Resumo
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.
Resumo
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Própole/administração & dosagem , Galinhas/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , AntibacterianosResumo
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positivecontrol, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21,and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/química , Própole , Fitoterapia , AntibacterianosResumo
A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma zoonose de importância mundial com tríade epidemiológica complexa e de difícil controle sendo o cão o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. Casos da enfermidade em humanos costumam preceder casos caninos, sendo assim, os inquéritos soroepidemiológicos dos animais em áreas indenes representam um ferramenta essencial para realizar a vigilância epidemiológica. A primeira notificação de LV em caninos no Rio Grande do Sul ocorreu em 2009 em São Borja e desde então a doença está em expansão no estado gaúcho. O tratamento tanto em humanos como nos caninos é complexo e oneroso necessitando de pesquisas que busquem novas alternativas terapêuticas. Nesse sentido, produtos naturais são promissores, principalmente levando-se em consideração que o Brasil possui uma flora rica. Diante do exposto, foi objetivo deste trabalho realizar inquérito soroepidemiológico de cães de Pelotas e municípios limítrofes com o teste imunocroomatografico DPP® e avaliar a atividade de extratos hidroalcoólicos e óleos essenciais frente a espécies de Leishmania spp. em screening de substâncias trabalhadas pelo grupo Fitopeet. Na região Sul do RS, dentre os cães investigados sorologicamente com o DPP®, 1,29% (10/772) animais foram reagentes. As amostras positivas eram de animais coletados nos municípios de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Jaguarão e São Lourenço do Sul, todos considerados indenes para a LVC. No screening realizado, o extrato de S.terebinthifolia (EHST) e os óleos essenciais de R. officinalis (OERO) e O. majorana (OEOM) da família Lamiaceae apresentaram atividade de inibição no crescimento de L. infantum e L. braziliensis e se mostram promissores para continuação dos estudos frente as formas amastigotas.
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of worldwide importance with a complex epidemiological triad and difficult to control, with the dog being the main urban reservoir of the parasite. Cases of the disease in humans tend to precede canine cases, therefore, seroepidemiological surveys of animals in harmless areas represent an essential tool to carry out epidemiological surveillance. The first notification of VL in canines in Rio Grande do Sul occurred in 2009 in São Borja and since then the disease has been expanding in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Treatment in both humans and canines is complex and costly, requiring research that seeks new therapeutic alternatives. In this sense, natural products are promising, especially considering that Brazil has a rich flora. Given the above, the objective of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological survey of dogs in Pelotas and neighboring municipalities with the DPP® immunochromatographic test and to evaluate the activity of hydroalcoholic extracts and essential oils against species of Leishmania spp. screening substances used by the Fitopeet group. In the southern region of RS, among dogs investigated serologically with DPP®, 1.29% (10/772) animals were reactive. The positive samples were from animals collected in the municipalities of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Jaguarão and São Lourenço do Sul, all considered to be free from LVC. In the screening carried out, the extract of S.terebinthifolia (EHST) and the essential oils of R. officinalis (OERO) and O. majorana (OEOM) of the Lamiaceae family showed inhibitory activity in the growth of L. infantum and L. braziliensis and show promise for further studies in the face of amastigotes.
Resumo
Campylobacter termotolerantes relacionam-se a um grupo de patógenos que são veiculados por alimentos e atualmente são considerados como os principais patógenos de ocorrência global e com alta frequência de resistência a antimicrobianos. Pelo exposto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar biocompostos presentes em quatro extratos de própolis verde e vermelha e avaliar alternativas quanto ao potencial antimicrobiano. Foram avaliados extratos originários do Brasil, obtidos por extração convencional etanólica e extração assistida por ultrassom. Quatro culturas de coleções e vinte e cinco isolados de três espécies (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli e Campylobacter lari) compuseram o estudo. A técnica utilizada foi a de microdiluição em caldo em placa de 96 poços que permitiu analisar onze concentrações de extratos de própolis (0,01 a 100 mg/mL-1). Observou-se variabilidade para atividade antimicrobiana. Identificou-se maior viabilidade microbiana e motilidade, por microscopia óptica, nas maiores concentrações de própolis testadas. Quanto ao efeito sobre viabilidade bacteriana da própolis vermelha com relação a própolis verde, a primeira foi mais eficiente. Não foi observada diferença quanto aos métodos de extração. Conclui-se que os extratos de própolis apresentaram efeito antimicrobiano insatisfatório, bem como efeito protetor celular para altas concentrações deste estudo, independentemente do método de extração, o que pode ter conotação desejável para diagnóstico laboratorial.
