Does the type of electrode affect the electromyoneurographic parameters in rats?

Purpose:To evaluate if the type of electrode (needle vs. surface) affects the electromyoneurography parameters in rats.Methods:Twenty male rats were anesthetized, then compound muscle action potential were recorded using a Neuropack S1 MEB- 9400©. All animals were submitted to two electroneuromyography analysis: first with surface electrode and then by needle electrode. We evaluated the latency, amplitude, duration and area of the negative peak of the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles.Results:There were no significant differences between the groups in the mean of duration, latency, amplitude or area of the negative peak in gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles.Conclusion:The type of electrode does not affect the electroneuromyography parameters.(AU)

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...]

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...](AU)

Avaliação das técnicas de obtenção de potenciais evocados somatossensitivo e motor transcraniano em cães hígidos e portadores de doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar

Potenciais evocados somatossensitivos e motores são modalidades de testes neurofisiológicos com capacidade para avaliar funcionalmente a integridade das vias sensoriais e motoras, respectivamente, podendo ser utilizados na avaliação neurológica, no estabelecimento de prognóstico e na monitoração da evolução de uma lesão na medula espinhal. Este trabalho visa descrever as técnicas de obtenção de potenciais evocados com estimulação elétrica em cães portadores de doença de disco intervertebral toracolombar, e verificar se há associação com os sinais clínicos e com os achados da tomografia computadorizada (TC). Cinco cães hígidos (grupo controle) e dez cães condrodistróficos com paralisia de membros pélvicos (grupo afetado) devido à extrusão de disco intervertebral toracolombar foram avaliados com relação à classificação neurológica, imagens por TC e potenciais evocados somatossensitivos e motores sob anestesia geral. Presença ou ausência de registros caudais à lesão, mensuração de latências e amplitudes foram efetuadas. Foram captados registros cranianos em todos os cães após estimulação dos membros torácicos, mas apenas em seis cães após estimulação dos membros pélvicos. Da mesma forma, todos os cães apresentaram registros em membros torácicos após estimulação transcraniana, mas apenas em seis cães nos membros pélvicos e esfíncter anal. Houve diferença significativa quanto à presença ou ausência de registros entre os grupos afetado e controle para os membros pélvicos. Os valores mensurados de latência e amplitudes entre os grupos também são discutidos. Potenciais evocados e motores são factíveis de serem produzidos em cães com e sem paralisia de membros pélvicos sob anestesia geral, e foram correlacionados aos sinais clínicos.

Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials are neurophysiologic tests that assesse the integrity of sensory and motor pathways, and may be used in the neurological assessment, prognosis establishment and spinal cord injury monitoration. This study aims to describe the technique for evoked potentials recording with electrical stimulation in healthy dogs and in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease, and determine whether there is any association with clinical signs and computed tomography (CT) findings. Five clinically normal dachshunds (control group) and ten chondrodystrophic dogs with hind limb paralysis (affected group) due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions were evaluated according to their neurological status, CT scans and somatosensory and motor evoked potentials under general anesthesia. Recordings presence or absence caudal to lesion, onset latencies and peakto- peak amplitudes were measured. Records were captured in the scalp in all dogs after front limb stimulation, but only in six dogs after hind limb stimulation. Likewise, in all dogs records were obtained in forelimbs after transcranial stimulation, but only in six dogs on pelvic limbs and on external anal sphincter muscle. There were significant differences in presence or absent recordings between affected and control groups related to pelvic limbs PESS and PEM. Latencies and amplitudes measured between groups are discussed. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials are feasible to produce in dogs with or without hind limb paralysis under general anesthesia, and correlated with clinical signs.

Bases anatômicas e neurofisiológicas da analgesia por acupuntura / Anatomical and neurophysiological bases of acupunture analgesia

Desde a antiguidade remota chinesa, a acupuntura, método que utiliza a inserção de agulhas no corpo para o tratamento de desequilíbrios e doenças, vem se constituindo num recurso terapêutico extremamente eficaz. A acupuntura pode conseguir efeitos analgésicos importantes em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias. Esta técnica tem sido proposta com várias finalidades no período peri-operatório: sedação pré-operatória, redução do uso intra-operatório de opióides e diminuição da dor pós-operatória. Os estudos sobre esta temática têm permitido, além de uma compreensão maior dos mecanismos de ação da acupuntura, fazer com que esta se torne mais aceitável nos meios acadêmicos ocidentais. Essa terapia apresenta bons resultados diante de muitas enfermidades e possui vantagens acentuadas sobre outras, como, por exemplo, o fato de os instrumentos utilizados serem simples e de fácil domínio, de ser econômica e segura. Dessa forma, esse estudo tem como objetivo mostrar, do ponto de vista teórico, a partir de uma revisão dos mecanismos de percepção da dor; a eficácia terapêutica da acupuntura no tratamento da dor, condizente com os mecanismos neurohumorais desta técnica(AU)

Since chinese remote antiquity, the acupuncture, a method that uses the insertion of needles into the body to treat this imbalance, is becoming an extremely effective therapeutic use. Scientific works show that acupuncture could achieve significant analgesic effects in patients undergoing surgery.This technique has been proposed with different purposes in the peri-operative period: preoperative sedation, reduction of intra-operative use of opioids and decreased postoperative pain. These studies have allowed a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of acupuncture, to ensure that it becomes more acceptable in western academic circles. This therapy gives good results in front of many diseases and has marked advantages over others, for example, the instruments used are simple and easy to field, economic and safe. Thus, this study aims to show, from the theoretical point of view, by a review of the mechanisms of perception of pain, the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of pain, consistent with the neurohumoral mechanisms of this technique(AU)

Bases anatômicas e neurofisiológicas da analgesia por acupuntura / Anatomical and neurophysiological bases of acupunture analgesia

Desde a antiguidade remota chinesa, a acupuntura, método que utiliza a inserção de agulhas no corpo para o tratamento de desequilíbrios e doenças, vem se constituindo num recurso terapêutico extremamente eficaz. A acupuntura pode conseguir efeitos analgésicos importantes em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias. Esta técnica tem sido proposta com várias finalidades no período peri-operatório: sedação pré-operatória, redução do uso intra-operatório de opióides e diminuição da dor pós-operatória. Os estudos sobre esta temática têm permitido, além de uma compreensão maior dos mecanismos de ação da acupuntura, fazer com que esta se torne mais aceitável nos meios acadêmicos ocidentais. Essa terapia apresenta bons resultados diante de muitas enfermidades e possui vantagens acentuadas sobre outras, como, por exemplo, o fato de os instrumentos utilizados serem simples e de fácil domínio, de ser econômica e segura. Dessa forma, esse estudo tem como objetivo mostrar, do ponto de vista teórico, a partir de uma revisão dos mecanismos de percepção da dor; a eficácia terapêutica da acupuntura no tratamento da dor, condizente com os mecanismos neurohumorais desta técnica

Since chinese remote antiquity, the acupuncture, a method that uses the insertion of needles into the body to treat this imbalance, is becoming an extremely effective therapeutic use. Scientific works show that acupuncture could achieve significant analgesic effects in patients undergoing surgery.This technique has been proposed with different purposes in the peri-operative period: preoperative sedation, reduction of intra-operative use of opioids and decreased postoperative pain. These studies have allowed a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of acupuncture, to ensure that it becomes more acceptable in western academic circles. This therapy gives good results in front of many diseases and has marked advantages over others, for example, the instruments used are simple and easy to field, economic and safe. Thus, this study aims to show, from the theoretical point of view, by a review of the mechanisms of perception of pain, the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of pain, consistent with the neurohumoral mechanisms of this technique