Infectious diseases of neotropical primates

Neotropical primates are represented by more than 200 species and subspecies distributed in five families. Considering that some of these species are considered endangered, disease investigation in these populations is critical for conservation strategies. Therefore, an increasing number of studies and publications on this topic became available in the past few years. This review deals with infectious diseases of neotropical primates, with focus on free-ranging animals, including those caused by bacterial, viral, protozoal, metazoan, or mycotic infectious organisms, with particular emphasis on gross and microscopic lesions associated with these diseases. In addition, a few relevant unpublished cases of infection by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. were included in this review.(AU)

A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)

Organisms modulate the expression of their behaviours through environmental contexts. Several studies have suggested that the frequencies of social behaviours may differ between captive and free-living primates. In the present study, we compared the social behaviours displayed by captive and free-living groups of the bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus), describing and analysing their social behaviours. We observed through focal animal sampling 59 animals distributed in 10 social groups, analysing 191:45 h of videos of their behaviours. Captivity reduced the frequency of agonistic, but not of affiliative behaviours. Furthermore, neither group size nor sex could explain the overall variability in affiliative behaviour. We conclude that captivity has indeed an important impact only on some aspects of social behaviour, namely, on agonistic behaviours.(AU)

First report of Dipetalonema gracile in a captive Marcgrave's capuchin monkey (Sapajus flavius) in northeastern Brazil: Scientific communication / Primeira descrição de Dipetalonema gracile em macaco-prego-galego (Sapajus flavius) do nordeste do Brasil: Comunicação científica

Parasitic infections are important concern to the Wildlife Conservation Biology, particularly in endangered species. Herein, we report a parasitism by Dipetalonema gracile Rudolphi, 1809 (Spirurida, Filarioidea, Onchocercidae), in the peritoneal cavity of a captive Marcgrave's capuchin monkey (Sapajus flavius) that died at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS) of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) in the municipality of Cabedelo, state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. The necropsy revealed two filarial worms D. gracile in the abdominal cavity. Exudates, thin fibrin layers and fibrous adhesions were also present in the mesentery and spleen capsule. The mesenteric, mandibular, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were enlarged. Multiple small nodules were seen in the spleen parenchyma. Microscopic examination of the lymph nodes and spleen revealed markedly and diffuse inflammatory reaction, with edema, plasma cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes and rare multinuclear giant cells, with obliteration of the normal histological architecture of the organ. This is the first report of D. gracile parasitism in Marcgrave's capuchin monkeys, a critically endangered species. Studies of this nature significantly contribute to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of endangered species, in addition to helping to formulate conservation strategies (in situ and ex situ) and records of new hosts and new areas of occurrence of parasites.(AU)

Infecções parasitárias são uma questão importante para a Medicina e Biologia da Conservação. É descrito o parasitismo por Dipetalonema gracile Rudolphi, 1809 (Spirurida, Filarioidea, Onchocercidae) na cavidade peritoneal de um macaco-prego-galego (Sapajus flavius) que morreu no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), município de Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brasil. A necropsia revelou dois espécimes de parasitas na cavidade abdominal. Exsudatos, finas camadas de fibrina e aderências fibrosas também estavam presentes no mesentério e na cápsula do baço. Os linfonodos mesentéricos, mandibulares e traqueobrônquicos estavam aumentados. Vários pequenos nódulos foram vistos no parênquima do baço. O exame microscópico dos linfonodos e baço revelou reação inflamatória grave e difusa, com edema, células plasmáticas, eosinófilos, histiócitos, linfócitos e raras células gigantes multinucleares, com obliteração da arquitetura histológica normal do órgão. Este é o primeiro relato de parasitismo por esse nematódeo em macaco-prego-galego, uma espécie criticamente ameaçada da Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Pernambuco. Estudos dessa natureza contribuem significativamente para o conhecimento sobre a fauna parasitária de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, além de auxiliar na formulação de estratégias de conservação (in situ e ex situ) e registros de novos hospedeiros e novas áreas de ocorrência de parasitas.(AU)

Aneurisma aórtico torácico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya) / Thoracic aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)

O aneurisma é uma dilatação anormal e permanente das artérias, resultante do enfraquecimento da parede do vaso adelgaçamento da camada média e enfraquecimento da camada elástica. Em animais, a maioria dos casos de aneurisma tem origem idiopática e são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de aneurisma aórtico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto(Alouatta caraya), bem como seus aspectos patológicos. O animal era adulto, macho, pertencente ao Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP), na cidade de Ananindeua-PA, foi encaminhado para exame necroscópico para investigação da causa mortis. No histórico do animal, não constava qualquer enfermidade. O animal apresentava bom escore de condição corporal com preservação da topografia anatômica dos órgãos. Entretanto, observou-se presença de aumento de volume localizado em aorta torácica, a 1,4 cm da base do coração. Na abertura aórtica foi observado dilatações de tamanhos variados e, no interior da maior dilatação, notou-se uma estrutura de coloração vermelho escuro, aderida, de aspecto seco e superfície áspera, medindo 1,5 cm. Aneurismas aórticos em primatas não humanos não são comuns, porém já foram reportados na literatura. O diagnóstico precoce utilizando exames complementares é importante, porém, ainda há recursos não empregados na rotina veterinária tornando ainda mais difícil o diagnóstico e prevenção. Por isso, na medicina veterinária, os aneurismas são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. Com base nos achados anatomopatológicos, concluiu-se que o animal veio a óbito por trombose associada a aneurisma aórtico.

