHG emissions.

RESUMO: Grande parte da energia utilizada para o funcionamento das máquinas agrícolas em suas operações no campo ainda é resultante da combustão de combustíveis fósseis. O processo de combustão provoca a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos que contribuem para o aumento dos Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE). Neste contexto, esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever as tecnologias que contribuem para mitigar as emissões de GEE pelos motores de ciclo Diesel, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade no setor de máquinas agrícolas. São apresentadas as estratégias e tecnologias que comumente estão sendo adotadas pelos fabricantes de máquinas agrícolas para o controle das emissões de poluentes, durante o processo de combustão do combustível. Os achados do estudo apresentam as alternativas tecnológicas sustentáveis como a Selective Catalytic Reduction, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Diesel Particulate Filter, e sobre o uso de combustíveis alternativos. Ainda, contribui para o entendimento do impacto ambiental das operações agrícolas em campo, que provocam as emissões de GEE.

Occupational noise level emitted by self-propelled harvesters during mechanized coffee harvesting / Nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the level of occupational noise emitted by automotive harvesters during coffee harvest. For the evaluations, three self-propelled harvesters were used: Case-IH® model Coffee Express 200, with cabin; Korvan® model 9200, without cabin; and Oxbo® model 9220, with cabin. Data were collected using a noise dosimeter model DOS-700. Noise levels were assessed for the operator and assistant of each harvester. Five repetitions were performed for the operator and assistant, with each repetition consisting of 2 h of evaluation. Results obtained were compared with the action level and exposure limit of the Regulatory Norms (NR) 15 and Occupational Hygiene Norms (NHO) 01. The action levels of the NHO 01 (82 dB) and NR 15 (80 dB) regulations were exceeded for the operator and assistant in the three evaluated harvesters. Regarding the exposure limit (85 dB), the level was exceeded for the operator of the Korvan® and Case-IH® harvesters in accordance with NHO 01. In the NR 15 regulation, the exposure limit was > 85 dB for the operator of the Korvan® harvester. For the assistant, all harvesters emitted noise levels > 85 dB based on both the NHO 01 and NR 15 regulations.

RESUMO: O uso da mecanização na cafeicultura tem se mostrado de suma importância na colheita do cafeeiro, reduzindo custo e tempo desta operação. Entretanto, a intensificação da colheita mecanizada, sem o controle dos riscos ocupacionais tem exposto trabalhadores aos níveis elevados de ruído ocupacional capazes de comprometer sua saúde auditiva. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro, bem como os limites de exposição e nível de ação do operador e auxiliar. Para as avaliações foram utilizadas três colhedoras automotrizes: Case-IH® modelo COFFE EXPESS 200, com cabine; OXBO® modelo 9220, com cabine; KORVAN® modelo 9200, sem cabine. A coleta dos dados foi realizada utilizando dosímetro de ruído modelo DOS-700. Foi avaliado o nível de exposição ao ruído do operador e auxiliar das colhedoras. Foram realizadas cinco repetições, sendo cada repetição formada por duas horas de avaliações. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com o nível de ação e limite de exposição das normativas NHO 01 e NR 15. O nível de ação das normativas NHO 01 (82 dB) e NR 15 (80 dB) foram ultrapassados no operador e auxiliar nas três colhedoras avaliadas. Em relação ao limite de exposição (85 dB), o nível foi ultrapassado no operador das colhedoras KORVAN® e Case-IH® de acordo com a NHO 01. Na normativa NR 15, o limite de exposição ficou acima de 85 dB no operador da colhedora KORVAN®. No auxiliar todas as colhedoras emitiram níveis de ruídos acima de 85 dB tanto na normativa NHO 01 quanto na NR 15.

Fuel consumption by agricultural machinery: a review of pollutant emission control technologies / Consumo de combustível por máquinas agrícolas: uma revisão das tecnologias de controle de emissão de poluentes

Most energy used to operate agricultural machines in the field is generated from fossil fuel combustion. The combustion process emits atmospheric pollutants, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this context, this review is to discuss technologies for mitigating diesel engine GHG emissions to advance sustainable development in the agricultural machinery sector. This paper presents strategies and technologies widely adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers in controlling pollutant emissions during fuel combustion. The findings of this study encompass sustainable alternative technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter, and fuels. This study helps reveal the environmental impact of agricultural field operations that generate GHG emissions.

