Polineuropatia motora em cão adulto / Motor polyneuropathy in an adult dog

Background: Nonambulatory flaccid tetraparesis can be the result of diseases of the peripheral nervous system and it is characterized by generalized lower motor neuron (LMN) signs, as weakness, tetraparesis/tetraplegia, decreased muscle tone and reflexes. The term polyneuropathy is used for dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves. In Brazil, there are several etiologies for polyneuropathy in dogs, such as acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, botulism and myasthenia gravis. Toxoplasma gondii is an uncommon cause of LMN diseases in dogs. The aim of this report was to describe a case of flaccid tetraplegia toxoplasmosis in an adult dog with a Toxoplasma gondii serology with a markedly elevated IgG titer of 1:4096. Case: A 4-year-old intact mongrel male dog, weighing 19.6 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) with a 5-day history of weakness that progressed to tetraparesis. Physical examination revealed no significant changes other than the dull and unkempt coat. Neurologic examination revealed severe tetraparesis that was worse in the pelvic limbs, with decreased muscle tone in all four limbs. Postural reactions and the interdigital reflex were absent in all four limbs, as was the patellar reflex, but pain perception was present. There were no clinical signs of dysfunction on examination of the cranial nerves. Laboratory tests were performed, and creatine kinase was elevated (819 U/L). Blood was drawn to look for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum class IgG using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:4096. A chest radiograph was performed to look for megaesophagus, and a pulmonary pattern suggestive of mild diffuse pneumonia was observed. Treatment was performed with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and the dog's condition improved slightly. Discussion: Based on lower motor neuron findings, the neurologic lesion was localized in the nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, or muscles. The most important diseases in the list of differential diagnoses were immune-mediated or infectious polyradiculoneuritis (toxoplasmosis, neosporosis), myasthenia gravis, toxic polyneuropathy (botulism, chronic organophosphate poisoning), and paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Among these differential diagnoses, polyradiculoneuritis is one of the most common. It is an idiopathic inflammatory disease. Exposure to raccoon saliva (in the U.S.), vaccination, or infection have been proposed as precipitating causes, but the triggers of this disease remain unknown. Serology for neosporosis was negative, while IgG titers for toxoplasmosis were 1:4096. In a previous study, dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis were more likely to have T. gondii IgG serum antibody titers than dogs without neurologic signs. Infection with the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum can cause intense polyradiculoneuritis in dogs accompanied by myositis, especially in puppies. One treatment trial was based on the administration of sulfonamide-trimethoprim with pyrimethamine, whose efficacy in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in dogs has also been reported in the literature. Neurologic deficits improved slightly, and there is a possibility that certain signs may not disappear completely because of the permanent damage caused by inflammation of the nervous system, as observed in the present case. The case had the limitation that it was not possible to perform other laboratory tests to demonstrate histopathologically the presence of Toxoplasma gondii organisms in muscles or nerves. Recovery of normal function is less likely in protozoan polyradiculoneuritis than in noninfectious polyradiculoneuritis. Thus, in the present case, the main suspicion was polyradiculoneuritis secondary to toxoplasmosis. Although it is a rare condition, it is important to consider toxoplasmosis in dogs with LMN-type tetraparesis or tetraplegia.

Interleukin-4 protects from chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice modal via the stimulation of IL-4/STAT6 signaling

Purpose: To investigate the possible role of IL-4 signaling pathway in vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy. Methods: The mouse model of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy and interleukin (IL)-4 knockout mice were utilized to investigate the possible role of IL-4 signaling pathway in vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy. Vincristine induced increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was measured by von Frey hair test 7 and 14 days after intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 mg/kg vincristine in mice. Relative expression levels of cytokines were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. STAT6 expression following vincristine treatment was assessed with western blotting. Results: We discovered that IL-4/STAT6 signaling was down-regulated in vincristine-treated mice. Deletion of IL-4 in mice increased the sensitivity to mechanical allodynia. IL-4 knockout mice also produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and TNF-α. Notably, co-administration of exogenous recombination IL-4 significantly prevented vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia. Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 protects rodent model from vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy via the stimulation of IL-4/STAT6 signaling and inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines.(AU)

Neoplasia do plexo braquial com infiltração medular / Brachial plexus neoplasia with spinal cord infiltration: report case

Tumores originados no sistema nervoso periférico não são comuns na clínica veterinária e seu diagnóstico é difícil. Por ser uma patologia de curso lento e insidioso muitos profissionais demoram a suspeitar dos tumores de plexo braquial, retardando muito o diagnóstico e tratamento. Os sinais clínicos observados são claudicação, dor à palpação axilar,monoparesia e, em casos mais graves, com infiltração neoplásica na medula espinhal, o paciente pode apresentar tetraparesia. Foi atendida uma cadela fox paulistinha com 10 anos de idade apresentando tetraparesia não ambulatória. O exame clínico foi sugestivo de uma lesão de medula espinhal (C6-T2), suspeitando-se de doença do disco intervertebral ou neoplasia medular. A mielografia foi realizada e mostrou compressão caudal a C6. O animal foi então submetido àhemilaminectomia para descompressão, sendo observada infiltração neoplásica das raízes nervosas na medula espinhal impossível de ser resseccionada. O paciente foi eutanasiado. O plexo braquial, os nervos espinhais e a medula foram colhidos e enviados para examehistopatológico, confirmando-se o diagnóstico de tumor maligno de bainhade nervo periférico (TMNP). O presente relato mostrou um caso cujo curso clínico da doença foi atípico, dificultando o diagnóstico. Conclui-se que sempre se deve considerar a possibilidade de neoplasias de plexo braquial em pacientes com histórico de claudicação crônica de membros torácicos não responsiva a repouso e anti-inflamatórios.

