Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems / Medições morfométricas e características de carcaça de Black Australorp, Naked Neck e Rhode Island Red crossbreds sob sistemas de produção alternativos

The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.

O presente estudo explicou o efeito de sistemas alternativos de produção sobre o crescimento, características morfométricas e carcaças de quatro genótipos de frango diferentes. A segunda geração de dois genótipos RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) e BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtida por duas autocruzes (RNN × RNN = RR e B ANN × BNN = BB) e duas cruzes recíprocas (RNN × BNN = RB e BNN × RNN = BR) foi avaliada em três sistemas de produção alternativos (gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e aviário). Na 6ª semana de idade após o sexo, um total de 600 aves, compostas por 150 de cada raça cruzada com um total de 300 pullets e 300 galos, foi dividido em gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e sistemas aviários com 200 aves em cada. As aves foram organizadas em 3×4 arranjos fatoriais sob projeto completamente randomizado (3 sistemas de produção × 4 genótipos × 2 sexos × 25 aves = 600 aves). Em relação aos genótipos, os machos RB e BR apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (p < 0,01), peso da baqueta, peso mamário e peso da coxa do que os genótipos BB e RR. As fêmeas do genótipo BR apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso mamário, peso da coxa e peso da baqueta. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de produção, maior (p < 0,01) peso hepático, peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa foram observados nos machos criados em gaiolas enriquecidas em comparação com gaiolas convencionais e sistema aviário. As fêmeas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa quando comparadas com as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias. Conclui-se que as galinhas (ambos os sexos) dos genótipos BR e RB apresentaram melhores medidas morfológicas e traços de carcaça do que os de frangos genótipos RR e BB. Entre os sistemas de produção alternativos, [...].

Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems

Abstract The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.

Resumo O presente estudo explicou o efeito de sistemas alternativos de produção sobre o crescimento, características morfométricas e carcaças de quatro genótipos de frango diferentes. A segunda geração de dois genótipos RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) e BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtida por duas autocruzes (RNN × RNN = RR e B ANN × BNN = BB) e duas cruzes recíprocas (RNN × BNN = RB e BNN × RNN = BR) foi avaliada em três sistemas de produção alternativos (gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e aviário). Na 6ª semana de idade após o sexo, um total de 600 aves, compostas por 150 de cada raça cruzada com um total de 300 pullets e 300 galos, foi dividido em gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e sistemas aviários com 200 aves em cada. As aves foram organizadas em 3×4 arranjos fatoriais sob projeto completamente randomizado (3 sistemas de produção × 4 genótipos × 2 sexos × 25 aves = 600 aves). Em relação aos genótipos, os machos RB e BR apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (p 0,01), peso da baqueta, peso mamário e peso da coxa do que os genótipos BB e RR. As fêmeas do genótipo BR apresentaram maior (p 0,01) peso mamário, peso da coxa e peso da baqueta. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de produção, maior (p 0,01) peso hepático, peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa foram observados nos machos criados em gaiolas enriquecidas em comparação com gaiolas convencionais e sistema aviário. As fêmeas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas apresentaram maior (p 0,01) peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa quando comparadas com as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias. Conclui-se que as galinhas (ambos os sexos) dos genótipos BR e RB apresentaram melhores medidas morfológicas e traços de carcaça do que os de frangos genótipos RR e BB. Entre os sistemas de produção alternativos, as galinhas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas tinham características melhores do que as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias durante a fase de cultivo.

Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems / Medições morfométricas e características de carcaça de Black Australorp, Naked Neck e Rhode Island Red crossbreds sob sistemas de produção alternativos

Abstract The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.

Resumo O presente estudo explicou o efeito de sistemas alternativos de produção sobre o crescimento, características morfométricas e carcaças de quatro genótipos de frango diferentes. A segunda geração de dois genótipos RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) e BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtida por duas autocruzes (RNN × RNN = RR e B ANN × BNN = BB) e duas cruzes recíprocas (RNN × BNN = RB e BNN × RNN = BR) foi avaliada em três sistemas de produção alternativos (gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e aviário). Na 6ª semana de idade após o sexo, um total de 600 aves, compostas por 150 de cada raça cruzada com um total de 300 pullets e 300 galos, foi dividido em gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e sistemas aviários com 200 aves em cada. As aves foram organizadas em 3×4 arranjos fatoriais sob projeto completamente randomizado (3 sistemas de produção × 4 genótipos × 2 sexos × 25 aves = 600 aves). Em relação aos genótipos, os machos RB e BR apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (p < 0,01), peso da baqueta, peso mamário e peso da coxa do que os genótipos BB e RR. As fêmeas do genótipo BR apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso mamário, peso da coxa e peso da baqueta. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de produção, maior (p < 0,01) peso hepático, peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa foram observados nos machos criados em gaiolas enriquecidas em comparação com gaiolas convencionais e sistema aviário. As fêmeas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa quando comparadas com as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias. Conclui-se que as galinhas (ambos os sexos) dos genótipos BR e RB apresentaram melhores medidas morfológicas e traços de carcaça do que os de frangos genótipos RR e BB. Entre os sistemas de produção alternativos, as galinhas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas tinham características melhores do que as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias durante a fase de cultivo.

