Production of mycelial biomass, proteases and protease inhibitors by Ganoderma lucidum under different submerged fermentation conditions / Produção de biomassa micelial, proteases e inibidores de proteases por Ganoderma lucidum cultivado sob diferentes condições de fermentação submersa

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom widely recognized as a source of biomolecules with pharmacological properties, however, little is known about the factors that influence the synthesis of bioactive proteins by this fungus when cultivated under submerged fermentation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of mycelial biomass and intracellular proteases and protease inhibitors by G. lucidum cultivated under different submerged fermentation conditions. The cultivation was carried out in a medium composed of glucose (10 or 20 g.L-1), soy peptone (2.5 or 5 g.L-1) and yeast extract (5 g.L-1), with incubation under agitation (120 rpm) and non-agitation, totaling 8 experimental conditions. Biomass production was determined from the dry weight, while glucose consumption was estimated by quantification of reducing sugars. The proteins were extracted in NaCl (0.15 M), and the protein extracts were submitted to protein quantification by the Bradford method, total proteolytic activity using azocasein, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity in Petri dishes, activity of serine (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and cysteine (papain) protease inhibitors. Cultivation in agitated condition showed higher biomass production with a maximum value of 7 g.L-1, in addition to higher activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain inhibitors, with 154 IU.mg-1, 153 IU.mg-1 e 343 IU.mg-1 of protein, respectively. The non-agitated condition showed a greater potential for obtaining proteins, total proteases, caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes, with maximum values of 433 mg.g-1 of extract, 71 U.mL-1 of extract, 63.62 mm2 and 50.27 mm2, respectively. Thus, a medium composed of soy peptone, yest extract and glucose in a 1:2:4 proportion is recommended, under agitation to produce protease inhibitors, and the non-agitated condition when the target is, mainly caseinolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes.

Ganoderma lucidum é um cogumelo medicinal amplamente reconhecido como fonte de biomoléculas com propriedades farmacológicas, entretanto, pouco se conhece acerca dos fatores que influenciam a síntese de proteínas bioativas por esse fungo, quando cultivado sob fermentação submersa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa micelial e de proteases e inibidores de proteases intracelulares por G. lucidum cultivado em diferentes condições de fermentação submersa. O cultivo foi realizado em meio contendo glicose (10 ou 20 g.L-1), peptona de soja (2,5 ou 5 g.L-1) e extrato de levedura (5 g.L-1), com incubação sob agitação (120 rpm) ou não-agitado, totalizando 8 condições experimentais. A produção de biomassa foi determinada a partir do peso seco e o consumo de glicose a partir da quantificação de açúcares redutores. As proteínas foram extraídas em NaCl (0,15 M) e os extratos proteicos foram submetidos à quantificação de proteínas pelo método de Bradford, atividade proteolítica total usando azocaseína, atividade caseinolítica e fibrinolítica em placa de Petri, atividade de inibidores de serino-proteases (tripsina e quimotripsina) e cisteíno-protease (papaína). O cultivo em condição agitada apresentou maior produção de biomassa com valor máximo de 7g.L-1, além de maiores atividades de inibidores de tripsina, quimotripsina e papaína, com 154 UI.mg-1, 153 UI.mg-1 e 343 UI.mg-1 de proteína, respectivamente. A condição não-agitada demonstrou maior potencial para a obtenção de proteínas, proteases totais, enzimas caseinolíticas e fibrinolíticas, com valores máximos de 433 mg.g-1 de extrato, 71 U.mL-1 de extrato, 63,62 mm2 e 50,27 mm2, respectivamente. Assim, recomenda-se o meio composto de peptona de soja, extrato de levedura e glicose na proporção 1:2:4, em condição agitada para a produção de inibidores de proteases, e a condição não-agitada para a síntese de proteases, principalmente enzimas caseinolíticas e fibrinolíticas.

Dietary supplementation of Agaricus bisporus stalk meal on growth performance, carcass and organ traits, meat quality, cecum mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts and intestinal histology in broiler chickens / Efeitos da suplementação dietética de farelo de caule de Agaricus bisporus no desempenho de crescimento, características de carcaça e órgãos, qualidade da carne, contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas cecais e histologia intestinal em frangos de corte

Effects of dietary Agaricus bisporus mixture or stalk or cap on growth performance, carcass components and some meat quality parameters, mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts, and intestinal histomorphology in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred and forty one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into 4 experimental groups with 4 replicates, each including 15 birds. Chickens were fed with basal diet (C), mushroom mixture (MM, 10 g stalk+10 g cap/kg diet), mushroom stalk (MS, 20 g/kg diet) and mushroom cap (MC, 20 g/kg diet). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.01) by dietary MS while feed intake (FI) decreased (P < 0.01) in all treatment groups compared to control. However, body weight gain (BWG) was decreased (P < 0.01) by MC inclusion. Mushroom supplemented groups had higher (P < 0.05) mesophilic aerobic bacteria in the cecum. MS inclusion increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P < 0.01) and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P < 0.05). MC increased (P < 0.01) crypt depth in the jejunum. There were no statistical differences among groups for carcass components (P > 0.05). The L* values were decreased (P < 0.01) in thigh meat but increased (P < 0.01) in breast meat by mushroom inclusion. The a* values were decreased (P < 0.01) and b* values were increased (P < 0.05) in both thigh and breast meat with mushroom addition to diet. The obtained results indicated that A. bisporus stalk meal at an inclusion level of 20 g/kg of diet had favourable effects on growth performance with higher feed efficiency, improved intestinal morphology with higher villus height and increased meat quality of broiler chickens.

