Phylogeny of the Neotropical longhorn beetle genus Ateralphus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Ateralphus Restello, Iannuzzi & Marinoni, 2001 is a Neotropical genus of longhorn beetles composed of nine species. This genus was proposed from splitting Alphus White, 1855 into other two genera: Ateralphus and Exalphus Restello, Iannuzzi & Marinoni, 2001. Even though Ateralphus (nine species), Alphus (four) and Exalphus (18) were recently revised, their validity has not been tested using phylogenetic methods. In this study, we carried out a cladistic analysis of Ateralphus and its related genera, Alphus and Exalphus, based on 44 morphological characters of the adults, to test their monophyly and infer the relationships between their species. Our results support the monophyly of the three genera and recovered two clades that corroborate the species-groups previously recognized in Ateralphus. A new genus, Grandateralphus gen. n., is proposed for one of these clades, which is supported by three synapomorphies: width of upper ocular lobes less than width between the lobe and the coronal suture (character state 6: 0), genae parallel in frontal view (8: 1) and scape gradually expanded toward apex, reaching widest diameter just near apex (9: 2). Grandateralphus gen. n. includes three new combinations: G. lacteus (Galileo & Martins, 2006), comb. n.; G. tumidus (Souza & Monné, 2013), comb. n.; and G. variegatus (Mendes, 1938), comb. n. Notes on the distribution of G. variegatus comb. n. and a new record of E. cicatricornis Schmid, 2014 for Bolivia (Santa Cruz) are provided.

Phylogeny of the Neotropical longhorn beetle genus Ateralphus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Ateralphus Restello, Iannuzzi & Marinoni, 2001 is a Neotropical genus of longhorn beetles composed of nine species. This genus was proposed from splitting Alphus White, 1855 into other two genera: Ateralphus and Exalphus Restello, Iannuzzi & Marinoni, 2001. Even though Ateralphus (nine species), Alphus (four) and Exalphus (18) were recently revised, their validity has not been tested using phylogenetic methods. In this study, we carried out a cladistic analysis of Ateralphus and its related genera, Alphus and Exalphus, based on 44 morphological characters of the adults, to test their monophyly and infer the relationships between their species. Our results support the monophyly of the three genera and recovered two clades that corroborate the species-groups previously recognized in Ateralphus. A new genus, Grandateralphus gen. n., is proposed for one of these clades, which is supported by three synapomorphies: width of upper ocular lobes less than width between the lobe and the coronal suture (character state 6: 0), genae parallel in frontal view (8: 1) and scape gradually expanded toward apex, reaching widest diameter just near apex (9: 2). Grandateralphus gen. n. includes three new combinations: G. lacteus (Galileo & Martins, 2006), comb. n.; G. tumidus (Souza & Monné, 2013), comb. n.; and G. variegatus (Mendes, 1938), comb. n. Notes on the distribution of G. variegatus comb. n. and a new record of E. cicatricornis Schmid, 2014 for Bolivia (Santa Cruz) are provided.(AU)

Taxonomic revision of two poorly known genera of Richardiidae (Diptera): Maerorichardia and Odontomerella

Richardiidae are a family of Tephritoidea in which most genera are poorly known taxonomically, including some which were poorly described with limited or no illustrations. With the aim to decrease this taxonomic gap, herein we review two scarcely known monotypic genera: Odontomerella Hendel, 1912 and Maerorichardia Hennig, 1937, both known only from the holotypes of their type species. Maerorichardia is the only genus of Richardiidae with mid and hind tibiae thicker than their respective femora, and the wing with the anal lobe distinctly developed. Odontomerella can be distinguished from the others richardiids by the postcranium reduced and little wider ventrally, the compound eye well developed, occupying most of the head, with the gena and postcranium very reduced, and the face short, with the oral margin distinctly concave. The limits of both genera are revised and better supported with the addition of new diagnostic characters. Odontomera flavipleura Hennig, 1938 is transferred to Odontomerella. The types of the species are revised and illustrated.

Taxonomic revision of two poorly known genera of Richardiidae (Diptera): Maerorichardia and Odontomerella

Richardiidae are a family of Tephritoidea in which most genera are poorly known taxonomically, including some which were poorly described with limited or no illustrations. With the aim to decrease this taxonomic gap, herein we review two scarcely known monotypic genera: Odontomerella Hendel, 1912 and Maerorichardia Hennig, 1937, both known only from the holotypes of their type species. Maerorichardia is the only genus of Richardiidae with mid and hind tibiae thicker than their respective femora, and the wing with the anal lobe distinctly developed. Odontomerella can be distinguished from the others richardiids by the postcranium reduced and little wider ventrally, the compound eye well developed, occupying most of the head, with the gena and postcranium very reduced, and the face short, with the oral margin distinctly concave. The limits of both genera are revised and better supported with the addition of new diagnostic characters. Odontomera flavipleura Hennig, 1938 is transferred to Odontomerella. The types of the species are revised and illustrated.(AU)