Morphometric measurements and carcass characteristics of Black Australorp, Naked Neck, and Rhode Island Red crossbreds under alternative production systems / Medições morfométricas e características de carcaça de Black Australorp, Naked Neck e Rhode Island Red crossbreds sob sistemas de produção alternativos

The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase.(AU)

O presente estudo explicou o efeito de sistemas alternativos de produção sobre o crescimento, características morfométricas e carcaças de quatro genótipos de frango diferentes. A segunda geração de dois genótipos RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) e BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtida por duas autocruzes (RNN × RNN = RR e B ANN × BNN = BB) e duas cruzes recíprocas (RNN × BNN = RB e BNN × RNN = BR) foi avaliada em três sistemas de produção alternativos (gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e aviário). Na 6ª semana de idade após o sexo, um total de 600 aves, compostas por 150 de cada raça cruzada com um total de 300 pullets e 300 galos, foi dividido em gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e sistemas aviários com 200 aves em cada. As aves foram organizadas em 3×4 arranjos fatoriais sob projeto completamente randomizado (3 sistemas de produção × 4 genótipos × 2 sexos × 25 aves = 600 aves). Em relação aos genótipos, os machos RB e BR apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (p < 0,01), peso da baqueta, peso mamário e peso da coxa do que os genótipos BB e RR. As fêmeas do genótipo BR apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso mamário, peso da coxa e peso da baqueta. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de produção, maior (p < 0,01) peso hepático, peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa foram observados nos machos criados em gaiolas enriquecidas em comparação com gaiolas convencionais e sistema aviário. As fêmeas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa quando comparadas com as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias. Conclui-se que as galinhas (ambos os sexos) dos genótipos BR e RB apresentaram melhores medidas morfológicas e traços de carcaça do que os de frangos genótipos RR e BB. Entre os sistemas de produção alternativos, [...].(AU)

Meat sheep farming systems according to economic and productive indicators: A case study in Southern Brazil

This study aimed to characterize 24 representative sheep production farms from five mesoregions in the state of Paraná, Southern Brazil, so that economic and productive improvement strategies could be proposed. The representative farms for each region were defined at meetings with sheep farmers and technicians via the rapid appraisal methodology and represent 65% of the state's flock. The information of each representative farm was collected between March 2015 and February 2016. Principal component analysis was used to verify the relationships among the different variables that characterized the farms. These characteristics were: number of ewes (V1), total cost per kilogram of revenue-generating product (V2), feeding costs (V3), labor costs (V4), facility and equipment depreciation costs (V5), and gross margin in the production cycle (V6). Cluster analysis was performed, resulting in three distinct groups: one including eight, another seven, and the third, nine farms. The results aided in classifying the farms into groups with similar characteristics, such as production scale, reproductive efficiency, technical and managerial control, appreciation of cooperatives, and availability of continuous technical assistance. The production scale, reproductive and productive efficiency, adoption of technologies, and cooperative organizational structure can be emphasized as positive performance benchmarks and were the most important aspects to achieve positive economic results.

Use of quali-quantitative feeding practices criteria in typology of smallholders' dairy production systems

This study aimed to typify smallholders' dairy systems using quali-quantitative measures of feeding practices and detect the main discriminatory elements identifying the systems. We collected data from 30 farms distributed in 10 municipalities in the eastern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using a survey with semi-structured questions, in addition to bimonthly observations of milking and feeding practices. Multivariate analysis based on principal factors and cluster analysis were performed. Multiple linear regressions were made between the principal factors scores and variables of milk production and composition. Three principal factors with eigenvalues ≥1.0 explained 58.9% of the total variance. The original variables with the highest factor loading values were production scale and feeding practices involving greater quantities of byproducts; use of corn silage and sugarcane; and commercial and farm-made concentrate for principal factor 1, principal factor 2, and principal factor 3, respectively. Milk yield and concentrations of lactose and solids non-fat increased linearly with principal factor 1 and principal factor 3 but decreased linearly with principal factor 2. Observations were grouped into three clusters. Farm area and quantity of corn silage and byproducts were the most important variables to set the clusters. The use of quali-quantitative feeding practices criteria to characterize dairy systems is effective to identify the opportunities for improving milk production and composition. Whereas high inclusion of sugarcane as roughage was detrimental for milk production, moderate supply of concentrate and byproducts enhanced milk yield without compromising milk composition.

