Performance and Carcass of Broiler Quails Fed Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

This study determined the metabolizable energy of DDGS for broiler quails (Experiment I) and evaluated the effect of different dietary levels of DDGS on performance, carcass, organ weight, meat quality, and economic viability (Experiment II). In Experiment I, 72 broiler quails were randomly distributed into two treatments (reference or test diets). The experimental period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, followed by 5 days of total excreta collection. Experimental diets consisted of a reference or a test diet containing 800 g/kg reference diet and 200 g/kg DDGS. In experiment II, 432 unsexed broiler quails were randomly distributed into groups fed six levels of DDGS (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 g/kg). At 43 days of age, birds were slaughtered and evaluated for carcass yield, organ weight, and meat quality. Apparent metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen retention of DDGS were 2,488 and 2,466 kcal/kg for males and females, respectively. In the growth phase and the overall period, feed intake increased linearly (p=0.015 and 0.040) and feed conversion ratio worsened (p=0.038 and 0.001) with the inclusion of DDGS in the diet, respectively. A linear increasing (p=0.001) of gizzard weight was observed with increasing dietary DDGS levels, while the economic variables were affect depending on seasonal feedstocks prices. It is concluded that dietary levels up to 250 g/kg DDGS do not affect growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler quails. However, the prices of ingredients in the harvest and off-season period should be considered to determine the level of inclusion of DDGS.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Protected Sodium Butyrate on the Digestibility and Intestinal Histomorphometry of Commercial Laying Hens

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of protected sodium butyrate (PSB) on the intestinal development and feed nutrient metabolizability of commercial laying hens. The birds started to receive the treatment rations at 58 weeks of age. At 76 weeks of age the laying hens were distributed in a randomized block design to four treatments (0, 105, 210 and 300 g t-1/PSB), six replicates, and two birds/replicate. The nitrogen balance (NB), ether extract balance (EEB), dry matter metabolizability coefficient, nitrogen, ether extract, ash, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and AME corrected by nitrogen (AMEn) were evaluated. For assessment of intestinal development, we evaluated the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colorectal lengths, the relative intestine weight and villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. A decreasing linear effect was observed in the duodenum length, while an increasing linear effect was observed in the height of the duodenum and jejunum villi. A quadratic effect was found in the jejunum crypt depth. A linear increasing effect was found on the villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum, and a quadratic effect was observed in the ileum. Quadratic and increasing linear effects were observed in the NB and EEB, respectively. Additionally, increasing linear effects were observed in the AME and AMEn. The dietary addition of 300 g t-1 of PSB improved intestinal development and energy metabolizability of the diet.

Xylanases in diets with alternative feeds and energy reduction in commercial layers / Xilanases em dietas com alimentos alternativos e redução energética para poedeiras comerciais

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.

O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.

Xylanases in diets with alternative feeds and energy reduction in commercial layers / Xilanases em dietas com alimentos alternativos e redução energética para poedeiras comerciais

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial, 100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay, 140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.(AU)

O uso de ingredientes alternativos vem aumentando em uma tentativa contínua de reduzir os custos de produção, juntamente com o uso de aditivos, como os carboidrases, para seus possíveis efeitos positivos na metabolização de nutrientes por poedeiras. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes xilanases em dietas com energia metabolizável reduzida (ME) e a inclusão de ingredientes alternativos sobre a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes em dietas para galinhas poedeiras comerciais, realizando dois testes de metabolismo. No primeiro ensaio, 100 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (duas reduções de energia metabolizável x duas xilanases, mais uma dieta controle). No segundo ensaio, 140 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 + 2 (duas xilanases x três ingredientes -, mais duas dietas controle positivo e controle negativo). Conclui-se que a suplementação com xilanase do Pantanal melhora a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes de dietas a base de milho e farelo de soja para poedeiras comerciais leves, possibilitando a redução em até 200 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável das dietas. As xilanases são mais efetivas sobre o farelo de trigo e possibilitam a redução de 150 Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável nas dietas de poedeiras comerciais, sem prejuízo na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes. Em dietas contendo ingredientes fibrosos a ação da xilanase do Pantanal é similar a xilanase comercial.(AU)