Primary tumour of peripheral nerves are not common in veterinary practice and its diagnosis is difficult. Being a condition of slow and insidious course many professionals are slow to suspect the brachial plexus tumors, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The clinical signs observed in this disease are lameness, pain axillary palpation, monoparesis and in severe cases with neoplastic infiltration in the spinalcord, the patient may experience tertraparesia. A female dog Fox Paulistinha with 10-year-old was met with tetraparesia not ambulatory. Clinical examination was suggestive of a spinal cord injury (C6-T2),suspected presence of disc herniation and spinal cord cancer. The myelography was performed and showed compressive C6 flow. The animal was then subjected to a decompression Hemilaminectomy being observed neoplastic infiltration of the nerve roots in the spinal cord impossible to beresected. The patient was euthanized, the brachial plexus, the spinal nerves and the affected spinal cord were collected and sent for histopathological examination, confirming the diagnosis of malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in the brachial plexus. This report shows a brachial plexus tumors case whose clinical course of the disease was atypical making diagnosis difficult. The conclusion is that youshould always consider the brachial plexus tumors in patients with a history of chronic lameness forelimbs unresponsive to rest and anti-inflammatory.

Neoplasia do plexo braquial com infiltração medular / Brachial plexus neoplasia with spinal cord infiltration: report case

Tumores originados no sistema nervoso periférico não são comuns na clínica veterinária e seu diagnóstico é difícil. Por ser uma patologia de curso lento e insidioso muitos profissionais demoram a suspeitar dos tumores de plexo braquial, retardando muito o diagnóstico e tratamento. Os sinais clínicos observados são claudicação, dor à palpação axilar,monoparesia e, em casos mais graves, com infiltração neoplásica na medula espinhal, o paciente pode apresentar tetraparesia. Foi atendida uma cadela fox paulistinha com 10 anos de idade apresentando tetraparesia não ambulatória. O exame clínico foi sugestivo de uma lesão de medula espinhal (C6-T2), suspeitando-se de doença do disco intervertebral ou neoplasia medular. A mielografia foi realizada e mostrou compressão caudal a C6. O animal foi então submetido àhemilaminectomia para descompressão, sendo observada infiltração neoplásica das raízes nervosas na medula espinhal impossível de ser resseccionada. O paciente foi eutanasiado. O plexo braquial, os nervos espinhais e a medula foram colhidos e enviados para examehistopatológico, confirmando-se o diagnóstico de tumor maligno de bainhade nervo periférico (TMNP). O presente relato mostrou um caso cujo curso clínico da doença foi atípico, dificultando o diagnóstico. Conclui-se que sempre se deve considerar a possibilidade de neoplasias de plexo braquial em pacientes com histórico de claudicação crônica de membros torácicos não responsiva a repouso e anti-inflamatórios.(AU)

Primary tumour of peripheral nerves are not common in veterinary practice and its diagnosis is difficult. Being a condition of slow and insidious course many professionals are slow to suspect the brachial plexus tumors, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The clinical signs observed in this disease are lameness, pain axillary palpation, monoparesis and in severe cases with neoplastic infiltration in the spinalcord, the patient may experience tertraparesia. A female dog Fox Paulistinha with 10-year-old was met with tetraparesia not ambulatory. Clinical examination was suggestive of a spinal cord injury (C6-T2),suspected presence of disc herniation and spinal cord cancer. The myelography was performed and showed compressive C6 flow. The animal was then subjected to a decompression Hemilaminectomy being observed neoplastic infiltration of the nerve roots in the spinal cord impossible to beresected. The patient was euthanized, the brachial plexus, the spinal nerves and the affected spinal cord were collected and sent for histopathological examination, confirming the diagnosis of malignantperipheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in the brachial plexus. This report shows a brachial plexus tumors case whose clinical course of the disease was atypical making diagnosis difficult. The conclusion is that youshould always consider the brachial plexus tumors in patients with a history of chronic lameness forelimbs unresponsive to rest and anti-inflammatory.(AU)

A curcumin derivative J147 ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DPN rat models through negative regulation AMPK on TRPA1

Purpose: To investigate the specific molecular mechanisms and effects of curcumin derivative J147 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Methods: We constructed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DPN rat models to detected mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) in vivo using Von Frey filaments. In vitro, we measured cell viability and apoptosis, adenosine 5-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) expression using MTT, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and western blot. Then, TRPA1 expression level and calcium reaction level were assessed in agonist AICAR treated RSC96cells. Results: The results showed that J147reduced MWT in vivo, increased the mRNA and protein level of AMPK, reduced TRPA1 expression and calcium reaction level in AITCR treated RSC96 cells, and had no obvious effect on cell viability and apoptosis. Besides, AMPK negative regulated TRPA1 expression in RSC96 cells. Conclusions: J147 could ameliorate DPN via negative regulation AMPK on TRPA1 in vivo and in vitro. A curcumin derivative J147might be a new therapeutic potential for the treatment of DPN.(AU)

Multiple uses of fibrin sealant for nervous system treatment following injury and disease