Short-term effect of a crop-livestock-forestry system on soil, water and nutrient loss in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone / Efeito da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em fase inicial sobre as perdas de solo, água e nutrientes no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia

Soil, water, and nutrient loss by water erosion are among the main factors leading to land degradation, decreasing soil productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The Cerrado-Amazon ecotone in western Brazil has suffered rapid land-use cover changes with impacts on soil erosion and land degradation. Despite the importance of the region for Brazilian agriculture and environmental conservation, studies on soil, water, and nutrient loss are still scarce. We tested integrated crop-livestockforestry (ICLF) as a sustainable agriculture management system for the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone region. A field experiment was established in the north of Mato Grosso state to quantify total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen loss during the rainy season in 2012-2013 in plots of integrated crop-forestry (ICF), pasture (PAST), eucalyptus plantation (EUC), no-tillage crop succession (CS) and bare soil (BS). Total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen losses in BS were, on average, 96.7% higher than in ICF, EUC, PAST, and CS. ICF had significantly lower water loss than CS, EUC and PAST. Total loss of carbon (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0.3 - 29.2 kg ha-1) differed significantly among treatments. The production systems with tree components (EUC and ICF) and PAST showed reduced soil and nutrients loss compared to CS. Our results demonstrated that ICLF can avoid soil quality loss and thus improve agriculture sustainability in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone.(AU)

A erosão hídrica é um dos principais fatores da degradação dos solos, impactando seu potencial produtivo e capacidade de provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos. O ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia, no norte de Mato Grosso, Brasil, tem sofrido intensas modificações em seu uso e cobertura com impacto na erosão e degradação do solo. Apesar da importância ambiental e agropecuária da região, estudos sobre as perdas de água, solo e nutrientes são escassos. Neste trabalho, testamos a utilidade da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ICLF) para a produção agrícola sustentável no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. Foi implantado um experimento de campo no norte de Mato Grosso para quantificar as perdas de solo, água, carbono e nitrogênio durante o período chuvoso de 2012-2013 em parcelas de integração lavoura-floresta (ICF), pastagem (PAST), plantação de eucalipto (EUC), plantio direto com sucessão de culturas (CS) e solo descoberto (BS). As perdas totais de água, solo, carbono e nitrogênio foram, em média, 96,7% maiores em BS, quando comparadas a ICF, EUC, PAST e CS. As perdas de água e solo foram significativamente menores na ICF comparado a CS. As perdas totais de carbono (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) e nitrogênio (1.05 - 10.4 kg ha-1) diferiram significativamente. Os sistemas com um componente arbóreo (EUC e ICF) e PAST tiveram menores perdas de solo e nutrientes em comparação com CS. Nossos resultados demonstraram que ICLF pode evitar a perda de qualidade de solo, melhorando a sustentabilidade da agricultura no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia.(AU)

Morphology, Blood Chemistry and Behavioral Response of Crossbred Chickens Reared Under Alternative Production Systems

In the present study, the second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN =RR and BNN × BNN= BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). In total 480 birds, comprising 240 pullets with 240 cockerels (60 pullets & 60 cockerels from each crossbred) were used during rearing phase (17-21 weeks). Higher body weight, shank circumference, body and drumstick length were noticed in RB and BR genotypes. Among different production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages showed higher body weight and body lengths than other production systems. Comparing the behavior of chickens, higher feeding, jumping and dust bathing were observed in chickens reared in aviary systems than in other production systems while the maximum perching behavior was showed by the chickens reared in enriched cages. The highest glucose level was observed in RR genotypes when reared in aviary systems. Antibody titers against ND and IB were highest in chickens reared in aviary systems. In conclusion, RB and BR genotypes had better performance in terms of morphometrics and blood biochemistry when reared under enriched cages and aviary systems.(AU)

Morphology, Blood Chemistry and Behavioral Response of Crossbred Chickens Reared Under Alternative Production Systems

In the present study, the second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN =RR and BNN × BNN= BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). In total 480 birds, comprising 240 pullets with 240 cockerels (60 pullets & 60 cockerels from each crossbred) were used during rearing phase (17-21 weeks). Higher body weight, shank circumference, body and drumstick length were noticed in RB and BR genotypes. Among different production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages showed higher body weight and body lengths than other production systems. Comparing the behavior of chickens, higher feeding, jumping and dust bathing were observed in chickens reared in aviary systems than in other production systems while the maximum perching behavior was showed by the chickens reared in enriched cages. The highest glucose level was observed in RR genotypes when reared in aviary systems. Antibody titers against ND and IB were highest in chickens reared in aviary systems. In conclusion, RB and BR genotypes had better performance in terms of morphometrics and blood biochemistry when reared under enriched cages and aviary systems.

Effect of Production Systems and Dietary Interventions on Growth Performance, Morphometrics, Physiological Response and Behaviour of the Naked Neck Chickens

The present study was planned to evaluate the growth performance, morphometrics, physiological and behavioral response of Naked Neck chicken under different production systems and nutritional regimens. For this, a total of 900 Naked Neck chickens of 6-weeks of age were used; the birds were divided into 10 treatment groups consisting of 5 replicates of 18 birds each. A 2×5 factorial arrangement of treatment was employed under Completely Randomized Design. Treatments were consisted of two production systems (intensive and free range) and five nutritional regimens (100% commercial feed, 75% commercial feed +25% kitchen waste, 50% commercial feed +50% kitchen waste, 25% commercial feed +75% kitchen waste and 100% kitchen waste). Body weight, heartbeat and respiration rate were higher in birds reared under intensive system and spent most of their time sitting whereas higher feed intake and increased pecking behavior were noted in birds reared under free range system. Regarding feeding regimens, higher feed intake, cloacal temperature, body and neck length were observed in birds fed with 100% kitchen waste whereas higher drumstick, shank and wing spread were observed in birds fed under 100% commercial feed. Furthermore, higher shank and neck length were observed in birds fed 75% kitchen waste and higher body weight was observed in birds fed 50% kitchen waste. Significant interactions were also observed regarding feed intake, cloacal temperature, drumstick circumference, shank length, feeding, sitting and walking behavior. In conclusion, Naked Neck chicken perform better in free range system whereas feeding kitchen waste up to 50% may enhance growth, morphometric, physiological traits and improve behavioral response.(AU)

