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Due to the genetic similarity of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from birds and pathotypes of human origin, it is suggested that they have a common ancestor and may exchange virulence-associated genes. This study aimed to detect virulence-associated genes in E. coli strains isolated from the Red-browed Amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha) kept at a conservation institute in Brazil. High genetic variability in virulence was observed, since 12 virulence profiles were found among 14 strains. The number of virulence-associated genes of single strains ranged from 5 to 22 out of 33 genes tested, and only one strain did not present any virulence genes. Regarding adhesion genes, most strains presented from two to five genes, and crlA (85.7%) and fimC (85.7%) were the most frequent. Frequencies were similar for invasion and iron acquisition genes. Variations among genes were observed for serum resistance and toxin-related genes. Some of the E. coli strains isolated from parrots presented virulence genes that are commonly associated with pathotypes of human origin, including newborn meningitis E. coli, uropathogenic E. coli, and sepsis-associated E. coli. It is noteworthy that some of these genes were present in the majority of the analyzed strains. Our results indicate that these strains detected in clinically healthy parrots can be potential reservoirs of several virulence-associated genes. These genes can be transmitted to other E. coli strains, including those that affect humans. These E. coli strains present a high pathogenic potential of virulence-associated genes in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains.(AU)

Resumo

ABSTRACT: The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to 3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.

RESUMO: Os psittaciformes estão entre os animais de estimação mais populares devido sua inteligência, habilidade, além da facilidade de manutenção da espécie em pequenos ambientes. Contudo, a ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados gerados pelo confinamento, podem predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, deixando-os susceptíveis ao desencadeamento de várias doenças dentre elas se destacam as de origem bacteriana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de enterobactérias e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de psitacídeos de pet shop da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de quatro pet shops (os quais foram classificados em A, B, C e D), sendo coletados de cada estabelecimento oito amostras de suabes clocais oriundos de periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), oito de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) e oito de agapornis (Agapornis sp.). O isolamento de enterobactérias está de acordo com a metodologia utilizada por Lopes et al. (2015) com modificações. O método utilizado para o estudo de resistência bacteriana foi o de Kirby-Bauer, seguindo os padrões estipulados pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Foi isolado um total de 68 cepas de enterobactérias, de dez espécies diferentes, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii e Citrobacter amalonaticus. Pantoea agglomerans foi a bactéria com maior percentagem de frequência dos isolados de psitacídeos de pet shop, perfazendo um total de 23,5% dos isolados, a segunda cepa mais isolada foi Proteus mirabilis com 17,7%. Neste estudo 79% das cepas isoladas foram resistentes a pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobianos testados, tetraciclina demonstrou ser o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (44%), seguido da polimixina B (38%) e do ácido nalidíxico (25%). Dentre as 68 cepas isoladas, 19% não apresentaram resistência a qualquer uma das classes de antimicrobianos testadas. A condição de multirresistência, ou seja, resistência a 3 classes de antimicrobianos foi observado em 18% das cepas isoladas.

Resumo

The Psittaciformes are among the most popular pets due to their intelligence, ability, and ease of maintenance in small environments. However, the absence of adequate environmental stimuli generated by confinement can predispose these animals to characteristic stress conditions, leaving them susceptible to the triggering of various diseases, among which those of bacterial origin stand out. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of enterobacteria and evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from parrots from a pet shop in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Ninety-six samples were collected from four pet shops (which were classified as A, B, C and D), eight samples of local swabs from budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), were collected from each establishment eight from cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and eight from lovebirds (Agapornis sp.). Isolation of enterobacteria is under the methodology used by Lopes et al. (2015) with modifications. The method used to study bacterial resistance was the Kirby-Bauer method, following the standards stipulated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-eight enterobacteria strains from ten different species, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii and Citrobacter amalonaticus, were isolated. P. agglomerans was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolates from pet shop parrots, making up 23.5% of the isolates; the second-most isolated strain was P. mirabilis with 17.7%. In this study, 79% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobials tested. Tetracycline proved to be the most resistant antimicrobial (44%), followed by polymyxin B (38%) and nalidixic acid (25%). Among the 68 strains, 19% did not show resistance to any of the classes of antimicrobials tested. The condition of multidrug resistance - resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials - was observed in 18% of the isolated strains.(AU)