Grande parte da energia utilizada para o funcionamento das máquinas agrícolas em suas operações no campo ainda é resultante da combustão de combustíveis fósseis. O processo de combustão provoca a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos que contribuem para o aumento dos Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE). Neste contexto, esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever as tecnologias que contribuem para mitigar as emissões de GEE pelos motores de ciclo Diesel, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade no setor de máquinas agrícolas. São apresentadas as estratégias e tecnologias que comumente estão sendo adotadas pelos fabricantes de máquinas agrícolas para o controle das emissões de poluentes, durante o processo de combustão do combustível. Os achados do estudo apresentam as alternativas tecnológicas sustentáveis como a Selective Catalytic Reduction, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Diesel Particulate Filter, e sobre o uso de combustíveis alternativos. Ainda, contribui para o entendimento do impacto ambiental das operações agrícolas em campo, que provocam as emissões de GEE.

Occupational noise level emitted by self-propelled harvesters during mechanized coffee harvesting / Nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro

This study evaluated the level of occupational noise emitted by automotive harvesters during coffee harvest. For the evaluations, three self-propelled harvesters were used: Case-IH® model Coffee Express 200, with cabin; Korvan® model 9200, without cabin; and Oxbo® model 9220, with cabin. Data were collected using a noise dosimeter model DOS-700. Noise levels were assessed for the operator and assistant of each harvester. Five repetitions were performed for the operator and assistant, with each repetition consisting of 2 h of evaluation. Results obtained were compared with the action level and exposure limit of the Regulatory Norms (NR) 15 and Occupational Hygiene Norms (NHO) 01. The action levels of the NHO 01 (82 dB) and NR 15 (80 dB) regulations were exceeded for the operator and assistant in the three evaluated harvesters. Regarding the exposure limit (85 dB), the level was exceeded for the operator of the Korvan® and Case-IH® harvesters in accordance with NHO 01. In the NR 15 regulation, the exposure limit was > 85 dB for the operator of the Korvan® harvester. For the assistant, all harvesters emitted noise levels > 85 dB based on both the NHO 01 and NR 15 regulations.

O uso da mecanização na cafeicultura tem se mostrado de suma importância na colheita do cafeeiro, reduzindo custo e tempo desta operação. Entretanto, a intensificação da colheita mecanizada, sem o controle dos riscos ocupacionais tem exposto trabalhadores aos níveis elevados de ruído ocupacional capazes de comprometer sua saúde auditiva. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o nível de ruído ocupacional emitido por colhedoras automotrizes na colheita do cafeeiro, bem como os limites de exposição e nível de ação do operador e auxiliar. Para as avaliações foram utilizadas três colhedoras automotrizes: Case-IH® modelo COFFE EXPESS 200, com cabine; OXBO® modelo 9220, com cabine; KORVAN® modelo 9200, sem cabine. A coleta dos dados foi realizada utilizando dosímetro de ruído modelo DOS-700. Foi avaliado o nível de exposição ao ruído do operador e auxiliar das colhedoras. Foram realizadas cinco repetições, sendo cada repetição formada por duas horas de avaliações. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com o nível de ação e limite de exposição das normativas NHO 01 e NR 15. O nível de ação das normativas NHO 01 (82 dB) e NR 15 (80 dB) foram ultrapassados no operador e auxiliar nas três colhedoras avaliadas. Em relação ao limite de exposição (85 dB), o nível foi ultrapassado no operador das colhedoras KORVAN® e Case-IH® de acordo com a NHO 01. Na normativa NR 15, o limite de exposição ficou acima de 85 dB no operador da colhedora KORVAN®. No auxiliar todas as colhedoras emitiram níveis de ruídos acima de 85 dB tanto na normativa NHO 01 quanto na NR 15.