Apedilum griseistriatum comb. nov., placement of Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum (Diptera, Chironomidae) / Apedilum griseistriatum comb. nov., colocación de Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum (Diptera, Chironomidae)

El estudio del material tipo de Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum Edwards, 1931 de Patagonia nos permite transferir formalmente la especie a Apedilum Townes, 1945 como una nueva combinación, y la cría de un especimen nos permite describir su pupa. Sobre la base de varias larvas pertenecientes a Apedilum colectadas en las proximidades de las localidades en las cuales fueron encontrados los adultos y las pupas, describimos tentativamente el estadio larval. Cápsulas de larvas subfósiles de la misma especie fueron encontradas en la Laguna Stibnite a 46°S en Chile datadas en aproximadamente 2.500 años atrás y en Puerto Blest, Lago Nahuel Huapi a 41°S en Argentina datadas en aproximadamente 2.000 años atrás. Discutimos el hábitat de la especie basados en el material moderno y subfósil. Se provee además de claves de identificación del cuarto estadio larval, pupa y adulto macho(AU)

The study of the type material of Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum Edwards, 1931 described from Patagonia lead us to formally transfer the species to Apedilum Townes, 1945 as a new combination, and a reared specimen allows us to describe its pupa. Based on several larvae belonging to Apedilum collected in the proximity of the localities in which the adults and pupae were found, we tentatively describe the larval stage. Subfossil larval head capsules of the same species were found in Laguna Stibnite at 46°S in Chile dated to about 2,500 years ago and in Puerto Blest, Lago Nahuel Huapi at 41°S in Argentina dated about 2,000 years ago. We discuss the habitat of the species based on both modern and subfossil material. Identification keys to male adult, pupae and fourth instar larvae are also provided(AU)

Apedilum griseistriatum comb. nov., placement of Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum (Diptera, Chironomidae) / Apedilum griseistriatum comb. nov., colocación de Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum (Diptera, Chironomidae)

El estudio del material tipo de Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum Edwards, 1931 de Patagonia nos permite transferir formalmente la especie a Apedilum Townes, 1945 como una nueva combinación, y la cría de un especimen nos permite describir su pupa. Sobre la base de varias larvas pertenecientes a Apedilum colectadas en las proximidades de las localidades en las cuales fueron encontrados los adultos y las pupas, describimos tentativamente el estadio larval. Cápsulas de larvas subfósiles de la misma especie fueron encontradas en la Laguna Stibnite a 46°S en Chile datadas en aproximadamente 2.500 años atrás y en Puerto Blest, Lago Nahuel Huapi a 41°S en Argentina datadas en aproximadamente 2.000 años atrás. Discutimos el hábitat de la especie basados en el material moderno y subfósil. Se provee además de claves de identificación del cuarto estadio larval, pupa y adulto macho

The study of the type material of Chironomus (Polypedilum) griseistriatum Edwards, 1931 described from Patagonia lead us to formally transfer the species to Apedilum Townes, 1945 as a new combination, and a reared specimen allows us to describe its pupa. Based on several larvae belonging to Apedilum collected in the proximity of the localities in which the adults and pupae were found, we tentatively describe the larval stage. Subfossil larval head capsules of the same species were found in Laguna Stibnite at 46°S in Chile dated to about 2,500 years ago and in Puerto Blest, Lago Nahuel Huapi at 41°S in Argentina dated about 2,000 years ago. We discuss the habitat of the species based on both modern and subfossil material. Identification keys to male adult, pupae and fourth instar larvae are also provided

On the sharpshooter Versigonalia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini): Versigonalia lentiginosa nom. nov., redescription of V. vermiculata comb. nov., and key to species of the genus

Syntypes of Tettigonia vermiculata Signoret, 1855 were studied and redescribed, including the first description and illustration of the male and female genitalia of this species. Based on this study, this Brazilian species, previously placed in Molomea (Proconiini), is herein transferred to Versigonalia (Cicadellini). This transfer resulted in a secondary homonymy and its junior homonym from Argentina, Versigonalia vermiculata Young, 1977 is considered invalid. Thus, we propose a new name, V. lentiginosa nom. nov., for the latter. A taxonomic key to all three species of Versigonalia is also given.(AU)

On the sharpshooter Versigonalia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini): Versigonalia lentiginosa nom. nov., redescription of V. vermiculata comb. nov., and key to species of the genus

Syntypes of Tettigonia vermiculata Signoret, 1855 were studied and redescribed, including the first description and illustration of the male and female genitalia of this species. Based on this study, this Brazilian species, previously placed in Molomea (Proconiini), is herein transferred to Versigonalia (Cicadellini). This transfer resulted in a secondary homonymy and its junior homonym from Argentina, Versigonalia vermiculata Young, 1977 is considered invalid. Thus, we propose a new name, V. lentiginosa nom. nov., for the latter. A taxonomic key to all three species of Versigonalia is also given.