Foram investigados os efeitos da mistura dietética de Agaricus bisporus ou talo ou tampa sobre o desempenho de crescimento, componentes da carcaça e alguns parâmetros de qualidade da carne, contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesofílicas e histomorfologia intestinal em frangos de corte. Duzentos e quarenta frangos de corte Ross 308 de um dia de idade foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais com quatro repetições, cada um incluindo 15 aves. Galinhas alimentadas com dieta basal (C), mistura de cogumelos (MM, 10 g caule + 10 g cap / kg de dieta), caule de cogumelo (MS, 20 g / kg dieta) e cogumelo (MC, 20 g / kg dieta). A taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR) foi melhorada (P < 0.01) por MS dietético enquanto o consumo de ração (FI) diminuiu (P < 0.01) em todos os grupos de tratamento em comparação com o controle. No entanto, o ganho de peso corporal (BWG) foi diminuído (P < 0.01) pela inclusão de MC. Os grupos suplementados com cogumelos apresentaram maiores (P < 0.05) bactérias aeróbias mesofílicas no ceco. A inclusão de MS aumentou a proporção entre a largura das vilosidades e a profundidade da cripta no jejuno (P < 0.01) e o comprimento das vilosidades no íleo (P < 0.01) e jejuno (P < 0.05). MC aumentou (P < 0.01) a profundidade de cripta no jejuno. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos nos componentes da carcaça (P > 0.05). Os valores L * diminuíram (P < 0.01) na carne da coxa, mas aumentaram (P < 0.01) na carne de peito com a inclusão de cogumelos. Os valores de a* diminuíram (P < 0.01) e os valores de b* aumentaram (P < 0.05) em ambas as coxas e peitos pela adição de cogumelos à dieta. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a farinha de colmo de A. bisporus com um nível de inclusão de 20 g / kg de dieta teve efeitos favoráveis no desempenho do crescimento com maior eficiência alimentar, melhorou a morfologia intestinal com maior comprimento de vilosidade e aumentou a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte.

Milk-clotting proteases from Pleurotus albidus: an innovative alternative for the production of Minas frescal cheese

Pleurotus albidus, a naturally growing species in the Amazon region, has been considered a promising source of milk-clotting proteases. The production of such enzymes using lignocellulosic residues is a sustainable alternative to replace mammalian rennet. The application of P. albidus milk-clotting proteases in cheese making has not yet been reported in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to characterize the milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus and use these enzymes in the production of Minas frescal cheese. For the production of coagulating proteases, the mushroom was grown in açaí seeds supplemented with rice bran (10%, w/w). The parameters affecting the production of coagulant, such as inoculum size, fermentation time, initial pH of cultivation medium and age of the inoculum were evaluated. The coagulant extract obtained under optimal production conditions was evaluated for optimal pH and temperature, pH and temperature stability, effect of ions and inhibitors. Significant production of coagulating proteases was obtained under the following conditions: inoculum size (2.5%), fermentation time (10 days), initial pH of the cultivation medium (6), and inoculum age (10 days). The coagulant exhibited significant catalytic activity in pH 5.0 at 55°C, with stability at 45°C and was completely inhibited by iodoacetic acid. The milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus were efficient for making Minas frescal cheese that presented 55.0% of moisture, 20.0% of lipids and 17.20% of protein. Pleurotus albidus is a potential source of milk-clotting proteases that can be applied in dairy industry for production of fresh Minas frescal cheese.

Milk-clotting proteases from Pleurotus albidus: an innovative alternative for the production of Minas frescal cheese

Pleurotus albidus, a naturally growing species in the Amazon region, has been considered a promising source of milk-clotting proteases. The production of such enzymes using lignocellulosic residues is a sustainable alternative to replace mammalian rennet. The application of P. albidus milk-clotting proteases in cheese making has not yet been reported in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to characterize the milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus and use these enzymes in the production of Minas frescal cheese. For the production of coagulating proteases, the mushroom was grown in açaí seeds supplemented with rice bran (10%, w/w). The parameters affecting the production of coagulant, such as inoculum size, fermentation time, initial pH of cultivation medium and age of the inoculum were evaluated. The coagulant extract obtained under optimal production conditions was evaluated for optimal pH and temperature, pH and temperature stability, effect of ions and inhibitors. Significant production of coagulating proteases was obtained under the following conditions: inoculum size (2.5%), fermentation time (10 days), initial pH of the cultivation medium (6), and inoculum age (10 days). The coagulant exhibited significant catalytic activity in pH 5.0 at 55°C, with stability at 45°C and was completely inhibited by iodoacetic acid. The milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus were efficient for making Minas frescal cheese that presented 55.0% of moisture, 20.0% of lipids and 17.20% of protein. Pleurotus albidus is a potential source of milk-clotting proteases that can be applied in dairy industry for production of fresh Minas frescal cheese.(AU)