Soil tillage and sugarcane planting: an assessment of cost and economic viability

Yield and profitability levels in sugarcane crops demonstrate the importance of the agricultural practices adopted, especially for soil preparation and planting systems. This study evaluated the costs involved in 40 alternative methods for the establishment of sugarcane crops resulting from the combination of eight soil preparation systems and five planting options, followed by an assessment of the economic viability of sugarcane production for suppliers and sugar mills. Data were collected from 31 sugar mills and 42 suppliers in São Paulo State, Brazil, from the 2016/17 season. The cost analysis and discounted cash flow analysis were used to calculate economic viability. Localized soil preparation with a fixed application rate of inputs (soil amendments) and mechanized planting with a variable application rate of fertilizers were the least costly systems to establish the sugarcane crop. Regarding the sugarcane establishment system, the medium–sized sugar mills were the most economically viable when compared to independent sugarcane producers. There was no significant difference in cost to establish sugarcane crops across the various sized groups of suppliers and we identified that costs rose as the size of the sugar mills increased.

Soil tillage and sugarcane planting: an assessment of cost and economic viability

Yield and profitability levels in sugarcane crops demonstrate the importance of the agricultural practices adopted, especially for soil preparation and planting systems. This study evaluated the costs involved in 40 alternative methods for the establishment of sugarcane crops resulting from the combination of eight soil preparation systems and five planting options, followed by an assessment of the economic viability of sugarcane production for suppliers and sugar mills. Data were collected from 31 sugar mills and 42 suppliers in São Paulo State, Brazil, from the 2016/17 season. The cost analysis and discounted cash flow analysis were used to calculate economic viability. Localized soil preparation with a fixed application rate of inputs (soil amendments) and mechanized planting with a variable application rate of fertilizers were the least costly systems to establish the sugarcane crop. Regarding the sugarcane establishment system, the medium­sized sugar mills were the most economically viable when compared to independent sugarcane producers. There was no significant difference in cost to establish sugarcane crops across the various sized groups of suppliers and we identified that costs rose as the size of the sugar mills increased.(AU)

Soil tillage and sugarcane planting: an assessment of cost and economic viability

ABSTRACT Yield and profitability levels in sugarcane crops demonstrate the importance of the agricultural practices adopted, especially for soil preparation and planting systems. This study evaluated the costs involved in 40 alternative methods for the establishment of sugarcane crops resulting from the combination of eight soil preparation systems and five planting options, followed by an assessment of the economic viability of sugarcane production for suppliers and sugar mills. Data were collected from 31 sugar mills and 42 suppliers in São Paulo State, Brazil, from the 2016/17 season. The cost analysis and discounted cash flow analysis were used to calculate economic viability. Localized soil preparation with a fixed application rate of inputs (soil amendments) and mechanized planting with a variable application rate of fertilizers were the least costly systems to establish the sugarcane crop. Regarding the sugarcane establishment system, the mediumsized sugar mills were the most economically viable when compared to independent sugarcane producers. There was no significant difference in cost to establish sugarcane crops across the various sized groups of suppliers and we identified that costs rose as the size of the sugar mills increased.

Use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis in dogs / [Uso da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada no tratamento das ceratites superficiais pigmentares crônicas em cães]

Pigmentary superficial keratitis (PSK) is a chronic corneal disorder with different causes, which may include immune-mediated diseases and reactions to ultraviolet rays. This study aimed to evaluate the use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy (ACLSK) in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis (CPSK) in dogs. We enrolled 24 animals with CPSK and loss of visual function even after clinical treatment with preserved post-corneal transparent media, and the potential for recovery of visual function after surgical treatment. The microkeratome was positioned on the eye surface, and the central corneal lamellae were obtained after translation. With ACSLC, 21 animals (87.5%) recovered their visual function. In 3 animals (12.5%), the formation of granuloma and posterior central leukoma in the cornea compromised the transparency of the visual axis. This study concludes that ACLSK is a viable surgical alternative for the restoration of visual function in dogs with severe PSK, thus improving their quality of life. The short execution time of this procedure reduces the costs and anesthetic risks.