Os psittaciformes estão entre os animais de estimação mais populares devido sua inteligência, habilidade, além da facilidade de manutenção da espécie em pequenos ambientes. Contudo, a ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados gerados pelo confinamento, podem predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, deixando-os susceptíveis ao desencadeamento de várias doenças dentre elas se destacam as de origem bacteriana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma pesquisa de enterobactérias e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de psitacídeos de pet shop da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de quatro pet shops (os quais foram classificados em A, B, C e D), sendo coletados de cada estabelecimento oito amostras de suabes clocais oriundos de periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus), oito de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) e oito de agapornis (Agapornis sp.). O isolamento de enterobactérias está de acordo com a metodologia utilizada por Lopes et al. (2015) com modificações. O método utilizado para o estudo de resistência bacteriana foi o de Kirby-Bauer, seguindo os padrões estipulados pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Foi isolado um total de 68 cepas de enterobactérias, de dez espécies diferentes, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, Hafnia alvei, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sakasakii e Citrobacter amalonaticus. Pantoea agglomerans foi a bactéria com maior percentagem de frequência dos isolados de psitacídeos de pet shop, perfazendo um total de 23,5% dos isolados, a segunda cepa mais isolada foi Proteus mirabilis com 17,7%. Neste estudo 79% das cepas isoladas foram resistentes a pelo menos uma classe de antimicrobianos testados, tetraciclina demonstrou ser o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (44%), seguido da polimixina B (38%) e do ácido nalidíxico (25%). Dentre as 68 cepas isoladas, 19% não apresentaram resistência a qualquer uma das classes de antimicrobianos testadas. A condição de multirresistência, ou seja, resistência a ≥3 classes de antimicrobianos foi observado em 18% das cepas isoladas.(AU)

Resumo

A Turquoise-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET UFERSA presenting changes suggestive of hepatic, apathetic disease, below-average body score and with diarrhea. After correction of the diet and initial treatment with anti-inflammatory and essential amino acids, the animal returned with episodes of seizures, suggesting clinical diagnosis for hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment with silymarin (at a dose of 75 mg / kg orally -VO) twice daily (BID) was instituted for 30 days, then extended for continuous use, thus achieving a stability in the general picture of the animal.

Resumo

The scientific literature mentions that neotropical birds of the family Psittacidae have some tendencies to natural and artificial changes (human food or manipulation) in their plumage colours. In studies of plumage aberrant of the parrots were categorized six types: albinism, erythrism, leucism, xantocroism, cyanism and melanism. We present a register of erythrism in species of Brazilian native parrot Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Muller, 1776). On the world, there is only one report of this type of aberrant plumage for Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758) and another to an African species Agapornis roseicollis, thus highlighting the importance of this record.

Na literatura é mencionado que as aves neotropicais da família Psittacidae possuem algumas tendências a alterações naturais e artificiais (manipulação humana alimentar ou genética) na coloração de suas plumagens. Em estudos de aberração de plumagem em Psitacídeos foram categorizados seis tipos: albinismo, eritrismo, leucismo, xantocroismo, cianismo e melanismo. Apresentamos aqui um registro de eritrismo em espécie de Psitacídeo nativa brasileira Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Muller, 1776). Há apenas um relato deste tipo de plumagem aberrante para Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758), e um para a espécie africana Agapornis roseicollis, destacando assim a importância deste registro.

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Undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas is a malignant neoplasm that is uncommon among domestic species, especially cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), one of the most popular birds kept as a pet throughout the world. The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of an undifferentiated carcinoma in the pancreas of a cockatiel. A bird, an adult male that died naturally with swelling in the abdominal region, was referred to necropsy. Macroscopic examination showed poor body condition, the coelomic cavity filled with liquid and a white mass attached to the pancreas and other smaller masses attached to the duodenum. Tissue samples and organs were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, then routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic analysis demonstrated an epithelial neoplasia with a predominantly solid pattern, lymphatic invasion and involvement of the intestinal serous membrane. These findings indicate the occurrence of an undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma in a cockatiel that was diagnosed by histopathology.(AU)

O carcinoma indiferenciado de pâncreas é uma neoplasia maligna, incomum entre as espécies domésticas, especialmente em calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus), uma das aves mais populares como animal de companhia no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a ocorrência de carcinoma indiferenciado de pâncreas em Nymphicus hollandicus. Uma ave, macho adulto, com morte natural e com aumento de volume em região abdominal, foi encaminhada para necropsia. Ao exame macroscópico foram observados mau estado corporal, cavidade celômica repleta de líquido e massa esbranquiçada aderida ao pâncreas e outra menor aderida ao duodeno. Amostras de tecidos e órgãos foram colhidas em formol 10% tamponado, processadas rotineiramente para histopatologia e coradas por hematoxilina e eosina. Na microscopia foi observada neoplasia epitelial com padrão predominantemente sólido, com invasão linfática e implantação na serosa intestinal. Com esses achados, comprovou-se a ocorrência de carcinoma indiferenciado de pâncreas em Nymphicus hollandicus, o qual pode ser diagnosticado por meio de histopatologia.(AU)

Resumo

The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmicos para A. aestiva.(AU)