Growth and proximate composition of Pleurotus ostreatuscultivated on green bocaiuva pulp substrates with different nitrogen sources

The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and the proximate compositionof the mycelium-based bocaiuva pulp with the edible mushroom Pleurotusostreatuson green bocaiuva flour added with different sources of nitrogen (urea, ammonium nitrate and sulfate ammonia). Growth was monitored by kinectics. At the end, the proximate composition of the best three treatments (dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and water, T1; dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate, T3; and green bocaiuva pulp/wheat bran and ammonium nitrate, T7) was determined. Ammonium nitrate was the nitrogen source that showed the greatest growth in both substrates (T3:8.33 cm and T7:7.67 cm) in relation to the other treatments (4.67 to 7.17 cm), with emphasis on the green bocaiuva pulp. The substrate with green bocaiuva pulp and water was the one that showed the highest growth (7.50 cm), which was close to the treatment with mixed substrate and ammonium nitrate (7.67 cm). The treatment with the green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate (T3) was highlighted due to its significant increase in proteins (9.42 g 100 g-1) and fibers (5.21 g 100 g-1), and decrease in carbohydrates (9.52 g 100 g-1), in comparison to the other treatments T7 (8.94, 2.16, and 5.99 g 100 g-1, respectively) and T1 (2.78, 4.33, and 2.28 g 100 g-1, respectively). The product obtained from the growth of P. ostreatusin green bocaiuva pulp presents promising perspectives to be utilized as raw material for the development of new food products with added nutritional value.

Growth and proximate composition of Pleurotus ostreatuscultivated on green bocaiuva pulp substrates with different nitrogen sources

The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and the proximate compositionof the mycelium-based bocaiuva pulp with the edible mushroom Pleurotusostreatuson green bocaiuva flour added with different sources of nitrogen (urea, ammonium nitrate and sulfate ammonia). Growth was monitored by kinectics. At the end, the proximate composition of the best three treatments (dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and water, T1; dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate, T3; and green bocaiuva pulp/wheat bran and ammonium nitrate, T7) was determined. Ammonium nitrate was the nitrogen source that showed the greatest growth in both substrates (T3:8.33 cm and T7:7.67 cm) in relation to the other treatments (4.67 to 7.17 cm), with emphasis on the green bocaiuva pulp. The substrate with green bocaiuva pulp and water was the one that showed the highest growth (7.50 cm), which was close to the treatment with mixed substrate and ammonium nitrate (7.67 cm). The treatment with the green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate (T3) was highlighted due to its significant increase in proteins (9.42 g 100 g-1) and fibers (5.21 g 100 g-1), and decrease in carbohydrates (9.52 g 100 g-1), in comparison to the other treatments T7 (8.94, 2.16, and 5.99 g 100 g-1, respectively) and T1 (2.78, 4.33, and 2.28 g 100 g-1, respectively). The product obtained from the growth of P. ostreatusin green bocaiuva pulp presents promising perspectives to be utilized as raw material for the development of new food products with added nutritional value.(AU)

Solid-state fermentation with orange waste: optimization of Laccase production from Pleurotus pulmonarius CCB-20 and decolorization of synthetic dyes

Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that have the ability to oxidize phenolic substrates. Its biotechnological potential has been greatly explored in many areas as biotechnology industry, bioremediation of dyes, food industry and environmental microbiology. The aim of this study was maximize the laccase production by Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quélet in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using orange waste as substrate. After optimization the capability of the crude laccase to decolorize dyes was analyzed. The fermentation medium in the solid-state was optimized by applying a factorial design. After statistics optimization, laccase activity increased two times. The laccase activity appears to be correlated with the ability of crude extract to decolorize some industrial dyes. The optimized laccase was characterized with respect to optimum pH, influence of temperature and salts. Our results demonstrate that P. pulmonarius was an efficient producer of an important industrial enzyme, laccase, in a cheap solid-state system using orange waste as substrate.