Effect of Production Systems and Dietary Interventions on Growth Performance, Morphometrics, Physiological Response and Behaviour of the Naked Neck Chickens

The present study was planned to evaluate the growth performance, morphometrics, physiological and behavioral response of Naked Neck chicken under different production systems and nutritional regimens. For this, a total of 900 Naked Neck chickens of 6-weeks of age were used; the birds were divided into 10 treatment groups consisting of 5 replicates of 18 birds each. A 2×5 factorial arrangement of treatment was employed under Completely Randomized Design. Treatments were consisted of two production systems (intensive and free range) and five nutritional regimens (100% commercial feed, 75% commercial feed +25% kitchen waste, 50% commercial feed +50% kitchen waste, 25% commercial feed +75% kitchen waste and 100% kitchen waste). Body weight, heartbeat and respiration rate were higher in birds reared under intensive system and spent most of their time sitting whereas higher feed intake and increased pecking behavior were noted in birds reared under free range system. Regarding feeding regimens, higher feed intake, cloacal temperature, body and neck length were observed in birds fed with 100% kitchen waste whereas higher drumstick, shank and wing spread were observed in birds fed under 100% commercial feed. Furthermore, higher shank and neck length were observed in birds fed 75% kitchen waste and higher body weight was observed in birds fed 50% kitchen waste. Significant interactions were also observed regarding feed intake, cloacal temperature, drumstick circumference, shank length, feeding, sitting and walking behavior. In conclusion, Naked Neck chicken perform better in free range system whereas feeding kitchen waste up to 50% may enhance growth, morphometric, physiological traits and improve behavioral response.

Zootechnical performance evaluation of the use of biofloc technology in Nile tilapia fingerling production at different densities / Avaliação do desempenho zootécnico usando a tecnologia de bioflocos na produção de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes densidades

The effect of producing and culturing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in biofloc technology (BFT)-based systems was investigated in terms of zootechnical performance, aiming to define the best culturing density for 64 days. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications totaling 24 experimental units. The weight gain of each batch of animals per experimental unit (E.U.) was evaluated at densities of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 fingerlings m-3. For controls, a Water Recirculation System with 248 fingerlings m-3 was used. The fingerlings were fed commercial feed containing 35% protein and brown sugar as a carbohydrate source at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, pH, and temperature were monitored daily, and nitrite and alkalinity were monitored weekly. The analysis of weight gain data obtained a linear function y = - 0.0017X2 + 3.724X – 87.77, with r2 = 0.864, coefficient of variation = 14.23%, and correlation coefficient = 0.91. At the end of the cultivation period the system’s planktonic community presented high diversity, dominated by rotifers and diatoms. The data of survival, density management demand, and physicochemical parameters variations of the water suggested an optimal density of 800 fish m-3, since this resulted in an average weight gain per E.U. of 1,891.25 ± 151.24 g, with a productive efficiency index of 274.96 that is approximately three times that of the control treatment (87.43). Biofloc technology can be employed in two-phase super-intensive Nile tilapia culture systems, with a stocking density in the rearing stage of 800 fish m-3.

O efeito da produção e cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema baseado na tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) foi investigado no que se refere ao desempenho zootécnico, visando definir a melhor densidade de cultivo por 64 dias. Foi usado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. O ganho de peso dos animais por unidade experimental (U.E.) foi avaliado nas densidades de 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 alevinos m-3. Como controle foi usado um Sistema de Recirculação de Água com 248 alevinos m-3. Os alevinos foram alimentados com ração comercial contendo 35% de proteína e açúcar mascavo como fonte de carboidratos, em uma proporção C:N de 20:1. Diariamente foram monitorados os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, amônia total, pH e temperatura, e semanalmente nitrito, alcalinidade, além das biometrias. A análise dos dados de ganho de peso obteve uma função linear Y = - 0,0017X2 + 3,724X - 87,77, com r2 = 0,864, CV = 14,23% e correlação de 0,91. Ao final do cultivo a comunidade planctônica no sistema apresentou grande variedade, predominando rotíferos e diatomáceas. A junção dos dados de sobrevivência, demanda de manejo por densidade de cultivo e variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água sugeriram uma densidade ótima de 800 peixes m-3, resultando em ganho de peso médio de 1.891,25 ± 151,24 U. E., com o índice de eficiência produtiva de 274,96, aproximadamente três vezes o valor encontrado no tratamento controle (87,43). A tecnologia de bioflocos pode ser empregada em sistemas super-intensivos bifásico no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo, com uma densidade de estocagem de 800 peixes m-3.

