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This study aims to describe the effects of stabling on thermographic characteristics of adult equine limbs, to compare the level of animal welfare between horses kept loose and those under continuous stabling and to investigate whether the Infrared Thermography (IRT) can be an effective tool to evaluate the welfare of equines. 24 gelding horses of Brazilian Sport Horse breed, aged between 5 and 9 years and weighing 500 ± 50kg were used in a 6-week trial. They were divided into 2 groups: 1) Paddock - equines kept in paddocks and ridden exclusively on urban patrol; 2) Stall - animals that ridden exclusively on urban patrol, but were kept in continuous stabling, housed in 12m² with concrete and bedless stables. Every animal was evaluated once a week over six weeks. Animal behavior and temperature of the eyes and distal extremities of the limbs as well as blood samples were collected. The confined horses showed stereotyped behavior and higher serum cortisol, indicating lower animal welfare when compared to those managed in a pasture. Limb IRT showed predictive potential for identifying chronic stress as the discriminating analysis showed 74.5% hits while eye temperature was not efficient for this purpose.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever os efeitos da estabulação sobre características termográficas dos membros de equinos adultos, para comparar o nível de bem-estar entre cavalos mantidos soltos e aqueles sob estabulação contínua e para investigar se a Termografia Infravermelha (TIV) pode ser uma ferramenta efetiva na avaliação do bem-estar em equinos. 24 cavalos machos castrados da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com idade entre 5 e 9 anos e peso de 500 ± 50kg foram utilizados em um experimento de 6 semanas de duração. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: 1) Pasto - animais mantidos em piquetes e utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas; 2) Baia - animais utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas, mas mantidos em estabulação contínua, em cocheiras de 12m² de concreto sem cama. Todos os animais foram avaliados uma vez por semana durante 6 semanas. O comportamento animal, a temperatura dos olhos e extremidades distais bem como amostras de sangue, foram colhidos. Os cavalos estabulados apresentaram comportamento estereotipado e maior concentração sérica de cortisol, indicando menor grau de bem-estar quando comparados aos animais manejados soltos em piquetes. A termografia dos membros apresentou potencial para identificar estresse crônico em cavalos uma vez que a análise discriminante mostrou 74,5% de acerto preditivo enquanto a temperatura máxima do olho não foi eficiente para esse propósito.

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This study aimed to estimate the heat flux through sensitive mechanisms and respiratory evaporation of Japanese quails kept in thermoneutral and warm environments, using simple environmental and physiological measures. 192 nine-week-old quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design at two temperatures (T1 = 24°C and T2 = 32°C), with 12 replicates of eight birds each, with an experimental period of 63 days, divided into three 21-day periods. Physiological measurements of respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (TC), and body surface temperature (TS) were measured twice a week. The behavior of the energy balance in the climatic chambers was obtained using the total thermal energy exchanges per unit surface area of the birds, derived from the sum of sensible (radiation and convection) and latent heat exchanges. Respiratory rate (P<.0001), surface temperature (P<.0001), and cloacal temperature (P=0.0047) were higher in the 32°C environment. The expired air temperature (P<.0001) and heat loss by respiratory evaporation (P<.0001) showed higher values when the quails were in an environment of 32°C, while the heat losses by convection (P<.0001) and radiation (P<.0001) were higher in a thermal comfort environment. In Japanese quails kept in a controlled environment, sensible heat dissipation by convection is the main way to eliminate excess thermal energy, when the air temperature is up to 32ºC.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o fluxo de calor por meio de mecanismos sensíveis e evaporação respiratória de codornas japonesas mantidas em ambientes termoneutro e quente, utilizando medidas ambientais e fisiológicas simples. Foram utilizadas 192 codornas de nove semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em duas temperaturas (T1 = 24°C e T2 = 32°C), com 12 repetições de oito aves cada, com período experimental de 63 dias, divididas em três períodos de 21 dias. As medidas fisiológicas da frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura cloacal (TC) e temperatura da superfície corporal (TS) foram medidas duas vezes por semana. O comportamento do balanço energético nas câmaras climáticas foi obtido utilizando-se as trocas de energia térmica total por unidade de área superficial das aves, derivadas da soma das trocas de calor sensível (radiação e convecção) e latente. Frequência respiratória (P<0,0001), temperatura da superfície (P<0,0001) e temperatura cloacal (P=0,0047) foram maiores no ambiente de 32°C. A temperatura do ar expirado (P<0,0001) e a perda de calor por evaporação respiratória (P<0,0001) apresentaram valores maiores quando as codornas estavam em ambiente de 32°C, enquanto as perdas de calor por convecção (P<0,0001) e radiação (P<0,0001) foram maiores em um ambiente de conforto térmico. Em codornas japonesas mantidas em ambiente controlado, a dissipação de calor sensível por convecção é a principal forma de eliminar o excesso de energia térmica, quando a temperatura do ar é de até 32ºC.