An aneurysm is an abnormal and permanent dilation of the arteries, resulting from the weakening of the vessel wall.thinning of the middle layer and weakening of the elastic layer. In animals, most cases of aneurysm are idiopathic. This paper aimed to report a case of aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in a black-and-gold howler monkey(Alouatta caraya), as well as its pathological aspects. The animal was an adult, male, belonging to the National Primate Center (CENP), in the city of Ananindeua-PA, that was referred for necroscopic examination to investigate the causa mortis. In the animal's history, there was no disease. The animal had a good body condition score with preservation of the anatomical topography of the organs. However, there was an increase in volume located in the thoracic aorta, 1.4 cm from the base of the heart. In the aortic opening, dilations of different sizes were observed, and inside the largest dilatation, a structure of dark red color, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm was noted in addition to dilations of different sizes. Inside the largest cavitation, a dark red structure was observed, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm. Aortic aneurysms in non-human primates are incommon, but have been reported in the literature. Early diagnosis using complementary exams is important, however, there are still resources not used in the veterinary routine, making diagnosis and prevention even more difficult. Therefore, in veterinary medicine, aneurysms are accidentally detected during necropsy. Based on the anatomopathological findings, it was concluded that the animal died due to thrombosis associated with an aortic aneurysm.

Toxoplasmosis in black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara) / Toxoplasmose em mico-leão-de-cara-preta (Leontopithecus caissara)

Neotropical primates are susceptible to several parasitic diseases, the most relevant of which is toxoplasmosis. The black-faced lion tamarin is one of the most endangered callitrichid, with no more than 400 individuals in the wild. A young specimen of black-faced lion tamarin died acutely after being rescued and sent to the Sorocaba Zoological Park. This is the first report of acute fatal toxoplasmosis in L. caissara in Brazil.

Os primatas neotropicais são suscetíveis a inúmeras enfermidades parasitárias, sendo a mais relevante a toxoplasmose. O mico-leão-de-cara-preta é um dos calitriquídeos mais ameaçados no mundo, com aproximadamente 400 indivíduos em estado selvagem. Um exemplar de mico-leão-de-cara-preta, jovem veio à óbito de forma aguda após ser resgatado e enviado ao Zoológico do interior de São Paulo. Este é o primeiro relato de toxoplasmose aguda fatal em L. caissara no mundo.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma spp. in Neotropical primates from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil / Detecção molecular e análise filogenética de Trypanosoma spp. em primatas neotropicais do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Trypanosoma spp. infection is a problem in many tropical countries, infecting several animal species, including humans. The aim of the present study was to identify the Trypanosoma species in Neotropical primates from Rio de Janeiro state and compare the results with other reports both phylogenetically and geographically. Molecular detection was based on the 18 SSU gene. The sequences obtained in the PCR were sequenced and compared with others previously deposited in GenBank. These sequences were used to perform phylogenetic analysis and make a distribution map of primate species infected by Trypanosoma species in Brazil. Among 34 monkeys, five capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) and one marmoset (Callithrix spp.) showed Trypanosoma spp. sequences in the same clade of Trypanosoma minasense and three capuchin monkeys' sequences were in the same clade of Trypanosoma cruzi. The Atlantic Forest and the Brazilian Amazon are the regions with the highest frequency of studies about Trypanosoma spp. and variety of Neotropical primate hosts. These are areas that deserve attention regarding the conservation of biodiversity, but it also makes evident the lack of studies with Neotropical primates in other regions of the country, as well as multidisciplinary studies to better understand the host pathogen relationships.

A infecção por Trypanosoma spp. é um problema em muitos países tropicais, infectando várias espécies animais, incluindo humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as espécies de Trypanosoma em primatas neotropicais no estado Rio de Janeiro e comparar os resultados com outros relatos, tanto filogeneticamente quando geograficamente. A detecção molecular foi baseada no gene SSU 18. As sequências obtidas na PCR foram sequenciadas e comparadas com outras previamente depositadas no GenBank. Essas sequências foram utilizadas para análises filogenéticas e confeccionar um mapa de distribuição de espécies de primatas infectadas por espécies de Trypanosoma no Brasil. Entre 34 macacos, cinco macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) e um sagui (Callithrix spp.) apresentaram sequências de Trypanosoma spp. no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma minasense e três sequências de macacos-prego estavam no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma cruzi. A Mata Atlântica e a Amazônia brasileira são as regiões com maior frequência de estudos sobre Trypanosoma spp. e variedade de primatas neotropicais hospedeiros. São áreas que merecem atenção no que se refere à conservação da biodiversidade, mas também evidencia a carência de estudos com PNH em outras regiões do país e de estudos multidisciplinares para melhor compreender as relações do patógeno hospedeiro.