Thermotolerants Campylobacter are related to a group of pathogens that are carried by food and are currently considered as the main ones of global occurrence and with high frequency of resistance to antimicrobials. From the above, the present study aimed to identify biocomposites present in four extracts of green and red propolis and to evaluate alternatives regarding the antimicrobial potential. Extracts from Brazil, obtained by conventional ethanol extraction and extraction assisted by ultrasound, were evaluated. Four cultures of collections and twenty-five isolates from three species (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari) comprised the study. The technique used was microdilution in broth in a 96-well plate, which allowed the analysis of eleven concentrations of the propolis extracts (0.01 to 100 mg / mL-1). Variability was observed for antimicrobial activity. Greater microbial viability and motility were identified by optical microscopy at the highest concentrations of propolis tested. In addition, regarding the effect on bacterial viability of red propolis in relation to green propolis, the red one showed more efficient. There was no difference in extraction methods. It is concluded that the propolis extracts had an unsatisfactory antimicrobial effect, as well as a cellular protective effect for high concentrations in this study, regardless of the extraction method, which may have a desirable connotation for laboratory diagnosis.
Resumo
Foram realizados dois experimentos para caracterizar os compostos fenólicos presentes no extrato vegetal de folhas e caules de baccharis (Baccharis dracunculifolia), sementes de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), óleo essencial da folha de cravo (Syzygium aromaticum), líquido da castanha do caju (LCC) (Anacardium occidentale) e avaliar seus efeitos sobre o desempenho animal, eficiência alimentar, digestibilidade aparente, concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) no rúmen e comportamento ingestivo de bovinos mestiços (½ Angus x ½ Nelore) terminados em confinamento. Também foi verificado a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro desses extratos vegetais e óleos essenciais sobre cepas de bactérias ruminais Gram-negativas. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais de folhas e caules de baccharis, sementes de tamarindo, óleo essencial da folha de cravo e LCC contra cinco cepas de bactérias ruminais Gram-negativas. Foram avaliados no meio de cultura contendo os extratos vegetais/óleos essenciais nas concentrações de 0,1; 0,2; 0,5 e 1,0 mg mL-1. O crescimento das bactérias foi avaliado pelo monitoramento da densidade óptica (DO 600 nm) por espectrofotometria, nos intervalos de observação de 0, 8, 12 e 24 horas de incubação a 39° C. Os extratos inibiram o crescimento da Prevotella albensis, Prevotella bryantti, Prevotella ruminicola, Treponema saccharophilum e Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens. No segundo experimento, foram testados o MIX (baccharis, tamarindo, cravo e LCC), em três diferentes doses, sendo: 2, 4 e 6 g animal dia-1 vs. o tratamento controle (sem adição de material vegetal e óleos essenciais). Foram utilizados 32 machos não castrados (½ Angus x ½ Nelore), com peso corporal médio de 418 ± 4,51 kg e idade média de 24 ± 2,0 meses, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições por tratamento. A dieta continha 30% de silagem de milho e 70% de concentrado (milho grão, glúten de milho, levedura, calcário, sal mineral e ureia). A ingestão de matéria seca e dos demais nutrientes, desempenho animal e o comportamento ingestivo não foram influenciados (P > 0,05) pela adição do MIX na dieta, mas houve efeito do MIX (P < 0,05) sobre a digestibilidade e produção de AGV. A digestibilidades da matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e matéria orgânica foram maiores quando a mistura de 2 g animal dia-1 foi incluída na dieta. A adição do MIX proporcionou aumento (P < 0,05) na concentração molar de AGV propionato e diminuição na razão acetato: propionato. Este estudo sugere que a utilização de extratos vegetais/óleos essenciais de baccharis, tamarindo, cravo e LCC podem ser uma alternativa natural ao uso de antibióticos ionóforos na alimentação de ruminantes.