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Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR), determined as repeated measurements over time in female goats, were used to identify covariance matrices that best fit the data for residual modeling on these three traits. Then, based on this result, the goats' responses to heat were evaluated. Five matrices were found with convergence for the three traits. The Heterogeneous Compound Symmetry matrix showed a good fit for modeling the residual associated with RT, whereas the Heterogeneous Autoregressive matrix had a better fit for RR and HR, according to the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), corrected AIC (AICc), and Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) used. After adjusting the residual data for these three traits, a mixed-model analysis was used to evaluate collection period (3), physiological stage (3), and animal age (3) as fixed effects. Residual modeling interfered differently with the p-value associated with the fixed effects studied. Collection period and interactions did not influence the variation in RT (P>0.761), which was within the standard range for goats in the tropics, while the physiological stage of the goats affected it (P<0.05). Rectal temperature, HR, and RR tend to show covariance structures that can be modeled using specific residual covariance matrices, that is, the heterogeneous compound symmetry matrix best suits RT data, whereas the heterogeneous autoregressive matrix is better suited for HR and RR, which are usually correlated. The goats of the evaluated breed maintain RT within the range of variation displayed by breeds adapted to a hot environment, regardless of their physiological condition. Variations occur in RR and HR, without, however, exceeding the normal range for goats. Pregnancy causes goats to raise their RR in the rainy season of the year in the region in order to maintain RT within the normal range for the species.(AU)

Utilizou-se a Temperatura retal (TR), Frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR) aferidas como medidas repetidas no tempo em fêmeas caprinas, objetivando-se identificar matrizes de estruturas de covariância que melhor se ajustou aos dados para modelagem do resíduo nessas três características e, em seguida, avaliou-se a respostas de cabras ao calor, com base nesse resultado. Constatou-se cinco matrizes com convergência nas três características. A Simétrica composta heterogênea ajustou-se bem para modelagem do resíduo associado a TR, enquanto a Autorregressiva heterogênea ajustou-se melhor para a FR e FC, de acordo com os critérios de informação de Akaike (AIC), Akaike corrigido (AICc) e o Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC) utilizados. Com o resíduos de dados dessas três características ajustados, utilizou-se uma análise com modelos mistos para avaliar a Época de coleta (3), Estado fisiológico (3) e Idade do animal (3) foram como efeitos fixos. Constatou-se que a modelagem do resíduo interferiu de modo diferenciado no p valor associado aos efeitos fixos estudados. A época da coleta e interações não influenciaram a variação da TR (P>0,761), que oscilou dentro da faixa padrão para caprinos nos trópicos, mas o Estágio fisiológico da cabra sim (P<0,05). A Temperatura retal e as Frequências cardíaca e respiratória tendem a apresentar estruturas de covariâncias modeláveis com utilização de matrizes de covariâncias residuais especificas, ou seja, a matriz Simétrica composta heterogênea mais adequada para dados da Temperatura retal, enquanto a Autorregressiva heterogênea para as Frequências cardíaca e respiratória, geralmente correlacionas. As cabras da raça avaliadas mantêm a temperatura retal dentro da amplitude de variação apresentada por raças adaptadas a ambiente quente. Isso ocorre independente da condição fisiológica que se encontra, mas com ocorrência de variação na frequência respiratória e cardíaca, não excedendo, no entanto, a faixa normal para caprinos. A gestação condiciona a cabra a elevar a FR na época chuvosa do ano na região para manter a TR na faixa de amplitude normal para caprinos.(AU)

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The objective was to study the stress level in dogs during grooming services in a pet shop. A total of 55 grooming services carried out in a pet shop in the city of Janaúba, MG, were evaluated and divided into four categories according to sex and body weight. The flowchart of the grooming process contained six steps that began with the transportation of dogs to the pet shop and finished with their return to the place of origin. Behavioral, physiological, and blood component evaluations were performed at different steps of the process. Changes in dog behavior and physiological parameters were observed primarily upon arrival at the pet shop and during drying. Employee characteristics also influenced dogs' behaviors. However, dogs were able to thermoregulate and maintain the homeostasis of leukocytes, glucose and cortisol in the blood.(AU)

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The physiological parameters and the productive performance of free-range broilers submitted to installations with different materials of tile composition were evaluated. 320 male broilers of the Vermelho Pesadão lineage were used, with an initial age of 35 days, distributed among the following treatments: 1) Fiber cement tile painted white on the outside; 2) Cardboard tile coated with double-sided canvas - black for the interior and white for the exterior; 3) Tetra Pak® box tile; 4) Tile of Tetra Pak® boxes covered with PET bottles. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replicates per treatment and 20 broilers per experimental unit. The climatic environment was evaluated daily at 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours. The productive and physiological parameters were evaluated every 7 days, the last ones being collected at 9 and 15 hours. In the afternoon, the highest values of air temperature and black globe temperature index and humidity were recorded, regardless of the materials evaluated. Fiber cement tiles and cardboard tiles coated with double-sided canvas showed the lowest values of climatic variables. There was no difference between the types of tile for the variables of productive performance and physiological parameters. It was concluded that the fiber-cement tiles painted white on the outside, and the cardboard coated with light canvas on the outside provided a better thermal environment inside the aviaries, which can be indicated for use in shelters for the creation of free-range broilers.