Zootechnical performance evaluation of the use of biofloc technology in Nile tilapia fingerling production at different densities / Avaliação do desempenho zootécnico usando a tecnologia de bioflocos na produção de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo em diferentes densidades

The effect of producing and culturing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings in biofloc technology (BFT)-based systems was investigated in terms of zootechnical performance, aiming to define the best culturing density for 64 days. A completely randomized design was used, with four replications totaling 24 experimental units. The weight gain of each batch of animals per experimental unit (E.U.) was evaluated at densities of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 fingerlings m-3. For controls, a Water Recirculation System with 248 fingerlings m-3 was used. The fingerlings were fed commercial feed containing 35% protein and brown sugar as a carbohydrate source at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, pH, and temperature were monitored daily, and nitrite and alkalinity were monitored weekly. The analysis of weight gain data obtained a linear function y = - 0.0017X2 + 3.724X 87.77, with r2 = 0.864, coefficient of variation = 14.23%, and correlation coefficient = 0.91. At the end of the cultivation period the systems planktonic community presented high diversity, dominated by rotifers and diatoms. The data of survival, density management demand, and physicochemical parameters variations of the water suggested an optimal density of 800 fish m-3, since this resulted in an average weight gain per E.U. of 1,891.25 ± 151.24 g, with a productive efficiency index of 274.96 that is approximately three times that of the control treatment (87.43). Biofloc technology can be employed in two-phase super-intensive Nile tilapia culture systems, with a stocking density in the rearing stage of 800 fish m-3.(AU)

O efeito da produção e cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema baseado na tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) foi investigado no que se refere ao desempenho zootécnico, visando definir a melhor densidade de cultivo por 64 dias. Foi usado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. O ganho de peso dos animais por unidade experimental (U.E.) foi avaliado nas densidades de 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 alevinos m-3. Como controle foi usado um Sistema de Recirculação de Água com 248 alevinos m-3. Os alevinos foram alimentados com ração comercial contendo 35% de proteína e açúcar mascavo como fonte de carboidratos, em uma proporção C:N de 20:1. Diariamente foram monitorados os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, amônia total, pH e temperatura, e semanalmente nitrito, alcalinidade, além das biometrias. A análise dos dados de ganho de peso obteve uma função linear Y = - 0,0017X2 + 3,724X - 87,77, com r2 = 0,864, CV = 14,23% e correlação de 0,91. Ao final do cultivo a comunidade planctônica no sistema apresentou grande variedade, predominando rotíferos e diatomáceas. A junção dos dados de sobrevivência, demanda de manejo por densidade de cultivo e variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água sugeriram uma densidade ótima de 800 peixes m-3, resultando em ganho de peso médio de 1.891,25 ± 151,24 U. E., com o índice de eficiência produtiva de 274,96, aproximadamente três vezes o valor encontrado no tratamento controle (87,43). A tecnologia de bioflocos pode ser empregada em sistemas super-intensivos bifásico no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo, com uma densidade de estocagem de 800 peixes m-3.(AU)

Microclimate in an agro-ecological silvopastoral system with bamboo at different tree-shade projection distances: a case study in Southern Brazil / Microclima em sistema silvipastoril agroecológico com bambu em diferentes distâncias de projeção de sombra: um estudo de caso no Sul do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of an agro-ecological silvopastoral system, composed of bamboo and tree species, to promote microclimatic alterations at different projection distances from the canopy of trees. A total of 16 paddocks in an agro-ecological silvopastoral system were evaluated. The paddocks were divided into four separate groups (silvopastoral treatments): a) Bambusa vulgaris L. and planted trees, b) only bamboo, c) only trees, and d) open grassland system. The following microclimate parameters were studied: air temperature, relative humidity, grass temperature and wind speed. All parameters were measured at a height of 20 cm above the soil. The measurements were recorded by different time intervals, in order to examine the effect of three factors: time of day, silvopasture treatment and distance to the row of trees. The results show that there was an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in wind speed close to the tree line. The agro-ecological silvopastoral system acts therefore as a windbreaker and retains humidity close to the trees. Thus, it can be concluded that regardless of the presence of bamboo, due to the limited canopy area at young stage of B. vulgaris, the agro-ecological silvopastoral system promoted microclimatic alterations to the environment, indicating the potential of this integrated system to reduce the heat load for livestock and plants.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de um sistema silvipastoril agroecológico, composto por espécies de bambu e árvores, em promover alterações microclimáticas a diferentes distâncias de projeção a partir do dossel das árvores. Um total de 16 piquetes em um sistema silvipastoril agroecológico foram avaliados. Os piquetes foram divididos em quatro grupos separados (tratamentos silvipastoris): a) Bambusa vulgaris L. e árvores plantadas, b) somente bambu, c) somente árvores, e d) sistema de pastagem aberta. Os seguintes parâmetros do microclima foram estudados: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura da grama e velocidade do vento. Todos os parâmetros foram medidos a uma altura de 20 cm acima do solo. As medidas foram registradas por diferentes intervalos de tempo, a fim de examinar o efeito de três fatores: horário do dia, tratamento da silvipastoril e distância até a fileira de árvores. Os resultados mostram que houve aumento na umidade relativa e uma redução na velocidade do vento próximo à linha de árvores. O sistema silvipastoril agroecológico age, portanto, como um quebra-vento e retém a umidade perto das árvores. Assim, pode-se concluir que, independente da presença de bambu, devido à limitada área de copa em estágio jovem de B. vulgaris, o sistema silvipastoril agroecológico promoveu alterações microclimáticas ao ambiente, indicando o potencial deste sistema integrado de reduzir a carga de calor para gado e plantas.(AU)