Estudo preliminar da morfometria da cabeça espermática do macaco-de-cheiro de vida livre / Preliminary study of the spermatic head morphometry of free living Ecuadorian Squirrel Monkey

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the head morphometry of normal and pathological sperm from Saimiri macrodon. In the morphological analysis, 39% of the sperm had normal morphology, and 61% had major or minor defects, with pathology in the tails being the most frequent with 47% (38% curled tail, 7% folded tail and 2% strongly folded tail). Among the evaluated head morphometry parameters, area (A), width (L) and ellipticity (E) showed statistical difference (p>0.05) between normal and pathological sperm. The average head area and width was lower in normal sperm (p=0,01 e p=0,04, respectively), and the mean ellipticity was higher (p=0,038), when compared to pathological sperm. This definition of the sperm morphometric parameters of S. macrodon is important for the samples selection destined to reproduction biotechnologies and for the clarification of taxonomic and evolutionary issues in the genus Saimiri.

Activity budget and social behavior of urban capuchin monkeys, Sapajus sp. (Primates: Cebidae)

Constant changes in natural environments impose challenges to wild animal populations, especially those that depend on social life. We gathered data on the activity budget and social interactions of a capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp.) group of 17 individuals confined to an urban green area receiving human food supplementation. We observed the capuchins between 7:00 am and 5:00 pm, three days a month, between January 2012 and June 2013 (total of 530 hours of direct observations). We collected 15,208 behavioral records through instantaneous scan sampling and 2,538 events of social interaction in an adapted version of the “all occurrences” method. Activity budget of capuchins was dominated by traveling (42%) and foraging (38%), followed by feeding (10%), social interactions (5%), resting (4%), and others (2%). Except for feeding, the time spent on other activities varied across sex-age classes. Social interactions of capuchins were dominated by affiliative interactions (80%), mainly social play, followed by agonistic (11%) and cooperative (10%) interactions. Sexual interactions were rare (0.4%) and often involved juveniles (45% of the events). Juveniles performed most of the social interactions, followed by the alpha male, and were the main receptors of grooming, food sharing, and agonism. On the other hand, they were the main group involved in allocarrying of infants. Grooming between females and from them to alpha male was infrequent. However, grooming of the alpha male towards the adult females was frequent. We interpreted the deviations in the activity budget and social interactions of the urban capuchins as effects of human food supplementation and restriction on dispersal, illustrating the behavioral ability of capuchin monkeys to adjust their activity in human-altered environments.

Hepatic myelolipomas in Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) kept in captivity

Myelolipoma is an unusual benign neoplasm in veterinary medicine. This work intended to report the occurrence of hepatic myelolipomas in Neotropical primates of the Callimico goeldii species kept in captivity. These cases were diagnosed during necropsy in a survey on liver neoplasms in the period of 2004 to 2008. Two cases were found in adult male, and two in adult female animals. The diagnoses were obtained through data analysis of necropsy records, pathological examination of the cases, and histological confirmation. Three (75%) of the animals showed clinical signs of progressive weight loss, and two (50%) of them exhibited regional abdominal bloating. The livers had protrusions of pale yellow color on the surface of all lobes. Histologically, the tumors were formed by mature myeloid tissue with high hematopoietic cellularity, represented by the megakaryocytes and meroblastic cells and immature erythroblasts. We conclude that non-human primates of the Callimico goeldii species might have predisposition for liver myelolipoma, which are neoplasms that can lead to the failure and destruction of this organ.

Activity budget and social behavior of urban capuchin monkeys, Sapajus sp. (Primates: Cebidae)

Constant changes in natural environments impose challenges to wild animal populations, especially those that depend on social life. We gathered data on the activity budget and social interactions of a capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp.) group of 17 individuals confined to an urban green area receiving human food supplementation. We observed the capuchins between 7:00 am and 5:00 pm, three days a month, between January 2012 and June 2013 (total of 530 hours of direct observations). We collected 15,208 behavioral records through instantaneous scan sampling and 2,538 events of social interaction in an adapted version of the “all occurrences” method. Activity budget of capuchins was dominated by traveling (42%) and foraging (38%), followed by feeding (10%), social interactions (5%), resting (4%), and others (2%). Except for feeding, the time spent on other activities varied across sex-age classes. Social interactions of capuchins were dominated by affiliative interactions (80%), mainly social play, followed by agonistic (11%) and cooperative (10%) interactions. Sexual interactions were rare (0.4%) and often involved juveniles (45% of the events). Juveniles performed most of the social interactions, followed by the alpha male, and were the main receptors of grooming, food sharing, and agonism. On the other hand, they were the main group involved in allocarrying of infants. Grooming between females and from them to alpha male was infrequent. However, grooming of the alpha male towards the adult females was frequent. We interpreted the deviations in the activity budget and social interactions of the urban capuchins as effects of human food supplementation and restriction on dispersal, illustrating the behavioral ability of capuchin monkeys to adjust their activity in human-altered environments.(AU)