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Finding livestock breeds that are resistant to high temperatures may be one of the strategies for mitigating the impact of global climate change on dairy farming. In this investigation, we studied the heat resistance of Holstein (HB) and Brown Swiss (BS) cows on two commercial dairy farms under the hot summer conditions of Ukraine. The physiological response of animals determined heat resistance by measuring rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) in the morning (from 4:00 to 6:00) in comfortable conditions and the afternoon (from 14:00 to 16:00), during heat load. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used to characterize weather conditions and microclimate in naturally ventilated rooms (NVBs). BS cows were found to be heat resistant. The reaction of HB cows to the heat was manifested by higher growth of RT and RR, and they suffered significant losses in the daily milk yield per cow in the summer. Further research will need to elucidate the biological and genetic mechanisms of the identified breed differences in heat tolerance of dairy cows.

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Finding livestock breeds that are resistant to high temperatures may be one of the strategies for mitigating the impact of global climate change on dairy farming. In this investigation, we studied the heat resistance of Holstein (HB) and Brown Swiss (BS) cows on two commercial dairy farms under the hot summer conditions of Ukraine. The physiological response of animals determined heat resistance by measuring rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) in the morning (from 4:00 to 6:00) in comfortable conditions and the afternoon (from 14:00 to 16:00), during heat load. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used to characterize weather conditions and microclimate in naturally ventilated rooms (NVBs). BS cows were found to be heat resistant. The reaction of HB cows to the heat was manifested by higher growth of RT and RR, and they suffered significant losses in the daily milk yield per cow in the summer. Further research will need to elucidate the biological and genetic mechanisms of the identified breed differences in heat tolerance of dairy cows.(AU)

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Capybaras have found favorable conditions for survival and reproduction in green urban environments. In recent years, the population of these large rodents has been increasingly abundant in several brazilian cities such as Uberlândia, a municipality of the southeastern region with a Cerrado biome. Capybaras are important in the Brazilian Spotted Fever epidemiological chain, by amplifying infection rates of the vector population. However, knowledge of this host's physiology is scarce. Thus, the aim of this work was to describe hematological and biochemical parameters of free-living capybaras groups in urbanized areas in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Capybaras were captured in 4 different locations of Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais state, including 1 Condominium (P1), 1 Private Market Garden (P2), 1 Private Club (P3) and 1 Municipal Park (P4). The animals were baited into an octagonal iron corral and chemically contained with anesthetic darts. After sedated, blood was collected from the femoral vein in tubes with and without EDTA. Biochemical evaluation, hematological analysis with differential leukocyte counts and search for Dirofilaria sp. were done. The blood count and biochemistry values obtained from animals of different ages, sex and sectors (P1, P2, P3 and P4) were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, considering 95% significance. Values that had a normal distribution were subjected to ANOVA tests followed by Student's t-test. Values that did not follow normality were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, to obtain a P-value, with a significance level of 95%. A total of 19 capybaras were captured: 4 in P1, 6 in P2, 4 in P3 and 5 in P4. From the 19 animals, 13 were females (68.42%) and 6 were males (31.57%), 12 adults (63.15%) and 7 juveniles (36.84%). Apart from occasional skin scars and moderate to intense Ambyomma spp. tick infestations, all captured animals were healthy on a broad examination. From 5 animals captured in P4, despite the use of anticoagulant, blood from 4 animals clotted fast. No microfilariae were found in the thick drop test in any of the 19 animals sampled, and in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, Kurloff cells were observed. Hematological and biochemical values presented no major differences when comparing sex and age. Nevertheless, differences in liver and kidney profile were observed between the capybara groups, including ALT, alkaline phosphorus, BUN and creatinine. Blood from 4 animals clotted fast, despite the use of EDTA tubes. Blood clotting of samples with anticoagulant in this work could be associated with some physiological features inherent to capybaras. Many attempts were required to obtain enough blood from each individual due to the rapid hemostasis, what come in accordance with reports in literature. Kurloff cells were observed in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, which can be found in peripheral blood of female rodents during follicular phase of estrous cycle. Hematological and biochemical values differences in liver enzymes such as ALT and alkaline phosphorus, and kidney profile enzymes including BUN and creatinine could be associated to capture stress or dietetic variation between groups. Despite statistical relevant, the values were still in accordance with other works, although comparisons should be done with caution since various environments exert a diverse array of stimulus upon the animals such as parasitic, infective, stress, nutritional, social and undoubtedly blood parameters mirror them. In conclusion, this work contributes to the standardization of free-living capybaras' physiological parameters in urban areas.(AU)

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For correct chemical containment, there is a need for an adequate anesthetic protocol for each species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol in Phrynops geoffroanus. Ten animals were used, which were anesthetized with propofol 1%, at a dose of 35 mg/kg, by the intracellular route. All animals were anesthetized on two occasions, with a minimum interval of 15 days between anesthetics, randomly composing two experimental groups, Group 1, in which the animals were submitted to 12 hours of water regime, while in Group 2 they remained within water until the moment of anesthetic induction. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured. There was a significant difference between groups only regarding heart rate. It was concluded that the 12 hour water regime did not influence the physiological parameters of the animals.