Microclimate in an agro-ecological silvopastoral system with bamboo at different tree-shade projection distances: a case study in Southern Brazil / Microclima em sistema silvipastoril agroecológico com bambu em diferentes distâncias de projeção de sombra: um estudo de caso no Sul do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of an agro-ecological silvopastoral system, composed of bamboo and tree species, to promote microclimatic alterations at different projection distances from the canopy of trees. A total of 16 paddocks in an agro-ecological silvopastoral system were evaluated. The paddocks were divided into four separate groups (silvopastoral treatments): a) Bambusa vulgaris L. and planted trees, b) only bamboo, c) only trees, and d) open grassland system. The following microclimate parameters were studied: air temperature, relative humidity, grass temperature and wind speed. All parameters were measured at a height of 20 cm above the soil. The measurements were recorded by different time intervals, in order to examine the effect of three factors: time of day, silvopasture treatment and distance to the row of trees. The results show that there was an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in wind speed close to the tree line. The agro-ecological silvopastoral system acts therefore as a windbreaker and retains humidity close to the trees. Thus, it can be concluded that regardless of the presence of bamboo, due to the limited canopy area at young stage of B. vulgaris, the agro-ecological silvopastoral system promoted microclimatic alterations to the environment, indicating the potential of this integrated system to reduce the heat load for livestock and plants.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de um sistema silvipastoril agroecológico, composto por espécies de bambu e árvores, em promover alterações microclimáticas a diferentes distâncias de projeção a partir do dossel das árvores. Um total de 16 piquetes em um sistema silvipastoril agroecológico foram avaliados. Os piquetes foram divididos em quatro grupos separados (tratamentos silvipastoris): a) Bambusa vulgaris L. e árvores plantadas, b) somente bambu, c) somente árvores, e d) sistema de pastagem aberta. Os seguintes parâmetros do microclima foram estudados: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura da grama e velocidade do vento. Todos os parâmetros foram medidos a uma altura de 20 cm acima do solo. As medidas foram registradas por diferentes intervalos de tempo, a fim de examinar o efeito de três fatores: horário do dia, tratamento da silvipastoril e distância até a fileira de árvores. Os resultados mostram que houve aumento na umidade relativa e uma redução na velocidade do vento próximo à linha de árvores. O sistema silvipastoril agroecológico age, portanto, como um quebra-vento e retém a umidade perto das árvores. Assim, pode-se concluir que, independente da presença de bambu, devido à limitada área de copa em estágio jovem de B. vulgaris, o sistema silvipastoril agroecológico promoveu alterações microclimáticas ao ambiente, indicando o potencial deste sistema integrado de reduzir a carga de calor para gado e plantas.

Profile of bovine-milk-producing farms in Rondon do Pará, state of Pará, Brazil / Perfil das unidades de produção de leite bovino de Rondon do Pará, estado do Pará, Brasil

This study describes the bovine milk-producing farms of Rondon do Pará, state of Pará, with the aim of assisting institutional actions and public policies that support the development of the milk production chain. The data were collected from interviews, using questionnaires administered in 55 dairy farms, which together represent 43.3% of the herd of milking cows in the municipality. We collected information on producers, characteristics of the milk-producing farms, dairy exploitation, machines and equipment, facilities and improvements, herd health, milking practices, and herd management. The average age of the interviewees in Rondon do Pará was 57.41 years. The producers had low education levels, with a prevalence of incomplete elementary education. Manual milking was used in 98% of the farms. When it came to hygiene practices, less than 2% of the milkers washed their hands before milk collection, and only 10% cleaned the teats of the cows. Animals were fed almost exclusively on pasture in the rainy season, given that only 2% of the producers complemented the diet with forage. Dairy production involved low technological levels, as the mean productivity was 5.5 L cow -¹ day -¹. The adoption of technological innovations in herd management may enable the growth and development of the activity in the municipality, and may make producers aware of the principles of sustainability.(AU)