Contribuição para o estudo dos Rhinotragini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). VIII. Transferências e nova espécie em Clepitoides

Four species are transferred to Clepitoides Clarke, 2009: Odontocera crocata Bates, 1873; O. virgata Gounelle, 1911; Eclipta picturata (Gounelle, 1911); and E. pallidicornis (Zajciw, 1966). The females of O. crocata and O. pallidicornis are redescribed. A new species is described from Brazil and Argentina. The five species are figured and a key to the species of Clepitoides is provided.

Contribuição para o estudo dos Rhinotragini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). VIII. Transferências e nova espécie em Clepitoides

Four species are transferred to Clepitoides Clarke, 2009: Odontocera crocata Bates, 1873; O. virgata Gounelle, 1911; Eclipta picturata (Gounelle, 1911); and E. pallidicornis (Zajciw, 1966). The females of O. crocata and O. pallidicornis are redescribed. A new species is described from Brazil and Argentina. The five species are figured and a key to the species of Clepitoides is provided.(AU)

Lumbriclymene interstricta comb. nov. with a taxonomic key and a catalogue for all species of Lumbriclymene (Maldanidae, Polychaeta)

In this paper, we transfer Nicomache interstricta Ehlers, 1908 to Lumbriclymene Sars, 1872 based on a redescription of the type-specimen. We provide new illustrations for the species and new diagnostic features for the genus. Lumbriclymene interstricta (Ehlers, 1908) comb. nov. has 19 chaetigerous segments and four pre-anal achaetous segments; a prostomium rounded anteriorly, forming a slightly arched dorsal keel; semi-circular nuchal grooves; one acicular spine on chaetigers 1-4; and a small pygidium, with the anal pore bearing many small papillae. In addition, we compare the species with other subfamilies and genera of Maldanidae. We also provide a taxonomic key for all species presently included in Lumbriclymene. Finally, we provide a world catalogue for Lumbriclymene, containing synonyms and main references.

Taxonomic revisionary notes on some Neotropical Coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae)

Coenosiinae is an important component of the Neotropical Muscidae diversity due to the high diversity of species and high population numbers. Based on the examination of type-specimens of some species of Coenosiini, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Neodexiopsis medinai Snyder, 1957 stat. rev., Pilispina xanthogaster (Albuquerque, 1958) comb. nov., Pilispina differa Couri & Carvalho, 1999 is a junior synonym of Pilispina pilitibia Albuquerque, 1954, Neodexiopsis barbiventris Couri & Albuquerque, 1979 is a junior synonym of Neodexiopsis flavipalpis Albuquerque, 1956 and a neotype is proposed for Coenosia latitibia Albuquerque 1957. In all cases, remarks include reevaluation of relevant characters.

Taxonomic revisionary notes on some Neotropical Coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae)

Coenosiinae is an important component of the Neotropical Muscidae diversity due to the high diversity of species and high population numbers. Based on the examination of type-specimens of some species of Coenosiini, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Neodexiopsis medinai Snyder, 1957 stat. rev., Pilispina xanthogaster (Albuquerque, 1958) comb. nov., Pilispina differa Couri & Carvalho, 1999 is a junior synonym of Pilispina pilitibia Albuquerque, 1954, Neodexiopsis barbiventris Couri & Albuquerque, 1979 is a junior synonym of Neodexiopsis flavipalpis Albuquerque, 1956 and a neotype is proposed for Coenosia latitibia Albuquerque 1957. In all cases, remarks include reevaluation of relevant characters.

Lumbriclymene interstricta comb. nov. with a taxonomic key and a catalogue for all species of Lumbriclymene (Maldanidae, Polychaeta)

In this paper, we transfer Nicomache interstricta Ehlers, 1908 to Lumbriclymene Sars, 1872 based on a redescription of the type-specimen. We provide new illustrations for the species and new diagnostic features for the genus. Lumbriclymene interstricta (Ehlers, 1908) comb. nov. has 19 chaetigerous segments and four pre-anal achaetous segments; a prostomium rounded anteriorly, forming a slightly arched dorsal keel; semi-circular nuchal grooves; one acicular spine on chaetigers 1-4; and a small pygidium, with the anal pore bearing many small papillae. In addition, we compare the species with other subfamilies and genera of Maldanidae. We also provide a taxonomic key for all species presently included in Lumbriclymene. Finally, we provide a world catalogue for Lumbriclymene, containing synonyms and main references.