Two experiments were carried out in order to characterize the phenolic compounds composition present in the plant extract of baccharis (Baccharis dracunculifolia) leaves and stems, tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed, clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil, cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) shell liquid (CNSL) and to study its effects on performance, feed efficiency, digestibility, volatile fatty acids concentrations (VFA) and ingestive behavior of crossbred bulls finished in feedlot. It was also verified the in vitro antimicrobial activity of these plant extracts and essential oils on ruminal strains of Gram-negative bacteria. The first experiment evaluated the plant extracts antimicrobial activity from plant extract of baccharis leaves and stems, tamarind seed, clove leaf essential oil, and CNSL against five strains of Gram-negative ruminal bacteria. There were evaluated in the culture medium containing the plant extracts / essential oils in the concentrations of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 e 1.0 mg L-1 . The bacteria growth was evaluated by monitoring the optical density (OD 600 nm) in spectrophotometer, in the incubations intervals of 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours of incubation at 39°C. The extracts inhibited the Prevotella albensis, Prevotella bryantti, Prevotella ruminicola, Treponema saccharophilum e Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens growth. In the second experiment, three different doses of the MIX (baccharis, tamarind, clove and CNSL) was tested, being: 2, 4 and 6 g animal day-1 vs. the control treatment (without adding plant extracts and essential oils). A total of 32 (½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore) young bulls with a mean age of 24 ± 2.0 months and a mean body weight of 418 ± 4.51 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replications per treatment. The diet had 30% corn silage and 70% concentrate (corn grain, corn gluten, yeast, limestone, mineral salt and urea). Dry matter and other nutrients intake, animal performance and intake behavior were not influenced (P > 0.05) by adding MIX to diet, but there was a MIX effect (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility and VFA production. The dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and organic matter digestibility were higher when 2 g animal day-1 MIX was included in the diet. The MIX addition provided an increase (P < 0.05) in the propionate molar concentration and a decrease in the acetate: propionate ratio. This study suggests that the use of plant extracts/ essential oils from Baccharis, tamarind, Clove and CNSL can be a natural alternative to the use of ionophore antibiotics in the ruminants feeding.
Resumo
Foram realizados dois experimentos para analisar o efeito dos compostos presentes no extrato vegetal de folhas e caules de baccharis (Baccharis dracunculifolia), sementes de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.), óleo essencial da folha de cravo (Syzygium aromaticum), líquido da castanha do caju (LCC) (Anacardium occidentale) sobre o estado oxidativo e modulação ruminal de bovinos mestiços (½ Angus vs. ½ Nelore) terminados em confinamento. No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se a atividade dos extratos vegetais de folhas e caules de baccharis, sementes de tamarindo, óleo essencial da folha de cravo e LCC sobre o status oxidativo de bovinos terminados com dietas de alto teor de grãos em confinamento. Os bovinos foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos; CONT dieta basal; MIX2 dieta basal mais 2 g/animal/d do extrato vegetal; MIX4 dieta basal mais 4 g/animal/d do extrato vegetal; MIX6 dieta basal mais 6 g/animal/d do extrato vegetal. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue em todos os animais. Os níveis dos grupos das proteínas carbonila foram baixos no plasma dos bois suplementados com o MIX. Apresentou aumento na habilidade da redução do ferro no plasma (FRAP) dos bovinos suplementados com o MIX6. Da mesma forma, os níveis das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) no plasma foram elevados nos tratamentos MIX4 e MIX6. Enquanto para o status hepático, as dietas MIX2 e MIX4 apresentaram melhor perfil que o tratamento CONT. Os resultados mostraram que a inclusão do extrato vegetal melhora o status oxidativo e também a saúde hepática dos bovinos alimentados com dietas de alto teor de grãos em confinamento. No segundo experimento foi testado o efeito do extrato vegetal (baccharis, tamarindo, cravo e LCC), tanto in vitro como in vivo sobre a população de bactérias ruminais. No experimento in vitro, nove bactérias ruminais foram submetidas a quatro concentrações diferentes do extrato vegetal sendo: 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 e 1.0 mg mL-1. No experimento in vivo, foram utilizados 32 bovinos machos não castrados (½ Angus vs. ½ Nelore), com peso corporal médio de 418 ± 4,51 kg e idade média de 24 ± 2,0 meses, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6 g de mix vegetal animal dia-1) e oito repetições por tratamento. A dieta continha 30% de silagem de milho e 70% de concentrado (milho grão, glúten de milho, levedura, calcário, sal mineral e ureia). Foi coletado o liquido ruminal de todos os animais para fazer identificação da população bacteriana. Existiu baixa densidade ótica das bactérias analisadas in vitro, principalmente nas concentrações 0.5 e 1.0 mg mL-1. Apenas a S bovis não foi afetada pelo extrato vegetal. A adição do extrato vegetal apresentou decréscimo da população de bactérias do gênero Methanobrevibacter, principalmente no tratamento com 6 g/anim/dia. Da mesma forma, houve aumento importante da bactéria Bifidobacterium ruminantium na dieta com 4 g/anim/dia. Em conclusão, o extrato vegetal pode influenciar na população bacteriana ruminal e modular o ambiente do rúmen