O artigo caracteriza as unidades produtoras de leite bovino de Rondon do Pará, estado do Pará, visando auxiliar ações institucionais e políticas públicas de suporte ao desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do leite. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas, com utilização de questionários, realizadas em 55 propriedades leiteiras, que juntas representam 43,3% do plantel de vacas ordenhadas do município. Foram levantadas informações sobre os produtores; características da unidade de produção e da exploração leiteira; máquinas e equipamentos; instalações e benfeitorias; sanidade do rebanho; adoção de práticas de ordenha e manejo do rebanho. Em Rondon do Pará, constatou-se que a idade média dos entrevistados é de 57,41 anos. Os produtores possuem baixo nível de escolaridade, com predominância do ensino fundamental incompleto. Em 98% das unidades produtivas utiliza-se a ordenha manual e quanto à higienização, menos de 2% dos ordenadores lavavam as mãos antes da coleta do leite e apenas 10% higienizavam as tetas das vacas. A alimentação dos animais no período chuvoso é quase exclusivamente a pasto, pois em apenas 2% das unidades de produtivas ocorre complementação da dieta com volumoso. A produção leiteira é de baixo nível tecnológico, pois a produtividade média é de 5,5 L vaca-¹ dia-¹. A adoção de inovações tecnológicas no manejo e gestão pode viabilizar o crescimento e desenvolvimento da atividade no município e alinhar o produtor aos princípios de sustentabilidade.(AU)

Economic-financial feasibility of pantaneiro lamb finishing systems / Viabilidade econômico-financeira de sistemas de terminação de cordeiros pantaneiros

Technical and economic-financial performance of pantaneiro lamb finishing in feedlot (F) and semi-feedlot (SF) was evaluated. When analyzing the profitability, economic efficiency and the price sensitivity, was profit in all the scenarios evaluated. The gross margin (GM) was 69% and 52%, net margin (NM) was 65% and 48% and profitability index (PI) was 39% and 29%, as well as total productivity of factors (TPF) was R$1.53 and R$1.36, respectively, in the systems F and SF. Investment analysis showed that the activity is economically viable, remunerating all production factors and capital invested. Internal return tax was, respectively, 27% and 16% for the in feedlot and semi-feedlot systems.(AU)

O desempenho técnico e econômico-financeiro de sistemas de terminação de cordeiros pantaneiros em confinamento (C) e semiconfinamento (SC) foi avaliado. Ao se analisar a rentabilidade, a eficiência econômica e a sensibilidade dos preços, foi apurado lucro em todos os cenários avaliados. A margem bruta (MB) foi de 69% e 52%, a margem liquida (ML) foi de 65% e 48% e o índice de lucratividade (IL) foi de 39% e 29%, bem como a produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) foi de R$ 1,53 e R$ 1,36, respectivamente, nos sistemas C e SC. A análise de investimento mostrou que a atividade é economicamente viável, remunerando todos os fatores de produção e o capital investido. A taxa interna de retorno foi, respectivamente, de 27% e 16% para a terminação em confinamento e semiconfinamento.(AU)

Production and economic viability of feedlot beef cattle categories / Produção e economicidade de categorias de bovinos de corte em confinamento

This study was realized to evaluate the production and economic viability of finished beef cattle in feedlot in the Cerrado biome of Piauí State, Brazil. One hundred and fifty cattle -50 bulls (B) with an body weight of 283.0 ± 20.82 kg, at 30 months of age; and 100 cull cows (CC) with an body weight of 296.1 ± 17.80 kg, at 100 months of age- were used in a completely randomized design. The animal performance indicators for the evaluation of economic viability were initial age (months), slaughter age (months), was initial body weight (kg), final body weight (kg), daily feed intake (kg animal-1; kg kg-1 BW), diet cost (R$ kg-1 of diet), cost of kg produced (R$ kg-1 produced), and average price of the kg of meat for finishing (R$). The CC consumed more sorghum silage and concentrate than B (p 0.05).There was a difference between the categories (p 0.05) for gross revenue, balance, opportunity cost, and net revenue per animal, with higher values found for the steer category. The animal category did not affect the profitability of the system, although the bulls provided lower revenues than cull cows.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a viabilidade econômica de bovinos de corte confinados no bioma Cerrado do estado do Piauí, Brasil. Cento e cinquenta bovinos - 50 novilhos não castrados (NNC) com peso corporal de 283,0 ± 20,82 kg, aos 30 meses de idade; e100 vacas de descarte (VD) com peso corporal de 296,1 ± 17,80 kg, aos 100 meses de idade - foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os indicadores de desempenho animal para a avaliação da viabilidade econômica foram idade inicial (meses), idade de abate (meses), peso corporal inicial (kg), peso corporal final (kg), ingestão diária de alimento (kg animal-1; kg custo de alimentação-1 (R$ kg-1 de dieta), custo por kg produzido (R$ kg-1 produzido) e preço médio do kg de carne para acabamento. Essas variáveis foram obtidas a partir da coleta de dados realizada durante o experimento. As VD consumiram mais silagem e concentrado de sorgo do que os NNC (p 0,05). Houve diferença entre as categorias (p 0,05) para a receita bruta, o saldo, o custo de oportunidade e a receita líquida por animal, com maiores valores encontrados para NNC. A categoria de animais não afetou a rentabilidade do sistema, embora os novilhos tenham fornecido menores receitas do que as vacas de descarte.(AU)

Production and economic viability of feedlot beef cattle categories / Produção e economicidade de categorias de bovinos de corte em confinamento