Solid-state fermentation with orange waste: optimization of Laccase production from Pleurotus pulmonarius CCB-20 and decolorization of synthetic dyes

Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that have the ability to oxidize phenolic substrates. Its biotechnological potential has been greatly explored in many areas as biotechnology industry, bioremediation of dyes, food industry and environmental microbiology. The aim of this study was maximize the laccase production by Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quélet in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using orange waste as substrate. After optimization the capability of the crude laccase to decolorize dyes was analyzed. The fermentation medium in the solid-state was optimized by applying a factorial design. After statistics optimization, laccase activity increased two times. The laccase activity appears to be correlated with the ability of crude extract to decolorize some industrial dyes. The optimized laccase was characterized with respect to optimum pH, influence of temperature and salts. Our results demonstrate that P. pulmonarius was an efficient producer of an important industrial enzyme, laccase, in a cheap solid-state system using orange waste as substrate.(AU)

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in agroindustrial wastes of palm oil fruits and cocoa almonds / Eficiência biológica e valor nutricional de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais de dendê e amêndoa de cacau

The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 ­ 86.4/9.6; S2 ­ 76.8/19.2; S3 ­ 67.2/28.8; S4 ­ 57.6/38.4, and S5 ­ 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)

As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê ­ MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau ­ TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in agroindustrial wastes of palm oil fruits and cocoa almonds / Eficiência biológica e valor nutricional de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais de dendê e amêndoa de cacau

The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 ­ 86.4/9.6; S2 ­ 76.8/19.2; S3 ­ 67.2/28.8; S4 ­ 57.6/38.4, and S5 ­ 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)

As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê ­ MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau ­ TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)

Organic egg production, egg quality, calcium utilization, and digestibility in laying hens fed with mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste

The possibility of using mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW) in layer diets was explored in this study. A total of 180, 40-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to 5 groups, with 6 replications of 6 birds for each group. Layers were fed a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed on hen daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, unmarketable eggs, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and live weight among experimental groups. Haugh unit was found higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than in antibiotic fed groups. Shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk weight, yolk index, yolk weight and albumen weight were not affected (p>0.05) by feeding FVW in this study. Yolk color was found higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. The shell color was higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. Calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups respectively. Apparent nutrient retention for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. FVW at 6% level in layer ration can be used for organic eggs production which would be safe and sound for human consumption.(AU)

Organic egg production, egg quality, calcium utilization, and digestibility in laying hens fed with mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste

The possibility of using mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW) in layer diets was explored in this study. A total of 180, 40-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to 5 groups, with 6 replications of 6 birds for each group. Layers were fed a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed on hen daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, unmarketable eggs, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and live weight among experimental groups. Haugh unit was found higher (p0.05) by feeding FVW in this study. Yolk color was found higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. The shell color was higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. Calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups respectively. Apparent nutrient retention for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than in control and antibiotic groups. FVW at 6% level in layer ration can be used for organic eggs production which would be safe and sound for human consumption.

Improving Nutrition Utilization and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Through Solid-State Fermentation of Agricultural By-Products by Aureobasidium Pullulans

A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, soybean hulls and Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR), with Aureobasidium pullulans on nutrients digestibility and meat quality in broilers fed on conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 400 1-d-old Ross broilers were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens (25 birds per pen). Birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% FSHP. The broilers fed on the diet that contained fermented products had higher total tract apparent digestibility for hemicellulose than those on CON (p 0.05). Meanwhile, the birds fed on 0.5% FSHP also showed the lightest duodenum and jejunum weight among all groups. Compared with the CON, the inclusion of 1.0% FSHP in the diet significantly decreased ammonia N concentration in cecum followed by 0.5% FSHP and subsequent 0.5% FSBH group. Dietary supplementation of fermented products significantly improved WHC and increased protein content in meat as compared with the CON. Moreover, the fat content in meat decreased in the broilers that received 0.5% FSBH and 1.0% FSHP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, PESR and soybean meal, could improve the digestibility of hemicellulose and decrease the cecal ammonia N concentration; moreover, the increased WHC and protein level as well as decreased fat content in meat suggested the promising utilization of these low-cost materials as broiler feed additives.(AU)

Improving Nutrition Utilization and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Through Solid-State Fermentation of Agricultural By-Products by Aureobasidium Pullulans

A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, soybean hulls and Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR), with Aureobasidium pullulans on nutrients digestibility and meat quality in broilers fed on conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 400 1-d-old Ross broilers were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens (25 birds per pen). Birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% FSHP. The broilers fed on the diet that contained fermented products had higher total tract apparent digestibility for hemicellulose than those on CON (p 0.05). Meanwhile, the birds fed on 0.5% FSHP also showed the lightest duodenum and jejunum weight among all groups. Compared with the CON, the inclusion of 1.0% FSHP in the diet significantly decreased ammonia N concentration in cecum followed by 0.5% FSHP and subsequent 0.5% FSBH group. Dietary supplementation of fermented products significantly improved WHC and increased protein content in meat as compared with the CON. Moreover, the fat content in meat decreased in the broilers that received 0.5% FSBH and 1.0% FSHP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, PESR and soybean meal, could improve the digestibility of hemicellulose and decrease the cecal ammonia N concentration; moreover, the increased WHC and protein level as well as decreased fat content in meat suggested the promising utilization of these low-cost materials as broiler feed additives.