Lesions to the nervous system often produce hemorrhage and tissue loss that are difficult, if not impossible, to repair. Therefore, scar formation, inflammation and cavitation take place, expanding the lesion epicenter. This significantly worsens the patient conditions and impairment, increasing neuronal loss and glial reaction, which in turn further decreases the chances of a positive outcome. The possibility of using hemostatic substances that also function as a scaffold, such as the fibrin sealant, reduces surgical time and improve postoperative recovery. To date, several studies have demonstrated that human blood derived fibrin sealant produces positive effects in different interventions, becoming an efficient alternative to suturing. To provide an alternative to homologous fibrin sealants, the Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP, Brazil) has proposed a new bioproduct composed of certified animal components, including a thrombin-like enzyme obtained from snake venom and bubaline fibrinogen. Thus, the present review brings up to date literature assessment on the use of fibrin sealant for nervous system repair and positions the new heterologous bioproduct from CEVAP as an alternative to the commercial counterparts. In this way, clinical and pre-clinical data are discussed in different topics, ranging from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system applications, specifying positive results as well as future enhancements that are necessary for improving the use of fibrin sealant therapy.(AU)

Multiple uses of fibrin sealant for nervous system treatment following injury and disease

Lesions to the nervous system often produce hemorrhage and tissue loss that are difficult, if not impossible, to repair. Therefore, scar formation, inflammation and cavitation take place, expanding the lesion epicenter. This significantly worsens the patient conditions and impairment, increasing neuronal loss and glial reaction, which in turn further decreases the chances of a positive outcome. The possibility of using hemostatic substances that also function as a scaffold, such as the fibrin sealant, reduces surgical time and improve postoperative recovery. To date, several studies have demonstrated that human blood derived fibrin sealant produces positive effects in different interventions, becoming an efficient alternative to suturing. To provide an alternative to homologous fibrin sealants, the Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP, Brazil) has proposed a new bioproduct composed of certified animal components, including a thrombin-like enzyme obtained from snake venom and bubaline fibrinogen. Thus, the present review brings up to date literature assessment on the use of fibrin sealant for nervous system repair and positions the new heterologous bioproduct from CEVAP as an alternative to the commercial counterparts. In this way, clinical and pre-clinical data are discussed in different topics, ranging from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system applications, specifying positive results as well as future enhancements that are necessary for improving the use of fibrin sealant therapy.(AU)

Multiple uses of fibrin sealant for nervous system treatment following injury and disease

Abstract Lesions to the nervous system often produce hemorrhage and tissue loss that are difficult, if not impossible, to repair. Therefore, scar formation, inflammation and cavitation take place, expanding the lesion epicenter. This significantly worsens the patient conditions and impairment, increasing neuronal loss and glial reaction, which in turn further decreases the chances of a positive outcome. The possibility of using hemostatic substances that also function as a scaffold, such as the fibrin sealant, reduces surgical time and improve postoperative recovery. To date, several studies have demonstrated that human blood derived fibrin sealant produces positive effects in different interventions, becoming an efficient alternative to suturing. To provide an alternative to homologous fibrin sealants, the Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP, Brazil) has proposed a new bioproduct composed of certified animal components, including a thrombin-like enzyme obtained from snake venom and bubaline fibrinogen. Thus, the present review brings up to date literature assessment on the use of fibrin sealant for nervous system repair and positions the new heterologous bioproduct from CEVAP as an alternative to the commercial counterparts. In this way, clinical and pre-clinical data are discussed in different topics, ranging from central nervous system to peripheral nervous system applications, specifying positive results as well as future enhancements that are necessary for improving the use of fibrin sealant therapy.

ORIGEM DO NERVO FRÊNICO E INERVAÇÃO DO DIAFRAGMA EM CATETOS (Tayassu tajacu, LINNAEUS, 1758) E CACHORROS-DO-MATO (Cerdocyon thous, LINNAEUS, 1766)

O cateto e o cachorro-do-mato são espécies amplamente distribuídas no território Americano, contudo, o desmatamento, a caça e a fragmentação do habitat são ameaças às populações desses animais. As pesquisas sobre morfofisiologia de animais silvestres têm recebido contribuições consideráveis de instituições renomadas em todo país, que promovem, a divulgação e o esclarecimento dos profissionais de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Com isso, este estudo detalhado pode representar fator importante para preservação e proteção da fauna. Diante disto, busca-se descrever a anatomia macroscópica do nervo frênico e detalhar sua origem e distribuição no músculo diafragma de catetos e cachorros-do-mato. No Tayassu tajacu, o nervo frênico nos 16 exemplares tem origem a partir do C4, C5 e C6 podendo receber contribuição para sua formação de C7 e do nervo peitoral. Ao chegar no músculo diafragma, este ramifica-se em tronco costoesternal e ramo lombar em maior frequência tanto à direita quanto à esquerda (81,25% e 68,75%, respectivamente) e em tronco lombocostal e ramo esternal em menor frequência (18,75% à direita e 31,25% à esquerda). No cachorro-do-mato quando comparado ao cão doméstico, verifica-se origem semelhante a partir de C5, C6 e C7 para o Cerdocyon thous e C5, C6 e ocasionalmente C7. Ao alcançar o diafragma, o referido componente anatômico finaliza-se em tronco lombocostal e ramo esternal no cachorro-do-mato; em tronco costoesternal e ramo lombar em maior frequência e em tronco lombocostal e ramo esternal no cão doméstico. Estas estruturas emitem ramúsculos tanto à direita quanto à esquerda a pars lumbalis, pars costalis e pars sternalis correspondentes. Portanto, a descrição da anatomia do nervo frênico, é importante para abordagens cirúrgicas e protocolos anestésicos em cirurgias cervico-torácicas, em que o saber anatomofisiológico prévio é necessário.