Hepatic myelolipomas in Callimico goeldii (Thomas, 1904) kept in captivity

Myelolipoma is an unusual benign neoplasm in veterinary medicine. This work intended to report the occurrence of hepatic myelolipomas in Neotropical primates of the Callimico goeldii species kept in captivity. These cases were diagnosed during necropsy in a survey on liver neoplasms in the period of 2004 to 2008. Two cases were found in adult male, and two in adult female animals. The diagnoses were obtained through data analysis of necropsy records, pathological examination of the cases, and histological confirmation. Three (75%) of the animals showed clinical signs of progressive weight loss, and two (50%) of them exhibited regional abdominal bloating. The livers had protrusions of pale yellow color on the surface of all lobes. Histologically, the tumors were formed by mature myeloid tissue with high hematopoietic cellularity, represented by the megakaryocytes and meroblastic cells and immature erythroblasts. We conclude that non-human primates of the Callimico goeldii species might have predisposition for liver myelolipoma, which are neoplasms that can lead to the failure and destruction of this organ.(AU)

Ultrasound monitoring of the uterus and ovaries of dominant and subordinate females of yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) in captive colonies during the ovarian cycle and anestrus periods / Acompanhamento ultrassonográfico do útero e ovários de fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de macacos-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e macacos-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) em colônias cativas, durante o ciclo ovariano e períodos de anestro

The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P<0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P<0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P<0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P<0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P<0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P<0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P<0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.(AU)

O macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e o macaco-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) encontram-se em risco de extinção devido a destruição do seu habitat e a caça predatória. Porém, ainda necessita-se elucidar alguns detalhes de sua fisiologia reprodutiva, para obterem-se melhores índices por meio de reprodução assistida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ciclo ovariano de 13 fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de S. xanthosternos (n=8) e S. robustus (n=5) por meio de cortes ultrassonográficos sagitais e transversais do útero e dos ovários. Estas fêmeas foram examinadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses. A fase do ciclo ovariano/anestro foi confirmada pela colpocitologia. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstrou diferença significativa (P<0,05) relacionada ao diâmetro crânio-caudal, diâmetro dorso-ventral e diâmetro transversal entre as fêmeas subordinadas em anestro com todas as outras fases do ciclo ovariano e classes sociais. A média do volume uterino foi maior nas fêmeas dominantes que nas subordinadas em todas as fases do ciclo (P<0,05) a exceção da fase folicular. A largura endometrial, durante o período de anestro, foi menor nas fêmeas subordinadas quando comparada às dominantes (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas subordinadas, houve diferenças (P<0,05) nas mensurações endometriais entre o período de anestro e das fases folicular e lútea. Quanto aos ovários, as médias das medidas observadas nas fêmeas dominantes foram superiores as das subordinadas durante o anestro (P<0,05). As médias das medidas das variáveis ovarianas das fêmeas subordinadas apresentaram diferenças entre o anestro e as fases folicular e lútea (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas dominantes o volume do ovário direito foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo durante o anestro e na fase folicular (P<0,05). Folículos e corpos lúteos foram diferenciados pela ultrassonografia na maioria das coletas (86,11%). Durante o anestro não foram observadas estruturas ovarianas mensuráveis nos ovários em ambas as classes sociais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia empregada neste estudo permitiu o acompanhamento do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas S. xanthosternos e S. robustus e que as fases do ciclo/anestro e a classe social das fêmeas influenciaram as medidas do útero e ovários.(AU)

Ultrasound monitoring of the uterus and ovaries of dominant and subordinate females of yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) in captive colonies during the ovarian cycle and anestrus periods / Acompanhamento ultrassonográfico do útero e ovários de fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de macacos-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e macacos-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) em colônias cativas, durante o ciclo ovariano e períodos de anestro

The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P<0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P<0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P<0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P<0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P<0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P<0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P<0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.(AU)

O macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e o macaco-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) encontram-se em risco de extinção devido a destruição do seu habitat e a caça predatória. Porém, ainda necessita-se elucidar alguns detalhes de sua fisiologia reprodutiva, para obterem-se melhores índices por meio de reprodução assistida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ciclo ovariano de 13 fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de S. xanthosternos (n=8) e S. robustus (n=5) por meio de cortes ultrassonográficos sagitais e transversais do útero e dos ovários. Estas fêmeas foram examinadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses. A fase do ciclo ovariano/anestro foi confirmada pela colpocitologia. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstrou diferença significativa (P<0,05) relacionada ao diâmetro crânio-caudal, diâmetro dorso-ventral e diâmetro transversal entre as fêmeas subordinadas em anestro com todas as outras fases do ciclo ovariano e classes sociais. A média do volume uterino foi maior nas fêmeas dominantes que nas subordinadas em todas as fases do ciclo (P<0,05) a exceção da fase folicular. A largura endometrial, durante o período de anestro, foi menor nas fêmeas subordinadas quando comparada às dominantes (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas subordinadas, houve diferenças (P<0,05) nas mensurações endometriais entre o período de anestro e das fases folicular e lútea. Quanto aos ovários, as médias das medidas observadas nas fêmeas dominantes foram superiores as das subordinadas durante o anestro (P<0,05). As médias das medidas das variáveis ovarianas das fêmeas subordinadas apresentaram diferenças entre o anestro e as fases folicular e lútea (P<0,05). Nas fêmeas dominantes o volume do ovário direito foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo durante o anestro e na fase folicular (P<0,05). Folículos e corpos lúteos foram diferenciados pela ultrassonografia na maioria das coletas (86,11%). Durante o anestro não foram observadas estruturas ovarianas mensuráveis nos ovários em ambas as classes sociais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia empregada neste estudo permitiu o acompanhamento do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas S. xanthosternos e S. robustus e que as fases do ciclo/anestro e a classe social das fêmeas influenciaram as medidas do útero e ovários.(AU)