Resumo

This study evaluated the influence of physical environmental enrichment on the behavior of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Eighteen birds, nine males and nine females, were monitored in environments enriched with wooden sticks and bead rings and in non-enriched environments, in a completely randomized design. Behavioral categories were grouped into locomotion, maintenance, rest, feed, undesirable activities, and interaction with environmental enrichment. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis of behaviors to produce the ethogram and percentage comparison of frequency values for behavior analysis. Environmental enrichment positively influenced behavioral categories and some behavioral activities of birds.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a influência do enriquecimento ambiental físico sobre o comportamento de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus). Foram monitoradas 18 aves, sendo nove machos e nove fêmeas, em ambientes enriquecidos com tocos de madeira e argola de miçangas e sem enriquecimento ambiental. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso. As categorias comportamentais foram agrupadas em locomoção, manutenção, repouso, alimentação, atividades indesejáveis e interação com o enriquecimento ambiental. Os dados foram examinados por meio da análise descritiva dos comportamentos para elaboração do etograma e comparação percentual das frequências observadas para análise dos comportamentos. Foi observada influência positiva do enriquecimento ambiental sobre as categorias comportamentais e algumas atividades comportamentais das aves.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Avian hematologic reference intervals are useful tools to evaluate body homeostasis and diagnose diseases. However, there are few species-specific reference intervals published. The present study reports Vinaceous-breasted Amazon ( Amazona vinacea ) hematologic reference values obtained during the health status evaluation of release candidates as part of this species reintroduction efforts at the Araucárias National Park. Parameters reported are erythrogram (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), white cells total and differential (heterophiles, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes), thrombocytes and total plasma protein. For the first time results on RDW and thrombocytes were described and a larger sample size were provided for all parameters analyzed. Intervals demonstrated in the present study showed significant differences from those considered normal in other parrot species and consequently have contributed to bring valuable information to base actions for the conservation of this endangered species of great biological value.

RESUMO Os valores de intervalos de referência para parâmetros hematológicos aviários são ferramentas úteis para avaliação da homeostase corporal e diagnóstico de doenças. No entanto, são escassos os relatos de intervalos de referência espécie-específico, o que aumenta a probabilidade de um erro na interpretação de dados laboratoriais. Dessa forma, o presente estudo relata valores hematológicos de referência específicos para papagaio-de-peito-roxo ( Amazona vinacea ). Esses valores foram obtidos e calculados durante um projeto de reintrodução como importante e adequada forma para avaliar o estado de saúde de candidatos à soltura. Os analíticos observados foram: eritrograma (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume celular, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular e hemoglobina corpuscular média), distribuição das células vermelhas (RDW), leucograma (basófilos, eosinofilis mielócitos, metamielócitos, heterófilos, linfócitos e monócitos), trombócitos e proteína plasmática total. Este estudo traz, pela primeira vez, resultados referentes a RDW e a contagem de trombócitos para a espécie, além de fornecer um tamanho amostral maior que estudos anteriores. Os intervalos, demonstrados neste estudo, relatam valores diferentes dos considerados normais para outras espécies de papagaios e, consequentemente, vêm contribuindo para embasar a conservação dessa espécie ameaçada de extinção, de grande valor biológico.

Resumo

The incidence of the psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) was investigated in Brazilian native parrots with normal feathering arriving at rescue and triage centers for wild animals (CETAS, IBAMA) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. BFDV DNA was investigated by previously described PCR technique for the partial amplification of BFDV ORF-1 in DNA extracts from blood, cloacal swab or liver of psittacines. Some birds provided more than one sample. Nine species of psittacines were sampled between January 2009 and October 2010. Blood (n=46) or cloacal swab (n=128) samples were obtained from psittacines immediately upon arrival at the triage centers. Liver samples were collected from necropsied birds dead on arrival (n=167). All swab samples were negative, except for one Ara ararauna individual (n=3) which blood presented the BFDV DNA. On the other hand, 11 liver samples were positive for BFDV DNA, with a prevalence of 7.8% in Amazona aestiva (n=140). No BFDV DNA was detected in the liver of Amazona amazonica (n=11), A. vinacea (n=5), A. rhodochorytha (n=4), Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (n=3), Ara ararauna, (n=3), Aratinga leucophtalma (n=2), Guarouba guarouba (n=1) and Pionus maximiliani (n=1). In most cases, alopecia was not associated with BFDV detection in liver, and liver histopathology was inconclusive. Although all cloacal swab samples were negative, a few psittacines (n=19) that died at CETAS-Belo Horizonte were retested, and 21% were detected as positive in liver. A group of psittacines (n=16) was clinically evaluated, and despite showing feather dystrophy, all birds were negative in the cloacal swabs, except for one, which blood sample was positive (A. ararauna). The obtained sequences of the BFDV strains BH 215 and BH 732 were deposited in the GenBank (JQ649409 and JQ649410). A 98% similarity with strain sequences described in Australia, Japan, and New Zealand was observed. It is possible that these strains arrived in Brazil through the legal and illegal trade of parrots. However, it was not possible to associate BFDV infection with the geographical origin of birds and no local marker was detected. The rates of detection, although similar to other studies, indicate the tendency of a high incidence of the disease, possibly associated with stress, and high bird density and wide transmission in captivity conditions.