Two experiments were carried out to analyze the effect of the compounds present in the vegetable extract of leaves and stems of baccharis (Baccharis dracunculifolia), tamarind seeds (Tamarindus indica L.), essential oil of clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum), liquid from Brazil nut cashew (LCC) (Anacardium occidentale) on the oxidative status and ruminal modulation of crossbred cattle (½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore) bulls finished in feedlot. In the first experiment, the activity of the plant extracts of baccharis leaves and stems, tamarind seeds, essential oil of clove leaf and LCC was evaluated on oxidative status of bulls finished in feedlot and fed diets with high grain content. The bulls were distributed in four treatments; CONT - basal diet; MIX2 - basal diet plus 2 g/animal/d of plant extract; MIX4 - basal diet plus 4 g/animal/d of plant extract; MIX6 - basal diet plus 6 g/animal/d of plant extract. Blood samples were collected from all bulls. The levels of protein carbonyl groups were low in the plasma of bulls supplemented with MIX diets. There was an increase in the ability to reduce plasma iron (FRAP) in bulls supplemented with MIX6. Likewise, the levels of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) were high in plasma of bulls fed MIX4 and MIX6 diets. Concerning liver status, MIX2 and MIX4 diets showed a better profile than CONT diet. The results showed that the inclusion of the plant extract improves the oxidative status and also the liver health of bulls fed with diets of high grain content in feedlot. In the second experiment, the effect of the plant extract (baccharis, tamarind, cloves and LCC) was tested, both in vitro and in vivo on population of ruminal bacteria. In the in vitro experiment, nine ruminal bacteria were subjected to four different concentrations of the plant extract: 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 and 1.0 mg mL-1 .For In vivo experiment 32 bulls (½ Angus vs. ½ Nellore) were used, with an average body weight of 418 ± 4.51 kg and an average age of 24 ± 2.0 months, distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6 g of animal vegetable mix day-1) and eight replications per treatment. The diet had 30% corn silage and 70% concentrate (corn grain, corn gluten, yeast, limestone, mineral salt and urea). Ruminal fluid was collected from all bullsto identify the bacterial population. There was a decrease in the optical density of the bacteria analyzed in vitro, mainly at concentrations 0.5 and 1.0 mg mL-1. Only S bovis was not affected by the plant extract. The addition of the plant extract showed a decrease in the bacteria population of genus Methanobrevibacter, mainly in the treatment with 6 g/anim/day. Likewise, there was an important increase in the bacterium Bifidobacterium ruminantium in the treatment with 4 g/anim/day. In conclusion, the plant extract can influence the rumen bacterial population and modulate the rumen environment.
Resumo
Insetos, da ordem Odonata, podem ser encontrados em viveiros de aquicultura, causando grandes prejuízos. O controle desses animais vem sendo feito com uso de inseticidas químicos, entretanto essas substâncias podem causar prejuízos ao meio ambiente, sendo o uso de bioinseticidas uma saída para a sua substituição. Este trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar extratos das plantas Azandirachta indica (nim), Melia azederach (cinamomo), Momordica charantia (melão de São Caetano), no controle de Odonata e verificar sua toxicidade em alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. Para isso foram confeccionados extratos de folhas das três plantas coletadas no estado do Paraná. Esse material foi submetido à secagem, à temperatura de 40°C por 48 horas, trituradas e peneiradas até dois mm. Para obtenção dos extratos foram utilizados 21,8g desse material misturado em 125ml de solução hidroalcoólica, agitado por 24 horas, e filtrado por duas vezes. Foram realizados dois pré-ensaios para refinar as doses a serem testadas, e ao final foi realizado o ensaio definitivo de toxidade aguda. Para o ensaio de de toxicidade aguda em Odonata realizou-se diluições para cada um dos três extratos, sendo para o nim: 0; 12,0; 12,5; 13,0; 13,5; 14,0; 14,5; 15,0; 15,5; 16,0; 16,5; 17,0; 17,5 mL/L, melão de São Caetano: 0; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0; 8,5; 9,0; 9,5 e 10 mL/L, e para o cinamomo: 0; 14,0; 14,5; 15,0; 15,5; 16,0; 16,5; 17,0; 17,5; 16,0; 16,5; 17,0;17,5; 18,0; 18,5; 19,0 mL/L. Todos tratamentos tiveram 10 repetições, totalizando 130 unidades experimentais (UE) para o nim, 80 para o melão de São Caetano e 160 para o cinamomo, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo que cada UE consistia em um recipientes de vidro de 250 ml compostas de uma Odonata e 150 ml da solução. Os indivíduos foram monitorados a cada seis horas por 48 h, a cada verificação foram contabilizados os indivíduos mortos. Esse bioensaio foi repetido três vezes. Após o experimento, calculou-se as concentrações letais que provocaram mortalidade em 50% e 99% dos indivíduos em 24 e 48 horas usando o cálculo de probits. As concentrações letais para as Odonata do extrato mais eficiente foram testadas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo durante um período de 21 dias. Para isso, 80 alevinos com 2 a 3 g foram submetidos à essas concentrações. As concentrações letais de extrato de nim para as Odonata em 24 horas foram: CL50(24h)=16,62, e CL99(24h)=21,01mL/L. Para um período de 48h a CL50(48h)=14,8 e CL99(48h)=18,63mL/L. Para o extrato de cinamomo, a CL50(24h) foi de 17,6 e a CL99(24h)=21,40mL/L, para o período de 48h as concentrações letais foram CL50(48h)=16,32 e CL99(48h)=19,62mL/L. As Concentrações letais de melão de São Caetano foram: CL50(24h)=8,7; CL99(24h)=12,33; CL50(48h)=7,87 e CL99(48h)=11,35mL/L. Não foi verificada mortalidade dos alevinos durante o período do ensaio de toxicidade crônica, as brânquias dos peixes apresentaram baixo índice de lesões em concentrações mais baixas quando comparadas com as concentrações mais altas. Os três extratos, apresentaram potencial inseticida, contudo são necessárias altas concentração para provocar mortalidade nesses animais. O extrato de melão de São Caetano não apresentou toxidade aos alevinos, e diminuiu os parasitas branquiais nos peixes, no entanto causou mais lesões em concentrações altas.