Temperatura ambiente e idade do frango de corte sobre o valor energético do milho / Environmental temperature and broiler age on corn energy value

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da temperatura ambiente e da idade da ave sobre o valor energético do milho. Foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas as três temperaturas de criação (fria: 18 ºC; termoneutra: 25 ºC e quente: 33 ºC) e as subparcelas as três idades de avaliação (inicial: 11 a 14; crescimento: 25 a 28 e final: 39 a 42 dias), com seis repetições de seis aves cada. A dieta basal foi composta por milho e farelo de soja. A dieta teste foi produzida substituindo a dieta basal pelo alimento teste: 40% de milho + 60% da dieta basal. Encontraram-se valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente, corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do milho, para aves criadas em 18 ºC; 25 ºC e 33 ºC de 3322, 3279 e 3233 kcal/kg de matéria natural, respectivamente, e para as fases de 11 a 14; 25 a 28 e 39 a 42 dias de 3215, 3218 e 3400 kcal/kg de matéria natural, respectivamente. De um modo geral, os valores de energia metabolizável do milho, os balanços e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da dieta teste aumentam com a idade do frango de corte, porém as energias metabolizáveis verdadeiras do milho não foram afetadas pela temperatura ambiente. Os balanços e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da dieta teste foram reduzidos em estresse por calor para aves na fase de crescimento e final.

This study aimed to assess the effects of environmental temperature and age of broilers on the energy value of corn. A total of 288 Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in a complete randomized design with a split-plot arrangement and six replications of six chicks each. The main plot consisted of three temperatures (cold: 18 ºC; thermoneutral: 25 ºC; and hot: 33 ºC), while the secondary plot consisted of age (initial: 11 to 14 days; growing: 25 to 28 days; and final: 39 to 42 days). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal. The test diet was produced by replacing the basal diet for test food: 40% corn + 60% basal diet. The mean values of AMEn observed for broiler chicks under cold, thermoneutral, and hot temperatures were 3322, 3279, and 3233 kcal/kg of natural matter, respectively, and 3215, 3218, and 3400 kcal/ kg of natural matter for the initial, growing, and final phases, respectively. Overall, the metabolizable energy values of corn and the balance and coefficients of metabolizability of nutrients in the test diet increased with the broiler age, but the true metabolizable energies of corn were not affected by environmental temperature. The balance and coefficients of metabolizability of nutrients in the test diet decreased due to heat exposure during the growing and final phases.

Environmental temperature and broiler age on corn energy value / Temperatura ambiente e idade do frango de corte sobre o valor energético do milho

This study aimed to assess the effects of environmental temperature and age of broilers on the energy value of corn. A total of 288 Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in a complete randomized design with a split-plot arrangement and six replications of six chicks each. The main plot consisted of three temperatures (cold: 18 ºC; thermoneutral: 25 ºC; and hot: 33 ºC), while the secondary plot consisted of age (initial: 11 to 14 days; growing: 25 to 28 days; and final: 39 to 42 days). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal. The test diet was produced by replacing the basal diet for test food: 40% corn + 60% basal diet. The mean values of AMEn observed for broiler chicks under cold, thermoneutral, and hot temperatures were 3322, 3279, and 3233 kcal/kg of natural matter, respectively, and 3215, 3218, and 3400 kcal/ kg of natural matter for the initial, growing, and final phases, respectively. Overall, the metabolizable energy values of corn and the balance and coefficients of metabolizability of nutrients in the test diet increased with the broiler age, but the true metabolizable energies of corn were not affected by environmental temperature. The balance and coefficients of metabolizability of nutrients in the test diet decreased due to heat exposure during the growing and final phases.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da temperatura ambiente e da idade da ave sobre o valor energético do milho. Foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte, da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas as três temperaturas de criação (fria: 18 ºC; termoneutra: 25 ºC e quente: 33 ºC) e as subparcelas as três idades de avaliação (inicial: 11 a 14; crescimento: 25 a 28 e final: 39 a 42 dias), com seis repetições de seis aves cada. A dieta basal foi composta por milho e farelo de soja. A dieta teste foi produzida substituindo a dieta basal pelo alimento teste: 40% de milho + 60% da dieta basal. Encontraram-se valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente, corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do milho, para aves criadas em 18 ºC; 25 ºC e 33 ºC de 3322, 3279 e 3233 kcal/kg de matéria natural, respectivamente, e para as fases de 11 a 14; 25 a 28 e 39 a 42 dias de 3215, 3218 e 3400 kcal/kg de matéria natural, respectivamente. De um modo geral, os valores de energia metabolizável do milho, os balanços e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da dieta teste aumentam com a idade do frango de corte, porém as energias metabolizáveis verdadeiras do milho não foram afetadas pela temperatura ambiente. Os balanços e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da dieta teste foram reduzidos em estresse por calor para aves na fase de crescimento e final.

Performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates

We aimed to evaluate the performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed diet supplemented with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate. The experiment was carried out with 320 male broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme (0 and 0.1% chondroitin sulfate and 0 and 0.3% glucosamine sulfate), with eight replications of 10 birds. Performance was evaluated at 7 and 21 days of age, nutrient digestibility of the diet was performed from 18 to 21 days of age, and small intestine histomorphometry was evaluated at 21 days of age. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate showed high final weight and weight gain. A significant interaction was observed between sulfates for digestibility coefficients of nitrogen, mineral matter, and calcium. The use of 0.1% chondroitin sulfate without glucosamine sulfate resulted in a reduced digestibility of nitrogen but increased digestibility of total minerals and calcium. Diets without chondroitin sulfate with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate increased the digestibility coefficients of mineral matter and calcium. A significant interaction was found for jejunum villus height, which was higher in broilers fed diet supplemented with 0.3% glucosamine sulfate, regardless of the inclusion of chondroitin sulfate. Thus, supplementation with glucosamine sulfate in broiler diets contributes to high weight gain and villus height. Sulfates used in isolation promote high digestibility of minerals.(AU)

Energia metabolizável e aminoácidos digestíveis de coprodutos de trigo e de farinhas de origem animal em dietas para frangos de corte / [Metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids of wheat co-products and animal origin meals in broiler diets]

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy, standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) and digestible amino acid values of wheat meal (WM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), meat bone meal (MBM) and poultry-by-product meal (PPM) in diets for broilers. In the first experiment, the total excreta collection method was used, with 180 chicks with 14 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + reference diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. In the second experiment, 180 broilers from 24 to 28 days old were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 feeds + one protein free diet with 6 replicates and 6 broilers each. The AMEn values of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 3052, 3174, 1556 and 3200 (kcal/kg), respectively. The average SIAAD of the essential and non-essential amino acids of WM, WGM, MBM and PPM were 74.21, 97.50, 69.28 and 83.08; 76.32, 96.42, 63.93 and 77.66, respectively. The values of the main digestible limiting amino acids were 0.18, 1.42, 0.41 and 0.94 for methionine; 0.20, 1.48, 1.73 and 2.73 for lysine; 0.23, 1.67, 0.72 and 1.89 for threonine; and 0.35, 3.22, 1.38 and 2.47 for valine, respectively for the feedstuffs in study.(AU)