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This study evaluated the comparative growth of 125 feedlot goats of distinct genetic groups (GG): 34 ½ Saanen (SA) + ½ Parda Alpine (PA), 33 ½ SA + ½ Anglo-Nubian (AN), 30 ¾ SA + » PA, and 28 three cross ½ Boer (BO) + » AN + » SA. There was a significative difference (P<0.01) in birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and slaughter weight (SW) between GG. The BW, WW and SW were significantly influenced (P<0.01) by kid sex and birth type. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between pre-weaning and post-weaning daily weight gain. The weight gain during these periods was significantly influenced (P<0.01) by GG, kid sex and birth type. Pre-weaning aver-age daily weight gains were higher (P<0.01) compared to post-weaning. There was a difference in body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) between GG in the morning (P<0.05) and in the afternoon (P<0.01). The ½ SA + ½ AN and three cross goats had lower BT, RR and HR than ½ SA + ½ PA and ¾ SA + » PA animals. Application of the heat tolerance index proposed by Baccari Junior showed a higher index for ½ SA + ½ AN and three cross goats compared to ½ SA + ½ PA and ¾ SA + ½ PA animals, demonstrating that the former are more tolerant to the climate conditions of the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro State.

Foi avaliado o crescimento comparativo de 125 cabritos de diferentes grupos genéticos (GG), sendo 34 ½ Saanen (SA) + ½ Parda Alpina (PA), 33 ½ SA + ½ Anglo-nubiana (AN), 30 ¾ SA + » PA e 28 three cross ½ Bôer (BO) + » AN » + » SA, confinados. A análise estatística revelou diferença (P<0,01) entre os GG, entre peso ao nascer (PN), a desmama (PD) e ao abate (PA). O PN, PD e PA foram influenciados (P<0,01) pelo sexo da cria e tipo de nascimento. Houve diferença (P<0,01) entre o ganho de peso diário no período pré e pós-desmama. Os ganhos de pesos nesses períodos foram influenciados (P<0,01) pelo GG, sexo da cria e tipo de nascimento (P<0,01). Os ganhos de peso médio diário no período pré-desmama foram maiores (P<0,01) em relação ao pós-desmama. Houve diferença na temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC) entre os GG, pela manhã (P<0,05) e a tarde (P<0,01). Os cabritos (½ SA + ½ AN) e o three cross apresentaram a TR, FR e FC mais baixas do que os (½ SA + ½ PA) e (¾ SA + » PA). Pela aplicação do índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) proposto por Baccari Júnior, os cabritos ½ SA + ½ AN e o three cross obtiveram o ITC mais alto do que o ½ SA + ½ PA e o ¾ SA + ½ PA, revelando-se mais tolerantes às condições climáticas da Baixada Fluminense, Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

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A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos.(AU)

The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn't exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses and adaptability of Anglo-Nubian goat breeds by Ibéria and Benezra tests, maintained in bioclimatic chamber under different temperatures: 20, 24, 28 and 32oC, where temperature and air relative humidity and black globe humidity index (BGHI) were measured. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and six replicates. With the increase of temperature and the BGHI, increased the surface temperature, the cardiac and respiratory frequency, and the thermal gradient, the rectal temperature remained within normal limits. The adaptability tests indicated that animals in the temperatures of 28 and 32°C had the physiological parameters altered to maintain the warm-blooded, which BGHI values corresponding were 78.21 and 82.55 respectively, characterizing a warning and danger situation.

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Objetivou-se avaliar as características adaptativas e reprodutivas do grupo genético Soinga em épocas chuvosa e seca. Essa Tese é composta de três capítulos. O primeiro é um estudo das Perfil adaptativo de ovinos do grupo genético Soinga avaliado através das variáveis fisiológicas e bioquímicas. O segundo trata-se de um estudo da avaliação hormonal e de parâmetros espermáticos de sêmen fresco de ovinos do grupo genético Soinga em distintos períodos no semiárido brasileiro. O terceiro é um estudo das características do sêmen de ovinos do grupo genético Soinga pós-congelação nos períodos chuvoso e seco no semiárido nordestino brasileiro. Oito carneiros do grupo genético Soinga sexualmente maduros com um bom histórico de fertilidade foram usados. O peso vivo médio 42 ± 5 kg e idade entre um ± dois anos, submetidos a sistema de produção semi-intensivo com água ad libitum. O experimento foi realizado em duas épocas do ano, chuvosa (maio e junho) e seca (setembro e outubro) na Fazenda Soledade, localizada no município de Ielmo Marinho, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram registrados dados climatológicos, assim como frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal, temperatura superficial, parâmetros metabolicos, parâmetros hormonais, perímetro escrotal, avaliação do sêmen fresco e pós-congelamento. A estação seca e o turno da tarde influenciaram as médias da frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e temperatura superficial, sendo maiores quando comparadas à estação chuvosa e ao turno da manhã. Perímetro escrotal, comprimento do testículo direito e comprimento do testículo esquerdo não diferiram, independentemente da época ou turno. Entre os parâmetros seminais, apenas defeitos menores apresentou diferença significativa entre os momentos, o início da época seca foi superior ao início da época chuvosa. Não houve diferença entre os espermatozoides pós-descongelados quanto a integridade da membrana plasmática, alto potencial de membrana mitocondrial e integridade da membrana acrossomal dos ovinos Soinga em diferentes momentos. Os ovinos do grupo genético Soinga foram capazes de manter a homeotermia em condições climáticas do semiárido nas diferentes épocas do ano (chuvosa e seca). Apesar de terem ocorrido alterações nos parâmetros do perfil bioquímico, a maior parte desses parâmetros permaneceu dentro dos padrões preconizados para a espécie, confirmando a adaptabilidade fisiológica desse grupo genético às condições do semiárido brasileiro. Na resposta hormonal, não apresentaram grandes variações durante as duas épocas, exceto em relação a testosterona que se mostrou elevada na estação seca. Todavia, a qualidade seminal permaneceu dentro da normalidade para espécie ao longo dos períodos avaliados, considerada satisfatória para a atividade reprodutiva. Na avaliação do sêmen descongelado, não apresentaram diferenças entre épocas na qualidade seminal pós-descongelamento explorados em ambiente tropical.