Resumo

Behavioural studies with cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) in captivity are scarce. Due to the need for appropriate management of these animals, this study was performed to examine the behaviour of cockatiels kept in captivity at two temperatures. Sixteen cockatiels were individually housed in cages (62cm high x 43cm long x 27cm wide) and fed with a commercial ration and seed mixture for psittacids. Water was provided ad libitum. The eight-day experiment was divided into two stages of four days each. In the first stage, the birds were kept at room temperature (25°C) with 70% relative humidity during 24 hours. In the next stage, they were kept at 35°C from 06:00 to 18:00h and 25°C from 18:00 to 06:00h, also at 70% relative humidity. The behaviour of the birds was assessed by the analysis of video recordings taken from 6:00 to 18:00h. Lateral displacement on the perch, walking on the wire net, resting on the abdomen, stopping on the wire net, standing on the drinker or feeder, seed intake, cleaning the wings and shaking the plumage were not influenced (P>0.08) by temperature. Undesirable activities such as gnawing the perch or the wire net also showed no influence of temperature (P>0.15). At 35°C, the birds remained on the cage floor less often (P<0.02) and more often on the perch. Flapping or gnawing the feeder increased as did the consumption of ration (P<0.01). Increase in temperature from 25 to 35°C changed the behaviour of the cockatiels, although these behaviours were not characterised as responses to temperature stress.

Estudos comportamentais com calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) em cativeiro são escassos. Devido à necessidade de um manejo adequado desses animais, este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o comportamento de calopsitas mantidas em cativeiro em duas temperaturas. Dezesseis calopsitas foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas (62cm de altura x 43cm de comprimento x 27cm de largura) e alimentadas com ração comercial e mistura de sementes para psitacídeos. A água foi fornecida ad libitum. O período experimental foi de oito dias, dividido em duas fases de quatro dias cada. Na primeira fase, as aves foram mantidas à temperatura ambiente (25°C), com 70% de umidade relativa, durante o dia e a noite. Na etapa seguinte, elas foram mantidas a 35°C de 6-18h e 25°C de 18-6h, também com 70% de umidade relativa. O comportamento das aves foi avaliado através de filmagem de 6-18h. Os comportamentos, deslocando lateralmente no poleiro, andando na tela da gaiola, repousando sobre o ventre, paradas na tela da gaiola, de pé sobre o bebedouro ou comedouro, ingestão de sementes, limpeza das asas e sacudindo a plumagem, não foram influenciados (P>0,08) pelas duas temperaturas testadas. Atividades indesejáveis, tais como roer o poleiro ou a tela da gaiola também não foram influenciadas (P>0,15). Sob a temperatura de 35°C, as aves permaneceram menos frequentemente no chão da gaiola (P<0,02) e mais frequentemente no poleiro. Nessa temperatura, bater as asas e roer o comedouro aumentaram com o aumento do consumo de ração (P<0,01). Concluiu-se que o aumento da temperatura de 25 para 35°C alterou o comportamento das calopsitas, embora esses comportamentos não pudessem ser caracterizados como respostas ao estresse térmico.

Resumo

O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) é a espécie de psitacídeo mais capturada no mundo, sendo um dos principais alvos do comércio ilegal de animais silvestres. Estas aves traficadas são transportadas e mantidas em péssimas condições, submetidas a fatores estressantes que podem acarretar em imunodepressão e desenvolvimento de doenças causadas por patógenos presentes subclinicamente ou incubados. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de adenovírus, circovírus da doença do bico e das penas (BFDV - Beak and feather disease vírus) e Chlamydia psittaci em papagaios-verdadeiros filhotes provenientes do tráfico recebidos no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Belo Horizonte (CETAS/BH). Foram realizadas 114 necropsias de animais que vieram a óbito desde o recebimento até o sexto mês de triagem, e exame molecular em tecido hepático para detecção dos agentes. Deste total, 81 animais (71%) foram positivos para adenovírus, indicando que os animais podem ter sido apreendidos infectados e que o vírus circulou no CETAS durante a permanência desses animais no local. Não foram encontrados animais positivos para circovírus e clamídia, sugerindo que os animais deram entrada no local sem portar o agente, e não se infectaram durante o processo de triagem. Acreditamos que alterações realizadas no manejo de papagaios no CETAS, associado à antibioticoterapia profilática com doxiciclina, tenham colaborado para prevenção da disseminação de C. psittaci no local.

The blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) is the most captured psittacine in the world, being one of the biggest focus in the illegal trade of wild animals. Trafficked birds are transported and kept in stressful conditions leading to immunodepression and primary or opportunistic infections. The objective of this study was investigate the occurrence of adenovirus, circovirus of beak and feather disease (BFDV) and Chlamydia psittaci in trafficked blue-fronted amazon parrot nestlings recently received at the Wild Animal Triage Center in Belo Horizonte (CETAS/BH). Psittacines (n=114) that died within 6 months of triage were necropsied, and livers were collected for molecular analysis. Results showed the 81/114 (71%) parrots were positive for adenovirus, indicating that they could have been apprehended already infected and that the virus circulated in CETAS during captivity. No positivity was detected for circovirus or Chlamydia, indicating that the animals entered and remained free during the triage process. Introduced management changes in the handling of rescued psittacines in CETAS/BH, including the prophylactic antibiotic therapy with doxycycline, were considered associated beneficial on the prevention of the previously reported present C. psittaci transmission.