A ceratite pigmentar superficial (CPS) é uma doença crônica da córnea, com diferentes causas, que podem incluir doenças imunomediadas e reação aos raios ultravioleta. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada (CSLCA) no tratamento da ceratite superficial pigmentar crônica (CSPC) em cães. Vinte e quatro animais incluídos apresentaram CSPC e perda da função visual mesmo após o tratamento clínico, porém mantiveram os meios transparentes pós-córnea preservados e o potencial de recuperação da função visual após o tratamento cirúrgico. O microcerátomo foi posicionado na superfície do olho e, após o término de sua translação, foram obtidas as lamelas centrais da córnea. Com a CSLCA, 21 animais (87,5%) recuperaram a função visual. Em três animais (12,5%), a formação de granuloma e leucoma central posterior na córnea comprometeu a transparência do eixo visual. Este estudo conclui que a CSLCA é uma alternativa cirúrgica viável para o restabelecimento da função visual em cães com CPS grave, melhorando, assim, sua qualidade de vida. Seu curto tempo de execução proporciona redução de custos e de riscos anestésicos.

Sorghum culture initial establishment based on sowing machines working speed and furrowing mechanisms

The main goal of this article was to evaluate, at field conditions, the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in the initial establishment and the sorghum culture productivity according to tractor working speed and seed deposition depth. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in São Gonçalo dos Campos, located in the municipality of São Gonçalo dos Campos, BA, which belongs to the Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science School of the Federal University of Bahia - UFBA. It was adopted factorial scheme methodology 3x3 in CDR (Completely Randomized Design) or Dic (Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado) in Portuguese, with 36 experimental unities with three displacement speed (4, 6, and 8 km h-1), and three sowing deposition depths (0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 m). The real seed deposition, the Plant Height at 30, 60, and 90 days, as well as the productivity per m2 after 90 days, were assessed. The working speed did not influence (P> 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The sowing depth did not change (P> 0.05) the crop productivity; however, it did influence the actual seeds deposition and the plants height on the first two cuts. Sowing at speeds from 4 to 8 km h-1 and planting from 0.01 to 0.05 m depths do not influence the sorghum crop productivity. Thus, it is recommended to carry out planting at a speed of 8 km h-1 with a depth of 0.05 m.

Sorghum culture initial establishment based on sowing machines working speed and furrowing mechanisms

The main goal of this article was to evaluate, at field conditions, the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in the initial establishment and the sorghum culture productivity according to tractor working speed and seed deposition depth. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in São Gonçalo dos Campos, located in the municipality of São Gonçalo dos Campos, BA, which belongs to the Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science School of the Federal University of Bahia - UFBA. It was adopted factorial scheme methodology 3x3 in CDR (Completely Randomized Design) or Dic (Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado) in Portuguese, with 36 experimental unities with three displacement speed (4, 6, and 8 km h-1), and three sowing deposition depths (0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 m). The real seed deposition, the Plant Height at 30, 60, and 90 days, as well as the productivity per m2 after 90 days, were assessed. The working speed did not influence (P> 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The sowing depth did not change (P> 0.05) the crop productivity; however, it did influence the actual seeds deposition and the plants height on the first two cuts. Sowing at speeds from 4 to 8 km h-1 and planting from 0.01 to 0.05 m depths do not influence the sorghum crop productivity. Thus, it is recommended to carry out planting at a speed of 8 km h-1 with a depth of 0.05 m.(AU)

Transmission systems in agricultural tractors marketed in Brazil / Transmissões que equipam os tratores agrícolas comercializados no Brasil

In a tractor, the transmission system transmits the power generated in the engine to the driving wheels, hydraulic systems, and power take-off (PTO). There are several types of transmission systems available in the Brazilian market ranging from the simplest to the most advanced. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the different types of transmission systems present in 228 models of agricultural tractors produced and marketed in Brazil during 2019. The tractor models were grouped based on the engine power and the transmission systems were classified as sliding, partially synchronized, synchronized, semi powershift, full powershift, and continuously variable transmission (CVT). According to this classification, it was found that most tractors belonged to Class III (51.5-73.5 kW) with 66 models in total. However, even with continuous modernization in this field and with tractors becoming increasingly independent from the operator, 66% of transmission systems are still mechanical. However, CVT systems, which are available only in tractors with an engine power above 117.7 kW, are expected to be equipped on less powerful tractors in the coming decades.(AU)