Haemonchus contortus: I. atividade de Pleurotus ostreatus em diferentes estádios biológicos do nematoide; II. potencial do poli (ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) no nanoencapsulamento de IgY anti-H. contortus

A produção de pequenos ruminantes representa uma das principais fontes de renda para pequenos e médios produtores em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, principalmente nas regiões nordeste e sul do Brasil. Dentre os problemas sanitários que afetam os animais, as doenças parasitárias se destacam como um dos principais fatores limitantes da produtividade e regularidade na oferta dos produtos e derivados. Dados epidemiológicos indicam que mais de 80% da carga parasitária de pequenos ruminantes é constituída pelo helminto Haemonchus contortus. Este parasito possui distribuição cosmopolita e é considerado o mais patogênico entre os nematoides gastrointestinais, pois possui hábito hematófago. A enfermidade além de causar a morte de ovinos e caprinos em casos mais graves, pode reduzir a produção e gerar custos adicionais com utilização de antiparasitários. O uso excessivo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos resultou na seleção de nematódeos multirresistentes e por consequência, a redução da eficácia dos produtos disponíveis. Dessa forma, estudos que buscam métodos de controle não químicos tornam-se indispensáveis para continuidade deste seguimento. Neste contexto, esta tese foi elaborada com os objetivos de avaliar e aprimorar diferentes alternativas no controle de H. contortus: (1) avaliar in vitro a atividade ovicida e larvicida do extrato aquoso do cogumelo Pleurotus ostreatus e em gerbils experimentalmente infectados com H. contortus; (2) analisar o potencial do polímero poli (ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) (PLGA) em diferentes proporções de ácido lático e ácido glicólico (50:50, 82:18) no nanoencapsulamento de imunoglobulinas Y anti-H. contortus na liberação in vitro e in vivo utilizando ratos Wistar. Concluímos assim, que o extrato aquoso de P. ostreatus demonstrou efeitos nematicidas em baixas concentrações contra os ovos e larvas de H. contortus in vitro, no entanto sem efeitos no teste in vivo. Da mesma forma foi demonstrado que as nanoesferas de PLGA têm a capacidade de servir como depósitos de anticorpos IgY e que as nanopartículas podem ser exploradas para a entrega de anticorpos. No entanto, em ambos os estudos são necessárias mais avaliações para verificar a resposta das formulações no hospedeiro alvo.

The production of small ruminants is one of the main sources of income for small and medium farmers in tropical and subtropical regions, mainly in the northeast and south regions of Brazil. Among the health problems that affect animals, parasitic diseases stand out as one of the main factors limiting productivity and regularity in the offer of products and derivatives. Epidemiological data indicate that more than 80% of the parasitic load of small ruminants is made up of the helminth Haemonchus contortus. This parasite has a cosmopolitan distribution and is considered the most pathogenic among gastrointestinal nematodes, as it has a bloodsucking habit. The disease in addition to causing the death of sheep and goats in more severe cases, can reduce production and generate additional costs with the use of antiparasitic agents. Due to the importance of control, the excessive and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic resulted in the selection of multi-resistant nematodes and, consequently, a reduction in the action of the available products. Thus, studies that seek non-chemical control methods are essential. Therefore, this thesis was developed with the objectives of evaluating and improving different alternatives in the control of H. contortus: (1) to evaluate in vitro the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the aqueous extract of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and in gerbils experimentally infected with H. contortus; (2) to analyse the potential of the poly (lactic acidco- glycolic acid) polymer (PLGA) in different proportions of lactic acid and glycolic acid (50:50, 82:18) in the anti-H. contortus immunoglobulin Y nanoencapsulation in vitro and in vivo release using Wistar rats. We conclude that the aqueous extract of P. ostreatus demonstrated nematocidal effects in low concentrations against eggs and larvae of H. contortus in vitro, however without effects in the in vivo test. Likewise, we demonstrate that PLGA nanospheres have the ability to serve as deposits of IgY antibodies and that nanoparticles can be exploited for the delivery of antibodies. However, in both studies, further evaluations are needed to verify the response of the formulations in the target host

AVALIAÇÃO DA TOXICIDADE AGUDA DA BIOMASSA MICELIAL DO Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. BIOACUMULADA COM LÍTIO EM RATOS