Resumo

The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Al, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) was evaluated in the blood of nestling blue macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) captured in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul (n=26) in 2012; this was based on the hypothesis that these birds exhibit levels of these heavy metals in their organism and that these interfere in hatching success, weight and age of the chicks. Blood samples were digested with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid and the quantification of metals was performed by ICP-OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma). Blood samples of nestlings showed concentrations of Cr (0.10μg/g) Fe (3.06μg/g) Al (3.46μg/g), Cd (0.25μg/g) Cu (0.74μg/g), Mo (0.33μg/g), Ni (0.61μg/g), Se (0.98μg/g), and Zn (2.08μg/g). The levels of heavy metals found were not associated with weight, age and hatching success of the chicks.

Avaliou-se a concentração de metais pesados (selênio, zinco, ferro, cobre, molibdênio, níquel, cromo, arsênio, cádmio, chumbo e alumínio) no sangue de filhotes de arara-azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) capturados no Pantanal (n=26) no ano de 2012, partindo da hipótese de que estas aves apresentem níveis desses metais pesados no organismo e que os mesmos tenham relação com o sucesso de eclosão, peso e idade dos filhotes. As amostras de sangue foram digeridas em ácido nítrico e ácido clorídrico e a quantificação dos metais foi realizada por ICP-OES (Espectroscopia e Emissão Óptica por Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado). As amostras de sangue de filhotes de A.hyacinthinusapresentaram concentrações de Cr (0,10μg/g), Fe (3,06μg/g), Al (3,46μg/g), Cd (0,25μg/g), Cu (0,74μg/g), Mo (0,33μg/g), Ni (0,61μg/g), Se (0,98μg/g) e Zn (2,08μg/g). Os níveis de metais pesados encontrados não apresentaram relação com o peso, idade ou sucesso de eclosão.

Resumo

Background: Parrot foot necrosis is a poorly understood dermatitis with diffi cult diagnosis and treatment that has been reported in all species of Amazon parrots. Diagnosis is usually achieved by detailed history and ruling out other causes through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profi le. Prolonged crack-cocaine misuse could cause digit or nail lesions in humans. In this report similar clinical manifestations in two African gray parrots owned by crack-cocaine addicted users have been reported.Cases: Two African gray parrots were referred with pruritic foot, discoloration of digits, black and brown patching of the scales on the feet and legs associated with soft tissue swelling. Gross necrosis and self mutilation were also observed. According to the history, both birds had been suffering from the lesions for the past few weeks. A detailed history was obtained for each patient, including environmental condition and their main diet was nuts and fruits. Common causes were ruled out through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profi le. Based on gross characteristics and distribution of lesions, foot necrosis was diagnosed. Husbandry recommendations were given and antibiotics were prescribed to prevent possible infections. However, no improvements were seen, following the prescribed medication. Also deterioration of the clinical signs and feet lesions were observed. Typical fi nger

Background: Parrot foot necrosis is a poorly understood dermatitis with diffi cult diagnosis and treatment that has been reported in all species of Amazon parrots. Diagnosis is usually achieved by detailed history and ruling out other causes through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profi le. Prolonged crack-cocaine misuse could cause digit or nail lesions in humans. In this report similar clinical manifestations in two African gray parrots owned by crack-cocaine addicted users have been reported.Cases: Two African gray parrots were referred with pruritic foot, discoloration of digits, black and brown patching of the scales on the feet and legs associated with soft tissue swelling. Gross necrosis and self mutilation were also observed. According to the history, both birds had been suffering from the lesions for the past few weeks. A detailed history was obtained for each patient, including environmental condition and their main diet was nuts and fruits. Common causes were ruled out through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profi le. Based on gross characteristics and distribution of lesions, foot necrosis was diagnosed. Husbandry recommendations were given and antibiotics were prescribed to prevent possible infections. However, no improvements were seen, following the prescribed medication. Also deterioration of the clinical signs and feet lesions were observed. Typical fi nger