Em um trator, o sistema de transmissão tem a função de transmitir a potência gerada no motor para as rodas motrizes, sistemas hidráulicos e tomada de potência (TDP). São diversos os tipos de transmissões disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, desde as mais simples até as de última geração. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os tipos de transmissões que equipam 228 modelos de tratores agrícolas, produzidos e comercializados no Brasil, durante o ano de 2019. Os modelos de tratores foram agrupados em classes de potência e as transmissões classificadas em: deslizante; parcialmente sincronizada; sincronizada; Semi Powershift; Full Powershift; e CVT. Como resultado, verificou-se que, na Classe III (51,5 a 73,5 kW) são ofertados o maior número de tratores, 66 modelos no total. Mesmo o trator acompanhando as constantes modernizações do campo e estando cada vez mais independente do operador, 66% das transmissões ainda são mecânicas. Porém, há o surgimento da transmissão CVT que, mesmo de modo incipiente, disponível apenas nos tratores com potência acima de 117,7 kW, tende a equipar tratores menos potentes nas próximas décadas.(AU)

Agricultural tractors conformity to the Brazilian traffic lighting and signaling legislation / Conformidade de tratores agrícolas à legislação brasileira de iluminação e sinalização para tráfego

Increasing the agricultural machinery visibility makes public roadways traffic safer by reducing the number of accidents and their severity. The study aimed to verify the compliance of new agricultural tractors with Brazilian law, given by, CONTRAN Resolution N° 454, NR12 and NR31, regarding the presence of lighting and signaling elements for traffic. The study was carried out in agricultural machinery dealers of seven brands, corresponding to 50 different models of new wheeled agricultural tractors. The items that was not present in total tractors sample are the rear position lamp, the reverse light and the rear retro-reflector. In addition, only one of the seven brands studied showed complete compliance with evaluated elements. Although, the Brazilian legislation specify the presence of lighting and signaling items for agricultural tractors traffic, there is not fully comply on tractors models analyzed and the Brazilian law are not homogeneously met by the agricultural tractor manufacturers in the verified sample, what can be leading to tractors traffic accident occurrences.(AU)

Aumentar a visibilidade das máquinas agrícolas torna o tráfego em vias públicas mais seguro, reduzindo o número de acidentes e sua gravidade. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a conformidade dos tratores agrícolas com a legislação brasileira, dada pela Resolução CONTRAN N°454, NR12 e NR31, quanto a presençados elementos de iluminação e sinalização para o tráfego. O estudo foi desenvolvido em concessionárias de máquinas agrícolas de sete marcas, correspondendo a 50 modelos distintos de tratores agrícolas de pneus, novos. Os itens que não estavam presentes na totalidade de tratores avaliados foram a luz de posição traseira, a luz de marcha à ré e as faixas retrorrefletivas. Apenas uma das sete marcas estudas apresentou total conformidade dos itens avaliados. Apesar da legislação brasileira especificar a presença dos elementos de iluminação e sinalização para o tráfego de tratores em vias públicas, não há total conformidade nos modelos avaliados e a legislação não é cumprida de forma homogênea pelos fabricantes, o que pode estar relacionado à ocorrência de acidentes com tratores agrícolas no tráfego.(AU)

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).(AU)

Perdas na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar em resposta a diferentes velocidades da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário / Losses on the mechanized harvest of sugar cane in response to different harvester speeds and rotation of primary extractor