The objective was to evaluate the adaptive and reproductive characteristics of the Soinga genetic group in rainy and dry seasons. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first is a study of the adaptive profile of sheep of the Soinga genetic group evaluated through physiological and biochemical variables. The second is a study of the hormonal evaluation and sperm parameters of fresh semen of sheep of the genetic group Soinga in different periods in the Brazilian semiarid region. The third is a study of the semen characteristics of sheep of the genetic group Soinga post-freezing in the rainy and dry seasons in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil. Eight sexually mature Soinga rams with a good history of fertility were used. Mean live weight 42 ± 5 kg and age between one ± two years, submitted to a semi-intensive production system with water ad libitum. The experiment was carried out in two seasons, rainy (May and June) and dry (September and October) at Fazenda Soledade, located in the municipality of Ielmo Marinho, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Climatological data were recorded as well as respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, surface temperature, metabolic parameters, hormonal parameters, scrotal circumference, evaluation of fresh and post-freezing semen. The dry season and the afternoon shift influenced the means of respiratory rate, rectal temperature and surface temperature, being higher when compared to the rainy season and the morning shift. Scrotal circumference, right testis length and left testis length did not differ, regardless of season or shift. Among the seminal parameters, only minor defects showed a significant difference between the moments, the beginning of the dry season was superior to the beginning of the rainy season. There was no difference between post-thawed spermatozoa regarding plasma membrane integrity, high mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosomal membrane integrity of Soinga sheep at different times. Sheep of the Soinga genetic group were able to maintain homeothermy in semi-arid climatic conditions at different times of the year (rainy and dry). Although there were changes in the parameters of the biochemical profile, most of these parameters remained within the standards recommended for the species, confirming the physiological adaptability of this genetic group to the conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region. In the hormonal response, they did not show great variations during the two seasons, except for testosterone, which was high in the dry season. However, the seminal quality remained within the normal range for the species throughout the evaluated periods, considered satisfactory for reproductive activity. In the evaluation of thawed semen, there were no differences between times in post-thawed semen quality explored in a tropical environment.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de ovinos do grupo genético SOINGA em condições ambientais na região do Cariri Cearense. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Novo Horizonte, localizada no município de Santana do Cariri, mesorregião sul cearense, microrregião do cariri estado do Ceará. Foram selecionadas inicialmente, 25 fêmeas e um macho (posteriormente seus descendentes), do grupo genético Soinga. Durante o período experimental, as coletas foram realizadas a cada 15 dias no período, às 09h:00min e às 15h:00min. Foram registradas as variáveis ambientais como a temperatura do Globo Negro ao sol e a sombra, temperatura ambiente máxima e mínima, temperatura média e umidade relativa do ar com auxílio de um termo-higrômetro. Em relação aos parâmetros fisiológicos, foram mensuradas as frequências cardíaca e respiratória com o auxílio do estetoscópio clínico e através da visualização dos movimentos torácico abdominal com o auxílio de um cronômetro, durante um minuto, respectivamente, a temperaturas retal e vaginal com o auxílio de um termômetro clínico veterinário, colocado no reto e na vagina do animal por três minutos. Para averiguar a temperatura superficial corpórea foi utilizado câmera termográfica, sendo mensurada em graus Celsius (°C). As ovelhas foram mantidas em sistema de criação totalmente extensivo, levadas ao pasto pela manhã e recolhidas ao aprisco no final da tarde, onde era ofertado sal mineral comercial específico para a espécie em comedouro coletivo. Após o nascimento, as crias eram pesadas e marcadas com número de identificação e as informações registradas em fichas individuais, que posteriormente foram transcritas para planilhas do Microsoft Excel. As variáveis foram submetidas aos testes de homogeneidade de variância e normalidade dos erros e, posteriormente realizou-se a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os valores de temperatura do ar com relação aos períodos, resultaram em uma menor média encontrada de 25,23ºC período chuvoso pela manhã e a maior média de 39,56ºC no período seco turno da tarde. A frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca e a temperatura retal se mantiveram dentro da normalidade. A temperatura retal (TR) e vaginal (TV) apresentaram alta correlação. Observou-se idade ao primeiro parto médio de 379,8 dias, intervalo entre partos médios de 269,93 dias, e prolificidade média 1,07 crias por parto, constatando a boa prolificidade da raça. As médias de peso total de crias ao nascer e ao desmame (corrigido para 90 dias) foram de 3,4kg e 3,15 kg e 14,1 kg, para machos e fêmeas respectivamente. Estes resultados confirmam as características de porte, fertilidade e boa adaptação do grupo genético SOINGA às condições de semiárido nordestino.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological parameters, the productive and reproductive performance of sheep of the genetic group SOINGA under environmental conditions in the region of Cariri Cearense. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda Novo Horizonte, located in the municipality of Santana do Cariri, in the southern mesoregion of Ceará, micro-region of the Cariri state of Ceará. Initially, 25 females and 01 male (later their descendants) from the Soinga genetic group were selected. During the experimental period, the collections were carried out every 15 days in the period, at 9 am and 3 pm. Environmental variables such as the temperature of the Black Globe in the sun and shade, maximum and minimum ambient temperature, average temperature and relative air humidity were recorded with the aid of a thermo-hygrometer. Regarding the physiological parameters, heart and respiratory rates were measured with the aid of a clinical stethoscope and through the visualization of abdominal thoracic movements with the aid of a stopwatch, for one minute, respectively, at rectal and vaginal temperatures with the aid of a veterinary clinical thermometer, placed in the animal's rectum and vagina for 2 minutes. To determine the body surface temperature, a thermographic camera was used, measured in degrees Celsius (°C). The ewes were kept in a fully extensive rearing system, taken to pasture in the morning and taken to the sheepfold in the late afternoon, where commercial mineral salt specific for the species was offered in a collective feeder. After birth, the pups were weighed and marked with an identification number and the information recorded on individual forms, which were later transcribed into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The variables were submitted to the tests of homogeneity of variance and normality of errors and, later, the analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The air temperature values in relation to the periods resulted in a lower average found of 25.23ºC in the rainy period in the morning and the highest average of 39.56ºC in the dry period in the afternoon. Respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature remained within the normal range. Rectal (TR) and vaginal (TV) temperatures were highly correlated. Mean age at first calving of 379.8 days, mean interval between calvings of 269.93 days, and mean prolificacy of 1.07 offspring per calving were observed, confirming the good prolificacy of the breed. The mean total weight of offspring at birth and at weaning (corrected for 90 days) were 3.4 and 3.15 kg and 14.1 kg, for males and females respectively. These results confirm the size, fertility and good adaptation characteristics of the SOINGA genetic group to the northeastern semiarid conditions.