O transtorno bipolar, um distúrbio mental crônico caracterizado por episódios maníacos e/ou depressivos, afeta mais de 60 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. O tratamento é crônico e sintomático e tem como principal fármaco representante o carbonato de lítio. Porém, devido ao estreito índice terapêutico, este medicamento pode provocar muitos efeitos adversos, como hipotiroidismo, tremor muscular involuntário, polidipsia, poliúria, diarreia, dispneia, ganho de peso e rash cutâneo. Assim, o controle da absorção e biodisponibilidade do lítio é fundamental para reduzir a dose do fármaco e consequentemente atenuar seus efeitos adversos. Uma alternativa promissora para o controle destes fatores é a acumulação do medicamento em macromoléculas presentes na biomassa micelial de cogumelos que poderiam retardar a absorção do lítio ao longo do sistema digestório. Um destes cogumelos é o Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. (Basidiomycota), um dos cogumelos medicinais mais populares do mundo, que tem amplo potencial de bioacumular metais de interesse nutricional e farmacológico em seu micélio. Entretanto, previamente aos estudos pré-clínicos para comprovação da eficácia desta substância, estudos de toxicidade devem ser conduzidos. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a intensidade da toxicidade ocasionada pela administração aguda da biomassa micelial de G. lucidum bioacumulada com lítio em ratos Wistar, de acordo com o protocolo 423 da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD). Todo o protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética Envolvendo Pesquisa e Experimentação Animal da UNIPAR (protocolo nº 1006/2019). A biomassa micelial de G. lucidum foi produzida em frascos Erlenmeyer contendo meio líquido de cultivo à base de melaço de cana-de-açúcar e solução de carbonato de lítio, mantidos em cultivo por 21 dias, em estufa. Para o estudo de toxicidade, dois grupos de ratos Wistar machos de 2 meses (n = 6), foram tratados com dose única de 300 mg/kg ou 2000 mg/kg de biomassa micelial de G. lucidum bioacumulada com lítio, por gavagem. Ratos Wistar machos tratados agudamente com veículo (água deionizada) compuseram o grupo basal (n = 6). A avaliação dos sinais clínicos e peso corporal dos animais foi realizada 30 minutos, 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas e 14 dias após o tratamento. No 15º dia, após a eutanásia dos animais por aprofundamento anestésico em câmara de saturação com isoflurano, o sangue foi coletado por decapitação para investigação de parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos. Na sequência, rins, fígado, baço e coração foram coletados, pesados e processados para análises histopatológicas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no peso dos animais, sinais clínicos e parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos. Conclui-se, assim, que ratos tratados com a biomassa micelial de G. lucidum bioacumulada com lítio não apresentam sinais de toxicidade. Entretanto, estudos de toxicidade com doses repetidas devem ser conduzidos para a determinação do perfil de toxicidade desta substância.

Bipolar disorder, a chronic mental disorder characterized by manic and/or depressive episodes, affects more than 60 million people worldwide. The treatment is chronic and symptomatic, and its main representative drug is lithium carbonate. However, due to the narrow therapeutic index, this medication can cause many adverse effects, such as hypothyroidism, involuntary muscle tremor, polydipsia, polyuria, diarrhea, dyspnoea, weight gain and skin rash. Thus, controlling the absorption and bioavailability of lithium is essential to reduce the dose of the drug and consequently mitigate its adverse effects. A promising alternative for the control of these factors, is the accumulation of the drug in macromolecules present in the mycelial biomass of mushrooms that could delay the absorption of lithium throughout the digestive system. One of these mushrooms is Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. (Basidiomycota), one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms in the world, which has ample potential to accumulate metals of nutritional and pharmacological interest in its mycelium. However, prior to preclinical studies to prove the efficacy of this substance, toxicity studies must be conducted. Thus, this research evaluated the intensity of toxicity caused by the acute administration of the mycelial biomass of G. lucidum accumulated with lithium in Wistar rats, according to protocol 423 of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The entire experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee Involving Animal Research and Experimentation at UNIPAR (protocol nº 1006/2019). The mycelial biomass of G. lucidum was produced in Erlenmeyer flasks containing liquid culture medium based on sugarcane molasses and lithium carbonate solution, kept in culture for 21 days, in an oven. For the toxicity study, two groups of 2-month-old male Wistar rats (n = 6) were treated with a single dose of 300 mg/kg or 2000 mg/kg of mycelial biomass of G. lucidum accumulated with lithium, by gavage. Male Wistar rats treated acutely with vehicle (deionized water) composed the basal group (n = 6). The evaluation of clinical signs and body weight of the animals was performed 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours and 14 days after treatment. On the 15th day, after euthanizing the animals by deepening anesthetic in a saturation chamber with isoflurane, blood was collected by decapitation to investigate biochemical and hematological parameters. Then, kidneys, liver, spleen, and heart were collected, weighed, and processed for histopathological analysis. There were no significant differences in the animals' weight, clinical signs, and biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters. It is concluded, therefore, that rats treated with the mycelial biomass of G. lucidum accumulated with lithium do not show signs of toxicity. However, toxicity studies with repeated doses should be conducted to determine the toxicity profile of this substance.

Effect of agaricus blazei in the diet of broiler chickens on immunity, serum parameters and antioxidant activity / Efeito do Agaricus blazei na dieta sobre a imunidade, parâmetros séricos e ação antioxidante na carne de frangos de corte

The effect of adding Agaricus blazei to the diet of broilers on immunity, serum parameters, and antioxidant activity was evaluated. A total of 840 1-day-old chicks were used, distributed among five levels of a completely randomized design (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% A. blazei), with six replications and 28 birds per experimental unit. The weights of the thymus, spleen and cloacal bursa were not influenced (P > 0.05). Leukocytes, macrophages and nitric oxide were unaffected (P > 0.05), but at each supplementation level compared with the control, differences appeared in the percentages of eosinophils and macrophages (P 0.05) at inclusion levels of 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20%. At 28 days, the antibody titer against Newcastle disease showed a quadratic response (P 0.05) with supplementation, and from the estimated level of 0.08% the production of antibodies was stimulated; however, the same behavior was not observed (P > 0.05) at 42 days. Hypocholesterolemic effect was demonstrated (P 0.05), but the serum triglyceride concentration was not affected (P > 0.05). The antioxidant activity of mushroom showed a positive linear effect (P 0.05) on DPPH capture on day zero of meat cooling. The inclusion of A. blazei in the diet of broilers provided an immunostimulatory activity and hypocholesterolemic effect. Residual compounds with antioxidant activity were p