The collared peccary and the crab-eating fox are species widely distributed in American territory; however, deforestation, hunting and habitat fragmentation are threats facing these animal populations. Research on the morphophysiology of wild animals has received considerable contributions from renowned institutions across the country, which promote dissemination and clarification of professionals from different areas of knowledge. Thus, this detailed study may represent important factor for the preservation and protection of fauna. Therefore, the study aims to describe the macroscopic anatomy of the phrenic nerve and detail its origin and distribution in the diaphragm muscle of collared peccary and crab-eating fox. The phrenic nerve of 16 Tayassu tajacu specimens originates from C4, C5 and C6, and can receive contribution of C7 and the pectoral nerve to its formation. Upon reaching diaphragm muscle, it branches into costoesternal trunk and lumbar branch in greater frequency on both to the right and to the left (81.25% and 68.75%, respectively); and in the lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in less frequency (18,75% on the right and 31.25% on the left). In the crab-eating fox when compared to the domestic dog, there is a similar origin from C5, C6 and C7 to Cerdocyon thous and C5, C6 and occasionally C7. Upon reaching the diaphragm, this anatomical component ends in lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in the crab-eating fox; in costoesternal trunk and lumbar branch in greater frequency and in lumbocostal trunk and sternal branch in the domestic dog. These structures emit branches both on the right and on the left to corresponding pars lumbalis, pars costalis and pars sternalis. So, the description of the phrenic nerve anatomy is important for surgical approaches and anesthetic protocols in cervico-thoracic surgeries, in which prior anatomophysiological knowledge is necessary.

Formação e distribuição do plexo braquial em papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758) / Development and distribution of the brachial plexus in blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758)

Local anesthetic procedures are commonly used in domestic and wild birds, because of its low cost and fast induction, as long as applied with great precision, which requires specific anatomical knowledge of the site of incision. This study aimed to establish the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus of the Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) by anatomic dissection of the skin and musculature of 22 specimens (17 males and 5 females) from the Wild Animals Screening Center of the Federal District after death by natural causes. The dissection work promoted the isolation of the forming roots of the brachial plexus, as well as its ramifications. The brachial plexus was formed by four trunks, including the ventral spinal cord rami segments from C9 to C10, C10 to C11, C11 to T1 and T1 to T2, which joined into a short common trunk, branched into dorsal and ventral cords. The thin nerves subcoracoideus and subscapularis and the branch to the scapulohumeralis muscle originated from the common trunk. The dorsal cord originated the anconeal, axillaris and radialis nerves, while the ventral cord gave origin for the pectoralis cranialis, pectoralis caudalis, coracobrachialis and medianoulnaris. These branches innervated the muscles of the extensor and flexor compartments of the forelimb, pectoral muscles and overlying skin.

Procedimentos anestésicos locais são realizados comumente em aves domésticas e silvestres, por ser de baixo custo e de rápida indução, desde que feitos com precisão, o que requer conhecimento anatômico específico da área a ser operada. Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer a origem e a distribuição do plexo braquial do papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), através da dissecação da pele e da musculatura de 22 papagaios (17 machos e 5 fêmeas), provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Distrito Federal, após óbito motivado por causas naturais, promovendo o isolamento das raízes formadoras do plexo braquial, bem como de sua ramificação. O plexo braquial foi formado através de quatro troncos, envolvendo os ramos ventrais dos segmentos medulares de C9 a C10, C10 a C11, C11 a T1 e T1 a T2, que se uniram em um curto tronco comum, ramificado em cordões dorsal e ventral. O tronco comum emitiu os delgados nervos subcoracóide e subescapular, além do ramo para o músculo escapuloumeral. O cordão dorsal deu origem aos nervos anconeal, axilar e radial, e o cordão ventral, os nervos peitoral cranial, peitoral caudal, coracobraquial e medianoulnar, cujos ramos supriram os músculos dos compartimentos extensor e flexor do membro torácico, músculos peitorais e pele sobrejacente.

FORMAÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DO PLEXO BRAQUIAL EM PAPAGAIOS VERDADEIROS ( italic>Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758 /italic>)

title>Abstract /title> p>Local anesthetic procedures are commonly used in domestic and wild birds, because of its low cost and fast induction, as long as applied with great precision, which requires specific anatomical knowledge of the site of incision. This study aimed to establish the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus of the Blue-fronted Parrot ( italic>Amazona aestiva /italic>) by anatomic dissection of the skin and musculature of 22 specimens (17 males and 5 females) from the Wild Animals Screening Center of the Federal District after death by natural causes. The dissection work promoted the isolation of the forming roots of the brachial plexus, as well as its ramifications. The brachial plexus was formed by four trunks, including the ventral spinal cord rami segments from C9 to C10, C10 to C11, C11 to T1 and T1 to T2, which joined into a short common trunk, branched into dorsal and ventral cords. The thin nerves subcoracoideus and subscapularis and the branch to the scapulohumeralis muscle originated from the common trunk. The dorsal cord originated the anconeal, axillaris and radialis nerves, while the ventral cord gave origin for the pectoralis cranialis, pectoralis caudalis, coracobrachialis and medianoulnaris. These branches innervated the muscles of the extensor and flexor compartments of the forelimb, pectoral muscles and overlying skin. /p>