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as perdas visíveis e invisíveis na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar mediante uso de diferentes velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário em canavial de primeiro corte, com terreno a 7% de declividade. O ensaio foi conduzido em Junho de 2014, por ocasião da colheita mecanizada em canavial de primeiro corte (cana de ano), com estimativa de produtividade de 75 t ha-¹ no município de Pacaembu, São Paulo. O canavial era formado pela variedade RB96-5902,com 12 meses de idade, em espaçamento de 1,4 metros entre linhas. A colheita foi realizada utilizando uma colhedora da marca John Deere, modelo 3520 acompanhada de um trator, acoplado ao transbordo. Os tratamentos avaliados correspondem a combinações de duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora (km h-¹) e duas velocidades de rotação do extrator primário (rpm), além das velocidades habitualmente utilizadas pela usina, como testemunha: 3 km h-¹ a 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ a 950 rpm (testemunha), 6 km h-¹ a 700 rpm e 6 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm. As Variáveis respostas analisadas foram as perdas nas formas de tocos, despontes, toletes, pedaços, canas inteiras, estilhaços e perdas totais, em t ha-¹ e a porcentagem total de perdas. Foram observadas respostas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para todas as formas de perdas em função dos tratamentos, com exceção para as perdas nas formas de cana inteira e despontes. Concluiu-se que o aumento da rotação do extrator primário e redução na velocidade de locomoção da colhedora tendem a ocasionar aumento nas perdas de cana-de-açúcar, sendo, nas condições do presente estudo, indicada a velocidade de 3 km h-¹ com rotação do extrator primário de 1200 rpm.

The present study aimed to evaluate the visible and invisible losses in mechanized harvesting of sugarcane by using different speeds of the harvester's displacement and rotation of the primary extractor in first-cut cane fields, with 7% slope. The trial was conducted in June 2014, at the time of mechanical harvesting in first-crop cane (cane of year), with a productivity estimate of 75 t ha-¹in the city of Pacaembu, São Paulo. The sugarcane was formed by the variety RB96-5902, with 12 months of age, in spacing of 1.4 meters between rows. Harvesting was performed using a John Deere harvester, model 3520 accompanied by a tractor, coupled to the transhipment. The treatments evaluated correspond to combinations of two speeds of displacement of the harvester (km h-¹) and two speeds of rotation of the primary extractor (rpm), in addition to the speeds usually used by the plant as a control: 3 km h-¹ at 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ at 950 rpm (control), 6 km h-¹ at 700 rpm and 6 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm. The analyzed variables were the losses in the forms of stumps, bluffs, billets, pieces, whole reeds, shards and total losses, in t ha-¹ and the total percentage of losses. Significant responses (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all forms of losses as a function of treatments, except for losses in whole cane and shoot forms. It was concluded that the increase of the rotation of the primary extractor and reduction in the speed of locomotion of the harvester tend to cause an increase in the losses of sugarcane, being, in the conditions of the present study, indicated the speed of 3 km h-¹with rotation of the primary extractor of 1200 rpm.

Perdas na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar em resposta a diferentes velocidades da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário / Losses on the mechanized harvest of sugar cane in response to different harvester speeds and rotation of primary extractor