Crude protein in diets for European quail (Coturnix coturnix) / Proteína bruta em dietas para codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on the production performance, carcass traits and dietary nutrient metabolizability of European quail from one to 35 days of age. A total of 250 quail were allotted to one of five treatments (21, 22, 23, 24 and 25% CP) in a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates of 10 birds per plot. The following variables were evaluated: feed intake; weight gain; feed conversion; energy and protein intakes; weight and yield of carcass, cuts and edible offal; metabolizability coefficients (MC) of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy; and nitrogen intake, excretion, retention and metabolizability. Weight gain rose linearly (P < 0.05) from one to 14 days of age. From 15 to 35 days of age, weight gain decreased (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio worsened (P < 0.05). The CP levels did not influence (P > 0.05) feed intake, weight gain or feed conversion from one to 35 days of age. Protein intake increased linearly (P < 0.05) in all evaluated periods. The absolute and relative weights of legs responded quadratically (P < 0.05). At 35 days of age, the absolute and relative weights of liver had decreased linearly (P < 0.05). In the metabolism trial, a linear decrease was observed (P < 0.05) for the MC of dry matter, crude protein and nitrogen, whereas the MC of ether extract, nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05). Diets with 21% CP are recommended for European quail from 1 to 35 days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça de codornas europeias de um a 35 dias de idade e a metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes dietéticos. Utilizou-se 250 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em cinco tratamentos (21, 22, 23, 24 e 25% de PB) com cinco repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, ingestão de energia e proteína; peso e rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras comestíveis; coeficientes de metabolizabilidade (CM) da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, do extrato etéreo e da energia bruta; ingestão, excreção, retenção e metabolizabilidade de nitrogênio. O ganho de peso das aves aumentou linearmente (P < 0,05) na fase de um a 14 dias de idade. Constatou-se para a fase de 15 a 35 dias de idade redução linear (P < 0,05) no ganho de peso e piora (P 0,05) no índice de conversão alimentar das codornas. Os níveis de PB avaliados não influenciaram (P > 0,05) o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar durante a fase de um a 35 dias de idade. Houve efeito linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a ingestão de proteína para todos os períodos avaliados. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P < 0,05) para o peso absoluto e relativo de pernas. Verificou-se redução linear (P < 0,05) para o peso absoluto e relativo de fígado das aves aos 35 dias de idade. No ensaio de metabolismo, constatou-se efeito linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e do nitrogênio, enquanto, o CM do extrato etéreo, ingestão e excreção de nitrogênio foram influenciados de forma linear crescente (P < 0,05). Recomenda-se rações com 21% de PB para codornas europeias de um a 35 dias.(AU)

Energy values and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in some feedstuffs for broilers / Valores energéticos e digestibilidade ileal estandardizada de aminoácidos de alguns alimentos para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values, standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of parboiled brown rice bran (PBRB), protein sorghum meal (PSM) and bread waste meal (BWM) in broiler diets. In the first trial, 144 broiler chicks at 14 days of age were evaluated in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a control diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. The total excreta collection method was adopted to determine the energy values of the feedstuffs. In the second trial, 144 broilers at 24 days of age were used in a completely randomized design involving three feedstuffs + a protein-free diet, with six replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Ileal digesta was harvested to determine the standardized ileal digestibility coefficients and digestible amino acid contents of the feedstuffs. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 2638, 2799 and 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectively. The metabolizability coefficients of AMEn (CAMEn) of PBRB, PSM and BWM were 54.13, 57.35 and 86.66%, respectively. Bread waste meal had the highest CAMEn (p < 0.05) and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (p < 0.01), followed by PBRB and PSM. The main limiting digestible amino acids in PBRB, PSM and BWM were found at the following respective levels: methionine - 0.19, 0.33 and 0.24%; lysine - 0.40, 0.46 and 0.40%; threonine - 0.25, 0.50 and 0.45%; and valine - 0.44, 0.73 and 0.48%.

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos, os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e os teores de aminoácidos digestíveis do farelo de arroz integral parboilizado (FAIP), do farelo proteico de sorgo (FPS) e do farelo de resíduo de pão (FRP) em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 144 pintos de corte com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta referência, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas para determinar os valores energéticos dos alimentos. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 144 frangos de corte com 24 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três alimentos + uma dieta isenta de proteína, com 6 repetições e 6 frangos por unidade experimental. A coleta da digesta ileal foi utilizada para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal estandardizada e o teor de aminoácidos digestíveis dos alimentos. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 2638, 2799 e 3399 kcal.kg-1, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EMAn (CEMAn) do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 54,13, 57,35 e 86,66 %, respectivamente. Os CEMAn (p<0,05) e da digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (p<0,01) do FRP foram maiores, seguido pelo FAIP e FPS. Os valores dos principais aminoácidos limitantes digestíveis do FAIP, do FPS e do FRP foram 0,19, 0,33 e 0,24 para a metionina; 0,40, 0,46 e 0,40 para lisina; 0,25, 0,50 e 0,45 para treonina; e 0,44, 0,73 e 0,48 para valina, respectivamente.