title>Resumo /title> p>Procedimentos anestésicos locais são realizados comumente em aves domésticas e silvestres, por ser de baixo custo e de rápida indução, desde que feitos com precisão, o que requer conhecimento anatômico específico da área a ser operada. Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer a origem e a distribuição do plexo braquial do papagaio verdadeiro ( italic>Amazona aestiva /italic>), através da dissecação da pele e da musculatura de 22 papagaios (17 machos e 5 fêmeas), provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Distrito Federal, após óbito motivado por causas naturais, promovendo o isolamento das raízes formadoras do plexo braquial, bem como de sua ramificação. O plexo braquial foi formado através de quatro troncos, envolvendo os ramos ventrais dos segmentos medulares de C9 a C10, C10 a C11, C11 a T1 e T1 a T2, que se uniram em um curto tronco comum, ramificado em cordões dorsal e ventral. O tronco comum emitiu os delgados nervos subcoracóide e subescapular, além do ramo para o músculo escapuloumeral. O cordão dorsal deu origem aos nervos anconeal, axilar e radial, e o cordão ventral, os nervos peitoral cranial, peitoral caudal, coracobraquial e medianoulnar, cujos ramos supriram os músculos dos compartimentos extensor e flexor do membro torácico, músculos peitorais e pele sobrejacente. /p>

Anatomical aspects of the nerves of the leg and foot of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus, 1758) / Aspectos anatômicos dos nervos da perna e pé do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus, 1758)

Although distal stifle joint nerve distribution has been well established in domestic animals, this approach is scarcely reported in wild animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the nerves of the leg and foot of Myrmecophaga tridactyla with emphasis on their ramification, distribution, topography and territory of innervation. For this purpose, six adult cadavers fixed and preserved in 10% formalin solution were used. The nerves of the leg and foot of the M. tridactyla were the saphenous nerve (femoral nerve branch), fibular and tibial nerves and lateral sural cutaneous nerve (branches of the sciatic nerve) and caudal sural cutaneous nerve (tibial nerve branch). The saphenous nerve branches to the skin, the craniomedial surface of the leg, the medial surface of the tarsal and metatarsal regions and the dorsomedial surface of the digits I and II (100% of cases), III (50% of cases) and IV (25% of cases). The lateral sural cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the craniolateral region of the knee and leg. The fibular nerve innervates the flexor and extensor muscles of the tarsal region of the digits and skin of the craniolateral surface of the leg and dorsolateral surface of the foot. The tibial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the tarsal joint and flexor, adductor and abductor muscles of the digits and the skin of the plantar surface. The caudal sural cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the caudal surface of the leg. The nerves responsible for the leg and foot innervation were the same as reported in domestic and wild animals, but with some differences, such as the more distal division of the common fibular nerve, the absence of dorsal metatarsal branches of the deep fibular nerve and a greater involvement of the saphenous nerve in the digital innervation with branches to the digits III and IV, in addition to digits I and II.(AU)

Apesar de bem estabelecida nos animais domésticos, a abordagem da distribuição nervosa distal do joelho é rara em animais selvagens. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os nervos da perna e pé do Myrmecophaga tridactyla, com ênfase na sua ramificação, distribuição, topografia e território de inervação. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis cadáveres adultos, fixados e conservados em solução de formalina a 10%. A dissecação envolveu desde a formação dos nervos femoral e isquiático pelos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais lombares e sacrais até sua distribuição nos territórios propostos. Os nervos responsáveis pela inervação da perna e pé do M. tridactyla foram o N. safeno (ramo do N. femoral), os nervos fibular comum e tibial e o N. cutâneo lateral da sura (derivados do N. isquiático) e o N. cutâneo caudal da sura (ramo do N. tibial). O nervo safeno emite ramos cutâneos para a superfície craniomedial da perna, medial do tarso e metatarso e dorsomedial dos dedos I e II (100% dos casos), III (50% dos casos) e IV (25% dos casos). O nervo cutâneo lateral da sura inerva a região cutânea craniolateral do joelho e perna. O nervo fibular inerva os músculos flexores do tarso e extensores dos dedos e a região cutânea craniolateral da perna e dorsolateral do pé. O nervo tibial inerva os músculos extensores do tarso e flexores, adutores e abdutores dos dedos e região cutânea plantar. O nervo cutâneo caudal da sura inerva a pele da face caudal da perna. Pode-se concluir que os nervos responsáveis pela inervação da perna e pé foram os mesmos relatados em animais domésticos e selvagens, porém com algumas diferenças, como a divisão mais distal do nervo fibular comum, ausência de ramos metatarsianos dorsais do N. fibular profundo e uma maior participação do nervo safeno na inervação digital, contribuindo com ramos inclusive para os dedos III e IV, além dos dedos I e II.(AU)

ORIGEM E RAMIFICAÇÕES DO NERVO FRÊNICO EM SUÍNOS (Sus scrofa domesticus LINNAEUS, 1758) DA LINHAGEM PEN AR LAN