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as perdas visíveis e invisíveis na colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar mediante uso de diferentes velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e de rotação do extrator primário em canavial de primeiro corte, com terreno a 7% de declividade. O ensaio foi conduzido em Junho de 2014, por ocasião da colheita mecanizada em canavial de primeiro corte (cana de ano), com estimativa de produtividade de 75 t ha-¹ no município de Pacaembu, São Paulo. O canavial era formado pela variedade RB96-5902,com 12 meses de idade, em espaçamento de 1,4 metros entre linhas. A colheita foi realizada utilizando uma colhedora da marca John Deere, modelo 3520 acompanhada de um trator, acoplado ao transbordo. Os tratamentos avaliados correspondem a combinações de duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora (km h-¹) e duas velocidades de rotação do extrator primário (rpm), além das velocidades habitualmente utilizadas pela usina, como testemunha: 3 km h-¹ a 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ a 950 rpm (testemunha), 6 km h-¹ a 700 rpm e 6 km h-¹ a 1200 rpm. As Variáveis respostas analisadas foram as perdas nas formas de tocos, despontes, toletes, pedaços, canas inteiras, estilhaços e perdas totais, em t ha-¹ e a porcentagem total de perdas. Foram observadas respostas significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para todas as formas de perdas em função dos tratamentos, com exceção para as perdas nas formas de cana inteira e despontes. Concluiu-se que o aumento da rotação do extrator primário e redução na velocidade de locomoção da colhedora tendem a ocasionar aumento nas perdas de cana-de-açúcar, sendo, nas condições do presente estudo, indicada a velocidade de 3 km h-¹ com rotação do extrator primário de 1200 rpm.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the visible and invisible losses in mechanized harvesting of sugarcane by using different speeds of the harvester's displacement and rotation of the primary extractor in first-cut cane fields, with 7% slope. The trial was conducted in June 2014, at the time of mechanical harvesting in first-crop cane (cane of year), with a productivity estimate of 75 t ha-¹in the city of Pacaembu, São Paulo. The sugarcane was formed by the variety RB96-5902, with 12 months of age, in spacing of 1.4 meters between rows. Harvesting was performed using a John Deere harvester, model 3520 accompanied by a tractor, coupled to the transhipment. The treatments evaluated correspond to combinations of two speeds of displacement of the harvester (km h-¹) and two speeds of rotation of the primary extractor (rpm), in addition to the speeds usually used by the plant as a control: 3 km h-¹ at 700 rpm, 3 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm, 5 km h-¹ at 950 rpm (control), 6 km h-¹ at 700 rpm and 6 km h-¹ at 1200 rpm. The analyzed variables were the losses in the forms of stumps, bluffs, billets, pieces, whole reeds, shards and total losses, in t ha-¹ and the total percentage of losses. Significant responses (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for all forms of losses as a function of treatments, except for losses in whole cane and shoot forms. It was concluded that the increase of the rotation of the primary extractor and reduction in the speed of locomotion of the harvester tend to cause an increase in the losses of sugarcane, being, in the conditions of the present study, indicated the speed of 3 km h-¹with rotation of the primary extractor of 1200 rpm.(AU)

Determining the contribution of ventilation and insulation of broiler breeding houses in production performance using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This study was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank broiler breeding farms in Zanjan province, Iran, regarding buildings, installations, and equipment to determine their effects on production factors. Data on 108 farms were collected using designed forms. This data was analyzed based on the effectiveness of each parameter in the production and management category according to experts opinion. The results indicated that ventilation systems (fans, inlets, and damper) as well as wall and roof insulation in poultry houses, constituted 66% of the technology coefficient. The stocking density increased through improvement of the mechanization coefficient. Most of these farms used longitudinal or tunnel ventilation and a combination of small and large fans. Roof insulation was mostly done using glass wool, and corrugated plastic while installing the heaters outside the poultry house. In these farms, the use of nipple drinkers and plate feeders was more prevalent. Moreover, the results showed that feed conversion and production indices have a significant correlation with mechanization coefficient so that farms with better mechanization coefficients had lower conversion ratio (p=0.04) and higher production indices (p=0.015). In general, the results indicated that ventilation and air inlet systems, as well as wall and roof building technologies have the greatest influence on the mechanization coefficient, while better mechanization coefficients translated into improvements in production efficiency and economic performance of poultry farms.(AU)

Determining the contribution of ventilation and insulation of broiler breeding houses in production performance using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This study was conducted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank broiler breeding farms in Zanjan province, Iran, regarding buildings, installations, and equipment to determine their effects on production factors. Data on 108 farms were collected using designed forms. This data was analyzed based on the effectiveness of each parameter in the production and management category according to experts opinion. The results indicated that ventilation systems (fans, inlets, and damper) as well as wall and roof insulation in poultry houses, constituted 66% of the technology coefficient. The stocking density increased through improvement of the mechanization coefficient. Most of these farms used longitudinal or tunnel ventilation and a combination of small and large fans. Roof insulation was mostly done using glass wool, and corrugated plastic while installing the heaters outside the poultry house. In these farms, the use of nipple drinkers and plate feeders was more prevalent. Moreover, the results showed that feed conversion and production indices have a significant correlation with mechanization coefficient so that farms with better mechanization coefficients had lower conversion ratio (p=0.04) and higher production indices (p=0.015). In general, the results indicated that ventilation and air inlet systems, as well as wall and roof building technologies have the greatest influence on the mechanization coefficient, while better mechanization coefficients translated into improvements in production efficiency and economic performance of poultry farms.