This study was realized to evaluate the production and economic viability of finished beef cattle in feedlot in the Cerrado biome of Piauí State, Brazil. One hundred and fifty cattle -50 bulls (B) with an body weight of 283.0 ± 20.82 kg, at 30 months of age; and 100 cull cows (CC) with an body weight of 296.1 ± 17.80 kg, at 100 months of age- were used in a completely randomized design. The animal performance indicators for the evaluation of economic viability were initial age (months), slaughter age (months), was initial body weight (kg), final body weight (kg), daily feed intake (kg animal-1; kg kg-1 BW), diet cost (R$ kg-1 of diet), cost of kg produced (R$ kg-1 produced), and average price of the kg of meat for finishing (R$). The CC consumed more sorghum silage and concentrate than B (p 0.05).There was a difference between the categories (p 0.05) for gross revenue, balance, opportunity cost, and net revenue per animal, with higher values found for the steer category. The animal category did not affect the profitability of the system, although the bulls provided lower revenues than cull cows.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a viabilidade econômica de bovinos de corte confinados no bioma Cerrado do estado do Piauí, Brasil. Cento e cinquenta bovinos - 50 novilhos não castrados (NNC) com peso corporal de 283,0 ± 20,82 kg, aos 30 meses de idade; e100 vacas de descarte (VD) com peso corporal de 296,1 ± 17,80 kg, aos 100 meses de idade - foram utilizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os indicadores de desempenho animal para a avaliação da viabilidade econômica foram idade inicial (meses), idade de abate (meses), peso corporal inicial (kg), peso corporal final (kg), ingestão diária de alimento (kg animal-1; kg custo de alimentação-1 (R$ kg-1 de dieta), custo por kg produzido (R$ kg-1 produzido) e preço médio do kg de carne para acabamento. Essas variáveis foram obtidas a partir da coleta de dados realizada durante o experimento. As VD consumiram mais silagem e concentrado de sorgo do que os NNC (p 0,05). Houve diferença entre as categorias (p 0,05) para a receita bruta, o saldo, o custo de oportunidade e a receita líquida por animal, com maiores valores encontrados para NNC. A categoria de animais não afetou a rentabilidade do sistema, embora os novilhos tenham fornecido menores receitas do que as vacas de descarte.

Characterization and typology of sheep and goat production systems in the State of Paraíba, a semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil / Caracterização dos sistemas de produção de ovinos e caprinos no Estado da Paraíba, Semiárido do Nordeste, Brasil

Breeding of goats and sheep is an important activity in northeast Brazil, contributing to economic and social development of this region. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize goat and sheep rearing and breeding in the central-western region of the State of Paraíba, northeast Brazil. The study area included Borborema and mesoregions of the backlands of the state, represented by 127 municipalities in an area of 38.293 km2, with density of goats and sheep at 12.9 and 8.27 head/km2, respectively. A total of 62 farms belonging to five municipalities of the Borborema mesoregion and four municipalities of the Sertão mesoregion were surveyed. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in the farms, and questionnaires sought information on the economic, productive, and social aspects of the farm owners and the farms. The results allowed the classification of goat and sheep production systems in the semi-arid Paraíba as a family system and of subsistence, for farmers own consumption and for local trade, with low technology use and herds with up to 100 animals. The farmers level of education was low, and the investments and technical assistance for the development of breeding activity in the region were insufficient and/or inadequate. Thus, it was essential to conduct an economic study on the farms to assess the actual economic and financial status of breeding activity and the subsequent returns.It is suggested that these aspects be taken into account when planning livestock development policies,especially in terms of finance and technical assistance, as well as in the implementation of strategies tocontrol commonly occurring diseases in the region, aimed at combating agents, environmental control,and protection of susceptible livestock.(AU)

A criação de caprinos e ovinos é uma atividade de grande importância para o Nordeste, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da região. Diante disso, objetivou-se caracterizar a caprinovinocultura na região Centro-Oeste do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa abrangeu as mesorregiões da Borborema e Sertão do Estado, representadas por 127 municípios e uma área de 38.293 km2, que apresentam uma densidade de caprinos e ovinos de 12,9 e 8,27 cabeças/km2, respectivamente. No total foram visitadas 62 propriedades pertencentes a cinco municípios da Mesorregião da Borborema e quatro da Mesorregião do Sertão. Nas propriedades foram aplicados questionários epidemiológicos, os quais buscavam informações sobre aspectos econômicos, produtivos e sociais dos proprietários/propriedades. Os resultados obtidos permitem classificar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no semiárido paraibano como familiar e de subsistência, para consumo doméstico e comércio local, com baixo uso de tecnologia e rebanhos com até 100 animais. O nível de escolaridade dos criadores foi considerado baixo, bem como os investimentos e assistência técnica insuficientes e/ou inadequados para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região. Dessa forma, um estudo econômico nas propriedades para conhecimento da real situação econômico-financeira da atividade e o retorno que as mesmas poderão proporcionar a partir da sua organização se torna necessário.Sugere-se que tais aspectos sejam levados em consideração quanto ao planejamento de políticas dedesenvolvimento pecuário, especialmente quando relacionados a financiamento e assistência técnica,bem como na implementação de ações no controle das doenças mais frequentes na região, direcionadasao combate aos agentes, controle ambiental e proteção dos susceptíveis.(AU)