A suinocultura mundial vem se desenvolvendo devido aos avanços no melhoramento genético, e isso tem levado pesquisadores a investigarem possíveis variações anatômicas nas novas linhagens. Objetivou-se verificar a origem e ramificação do nervo frênico em 27 fetos de suínos (sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) da linhagem Pen Ar Lan, sendo 19 machos e oito fêmeas, que foram dissecados após fixação em solução de formaldeído a 10%. O nervo originou-se em 51 antímeros (94,4%) do quinto nervo espinhal cervical (C5); em 54 antimeros (100%) do sexto nervo espinhal cervical (C6) e em seis antímeros (11,11%) do sétimo nervo espinhal cervical (C7). No que se refere a distribuição, os nervos frênicos emitiram fibras para o pericárdio e, posteriormente, ramificaram-se no músculo diafragma em 100% dos exemplares. Foram observadas seis diferentes ramificações, com maior frequência os ramos dorsal, lateral e ventral em 22 antímeros (40,74%), seguido pela ramificação em ramos dorsal e tronco ventrolateral em 18 antímeros (33,33%). Além disso, foram notadas duas ramificações que não foram encontradas na literatura consultada, demonstrando sua variabilidade. Os ramos dorsais distribuíram-se para os músculos pilares da parte lombar, os ramos ventrais para a parte esternal e os ramos laterais para a parte costal.

World pig farms have been developing steeply due to advances in genetic improvement and this has led researchers to investigate possible anatomical variations in new lineages. The objective was to verify the origin and branching of the phrenic nerve was studied in 27 swine fetuses (sus scrofa domesticus - linnaeus, 1758) of the Pen Ar Lan line, 19 males and 8 females, obtained from abortion or stillbirths, which were dissected after fixation in 10% formaldehyde solution. The referred nerve originated in 51 antimeres (94.4%) of the fifth cervical spinal nerve (C5); in 54 antimeres (100%) of the sixth cervical spinal nerve (C6) and six antimeres (11.11%) of the seventh cervical spinal nerve (C7). Regarding the distribution, the phrenic nerves delivered fibers to the pericardium and then, branched into the diaphragm muscle in 100% of the specimens. Six types of branches were observed, most frequently the dorsal, lateral and ventral branches in 22 antimeres (40.74%), followed by branching in dorsal branches and ventrolateral trunk in 18 antimeres (33.33%), besides that, two ramifications in pig fetuses that were not found in the consulted literature, demonstrating their variability. The dorsal branches were distributed to the pillar muscles of the lumbar part, the ventral branches to the sternal part and the lateral branches to the costal part.

INFLUÊNCIA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE COM POTÊNCIA DE 100mW NA LESÃO DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO E NA RECUPERAÇÃO FUNCIONAL DE RATOS

Lesões periféricas nervosas têm alta incidência dentre os traumas, resultando em esmagamento do nervo ou transecção, causando incapacidade funcional significativo, com consequências ao longo da vida. Este tipo de desordem clínica é desafiadora, levando a deficiências sensoriais e motora. Assim, a utilização de uma intervenção, o laser ganha força no tratamento dessas moléstias, interage com as células e tecidos estimula certas funções celulares, sua maior potência média do emissor poderá ofertar maior energia sobre o tecido em menor tempo e o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se o laser de 100mW influenciará na regeneração do nervo isquiático em ratos. Foram submetidos ao experimento, 40 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos (n=10), todos animais foram sofrerão a denervação do nervo isquiático O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) foi aplicado no grupo 1 : comprimento de onda 660nm com densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 2: comprimento de 808nm e densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 3: falso tratado e grupo 4: controle. Foram avaliados por imagem no scanner afim de analisar o índice funcional estático do nervo isquiático nos períodos pré-operatório, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° pós-operatório, pelo programa IMAGE J para verificar a evolução funcional do membro lesado. Foi realizado o teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5% e os valores médios do índice estático do isquiático no pré, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° dias pós-operatórios os resultados foram respectivamente, grupo 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 e -4.94), grupo 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71,70 e -11, 36), Grupo controle (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72,35 e -9.64), grupo falso tratado ou Sham (-4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 e -7.81) os valores foram comparados entre grupo e períodos, identificando que os períodos do pré-operatório e 21° mostraram se estátisticamente iguais em todos os grupos, assim como os de 1° a 14° pós-operatório. Mostrando que o laser de 100Mw não melhora a função estática dos animais submetidos a lesão parcial do nervo isquiático.

Peripheral nerve lesions have a high incidence among traumas, resulting in nerve crushing or transection, causing significant functional disability, with consequences throughout life. This type of clinical disorder is challenging, leading to sensory and motor deficiencies. Thus, the use of an intervention, the laser gains force in the treatment of these diseases, interacts with the cells and tissues stimulates certain cellular functions, its greater average power of the emitter can offer more energy on the tissue in less time and the objective of the work was to verify whether the 100mW laser will influence the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. 40 rats, divided into 4 groups (n = 10), were all submitted to denervation of the sciatic nerve. The low intensity laser (LBI) was applied in group 1: 660nm wavelength with energy density of 54J / cm², group 2: length of 808nm and energy density of 54J / cm², group 3: false treated and group 4: control. They were evaluated by image in the scanner in order to analyze the static index of the sciatic nerve in the preoperative periods, 1 °, 7 °, 14 ° and 21 ° postoperatively, by the IMAGE J program to verify the functional evolution of the injured limb. The Tukey test was performed with significance level of 5% and the mean values of the functional index of the pre, 1°, 7°, 14° and 21° postoperative days were, respectively, group 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 and -4.94), group 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71.70 and -11.36), control group (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72.35 and -9.64), the Sham group ( -4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 and -7.81), the values were compared between groups and periods, indicating that the preoperative periods and 21 ° showed to be statistically equal in all groups, as well as those of 1 ° to 14th postoperative period. The results show that the 100MW laser does not improve the static function of animals submitted to partial lesion of the sciatic nerve.