Resumo

Background: Parrot foot necrosis is a poorly understood dermatitis with difficult diagnosis and treatment that has been reported in all species of Amazon parrots. Diagnosis is usually achieved by detailed history and ruling out other causes through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profile. Prolonged crack-cocaine misuse could cause digit or nail lesions in humans. In this report similar clinical manifestations in two African gray parrots owned by crack-cocaine addicted users have been reported. Cases: Two African gray parrots were referred with pruritic foot, discoloration of digits, black and brown patching of the scales on the feet and legs associated with soft tissue swelling. Gross necrosis and self mutilation were also observed. According to the history, both birds had been suffering from the lesions for the past few weeks. A detailed history was obtained for each patient, including environmental condition and their main diet was nuts and fruits. Common causes were ruled out through evaluation of CBC and biochemical profile. Based on gross characteristics and distribution of lesions, foot necrosis was diagnosed. Husbandry recommendations were given and antibiotics were prescribed to prevent possible infections. However, no improvements were seen, following the prescribed medication. Also deterioration of the clinical signs and feet lesions were observed. Typical finger tips showed gangrenous necrosis and very severe dark discoloration. After scrutiny in history taking, and visit of the owner's residence, it was evident that the birds have been exposed to the owner's crack-cocaine smoking area for at least two years. One of the owners accepted the recommendation of amputation of the affected digits and changing either the owner or environment. Follow-up showed no further lesion progression. Discussion: This clinical report presents two cases of parrots exposed to long term crack-cocaine smoke released to the environment. Generally speaking pet birds such as African gray parrots, used to share in many social activities with their owners, and such a behavior makes them more vulnerable to develop lesions in polluted environment. The history of both patients did not show any exposure to external or internal irritant of epithelial tissues except that they were continuously in close contact with crack-cocaine smoke. Clinical manifestations of both cases were similar in the first visit and followup clinical examination. So, according to the history and physical examination fi nding and ruling out other possibilities, it is assumed that foot necrosis may occur following long-term exposure of a bird in a crack-heroin-polluted area. Skin lesions such as burns and blackened hyperkeratosis on hands or digits of human associated with the use of crack have been reported before. Vasoconstriction (due to cocaine exposure) would be able to cause persistent hypoxia at the periphery. Another possible reason for these signs is acute peripheral arterial thrombosis associated with cocaine. Cocaine has also been associated with small vessel vasculitis. It is therefore postulated that, prolonged habitual use of crack-cocaine by parrot owners may result in visible digital changes (caused by multiple prolonged episodes of vasoconstriction, peripheral arterial thrombosis, hypoxia and ischemia) in parrots and could be one of the reasons for foot necrosis.

Resumo

Here we describe the first case report of an hemangiosarcoma in a male Blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). The mass was localized near the inferior portion of the right orbit. A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed and a presuntive diagnosis of hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma was established. Further histopathological evaluation revealed a mesenchymal neoplasm composed basically by well formed vascular channels lined by pleomorphic endothelial cells. Thus, the final diagnosis was a well-differentiated cutaneous hemangiosarcoma.

Aqui se descreve o primeiro caso de hemangiossarcoma em um macho de Papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). A massa estava localizada próxima a porção inferior da órbita direita. Uma aspiração utilizando agulha fina foi realizada e o diagnóstico presuntivo de hemangioma/hemangiossarcoma foi estabelecido. Em seguida, a avaliação histopatológica revelou uma neoplasia mesenquimal composta, basicamente, por canais vasculares bem formados alinhados com células endoteliais pleiomórficas. Desse modo, o diagnóstico final foi de hemangiossarcoma cutâneo bem diferenciado.

Resumo

Aspidogastrea are globally-distributed parasites of the class Trematoda, which have been described as pathogens of a range of aquatic organisms, in marine and freshwater environments. The principal morphological characteristic of the group is an adhesive ventral disc, which is responsible for fixing the parasite to the host organism. In this study, 112 specimens of Colomesus psittacus from the municipality of Cametá, in the state of Pará (Brazil), were necropsied. Platyhelminthes of the genus Rohdella attached to the mucous membrane of the fish's intestine by the adhesive disc were observed. Fragments of parasitized tissue were fixed in Davidson solution and then processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Other fragments were fixed in glutaraldehyde, processed and observed under a scanning electron microscope. The prevalence of the parasite was 76.4%, mean intensity of infection was 8.0 and mean abundance was 6.2. The parasitism provoked chronic enteritis with diffused inflammatory infiltration. The adherence of the parasite to the mucous membrane of the intestine resulted in strangulation and hyperplasia of the region, as well as causing hypertrophy of the muscle of the mucous membrane. The present study describes the anatomopathological and ultrastructural aspects of the parasitism of the intestine of C. psittacus by Rohdella sp.

Os Aspidogastreas são parasitos da classe Trematoda, distribuídos globalmente e têm sido descritos como patógenos em uma gama de organismos aquáticos de ambientes marinhos e de água doce. A principal característica morfológica do grupo é um disco adesivo na região ventral responsável pela fixação do parasito no organismo hospedeiro. Neste estudo, 112 espécimes de Colomesus psittacus provenientes do município de Cametá, no estado do Pará (Brasil), foram necropsiados. Foram observados platelmintos do gênero Rohdella aderidos à mucosa intestinal através do disco adesivo. Fragmentos de tecido com parasito foram fixados em solução de Davidson e processados e corados em Hematoxilina-Eosina. Outros fragmentos foram fixados em glutaraldeído, processados e observados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A prevalência parasitária foi de 76, 4%, intensidade média de infecção de 8,0 e abundância média de 6,2. O parasitismo ocasionou uma enterite crônica com difuso infiltrado inflamatório. A fixação do parasito na mucosa intestinal provocou estrangulamento e hiperplasia da região, bem como hipertrofia da muscular da mucosa. O presente trabalho descreve os aspectos anatomopatológicos e ultra-estruturais da ação parasitária por Rohdella sp. no trato intestinal de C. psittacus.