Ultrasound monitoring of the uterus and ovaries of dominant and subordinate females of yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) in captive colonies during the ovarian cycle and anestrus periods

ABSTRACT: The yellow-breasted capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos) and robust tufted capuchin (Sapajus robustus) are endangered species due to destruction of their natural habitat and predatory chase. However, it is still necessary to elucidate some details of their reproductive physiology in order to obtain better indices in the assisted reproduction of these species. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian cycle of 13 dominant and subordinate females of S. xanthosternos (n=8) and S. robustus (n=5) using sagittal and transversally scanned ultrasound of their uterus and ovaries. Sonograms were performed every seven days for two months. The ovarian cycle phase and anestrous condition were confirmed by colpocytology. Our results showed different uterine parameters (craniocaudal diameter, dorso-ventral diameter, and transverse diameter) (P 0.05) between anestrous subordinate females and other ovarian cycle phases and social classes. The mean of uterine volume was higher in dominant females than subordinate females in all cycle phases (P 0.05), except in follicular phase. During anestrus, endometrial width was smaller in subordinate females than in dominant females (P 0.05). Subordinate females showed differences in endometrial measures (P 0.05) between anestrous period and follicular and luteal periods. Ovarian measures in dominant females were higher than in subordinate females only during anestrus (P 0.05). In the subordinate females, ovarian parameters were different (P 0.05) between anestrus and follicular and luteal phases. Dominant females showed higher volume of right ovary compared to volume of the left ovary during anestrus and follicular phase (P 0.05). Follicles and corpus luteum were distinguished by ultrasonography in most exams (86.11%). During anestrus, measurable ovarian structures were not observed in both ovaries in dominant and subordinate females. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study allowed to evaluate the ovarian cycle in S. xanthosternos e S. robustus females and that cycle phase/anestrus and social class of the female influenced the size of the uterus and ovaries.

RESUMO: O macaco-prego-do-peito-amarelo (Sapajus xanthosternos) e o macaco-prego-de-crista (Sapajus robustus) encontram-se em risco de extinção devido a destruição do seu habitat e a caça predatória. Porém, ainda necessita-se elucidar alguns detalhes de sua fisiologia reprodutiva, para obterem-se melhores índices por meio de reprodução assistida. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o ciclo ovariano de 13 fêmeas dominantes e subordinadas de S. xanthosternos (n=8) e S. robustus (n=5) por meio de cortes ultrassonográficos sagitais e transversais do útero e dos ovários. Estas fêmeas foram examinadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses. A fase do ciclo ovariano/anestro foi confirmada pela colpocitologia. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstrou diferença significativa (P 0,05) relacionada ao diâmetro crânio-caudal, diâmetro dorso-ventral e diâmetro transversal entre as fêmeas subordinadas em anestro com todas as outras fases do ciclo ovariano e classes sociais. A média do volume uterino foi maior nas fêmeas dominantes que nas subordinadas em todas as fases do ciclo (P 0,05) a exceção da fase folicular. A largura endometrial, durante o período de anestro, foi menor nas fêmeas subordinadas quando comparada às dominantes (P 0,05). Nas fêmeas subordinadas, houve diferenças (P 0,05) nas mensurações endometriais entre o período de anestro e das fases folicular e lútea. Quanto aos ovários, as médias das medidas observadas nas fêmeas dominantes foram superiores as das subordinadas durante o anestro (P 0,05). As médias das medidas das variáveis ovarianas das fêmeas subordinadas apresentaram diferenças entre o anestro e as fases folicular e lútea (P 0,05). Nas fêmeas dominantes o volume do ovário direito foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo durante o anestro e na fase folicular (P 0,05). Folículos e corpos lúteos foram diferenciados pela ultrassonografia na maioria das coletas (86,11%). Durante o anestro não foram observadas estruturas ovarianas mensuráveis nos ovários em ambas as classes sociais. Concluiu-se que a metodologia empregada neste estudo permitiu o acompanhamento do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas S. xanthosternos e S. robustus e que as fases do ciclo/anestro e a classe social das fêmeas influenciaram as medidas do útero e ovários.