Avaliou-se o uso do Agaricus blazei na alimentação de frangos de corte sobre a imunidade, parâmetros séricos e a atividade antioxidante. Utilizou-se 840 pintos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, cinco níveis (0,0; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15 e 0,20%) de Agaricus blazei, seis repetições e 28 aves por unidade experimental. O peso do timo, baço e bolsa cloacal não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos experimentais (P > 0,05). Os leucócitos, macrófagos e o óxido nítrico não foram afetados pelos níveis de Agaricus blazei (P > 0,05), no entanto a porcentagem de eosinófilo e de macrófagos diferenciaram-se (P 0,05) nos níveis de 0,10, 0,15 e 0,20% em relação ao controle. Aos 28 dias, os níveis de anticorpos contra a doença de Newcastle apresentaram resposta quadrática (P 0,05) à suplementação, e a partir do nível estimado de 0,08% estimulou-se a sua produção, contudo o mesmo não ocorreu (P > 0,05) aos 42 dias. A ação hipocolesterolêmica foi comprovada (P 0,05) mas a suplementação não interferiu (P > 0,05) na concentração sérica de triglicerídeo. A atividade antioxidante do cogumelo apresentou efeito linear positivo (P 0,05) sobre o DPPH no dia 0 de refrigeração da carne. A inclusão do cogumelo proporcionou atividade imunoestimulante e hipocolesterolêmica. Observou-se a presença de compostos residuais antioxidantes, proteção tecidual d

Atividade de Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida e P. djamor em larvas e adultos de Lucilia cuprina

Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), é de distribuição mundial e possui grande importância como vetor de doenças para humanos e animais, sendo que em ovinos pode resultar na perda de lã, redução da qualidade da lã e morte. O uso de inseticidas é a forma mais aplicada para o controle desses dípteros, no entanto, com a crescente resistência do inseto aos diversos princípios ativos utilizados, esses tratamentos estão se tornando ineficazes e o impacto pelo uso excessivo desses produtos pode implicar em perdas na saúde humana, animal e desequilíbrio ambiental. Diante do exposto apresentado, estudos têm sido realizados com produtos naturais de origem vegetal, de algas e fungos no controle desses insetos. Os cogumelos do gênero Pleurotus estão distribuídos em uma ampla variedade de cores, e espécies que apresentam compostos bioativos potencialmente medicinais, com ação antiparasitária. Devido ao potencial do uso de fungos no controle de patógenos objetivou-se, neste estudo, verificar a ação do gênero Pleurotus, um cogumelo comestível, no controle da mosca Lucilia cuprina. Os efeitos de extratos aquosos (EA) dos fungos Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor e Pleurotus florida foram avaliados em larvas e adultos de Lucilia cuprina. Nos testes de imersão de larvas, o EA de P. florida foi o único que apresentou atividade larvicida contra L. cuprina, com EC50 de 11,42 mg/ml. No ensaio com moscas, onde foi realizada a técnica de borrifamento contendo 1ml de cada solução do extrato em 30 insetos adultos por concentração, todos os EA apresentaram atividade adulticida em todas as concentrações, sendo que P. ostreatus apresentou os melhores resultados, com mortalidade entre 75,86 a 100%. As análises químicas dos extratos aquosos indicaram a presença de ácido tridecanóico, ácido tetradecanóico, ácido linolelaídico, ácido 9,15 octadecadiênico e ácido oxálico no EA de P. ostreatus, de ácido tridecanóico, ácido linolelaídico, ácido undecanóico, ácido tetradecanóico, ácido oxálico em P. djamor. Nossos resultados demonstraram um importante efeito larvicida de P. florida e adulticida de todos os extratos aquosos, com destaque para P. ostreatus. No entanto, mais investigações são necessárias para estabelecer a atividade de Pleurotus sobre L. cuprina.