Resumo

A falta de protocolos de sedação seguros para uso em papagaios na literatura demonstra a necessidade de conhecer os anestésicos que são eficazes nestes animais. Devido a pouca massa muscular desta espécie, notou-se a necessidade de estudar outra via de administração, menos invasiva e dolorosa ao animal, como a via intranasal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sedativos e a viabilidade da administração intranasal, em comparação à via intramuscular, de 15mg/kg de Cetamina e 1mg/kg de Midazolam. Foram utilizados 14 papagaios das espécies Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea, de ambos os sexos, adultos, peso médio de 388,5±29,1g. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: intramuscular (IM, n=7) e intranasal (IN, n=7). No grupo intramuscular, a administração dos anestésicos foi realizada nos músculos peitorais, utilizando seringas de insulina e no grupo intranasal, com auxílio de uma micropipeta. Avaliou-se o período de latência, tempo de duração, qualidade de sedação, e o tempo de recuperação total. A média para o período de latência no grupo IM foi de 6,13±2,02 minutos e no grupo IN de 4,84±2,37 minutos. Já para o tempo de duração da sedação no grupo IM a média foi de 35,81±29,56 e no grupo IN de 24,52±14,83 minutos. Ambas as vias promoveram sedação adequada, pois a média do escore da qualidade de sedação obtida pelo grupo IM foi 2±1,5 e pelo grupo IN 1,28±1,1. O tempo de recuperação total no grupo IM foi de 27,04±11,69 e no grupo IN de 17,67±11,64 minutos. Apesar do grupo IN ter apresentado os menores tempos de período de latência, duração e de recuperação total e ter obtido melhor escore na qualidade de sedação, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a administração de 15 mg/kg de cetamina e 1mg/kg de midazolam pela via intranasal ou intramuscular em papagaios (Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea) produzem sedação adequada para pequenos procedimentos como colocação de anilha, coleta de sangue e radiografias; porém a via intranasal mostrou ser uma alternativa menos invasiva quando comparado à via intramuscular.

The lack of safe sedation protocols for use in parrots in the literature, demonstrate the need to know that the anesthetics are effective in these animals. Due to low muscle mass this bird, it was noted the need to consider other routes of administration, less invasive and painful to the animal, such as intranasal. The aim of this study was to evaluate sedative effects of intranasal administration compared to intramuscular 15mg.kg-1 of Ketamine and Midazolam 1mg.kg-1. We used 14 parrots (Amazona aestiva and Amazona vinacea), adults, and mean weight of 388.5±29.1g. The animals were randomly into two groups: intramuscular (IM, n=7) and intranasal (IN, n=7). In group intramuscular, administration of anesthetics was performed in the pectoral muscles, using insulin syringes and intranasal group with a micropipette. We evaluated the latency period, duration, quality of sedation, and the total recovery time. The average for the period of latency in the IM group was 6.13±2.02 and IN group 4.84±2.37 minutes. As for the duration of sedation in the IM group was 35.81±29.56 and in IN group 24.52±14.83 minutes. Both pathways promoted adequate sedation, the mean score for the quality of sedation obtained by the IM group was 2±1.5 and 1.28±1.1 in the IN group. The total recovery time in the IM group was 27.04±11.69 and 17.67±11.64 minutes in the IN group. Although the IN group the lowest times of onset, duration and full recovery and have better scores on quality of sedation, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. The results of this study indicate that administration of ketamine (15mg.kg-1) and midazolam (1mg.kg-1) intranasal or intramuscular in parrots (Amazona aestiva/Amazona vinacea) produce adequate sedation for minor procedures, but the intranasal route could be an alternative less invasive when compared to intramuscular injection.

Resumo

As aves sempre despertaram grande interesse pelo ser humano, com destaque para os exemplares da família Psittacidae, pela diversidade, a beleza e habilidades como os papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) por ser considerado animal sociável, inteligente e capaz de imitar a voz humana e reproduzir palavras. Essas espécies consideradas silvestres atualmente são mantidas em cativeiros, como animais domésticos ou para reabilitação devido aos transtornos ocorridos por tráfico de animais silvestres. Diante dessa condição na qual essas aves silvestres passam a viver em cativeiro, mesmo com algumas literaturas específicas sobre Psittacidae, surge a necessidade de novas formas de análise clínica e laboratorial para auxiliar o trabalho do médico veterinário. Os valores e parâmetros de referência usados para papagaios- verdadeiros quando em vida livre muitas vezes não são compatíveis com as condições de cativeiro. A determinação dos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos auxilia no diagnóstico de doenças metabólicas, na definição do perfil nutricional de uma população e permite uma avaliação clínica mais direcionada no indivíduo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os valores de referência para bioquímica sérica de papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) mantidos em cativeiro em Minas Gerais. Para isso foram coletadas amostra de 42 papagaios-verdadeiros, clinicamente saudáveis, mantidos em um cativeiro em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foi avaliado, de forma quantitativa a hematologia das aves para identificar as condições gerais de saúde e o perfil bioquímico das mesmas a partir da análise de ácido úrico, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aninotransferase (ALT), glicose, triglicérides, colesterol, proteína total plasmática, albumina, cálcio, fósforo e uréia. Na hematologia foi encontrado uma leucopenia não verdadeira induzida pelo uso de Isoflurano na contenção física das aves e pelo uso do líquido de Natt-Herrick que pode levar à dificuldade na diferenciação entre trombócitos e pequenos linfócitos e assim gerar leucopenia por artefato As médias obtidas para os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados apresentaram valores dentro do esperado para papagaios-verdadeiros mantidos em cativeiro, exceto as variáveis ALT, com média muito acima do esperado, o cálcio e a albumina com média abaixo.