Origens e distribuições dos nervos subescapulares em fetos de bovinos azebuados / Origins and distributions of subscapular nerves in zebu bovine fetuses

Neste estudo foram analisadas por meio de dissecação as origens e distribuições dos nervos subescapulares em 30 fetos de bovinos azebuados, sendo 20 machos e 10 fêmeas, após fixação em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Constatouse presença de dois nervos subescapulares (cranial e caudal) em 100% dos casos, os quais se originaram em 11 antímeros (18,33%) do ramo ventral do sexto nervo espinhal cervical (C6), em 60 antímeros (100%) do ramo ventral do sétimo nervo espinhal cervical (C7) e em 54 antímeros (90%) do ramo ventral do oitavo nervo espinhal cervical (C8). Os nervos subescapulares cranial e caudal cederam ramos para o músculo subescapular em 100% dos animais e o nervo subescapular caudal emitiu ramos para o músculo redondo maior em 93,34% dos casos. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as frequências de ramos musculares cedidos pelos nervos subescapulares cranial e caudal entre os antímeros direito e esquerdo e ainda em relação ao sexo dos fetos estudados.(AU)

In this study was analyzed using the dissection of the origins and distributions of the subscapular nerves in 30 zebu bovines fetuses, 20 males and 10 females, after fixation in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. It was found the presence of two subscapular nerve (cranial and caudal) in 100% of cases, which originated from the 11 antimeres (18.33%) of the ventral branch of the sixth cervical spinal nerve (C6) in 60 antimeres (100% ) the ventral branch of the seventh cervical spinal nerve (C7) and in 54 antimeres (90%) of the ventral branch in the eighth cervical spinal nerve (C8). The Subscapular cranial and caudal nerves ceded branches to the subscapularis muscle in 100% of animals and the subscapular caudal nerve issued branches to the teres major muscle in 93.34% of cases. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the frequencies assigned by the muscular branches ceded for the subscapular cranial and caudal nerves between right and left antimeres and also in relation to the sex of fetuses studied.(AU)

Formação e distribuição do plexo braquial em papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758) / Development and distribution of the brachial plexus in blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758)

Local anesthetic procedures are commonly used in domestic and wild birds, because of its low cost and fast induction, as long as applied with great precision, which requires specific anatomical knowledge of the site of incision. This study aimed to establish the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus of the Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) by anatomic dissection of the skin and musculature of 22 specimens (17 males and 5 females) from the Wild Animals Screening Center of the Federal District after death by natural causes. The dissection work promoted the isolation of the forming roots of the brachial plexus, as well as its ramifications. The brachial plexus was formed by four trunks, including the ventral spinal cord rami segments from C9 to C10, C10 to C11, C11 to T1 and T1 to T2, which joined into a short common trunk, branched into dorsal and ventral cords. The thin nerves subcoracoideus and subscapularis and the branch to the scapulohumeralis muscle originated from the common trunk. The dorsal cord originated the anconeal, axillaris and radialis nerves, while the ventral cord gave origin for the pectoralis cranialis, pectoralis caudalis, coracobrachialis and medianoulnaris. These branches innervated the muscles of the extensor and flexor compartments of the forelimb, pectoral muscles and overlying skin.(AU)

Procedimentos anestésicos locais são realizados comumente em aves domésticas e silvestres, por ser de baixo custo e de rápida indução, desde que feitos com precisão, o que requer conhecimento anatômico específico da área a ser operada. Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer a origem e a distribuição do plexo braquial do papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), através da dissecação da pele e da musculatura de 22 papagaios (17 machos e 5 fêmeas), provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Distrito Federal, após óbito motivado por causas naturais, promovendo o isolamento das raízes formadoras do plexo braquial, bem como de sua ramificação. O plexo braquial foi formado através de quatro troncos, envolvendo os ramos ventrais dos segmentos medulares de C9 a C10, C10 a C11, C11 a T1 e T1 a T2, que se uniram em um curto tronco comum, ramificado em cordões dorsal e ventral. O tronco comum emitiu os delgados nervos subcoracóide e subescapular, além do ramo para o músculo escapuloumeral. O cordão dorsal deu origem aos nervos anconeal, axilar e radial, e o cordão ventral, os nervos peitoral cranial, peitoral caudal, coracobraquial e medianoulnar, cujos ramos supriram os músculos dos compartimentos extensor e flexor do membro torácico, músculos peitorais e pele sobrejacente.(AU)

Células-tronco e sua utilização na regeneração de nervo periférico - revisão / Stem cells and their use in the regeneration of peripheral nerve- review

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with properties of self renewal, differentiation and proliferation. These properties are the subject of studies for the treatment of different diseases and the regeneration of damaged tissues and organs, among them, the peripheral nerves. Despite existing evidences that cell therapy helps peripheral nerve regeneration when associated with surgical techniques, the mechanisms by which this differentiation into nerve cells occurs remain unknown. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the types pf stem cells and their peculiarities as well as the current research involving cell therapy on regeneration of severed nerve stumps.(AU)

As células-tronco são células indiferenciadas com propriedades de auto-renovação, diferenciação e proliferação.Estas propriedades as tornaram alvo de estudos para o tratamento de diferentes doenças e naregeneração de órgãos e tecidos lesionados, dentre eles, os nervos periféricos. Porém, apesar de existiremfortes indícios de que a terapia celular auxilia a regeneração nervosa periférica, quando associada a técnicascirúrgicas consagradas, ainda permanecem desconhecidos os mecanismos pelos quais a remodelaçãodo tecido nervoso ocorre. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão sobre os tipos de células-troncoe suas particularidades, bem como as atuais pesquisas envolvendo a terapia celular na regeneração decotos nervosos seccionados.(AU)