Insects of the order Odonata can be found in aquaculture ponds, causing great damage. The control of these animals is performed using chemical insecticides, however these substances can cause damage to the environment, and the use of bioinsecticides is an outlet for their replacement. This work aims to use extracts of Azandirachta indica (neem), Melia azederach (chinaberry), Momordica charantia (bitter melon) plants in the control of Odonata and to verify their toxicity in Tilapia fingerlings. For this, leaf extracts of the 3 plants collected in the state of Paraná were made. This material was dried at 40 °C for 48 hours, crushed and sieved to 2 mm. To obtain the extracts, 21.8g of this material was mixed in 125ml of 70% alcohol solution, stirred for 24 hours, filtered twice. For the acute toxicity test in Odonata, dilutions were made for each of the three extracts, with neem: 0; 12.0; 12.5; 13.0; 13.5; 14.0; 14.5; 15.0; 15.5; 16.0; 16.5; 17.0; 17.5 mL /L, Bitter melon: 0; 7.0; 7.5; 8.0; 8.5; 9.0; 9.5 and 10 mL/L, and for chinaberry: 0; 14.0; 14.5; 15.0; 15.5; 16.0; 16.5; 17.0; 17.5; 16.0; 16.5; 17.0; 17.5; 18.0; 18.5; 19.0 m/ L. All treatments had 10 replications, totaling 130 experimental units for neem, 80 for Bitter melon and 160 for chinaberry, distributed in a completely randomized design, each UE consisted of a 250 ml glass container composed of one Odonata and 150 ml of the solution. Subjects were monitored every six hours for 48 h, at each check dead individuals were counted. This bioassay was repeated three times. After the experiment, lethal concentrations that caused mortality in 50% and 99% of individuals at 24 and 48 hours were calculated using the calculation of probits. Lethal concentrations for the most efficient extract Odonata were tested for Tilapia fingerlings over a period of 21 days, so 80 fingerlings with 2 to 3 g were submitted to these concentrations. Lethal concentrations of Neem extract to Odonata at for 24 hour period were: LC50 (24h) = 16.62, and LC99 (24h) = 21.01mL / L. For a period of 48h at LC50 (48h) = 14.8 and LC99 (48h) = 18.63mL / L. For cinnamom extract, LC50 (24h) was 17.6 and LC99 (24h) = 21.40mL / L, for the 48h period lethal concentrations were LC50 (48h) = 16.32 and CL99 (48h ) = 19.62mL / L. The lethal concentrations of São Caetano melon were: LC50 (24h) = 8.7; LC99 (24h) = 12.33; LC50 (48h) = 7.87 and LC99 (48h) = 11.35mL / L. No fingerling mortality was observed during the chronic toxicity test period, the fish gills had a low rate of injury at lower concentrations when compared to the highest concentrations. The three extracts showed potential insecticide, however high concentrations are necessary to cause mortality in these animals. São Caetano melon extract showed no toxicity to fingerlings, and decreased gill parasites in fish, however caused more lesions at high concentrations.