The birds have always aroused great interest in the human being, with emphasis on the copies in the Psittacidae family, diversity, beauty and abilities as a blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva) for being considered animal sociable, intelligent and able to imitate the human voice and reproduce words. These species considered silvestres are currently kept in captivity, as pets or for rehabilitation due to disorders caused by trafficking in wild animals. On this condition in which these wild birds are living in captivity, even with some specific literature about Psittacidae, the need arises for new forms of clinical and laboratory analysis to assist the veterinarian's job. The values and benchmarks used for parrots-true when in free life are often not compatible with the conditions of captivity. The determination of serum biochemical parameters helps in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases, in the definition of the nutritional profile of a population and allows for a more directed clinical evaluation at the individual. The present study aimed to determine the reference values for serum biochemistry of True parrots (Amazona aestiva) maintained in captivity in Minas Gerais. For this sample were collected 42 parrots-true, clinically healthy, maintained in a captivity in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Was assessed quantitatively the Hematology of the birds to identify general health conditions the biochemical profile of the same from the analysis of uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aninotransferase (ALT), glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, plasma calcium, phosphorus and urea. On Hematology was found a true not induced leukopenia by use of Isoflurano on physical restraint of the birds and the use of Natt-Herrick which can lead to difficulty in differentiating between thrombocytes and small lymphocytes and thus generate leukopenia by artifact averages obtained for the biochemical parameters evaluated presented average values within the expected to True parrots kept in captivity except the variables ALT, averaging well above expected, calcium and albumin averaging below

Resumo

O papagaio verdadeiro é uma espécie monogâmica que possui inteligência social, porém, é comumente vítima das ilegalidades ambientais e da vida em cativeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica social e o repertório comportamental ao juntar machos e fêmeas da espécie pela primeira vez; com enfoque nos padrões que validassem o vínculo social entre as aves e os comportamentos estereotipados. 13 machos e 13 fêmeas cativos foram utilizados; separados em grupos isossexuais na primeira fase, em grupo sexual na segunda fase e , isolados do grupo, aos pares e casal, na terceira fase. As observações foram registradas diariamente pela manhã, com tempo de filmagem de 20 minutos/ave, totalizando 100 minutos de registro/ave/fase. As análises comportamentais foram relacionadas em 8 categorias, sempre observando a manutenção de pares existentes e as novas formações sociais quando juntou-se as aves. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Friedman para comparar a porcentagem de tempo gasto em cada comportamento entre os sexos e entre as fases, com valor de significância adotado de P>0,05. A composição social na fase isossexual constitui-se de 2 pares de machos, 2 pares de fêmeas e um trio de fêmeas. Na fase sexual foram 4 pares de machos e 3 pares de fêmeas isossexuais e 1 casal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que isolar papagaios verdadeiros, mesmo com seus pares, não promove uma condição de bem-estar animal e manutenção do vínculo social, uma vez que os comportamentos estereotipados aumentaram e os afiliativos diminuíram nesta condição. Também revelam que a fidelidade dos pares manteve-se em aves com aspecto dominante, mesmo em uma nova condição ambiental e social.

The Blue-fronted Amazon parrot is a monogamous species that has social intelligence. However, it is commonly a victim of environmental illegalities and of life in captivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the social dynamics and behavioral repertoire when males and females of the same species were put together for the first time, with an emphasis on patterns that would validate the social bond between the birds and stereotypical behaviors. 13 captive males and 13 captive females were used, separated in isosexual groups during the first phase, in sexual groups during the second phase and isolated from the group, in pairs and as a couple, during the third phase. The observations were registered daily in the morning, with a recording time of 20 minutes/ bird, adding up to 100 minutes of recording/bird/phase. The behavioral analysis were separated in 8 categories, always observing the maintenance of existing pairs and the new social formations when the birds were put together. For statistical analysis the Friedman test was used to compare the percentage of time that was spent doing each behavior between sexes and between phases, using significance values of P>0.05. The social composition in the isosexual phase was composed of 2 pairs of males, 2 pairs of females and three females. In the sexual phase there were 4 pairs of males and 3 pairs of isosexual females and 1 couple. The obtained results suggest that isolating Blue-fronted amazon parrots, even as a couple, does not promote a condition of animal well -being and maintenance of the social bond, as the stereotypical behaviors increased and the affiliative behaviors decreased in this condition. They also showed that the fidelity of the pairs was maintained in birds with dominant aspect, even in a new environmental and social condition.