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The choice of the ideal anesthetic protocol must consider a number of factors, providing minimum anesthetic time, little cardiopulmonary depression and management of anesthesia must keep vital signs and physiological parameters monitored. Patients with neoplasia are even more important, because, normally, middle-aged or elderly animals show changes who qualified him as patients with risk category III or IV. The present study reports the case of a female dog SRD 10-year-old carrier of breast cancer submitted to unilateral mastectomy, highlighting the importance of the anesthetic protocol used.

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Cães são animais sociais e necessitam da convivência e interação em grupo, quando são privados destas necessidades muitos podem desenvolver desvios comportamentais. Desta forma o enriquecimento ambiental vem se mostrando uma importante ferramenta para promover estímulos no ambiente do animal, criando condições para o desenvolvimento das necessidades etológicas do animal. Desta forma, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar por meio da frequência cardíaca a resposta de cães frente à exposição a diferentes objetos de enriquecimento ambiental. A frequência cardíaca de três cães mantidos em canil foi avaliada com o uso de frequencímetro cardíaco por três dias cada, antes e após a introdução de três objetos de enriquecimento ambiental-osso de plástico (OP), osso natural recheado com alimento para cães (OR) e brinquedo de borracha recheado com alimento para cães (BB). De acordo com a análise de variância foram encontrados efeitos significativos para animal e enriquecimento (P<0,001), mas não para a interação animal x enriquecimento ambiental (P>0,05), sendo que as maiores frequências foram observadas para os objetos recheados com alimento, todavia para OP os valores ficaram inferiores àqueles observados sem enriquecimento. Assim, os animais ficaram mais estimulados quando introduzidos aos objetos BB e OP.

Dogs are social animals that need life and group interaction, the deprivation of which might cause the development of behavioral deviations. Thus, environmental enrichment has shown to be an important tool in promoting stimuli in animal environments, providing conditions for the development of animal ethological needs. This work aimed to evaluate the response of dogs exposed to different environmental enrichment tools, using their heart rates. The cardiac frequency of three kennel dogs was monitored for three days, before and after the introduction of three environmental enrichment objects -plastic bone (OP), real bone stuffed with dog food (OR) and rubber toy stuffed with dog food (BB). ANOVA analysis showed significant effects for animal and enrichment (P <0.001), but not for environmental animal interaction x enrichment (P> 0.05).The highest frequencies were observed for the food stuffed objects. However, OP values were lower than those observed without enrichment. Thus, animals were more stimulated by BB and OP objects.