Lumbriclymene interstricta comb. nov. with a taxonomic key and a catalogue for all species of Lumbriclymene (Maldanidae, Polychaeta)

In this paper, we transfer Nicomache interstricta Ehlers, 1908 to Lumbriclymene Sars, 1872 based on a redescription of the type-specimen. We provide new illustrations for the species and new diagnostic features for the genus. Lumbriclymene interstricta (Ehlers, 1908) comb. nov. has 19 chaetigerous segments and four pre-anal achaetous segments; a prostomium rounded anteriorly, forming a slightly arched dorsal keel; semi-circular nuchal grooves; one acicular spine on chaetigers 1-4; and a small pygidium, with the anal pore bearing many small papillae. In addition, we compare the species with other subfamilies and genera of Maldanidae. We also provide a taxonomic key for all species presently included in Lumbriclymene. Finally, we provide a world catalogue for Lumbriclymene, containing synonyms and main references.

Taxonomic revisionary notes on some Neotropical Coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae)

Coenosiinae is an important component of the Neotropical Muscidae diversity due to the high diversity of species and high population numbers. Based on the examination of type-specimens of some species of Coenosiini, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Neodexiopsis medinai Snyder, 1957 stat. rev., Pilispina xanthogaster (Albuquerque, 1958) comb. nov., Pilispina differa Couri & Carvalho, 1999 is a junior synonym of Pilispina pilitibia Albuquerque, 1954, Neodexiopsis barbiventris Couri & Albuquerque, 1979 is a junior synonym of Neodexiopsis flavipalpis Albuquerque, 1956 and a neotype is proposed for Coenosia latitibia Albuquerque 1957. In all cases, remarks include reevaluation of relevant characters.

Rediscovery of Melanepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a new synonym of Epyris

Melanepyris Kieffer, 1913 was proposed to accommodate a single species of Epyris Westwood, 1832, E. imicola Kieffer, 1913, mainly based on the absence of the posterior propodeal carina. Today, Melanepyris includes only two nominal species. The type-material of these species has been considered lost since their original description. In this study, the single known adult male (holotype) of Melanepyris asiaticus Kieffer, 1922 from the Philippines has been rediscovered, redescribed and illustrated. Melanepyris asiaticus is transferred to Epyris Westwood due to the following features: scutellar groove absent, well separated scutellar pits and lower mesopleural fovea large and with undefined upper margin. We checked the original description of M. imicola and concluded that it also fits the definition of Epyris perfectly, except for the (described) absence of a posterior carina. However, the thickness of the posterior carina of the propodeal disc varies within species of different Epyrinae genera. The diagnostic characters used by Kieffer to create Melanepyris and other genera from Epyris are briefly discussed. Melanepyris is proposed as a new junior synonym of Epyris, with the transfer of M. imicola to Epyris.

Rediscovery of Melanepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a new synonym of Epyris

Melanepyris Kieffer, 1913 was proposed to accommodate a single species of Epyris Westwood, 1832, E. imicola Kieffer, 1913, mainly based on the absence of the posterior propodeal carina. Today, Melanepyris includes only two nominal species. The type-material of these species has been considered lost since their original description. In this study, the single known adult male (holotype) of Melanepyris asiaticus Kieffer, 1922 from the Philippines has been rediscovered, redescribed and illustrated. Melanepyris asiaticus is transferred to Epyris Westwood due to the following features: scutellar groove absent, well separated scutellar pits and lower mesopleural fovea large and with undefined upper margin. We checked the original description of M. imicola and concluded that it also fits the definition of Epyris perfectly, except for the (described) absence of a posterior carina. However, the thickness of the posterior carina of the propodeal disc varies within species of different Epyrinae genera. The diagnostic characters used by Kieffer to create Melanepyris and other genera from Epyris are briefly discussed. Melanepyris is proposed as a new junior synonym of Epyris, with the transfer of M. imicola to Epyris.

Rediscovery of Melanepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a new synonym of Epyris

Melanepyris Kieffer, 1913 was proposed to accommodate a single species of Epyris Westwood, 1832, E. imicola Kieffer, 1913, mainly based on the absence of the posterior propodeal carina. Today, Melanepyris includes only two nominal species. The type-material of these species has been considered lost since their original description. In this study, the single known adult male (holotype) of Melanepyris asiaticus Kieffer, 1922 from the Philippines has been rediscovered, redescribed and illustrated. Melanepyris asiaticus is transferred to Epyris Westwood due to the following features: scutellar groove absent, well separated scutellar pits and lower mesopleural fovea large and with undefined upper margin. We checked the original description of M. imicola and concluded that it also fits the definition of Epyris perfectly, except for the (described) absence of a posterior carina. However, the thickness of the posterior carina of the propodeal disc varies within species of different Epyrinae genera. The diagnostic characters used by Kieffer to create Melanepyris and other genera from Epyris are briefly discussed. Melanepyris is proposed as a new junior synonym of Epyris, with the transfer of M. imicola to Epyris.