Pathological and parasitological characterization of Prosthenorchis elegans in a free-ranging marmoset Callithrix geofroyi from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest / Caracterização patológica e parasitológica de Prosthenorchis elegans em Callithrix geoffroyi primate de vida livre da Mata Atlântica

Prosthenorchis elegans is an acanthocephalan intestinal parasite reported in neotropical primates. Despite parasitism by P. elegans having already been described in wild marmosets in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, there are no reports of this infection in wild Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geofroyi). The aim of this study is to report one case of P. elegans parasitism in a free-ranging C. geoffroyi from Brazilian Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo state, and characterize the pathological and parasitological findings of this infection. One Geoffroy's marmoset necropsied at the Vila Velha University's Veterinary Pathology Laboratory presented intense chronic transmural ulcerative enteritis associated with twenty cylindrical helminths present in the jejunum and ileum. We can conclude that parasitism by P. elegans occurs in free-ranging groups of Geoffroy's marmosets. Its infection produced severe intestinal lesions even in free-ranging marmoset and therefore is a threat to this animal's survival in wildlife and can have some impact on primate conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.(AU)

Prosthenorchis elegans é um acantocéfalo intestinal descrito em primatas neotropicais. Apesar do parasitismo por P. elegans já ter sido descrito de saguis da Mata Atlântica brasileira, não há relatos da infecção em saguis-da-cara-branca (Callithrix geofroyi) de vida livre. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de parasitismo por P. elegans em um C. geoffroyi de vida livre proveniente da Mata Atlântica brasileira no Estado do Espírito Santo e caracterizar os achados patológicos e parasitológicos dessa infecção. Um sagui-da-cara-branca foi necropsiado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Vila Velha, onde foi observada intensa enterite ulcerativa transmural crônica associada a vinte helmintos cilíndricos presentes no jejuno e íleo. Conclui-se que o parasitismo por P. elegans ocorre em grupos livres de saguis-da-cara-branca e a sua infecção leva a lesões intestinais graves; portanto, este parasita pode prejudicar a sobrevivência deste animal na vida selvagem e pode ter algum impacto na conservação de primatas na Mata Atlântica brasileira.(AU)

Contribuições da biotecnologia da reprodução sobre os desafios na manipulação do semên de primatas do gênero Saimiri / Reproductive biotechnology contributions on the challenges of semen manipulation in primates of the Saimiri genus

Algumas espécies de primatas do gênero Saimiri estão classificadas como vulneráveis ou quaseameaçadas. Diante desta realidade, é necessária a aplicação de alternativas para a conservação ex situ (emcativeiro) desses primatas, sobretudo o desenvolvimento de biotécnicas voltadas para a reprodução. Desta forma,o presente trabalho objetivou compilar informações, em linhas gerais, a respeito dos desafios, avanços eperspectivas em relação às pesquisas desenvolvidas no tocante à biotecnologia da reprodução em machos do gênero Saimiri.(AU)

Some species of Saimiri primates are classified as vulnerable or near threatened with extinction. Facingthis reality, it is necessary to apply alternatives for the ex situ conservation (in captivity) of these primates,especially the development of biotechniques of reproduction. In this way, the present study aimed to compileinformation, in general terms, regarding the challenges, advances and perspectives in relation to the researchesdeveloped regarding the biotechnology of reproduction in males of the genus Saimiri.(AU)

Pathological and parasitological characterization of Prosthenorchis elegans in a free-ranging marmoset Callithrix geofroyi from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest / Caracterização patológica e parasitológica de Prosthenorchis elegans em Callithrix geoffroyi primate de vida livre da Mata Atlântica

Prosthenorchis elegans is an acanthocephalan intestinal parasite reported in neotropical primates. Despite parasitism by P. elegans having already been described in wild marmosets in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, there are no reports of this infection in wild Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geofroyi). The aim of this study is to report one case of P. elegans parasitism in a free-ranging C. geoffroyi from Brazilian Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo state, and characterize the pathological and parasitological findings of this infection. One Geoffroy's marmoset necropsied at the Vila Velha University's Veterinary Pathology Laboratory presented intense chronic transmural ulcerative enteritis associated with twenty cylindrical helminths present in the jejunum and ileum. We can conclude that parasitism by P. elegans occurs in free-ranging groups of Geoffroy's marmosets. Its infection produced severe intestinal lesions even in free-ranging marmoset and therefore is a threat to this animal's survival in wildlife and can have some impact on primate conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.(AU)

Prosthenorchis elegans é um acantocéfalo intestinal descrito em primatas neotropicais. Apesar do parasitismo por P. elegans já ter sido descrito de saguis da Mata Atlântica brasileira, não há relatos da infecção em saguis-da-cara-branca (Callithrix geofroyi) de vida livre. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de parasitismo por P. elegans em um C. geoffroyi de vida livre proveniente da Mata Atlântica brasileira no Estado do Espírito Santo e caracterizar os achados patológicos e parasitológicos dessa infecção. Um sagui-da-cara-branca foi necropsiado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Vila Velha, onde foi observada intensa enterite ulcerativa transmural crônica associada a vinte helmintos cilíndricos presentes no jejuno e íleo. Conclui-se que o parasitismo por P. elegans ocorre em grupos livres de saguis-da-cara-branca e a sua infecção leva a lesões intestinais graves; portanto, este parasita pode prejudicar a sobrevivência deste animal na vida selvagem e pode ter algum impacto na conservação de primatas na Mata Atlântica brasileira.(AU)