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This study characterized the thermal environment and assessed the physiological aspects of acclimatization of Sindhi and Guzerat heifers in a tropical environment (Brazil) under shade. Eight Sindhi and eight Guzerat purebred heifers (Bos indicus) had their physiological traits measured twice a day (9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.). Environmental data during the experimental period were collected at two-hour intervals between 5:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The temperature-humidity (THI) and the black globe temperature-humidity (BGHI) indices were calculated, and surface temperature (St), respiratory rate (Rr), and rectal temperature (Rt) were collected, being used to estimate heat loss by cutaneous (Ec) and respiratory (Er) evaporation. In the warmer parts of the day (1:00 and 3:00 p.m.), the THI and BGHI reached values of 80.26 and 81.25, respectively. There was no significant difference in rectal temperatures between the breeds, but higher values were observed in the afternoon. Heat transfer by cutaneous evaporation reached 118.71±12.91 W.m-2 and 103.43±6.82 W.m-2 at 2:00 p.m. for the Sindhi and Guzerat heifers, respectively. Under these conditions (air temperature was between 29 and 30°C), 84% of the total latent heat loss in Sindhi and Guzerat heifers was represented by Ec. It can be concluded that Sindhi and Guzerat heifers can maintain homeothermy with minimal thermoregulatory effort under shade conditions in a tropical environment.

Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o ambiente térmico e respostas fisiológicas de novilhas Sindi e Guzerá em ambiente tropical. Oito novilhas Sindi e oito Guzerá (Bos indicus) foram utilizadas para medições fisiológicas duas vezes ao dia (09:00 e 14:00). Durante o período experimental, os dados ambientais foram coletados em intervalos de duas horas, entre 05:00 e 17:00. O índice de temperatura-umidade (ITU) e o de globo negro-umidade (ITGU) foram calculados. Foram aferidas a temperatura de superfície (TS) , frequência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura retal (TR), sendo estimados a perda de calor por evaporação cutânea (EC) e pelo trato respiratório (Er). Nos horários mais quentes do dia (01:00 e 15:00), o ITU e ITGU atingiram valores de 80,26 e 81,25, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa para a temperatura retal entre as raças, contudo, valores mais elevados foram observados no período da tarde. As estimativas para a transferência de calor latente via evaporação cutânea atingiram 118,71 ± 12,91 W.m-2 e 103,43 ± 6,82 W.m-2 no período da tarde (2:00) para as novilhas Sindi e Guzerá, respectivamente. Em condições de temperatura do ar entre 29 e 30 ° C, 84% da perda de calor latente total em novilhas Sindi e Guzerá foi representada pela Ec. Pode-se concluir que novilhas Sindi e Guzerá criadas em condições de sombra, numa região tropical, conseguem manter a homeotermia com baixo dispêndio de energia para a termorregulação.

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The present paper reports blood gas analysis, hematologic and micro bacteriologic information on four female Red-billed curassows, rescued from illegal wild animal trading, that were undergoing habilitation for reintroduction into the wild through Projeto Centrofauna/Botucatu-SP. There is a lack of physiological data on this species, endemic to the region of Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), now under threat of extinction. This lack of information makes the clinical evaluation of these birds very difficult and has a direct and adverse effect on any of these birds received for medical treatment in hospitals, veterinary clinics and centers for research and conservation, as well as in reintroduction centers.

O presente artigo reporta dados inéditos de análise hemogasométrica, hematológica e bacteriológica de quatro fêmeas de Mutum do Sudeste, resgatadas do tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres e em processo de habilitação e reintrodução para vida-livre pelo Projeto Centrofauna, Botucatu/SP. Na literatura há uma falta de dados fisiológicos sobre esta espécie, endêmica da região da Mata Atlântica e ameaçada de extinção. Esta falta de informação faz com que avaliações clínicas nesta espécie aviária sejam muito difíceis de interpretar, causando um efeito direto e negativo nestas aves para a realização de tratamento médico em hospitais, clínicas veterinárias, centros de pesquisa e/ou conservação, bem como centros de reintrodução.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do ambiente de criação e dos diferentes turnos sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e desempenho em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia. O trabalho foi conduzido nos meses de junho e julho de 2019, foram utilizados 12 coelhos com 45 dias de vida, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados (DBC) com 6 tratamentos (efeitos fixos: ambientes de criação controlado e não controlado; turnos: manhã, tarde e noite) e 12 repetições (animais). Para caracterização do ambiente, foram coletadas: temperatura do ambiente e umidade relativa do ar, para determinação do índice de temperatura e umidade. Foram mensurados os parâmetros: temperatura retal, frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura corporal e temperatura da orelha, bem como, os dados de consumo e peso durante 15 dias consecutivos, três vezes ao dia, nas duas unidades de alojamento, nos períodos: manhã (07h00min), tarde (13h00min) e noite (21h00min). A partir dos dados coletados foi determinado o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU), para avaliar se houve estresse térmico, em quantos dias e quais ambientes e turnos e relacionar essas informações com os parâmetros fisiológicos obtidos. Os resultados demonstraram que no ambiente não controlado, houve estresse térmico todos os dias (sempre no turno da tarde), já no ambiente controlado ausência de estresse em todos os 15 dias do experimento. Observou-se que houve efeito significativo entre todos os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, levando-se em consideração o ambiente de criação, ilustrando a reação fisiológica dos coelhos para tentar manter a homeotermia. Conclui-se, assim, que o estresse por calor afetou negativamente a fisiologia dos animais em crescimento, o que sugere a necessidade de se dar maior importância as condições térmicas dos ambientes de criação.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the rearing environment and the different shifts on the physiological parameters and performance in New Zealand rabbits. This research was carried out in the months of June and July 2019, 12 rabbits with 45 days old were used, distributed in a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments (fixed effects: rearing environments - controlled and uncontrolled; shifts: morning, afternoon and night) and 12 repetitions (animals). To characterize the environment, the following were collected: ambient temperature and relative humidity, to determine the temperature and humidity index. The parameters were measured: rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature and ear temperature, as well as consumption and weight data for 15 consecutive days, three times a day, in the two accommodation units, in the periods: morning (07h00min), afternoon (13h00min) and night (21h00min). From the data collected, the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was determined to assess whether there was thermal stress, in how many days and in which environments and shifts, and to relate this information to the obtained physiological parameters. The results showed that in the uncontrolled environment, there was thermal stress every day (always in the afternoon shift), while in the controlled environment there was no stress in all 15 days of the experiment. It was observed that there was a significant effect among all the physiological parameters evaluated, taking into account the rearing environment, illustrating the physiological reaction of the rabbits to try to maintain homeothermy. It is concluded, therefore, that heat stress negatively affected the physiology of growing animals, which suggests the need to give greater importance to the thermal conditions of the breeding environments.