Células-tronco e sua utilização na regeneração de nervo periférico - revisão / Stem cells and their use in the regeneration of peripheral nerve- review

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with properties of self renewal, differentiation and proliferation. These properties are the subject of studies for the treatment of different diseases and the regeneration of damaged tissues and organs, among them, the peripheral nerves. Despite existing evidences that cell therapy helps peripheral nerve regeneration when associated with surgical techniques, the mechanisms by which this differentiation into nerve cells occurs remain unknown. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the types pf stem cells and their peculiarities as well as the current research involving cell therapy on regeneration of severed nerve stumps.

As células-tronco são células indiferenciadas com propriedades de auto-renovação, diferenciação e proliferação.Estas propriedades as tornaram alvo de estudos para o tratamento de diferentes doenças e naregeneração de órgãos e tecidos lesionados, dentre eles, os nervos periféricos. Porém, apesar de existiremfortes indícios de que a terapia celular auxilia a regeneração nervosa periférica, quando associada a técnicascirúrgicas consagradas, ainda permanecem desconhecidos os mecanismos pelos quais a remodelaçãodo tecido nervoso ocorre. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão sobre os tipos de células-troncoe suas particularidades, bem como as atuais pesquisas envolvendo a terapia celular na regeneração decotos nervosos seccionados.

Avulsão do plexo braquial em cães - 3: eletroneuroestimulação dos nervos radial, mediano, ulnar e musculocutâneo

The purpose ofthis work was to relate lhe clinicai, neurological and histopathotogical aspects (as described in the sections I and 2 ofthis work) with the obtained results after the electric stimulation of radial, median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerrves. The electric stimulation of these nerves was realized during the cirurgic act, when the fascicle were obtained for the histopathologic examination. The radial, median and ulnar nerves of ali dogs submitted to electroneurostimulation presented evidences of degeneration, while the musculocutaneous nerve present almost normal functions in 25% of the cases. The interpretation ofthe results obtained from neurologic, histologic and electroneurostimulation examination suggested the almost total involvement of brachial plexus in ali cases. This work emphasized the need for further research in this área with lhe main purpose of recuperating the involved roots.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar os aspectos clínicos, neurológicos e histopatológicos (descritos nas partes l e 2 deste trabalho) com os resultados obtidos após estimulação elétrica dos nervos radiai, mediano, ulnar e musculocutâneo. Realizou-se a estimulação elétrica destes nervos durante o ato cirúrgico no qual foram coletados os fascículos para histopatolo gia. Os nervos radial, mediano e ulnar de todos os cães submetidos à eletroneuroestimulação apresentaram evidências de degenera- ção. enquanto que o nervo musculocutâneo apresentava função próxima do normal em 25% dos casos. A associação dos resultados do exame neurológico, da histologia e da eletroneuroestimulação sugeriu envolvimento quase que total das raízes do plexo braquial, enfatizando a necessidade de continuidade de pesquisas na área, visando principalmente a recuperação das raízes nervosas envolvidas.

Avulsão do plexo braquial em cães -1: aspectos clínicos e neurológicos

Brachial plexus avulsion is a relatively common affection, causing serious paralysis of the thoracic limb. It is often misdiagnosed as radial paralysis and there are controversies about the treatment. The main purposes of this work were: to evaluate clinically and neurologically dogs with brachial plexus avulsion and to demonstrate the relevant aspects in the diagnosis of this affection. Predominantly mixed breed dogs, females under three years of age were observed, and the brachial plexus avulsion was mainly a result of road accidents. The more frequent clinical and neurological signs were: flacid paralysis, loss of the panniculus, triceps, biceps and extensor carpi radial muscle reflexes, atrophy of the muscles triceps, biceps, extensor carpi radial, supraspinatus and infraespinatus; superficial skin sensorial loss distal to the elbow; dorsal carpal skin abrasions and ulceration. The association of these results with histologic and electroneurostimulation exams (described in part 2 and 3 of this work respectively) suggested in all cases an almost total involvement of brachial plexus roots.

A avulsão do plexo braquial é afecção de ordem traumática relativamente comum, ocasionando paralisia grave do membro torácico. É freqüentemente confundida com paralisia do nervo radial, havendo controvérsias sobre o tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi: avaliar clinica e neurologicamente cães com avulsão do plexo braquial, demonstrando os aspectos significativos para o diagnóstico desta afecção. Observou-se predominância de cães sem raça definida, fêmea, com menos de três anos de idade, sendo o atropelamento a etiologia principal. As alterações clinicam/neurológicas mais freqüentes foram: paralisia flácida, ausência do reflexo dopanículo, ausência dos reflexos tricipital, bicipital e extensor do carpo radial, atrofia dos músculos tríceps, bíceps, supra-espinhal, infra-espinhal e extensores do carpo, anestesia cutânea abaixo do nível do cotovelo e abrasão/ulceração em face dorsal da mão. A associação destes resultados com os aspectos da histologia e da eletroneuroestimulação (relatados na parte 2 e 3 deste trabalho, respectivamente) sugeriu envolvimento quase que total das raízes do plexo braquial em todos os casos.