Resumo
Os aditivos sintéticos, tais como, hidroxianisole butilado (BHA), hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT), propil galato, tert-butil-hidroquinona (TBHQ) e ácido benzoico são amplamente utilizados na indústria alimentícia, bem como em dietas para animais por apresentarem atividade antioxidantes e antimicrobiana. Alguns desses aditivos, por exemplo o ácido benzoico, também podem ser usados em rações animal como potenciador zootécnico. No entanto, nos últimos anos, a utilização desses compostos sintéticos vem sendo restrita, por possíveis efeitos carcinogênicos, havendo aumento considerável na descoberta de compostos naturais com atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana para uso em alimentos ou dieta animal, com o objetivo de substituir os antioxidantes sintéticos. Por meio dos estudos realizados, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram testar compostos bioativos de origem natural, tais como de extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia e seu efeito de toxicidade em larva de Zebrafish (Danio rerio) e a associação em diferentes níveis com óleo vegetal da castanha do caju (Anacardium occidentale) e óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia (Syzygium aromaticum) sob o desempenho produtivo, efeitos antioxidantes na ração e no músculo de peixes Zebrafish. No primeiro estudo foi testado o efeito tóxico de diferentes concentrações de extrato hidroalcoólico da planta Baccharis dracunculifolia a partir de dois ensaios realizados, utilizando como modelo de análise de toxicidade, larvas de Zebrafish de oito dias pós-fecundação. No primeiro ensaio foram testadas, como tratamentos, as diluições 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640 e 1/1280 g/mL de H2O e observações em 0, 1 e 2 horas das larvas expostas ao extrato. No segundo ensaio foram testadas, como tratamento, as diluições 1/500, 1/1000, 1/2500 e 1/5000 g/mL de H2O e observações de exposição das larvas ao extrato em 0, 4, 8 e 12 horas. A partir do desenvolvimento dos dois ensaios pode-se constatar que, quando as larvas foram expostas aos extratos de B. dracunculifolia com diluições de inferiores a 1/500 g/mL, foi obtido 100 % de mortalidade logo de imediato ao contato com extrato. A exposição de larvas de Zebrafish com oito dias pós-fecundação nos diferentes níveis de diluição do extrato aquoso de B. dracunculifolia, proposto no presente estudo, demonstraram efeito tóxicos. No entanto, quando testadas as diluições a partir de 1/2500 g/mL obteve-se baixa porcentagem de mortalidade, não apresentando efeitos nocivos às larvas. No segundo estudo, avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e os efeitos antioxidantes no músculo de peixes Zebrafish alimentados com adição de diferentes níveis do extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia, óleo vegetal da castanha do caju e óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia na dieta. Os tratamentos foram Controle (CON), sem adição de compostos naturais; Controle Positivo (CON+), com adição de 50 g/kg de ração de BHT; MIX1, adição de 50 g/kg de ração de mistura com 60% de B. dracunculifolia + 39% óleo vegetal da castanha do caju + 1% óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia; MIX2, adição de 50 g/kg de ração de mistura com 70% de B. dracunculifolia, 29% óleo vegetal da castanha do caju, 1% óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia; MIX3, adição de 50 g / kg de ração de mistura com 90% de B. dracunculifolia + 9% óleo vegetal da castanha do caju + 1% óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia e MIX4, adição de 50 g/kg de ração de mistura com 99% de B. dracunculifolia + 0,9% óleo vegetal da castanha do caju + 0,1% óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-Índia. Não foi observado diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para as medidas de pH, condutividade específica da água e sólidos dissolvidos totais, exceto para quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido. O peso vivo inicial e final foram alterados (P < 0,05) pela adição de compostos naturais, mas o ganho médio diário foi menor para o MIX3. Para as análises de atividades antioxidantes das rações não houve efeito (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para o teste de DPPH, mas com o método de ABTS, os tratamentos CON e CON+ apresentaram menores (P < 0,05) atividades antioxidantes. O tratamento CON+ apresentou a melhor ação antioxidante no músculo do peixe para o sequestro de radical livre DPPH, seguido pelo o tratamento o MIX4 (57,4%) e CON (55,2%). Pelo método de sequestro de radical livre ABTS, os tratamentos MIX2 e MIX4 apresentaram a melhor ação antioxidante (com 63,6 e 65,5%) de sequestro de radical livre. Em conclusão, extratos de B. dracunculifolia, óleo vegetal da castanha do caju e óleo essencial da folha do cravo-da-índia poderiam ser incorporados às dietas de Zebrafish para melhorar o poder antioxidante das dietas e do músculo dos peixes.