Lucilia cuprina, Diptera, Calliphoridae, has great importance due to being a disease vector for humans and animals, having global distribution and its infestation in sheep can result in loss and reduction of wool quality and death. The use on pesticides is the way to control these diptera, however, with the growing insect resistance to several of the active principles used, these treatments are becoming ineffective and the impact of excessive use of these products can cause loss to human and animal health and environmental imbalance. In light of this, studies have been performed using natural products from plants, algae and fungi in the control of these insects. The mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus are available in a wide variety of colors and species that present potentially medicinal bio-active compounds, with anti-parasitic action. Due to the potential of using fungi in pathogen control, this study aimed to verify the action of the Pleurotus genus, an edible mushroom, in the control of the Lucilia cuprina fly. The effects of aqueous extracts (AE) of the Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor and Pleurotus florida fungi were evaluated in Lucilia cuprina larvae and adults. In the larvae immersion tests, the P. florida AE was the only one that presented larvicide activity against L. cuprina, with EC50 of 11.42 mg/ml. In the assay with flies, where the spraying technique was applied with 1ml of each extract solution in 30 adult insects, all AE presented adulticide activity in all concentrations, P. ostreatus presenting the best results, with mortality between 75.86 and 100%. The chemical analysis of the aqueous extracts indicated the presence of tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, linolenic acid, 9,15 octadecadienoic acid and oxalic acid in the P. ostreatus AE, the presence of tridecanoic acid, linolenic acid, undecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and oxalic acid in the P. djamor AE and, in P. florida, none of these compounds was found. Our results showed an important larvicide effect of P. florida and adulticide effect of all aqueous extracts, highlighting P. ostreatus. However, more research is needed to establish the activity of Pleurotus on L. cuprina.

Serum hepatic biochemistry and electrophoretic protein profile of healthy and Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice treated with extracts of Agaricus blazei Murill / Bioquímica hepática sérica e perfil proteico eletroforético de camundongos saudáveis ou portadores do tumor de Ehrlich tratados com frações de extratos de Agaricus blazei Murril

Compounds isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill represent a group of promising natural immunomodulators for use in the treatment of neoplasms. We have evaluated the serum biochemical profile of healthy and Ehrlich tumor-bearing mice treated with different extracts of A. blazei. Total, supernatant, and polysaccharide extracts of A. blazei were obtained from suspensions (at acidic or neutral pH) kept in a water bath at 60 °C or in an ultrasonic bath at 37 °C. After oral administering the extracts to mice for 21 days, blood samples were collected for determination of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), urea, total protein, albumin, globulins, and alpha-, beta- and gamma-globulin fractions. The presence of the tumor led to a significant increase in serum CK and AST activities and in the concentrations of total globulin and the gamma-globulin fraction, and to a decrease in the albumin and alpha2-globulin levels. The polysaccharide extracts of A. blazei reduced the serum AST and ALT activities, probably due to a hepatoprotective effect. In addition, polysaccharide and supernatant extracts inhibited the tumor-induced increase in gamma-globulin levels. Thus, the supernatant and polysaccharide fractions of the extract of A. blazei have potential for use in complementary antineoplastic treatments.(AU)

Biocompostos de Agaricus blazei Murril representam imunomoduladores naturais promissores para uso no tratamento de neoplasias. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil bioquímico hepático sérico camundongos saudáveis ou portadores do tumor de Ehrlich tratados com diferentes extratos de A. blazei. Em pH ácido ou neutro e sob temperatura de extração de 60 ºC em banho-maria ou 37 ºC em banho ultrassônico foram obtidos extratos totais, de sobrenadante e de polissacarídeos de A. blazei. Após administração oral dos tratamentos para camundongos por 21 dias foram realizadas coletas de sangue e determinadas as atividades de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), creatina quinase (CK) e as concentrações de ureia, proteína total, albumina, globulinas e frações alfa, beta e gama-globulina. A presença do tumor de Ehrlich foi responsável por aumento significativo nas atividades séricas de AST e CK e das concentrações de globulinas totais e da fração gama-globulina, além de redução dos níveis de albumina e das alfa2-globulinas. Os extratos de polissacarídeos de A. blazei reduziram as atividades séricas de AST e ALT, provavelmente devido a um efeito hepatoprotetor. Além disto, extratos de polissacarídeos e sobrenadante inibiram o aumento das gama-globulinas induzido pelo tumor. Assim, as frações de polissacarídeos e sobrenadante do extrato de A. blazei apresentam bom potencial para uso complementar ao tratamento antineoplásico.(AU)

Hematological parameters of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with supplemented diet based on the mushroom Agaricus blazei / Parâmetros hematológicos de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentadas com dieta suplementada de cogumelo Agaricus blazei

Here, we tested the effect of diets with different levels of Agaricus blazei on hematological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. We used 240 pre-adult fish that were fed twice a day for ten days. Fish were assigned randomly to three treatments, with two replicates each, which had different proportions of A. blazei, as follows: T1 - 0 mg, T2 - 750 mg, and T3 - 1500 mg/kg. After the experiment, we collected blood samples from eight fish of each treatment. There was an increase of immature leukocytes and hematocrit and a decrease of thrombocytes in fish fed with A.blazei.

Foi testado o efeito de dietas com diferentes proporções de Agaricus blazei em parâmetros hematológicos de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Utilizamos 240 peixes pré-adultos, que foram alimentados duas vezes por dia durante 10 dias. Os peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos com duas réplicas cada, nos quais variamos a proporção de ração de A. blazei: T1 - 0 mg, T2 - 750 mg e T3 - 1500 mg/kg. Após o experimento, coletamos o sangue de oito peixes de cada tratamento. Houve aumento de leucócitos imaturos e hematócrito e diminuição de trombócitos circulantes em peixes que receberam a suplementação com A.blazei.