Contribuições da biotecnologia da reprodução sobre os desafios na manipulação do semên de primatas do gênero Saimiri / Reproductive biotechnology contributions on the challenges of semen manipulation in primates of the Saimiri genus

Algumas espécies de primatas do gênero Saimiri estão classificadas como vulneráveis ou quaseameaçadas. Diante desta realidade, é necessária a aplicação de alternativas para a conservação ex situ (emcativeiro) desses primatas, sobretudo o desenvolvimento de biotécnicas voltadas para a reprodução. Desta forma,o presente trabalho objetivou compilar informações, em linhas gerais, a respeito dos desafios, avanços eperspectivas em relação às pesquisas desenvolvidas no tocante à biotecnologia da reprodução em machos do gênero Saimiri.

Some species of Saimiri primates are classified as vulnerable or near threatened with extinction. Facingthis reality, it is necessary to apply alternatives for the ex situ conservation (in captivity) of these primates,especially the development of biotechniques of reproduction. In this way, the present study aimed to compileinformation, in general terms, regarding the challenges, advances and perspectives in relation to the researchesdeveloped regarding the biotechnology of reproduction in males of the genus Saimiri.

INFLUNCIA DA IDADE SOB OS NVEIS PLASMTICOS DE ESTERIDES SEXUAIS (E2 E T) E SUA RELAO COM A QUALIDADE SEMINAL EM MACACOS-DE-CHEIRO (Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1966)

O macaco-de-cheiro (Saimiri collinsi) um primata neotropical endmico da Amaznia brasileira. Recentemente, essa espcie vem sendo adotada como modelo experimental biolgico para pesquisas voltadas para fisiologia e tcnicas de reproduo assistida, com o intuito de contribuir para a conservao gentica de primatas neotropicais. Para melhor compreenso da fisiologia reprodutiva do gnero Saimiri, esse estudo teve como objetivos: (i) verificar a qualidade seminal de acordo com idade de macaco-de-cheiro (S. collinsi), (ii) analisar os nveis plasmticos de testosterona e estradiol em relao idade em macaco-de-cheiro (S. collinsi) e (iii) Verificar a correlao dos nveis plasmticos de testosterona e estradiol com a qualidade seminal conforme a idade de macaco-de-cheiro (S. collinsi). O grupo experimental foi composto por 7 machos adultos de S. collinsi, sendo 4 animais com 5-6 anos de idade e 3 animais com 15-16 anos de idade. As coletas de sangue para dosagens hormonais (Testosterona/Estradiol) e mensuraes de ndice de massa corporal e volume testicular, foram realizadas durante 12 meses. O smen foi colhido por eletroejaculao, foram avaliadas imediatamente quanto aos parmetros bsicos de qualidade seminal. As dosagens hormonais foram realizadas pelo mtodo de eletroquimioluminescncia amplificada. Os dados foram checados quanto normalidade pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov e esto representados em mdia + DP, os dados no paramtricos foram comparados pelo teste Mann-Whitney, as correlaes foram analisadas pela correlao Spearman para os dados no paramtricos, sido realizado anlise de regresso linear para a relao T/E. Os resultados so considerados significativos quando P < ou = 0,05. As anlises seminais apresentaram diferenas significativas em relao idade em alguns parmetros, animais mais novos (5-6 anos de idade) apresentaram menor volume seminal, maior concentrao espermtica, maior nmero de espermatozoides com membranas funcionais, maior nmero de espermatozides normais e menor nmero de defeitos maiores em relao a animais mais velhos (15-16 anos de idade). Nveis plasmticos de T nos animais mais novos apresentaram nveis 275.29 28.03 ng/ml e 15-16 anos nveis de 171.06 39.62, apresentando diferena estatstica (p= 0.031), nveis plasmticos de estradiol no apresentaram diferena significativa entre os grupos. A T mostrou correlao positiva significativa nos animais mais novos com volume testicular (r = 0.437; p= 0.012) e nos parmetros seminais de motilidade (r = 0.393; p= 0.0320 e vigor (r = 0.411; p= 0.024), nos animais mais velhos apresentou correlao positiva com volume seminal (0.050), correlao negativa nos parmetros seminais de funcionalidade da membrana plasmtica (r = -0.523; p= 0.031) e defeitos maiores em espermatozoides (r = -0.575; p= 0.013). O E2 no grupo mais novo apresentou correlao positiva com volume testicular (r = 0.579; p= 0.001) e negativa para pH (r = -0.393; p= 0.038) e concentrao espermtica (r = -0.394; p= 0.031), no grupo mais velho apresentou correlao negativa significativa para defeitos maiores em espermatozoides (r = -0.584; p= 0.011) e pH (r = -0.484; p= 0.042). Assim, nossos resultados ajudam a avanar na compreenso da fisiologia reprodutiva de S. collinsi, fornecendo valiosas informaes para o aprimoramento de protocolos utilizados nas tcnicas de reproduo assistida para a conservao de espcies ameaadas de extino de Saimiri.

The squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsi) is a neotropical primate endemic to the Brazilian Amazon. Recently, this species has been adopted as a biological experimental model for research aimed at physiology and assisted reproduction techniques, with the aim of contributing to the genetic conservation of neotropical primates. For a better understanding of the reproductive physiology of the genus Saimiri, this study aimed to: (i) verify the seminal quality according to the age of the squirrel monkey (S. collinsi), (ii) analyze the plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol in relation to age in squirrel monkey (S. collinsi) and (iii) Verify the correlation of plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol with seminal quality according to age in squirrel monkey (S. collinsi). The experimental group consisted of 7 adult males of S. collinsi, 4 animals aged 5-6 years old and 3 animals aged 15-16 years old. Blood collections for hormonal dosages (Testosterone/Estradiol) and measurements of body mass index and testicular volume were performed during 12 months. semen was collected by electroejaculation and were immediately evaluated for basic seminal quality parameters. Hormonal dosages were performed using the amplified electrochemiluminescence method. Data were checked for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and are represented as mean + SD, non-parametric data were compared by the Mann-Whitney test, correlations were analyzed by Spearman correlation for non-parametric data and regression analysis was performed linear to quantify the T/E ratio. The results are considered significant when P < 0.05. Seminal analyzes showed significant differences in relation to age in some parameters, younger animals (5-6 years of age) had higher sperm concentration (879,687 167,195 x106 sperm/mL p = 0.040), greater number of normal sperm (81.90 2.21 p = 0.005) and fewer major defects (7.13 1.52 p = 0.004) compared to older animals (15-16 years old). Plasma levels of T in younger animals showed levels of 275.29 28.03 ng/ml and 15-16 years levels of 171.06 39.62, showing statistical difference (p= 0.031), plasma levels of estradiol showed no significant difference between groups. AT showed a significant positive correlation in younger animals with testicular volume (r = 0.437; p = 0.012) and in the seminal parameters of motility (r = 0.393; p = 0.0320 and vigor (r = 0.411; p = 0.024), in older animals old ones showed a negative correlation in the seminal parameters of plasma membrane functionality (r = -0.523; p = 0.031) and larger defects in sperm (r = -0.575; p = 0.013). E2 in the younger group showed a positive correlation with testicular volume (r = 0.579; p = 0.001) and negative for pH (r = -0.393; p = 0.038) and sperm concentration (r = -0.394; p = 0.031), in the older group showed a significant negative correlation for larger defects in sperm (r = -0.584; p = 0.011) and pH (r = -0.484; p = 0.042). Thus, our results help to advance our understanding of the reproductive physiology of S. collinsi, providing valuable information for the improvement of protocols used in assisted reproduction techniques for the conservation of endangered Saimiri species.

Ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in neotropical primates / Enterite ulcerativa e granulomatosa com parasitismo de Molineus torulosus em primatas neotropicais

This paper reports eleven cases of ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in different species of neotropical primates of the Sapajus genus. All of the affected monkeys had been apprehended by the environmental police and were being treated in a rehabilitation center for wild animals. The clinical history was weight loss and debility. During the necropsy, several nodules were found on the duodenum and proximal jejunum wall, with ulcers on the adjacent intestinal mucosa, including the nodules in the pancreas of four monkeys. Histologically, eosinophilic granulomas were observed in the small intestine, associated with fibrosis, eggs and adult models of Trichostrongylidae, etiology consistent with Molineus torulosus. This study describes the first cases of parasitism in Sapajus flavius, a species previously considered extinct, but recently rediscovered, and presents the occurrence of M. torulosus in two other species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus apella.(AU)

São relatados 11 casos de enterite ulcerativa e granulomatosa associada ao parasitismo por Molineus torulosus em diferentes espécies de primatas neotropicais do gênero Sapajus. Todos os macacos afetados haviam sido apreendidos pela polícia ambiental e estavam sendo tratados em um centro de reabilitação de animais silvestres. O histórico clínico era de emagrecimento e debilidade. Durante a necropsia, foram constatados diversos nódulos na parede do duodeno e jejuno proximal, com úlceras na mucosa intestinal adjacente, além de nódulos no pâncreas de quatro macacos. Histologicamente, observou-se no intestino delgado, granulomas eosinofílicos associados à fibrose, ovos e exemplares adultos de tricostrongilídeos, etiologia consistente com Molineus torulosus. O presente trabalho descreve os primeiros casos de parasitismo em Sapajus flavius, uma espécie antes considerada extinta e recentemente redescoberta, e relata a ocorrência de M. torulosus em outras duas espécies, Sapajus libidinosus e Sapajus apella.(AU)