Synthetic additives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and benzoic acid are widely used in the food industry as well as in animal diets because they have antioxidant activity and antimicrobial. Some of these additives, for example benzoic acid, can also be used in animal feeds as a zootechnical enhancer. However, in recent years, the use of these synthetic compounds has been restricted due to possible carcinogenic effects. There has been a considerable increase in the discovery of natural compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for use in food or animal diet, with the aim of replacing synthetic antioxidants. The objective of this research was to test bioactive compounds of natural origin, such as Baccharis dracunculifolia extract and its toxicity effect on Zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) and the association at different levels with the Brazilian nut oil cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and leaf clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) under productive performance, antioxidant effects on Zebrafish fish feed and muscle. In the first study the toxic effect of different concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract of the Baccharis dracunculifolia plant was tested from two experiments using Zebrafish larvae of eight days post-fertilization as the toxicity analysis model. In the first assay, dilutions 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640 and 1/1280 g / mL H2O were tested as treatments, and observations at 0, 1, 2 hours of the larvae exposed to the extract. In the second assay, the dilutions 1/500, 1/1000, 1/2500 and 1/5000 g / mL of H2O and exposure of larvae to the extract at 0, 04, 08 and 12 hours were tested as a treatment. From the development of the two tests it can be seen that, when the larvae were exposed to extracts of B. dracunculifolia with dilutions of less than 1/500 g / mL, 100% mortality was obtained immediately upon contact with extract. The exposure of Zebrafish larvae to eight days after fertilization at the different dilution levels of the aqueous extract of B. dracunculifolia, proposed in the present study, showed toxic effects. However, when dilutions were tested from 1/2500 g / mL, a low percentage of mortality was obtained, with no harmful effects to the larvae. In the second study, the productive performance and antioxidant effects in the Zebrafish fish muscle fed with different levels of the extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia, cashew nut oil and leaf clove essential oil in the diet. The treatments were Control (CON), without addition of natural compounds; Positive Control (CON +), with addition of 50 g / kg of BHT ration; MIX1, addition of 50 g / kg mix ration with 60% B. dracunculifolia + 39% cashew nut vegetable oil + 1% clove leaf essential oil; MIX2, addition of 50 g / kg of mixing ration with 70% of B. dracunculifolia, 29% cashew vegetable oil, 1% clove leaf essential oil; MIX3, addition of 50 g / kg of mixing ration with 90% of B. dracunculifolia + 9% cashew vegetable oil + 1% clove leaf essential oil and MIX4, addition of 50 g / kg of mixing ration with 99% of B. dracunculifolia + 0.9% cashew nut vegetable oil + 0.1% clove leaf essential oil. No difference (P> 0.05) was observed between the treatments for pH, water specific conductivity and total dissolved solids, except for the amount of dissolved oxygen. Initial and final live weight were altered (P <0.05) by the addition of natural compounds, but the mean daily gain was lower for MIX3. No effect (P> 0.05) was observed for the analyzes of antioxidant activities of the diets, but with the ABTS method, the CON and CON + treatments showed lower (P <0.05) antioxidant activities. CON + treatment presented the best antioxidant action in the fish muscle for free radical sequestration DPPH, followed by treatment with MIX4 (57.4%) and CON (55.2%). By the ABTS free radical sequestration method, the MIX2 and MIX4 treatments presented the best antioxidant action (with 63.6 and 65.5%) of free radical sequestration. In conclusion, extracts of B. dracunculifolia, cashew nut vegetable oil and clove leaf essential oil could be incorporated into Zebrafish diets to improve the antioxidant power of fish diets and muscle.
Resumo
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the substitution of synthetic performance enhancers by ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) in the diet of broilers and their effects on performance, carcass yield, noble cuts, viscera and bed quality. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replicates each, totaling 24 experimental plots with 20 birds each. The experimental treatments were: negative control, without the inclusion of performance improvement and EPE-free; positive control, containing avilamycin performance enhancer; Inclusion of 0.1% of EPE and; Inclusion of 0.2% EPE. The analyzed data were submitted to analysis of variance and applied the SNK test at 5% probability. There was no effect of the inclusion of additives on feed intake and feed conversion in the periods from 1 to 7, 1 to 21, and from 1 to 42 days of age. Weight gain was lower in birds receiving feed with the inclusion of 0.1% EPE in the period from 1 to 7 days, not differing from the other treatments in the other evaluation periods. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and viscera and bed moisture were not influenced by the treatments used. The inclusion of ethanol extract from propolis as a performance enhancer up to 42 days of age provided similar results to the use of performance enhancers based on avilamycin, thus being an efficient substitute in poultry production.