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O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de comparar o grau de bem-estar animal e a condição térmica dos membros (aferida por TIV) entre cavalos mantidos soltos e aqueles sob estabulação contínua. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e doze repetições. Para tal, utilizaram-se 24 equinos machos castrados, da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com idade entre 5 e 9 anos e peso médio de 500 ± 50 kg, divididos em 2 grupos experimentais: 1) RPMon, com 12 equinos mantidos em piquetes e que exerciam exclusivamente patrulha urbana; 2) Choque, com 12 animais que exerciam exclusivamente patrulha urbana e eram mantidos em regime de estabulação contínua, alojados em cocheiras com 12 m² (3 m x 4 m), de concreto e sem cama. Todos eles foram alimentados com feno de gramínea e de alfafa (Cynodon spp. e Medicago sativa) além de 5 quilos de ração/animal/dia. Os animais foram avaliados uma vez por semana, ao longo de seis semanas e foram coletados dados comportamentais, térmicos (das extremidades distais dos membros e dos olhos) e amostras sanguíneas. Observaram-se comportamentos estereotipados, concentrações séricas de alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatino quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), lactato, magnésio (Mg2+), cortisol, temperaturas oculares máximas e temperaturas máximas e médias periféricas para quatro regiões anatômicas (carpo/tarso, metacarpo/metatarso, boleto e casco) de cada membro. Os equinos confinados tiveram comportamentos estereotipados e apresentaram alta concentração sérica de cortisol, indicando que eles tinham menor grau de bem-estar animal quando comparados aos manejados em piquetes de pasto, que só executaram comportamentos próprios da espécie. A termografia infravermelha de membros apresentou potencial preditivo na identificação de estresse crônico em equinos, pois a capacidade discriminante de algumas variáveis térmicas foi considerável (74,5%). No entanto, a temperatura máxima ocular não se mostrou um método eficiente na detecção de estresse para equinos, pois não se observou correlação com a concentração sérica de estresse (p>0,05). Porém, ainda são necessários mais estudos para comprovar esses achados.

The effects of housing on equine welfare and thermal conditions of limbs were investigated using 24 gelding horses, of Brasileiro de Hipismo breed, aging between 5 and 9 years old, with average weight of 500 ± 50Kg. These animals were divided into two groups: 1) RPMon, with 12 horses kept in paddocks and ridden exclusively on urban patrol; 2) Choque, with 12 horses kept in 12m² (3m x 4m) box stalls, ridden exclusively on urban patrol. All of them were feed with grass hay and alfafa hay (Cynodon spp. e Medicago sativa), plus 5Kg/animal/day of concentrated food. The sample collections took place once a week for 6 weeks. Behavior data, thermal data (from eyes, forelegs and hindlegs) and blood samples were also collected. Stereotypic behaviors, maximum eye temperature (MET), maximum and average temperatures of carpus/tarsus, metacarpus/metatarsus, fetlock and hoof of each limb were assessed. Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate, magnesium (Mg2+) and cortisol were also measured. The housed horses presented stereotypic behavoirs as crib-biting, lip-licking and random head movements. Their cortisol serum concentration was really high, although the enzimes were inside the reference values. It shows that these horses were in a distress condition and the housing without time in paddock is an unsuitable management. In other way, the RPMon horses displayed only normal behaviors, but their serum cortisol concentration was also high. It, probably, reveals that the relationship between the handlers and the horses is not so kind at that facility. The MET didnt seem to be a good index of stress, because it had no correlation (p>0,05) with serum cortisol concentration. Some limb temperatures had a high discriminant value (74,5%), what could mean that these thermal data should be used as an index of chronic stress, although, to confirm this, further essays are necessary.