Resumo
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extract of persimmon cv. Rama Forte and rosemary oily extract on the sensory characteristics and color stability of frozen beef burgers. The crude hydroethanolic extract was prepared and subjected to fractionation resulting in the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions as well as residual fraction. For the preparation of the burger samples a basic formulation was prepared and divided into parts: control, standard formulation ( 0.1% of sodium erythorbate), treatment 1 (0.5% of hydroethanolic crude extract), treatment 2 (0.7% of hydroethanolic crude extract), treatment 3 (0.5% of the residual fraction), treatment 4 (0.7% of the residual fraction ) , treatment 5 ( 0.5% of ethyl acetate fraction), Treatment 6 (0.7% of ethyl acetate fraction) and treatment 7 (0.10% of oily extract of rosemary). The beef burger samples were stored at-25 C for 14 months and subjected to sensory analysis (color, aroma, flavor, and texture) at the beginning of the experiment and the measurement of color (parameters L a*, b* and h*) every two months. The addition of the extracts did not promote changes in the sensory attributes of the beef burgers at time zero of storage. A tendency to decrease a* values and increase of the h* values of the samples of frozen beef burgers occurred over the period of storage. Samples added with ethyl acetate fractio
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extratos de caqui cv. Rama Forte e do extrato oleoso de alecrim sobre as características sensoriais e a estabilidade da cor de hambúrguer de carne bovina congelado. Para tanto foi elaborado o extrato hidroetanólico bruto que foi fracionado obtendo-se a fração hexânica, clorofórmica, de acetato de etila e a fração residual. Para o preparo das amostras de hambúrguer foi elaborada uma formulação básica que foi dividida em partes: controle, padrão (formulação adicionada de 0,1% de eritorbato de sódio), tratamento 1 (0,5% de extrato hidroetanólico bruto), tratamento 2 (0,7% de extrato hidroetanólico bruto), tratamento 3 (0,5% da fração residual), tratamento 4 (0,7% da fração residual), tratamento 5 (0,5% da fração acetato de etila), tratamento 6 (0,7% da fração acetato de etila) e tratamento 7 (0,10% de extrato oleoso de alecrim). As amostras de hambúrguer foram armazenadas a 25 ºC por 14 meses e submetidas a análise sensorial (cor, aroma, sabor e textura) no início do experimento e a determinação da cor (L*, a*, b* e h*) a cada 2 meses. A adição dos extratos não promoveu alteração dos atributos sensoriais do hambúrguer bovino no tempo zero de armazenamento. Ocorreu tendência de diminuição dos valores de a* e aumento dos valores de h* das amostras de hambúrguer congeladas ao longo do período de armazenamento. As amostras adicionadas d
Resumo
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extract of persimmon cv. Rama Forte and rosemary oily extract on the sensory characteristics and color stability of frozen beef burgers. The crude hydroethanolic extract was prepared and subjected to fractionation resulting in the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions as well as residual fraction. For the preparation of the burger samples a basic formulation was prepared and divided into parts: control, standard formulation ( 0.1% of sodium erythorbate), treatment 1 (0.5% of hydroethanolic crude extract), treatment 2 (0.7% of hydroethanolic crude extract), treatment 3 (0.5% of the residual fraction), treatment 4 (0.7% of the residual fraction ) , treatment 5 ( 0.5% of ethyl acetate fraction), Treatment 6 (0.7% of ethyl acetate fraction) and treatment 7 (0.10% of oily extract of rosemary). The beef burger samples were stored at-25 C for 14 months and subjected to sensory analysis (color, aroma, flavor, and texture) at the beginning of the experiment and the measurement of color (parameters L a*, b* and h*) every two months. The addition of the extracts did not promote changes in the sensory attributes of the beef burgers at time zero of storage. A tendency to decrease a* values and increase of the h* values of the samples of frozen beef burgers occurred over the period of storage. Samples added with ethyl acetate fractio
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extratos de caqui cv. Rama Forte e do extrato oleoso de alecrim sobre as características sensoriais e a estabilidade da cor de hambúrguer de carne bovina congelado. Para tanto foi elaborado o extrato hidroetanólico bruto que foi fracionado obtendo-se a fração hexânica, clorofórmica, de acetato de etila e a fração residual. Para o preparo das amostras de hambúrguer foi elaborada uma formulação básica que foi dividida em partes: controle, padrão (formulação adicionada de 0,1% de eritorbato de sódio), tratamento 1 (0,5% de extrato hidroetanólico bruto), tratamento 2 (0,7% de extrato hidroetanólico bruto), tratamento 3 (0,5% da fração residual), tratamento 4 (0,7% da fração residual), tratamento 5 (0,5% da fração acetato de etila), tratamento 6 (0,7% da fração acetato de etila) e tratamento 7 (0,10% de extrato oleoso de alecrim). As amostras de hambúrguer foram armazenadas a 25 ºC por 14 meses e submetidas a análise sensorial (cor, aroma, sabor e textura) no início do experimento e a determinação da cor (L*, a*, b* e h*) a cada 2 meses. A adição dos extratos não promoveu alteração dos atributos sensoriais do hambúrguer bovino no tempo zero de armazenamento. Ocorreu tendência de diminuição dos valores de a* e aumento dos valores de h* das amostras de hambúrguer congeladas ao longo do período de armazenamento. As amostras adicionadas d