Métodos ultrassonográficos na avaliação das afecções prostáticas em cães ­ revisão de literatura / Ultrasonographic methods in the evaluation of prostatic disorders in dogs ­ paper review

O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever as principais técnicas de avaliação e achados ultrassonográficos da próstata canina. A ultrassonografia é o método de escolha para avaliação da glândula prostática, sendo imprescindível como auxílio no diagnóstico na detecção de anormalidades, principalmente quando há suspeita da presença de tumores. Com inovação dos equipamentos, surgiram técnicas complementares à ultrassonografia modo Bidimensional (B), tais como Doppler, ultrassonografia contrastada e elastografia, que aumentam a acurácia diagnóstica. O Doppler fornece informações sobre arquitetura vascular e aspectos hemodinâmicos dos vasos sanguíneos. A ultrassonografia contrastada permite determinar parâmetros relacionados à perfusão sanguínea das estruturas pelos agentes de contraste (ex.: microbolhas), definindo, portanto, padrões de alta e baixa intensidade da arquitetura vascular. A elastografia proporciona a avaliação da rigidez tecidual tanto de forma qualitativa, por meio de elastogramas, quanto quantitativa, por meio das velocidades de cisalhamento. Espera-se que esta revisão possa contribuir com informações relevantes aos leitores e veterinários da área de ultrassonografia e reprodução animal.(AU)

The purpose of this review was to describe the main assessment techniques and ultrasound findings of the canine prostate. Ultrasonography is the method of choice for assessing the prostate gland, being essential as an aid in the diagnosis in the detection of abnormalities, especially when the presence of tumors is suspected. With the innovation of the equipment, complementary techniques to B-mode ultrasonography have emerged, such as Doppler, contrasted ultrasound and elastography, which increase the diagnostic accuracy. Doppler provides information on vascular architecture and hemodynamic aspects of blood vessels. Contrast ultrasonography allows to determine parameters related to the blood perfusion of structures by contrast agents (eg, microbubbles), thus defining high and low intensity patterns of vascular architecture. ARFI elastography provides assessment of tissue stiffness both qualitatively, using elastograms, and quantitative, using shear speeds. It is hoped that this review can contribute with relevant information to readers and veterinarians in the area of asound and animal reproduction.(AU)

Chronic prostatitis in a dog infected with a smooth strain of Brucella spp

Dogs may be occasionally infected by smooth strains of Brucella spp. The infection is usually associated with the ingestion of contaminated material from parturition or abortion, or other tissues from infected farm animals, particularly cattle and pigs. A 6-year-old, male mixed breed dog from a rural area was admitted at a veterinary clinic for clinical examination. The dog had bilateral perineal hernia with dysuria and dyschezia, as well as small firm testicles with scrotal adhesions. Serological tests, including buffered plate antigen, serum agglutination test, and 2-mercaptoethanol test, were positive for smooth Brucella spp. strains, whereas a rapid slide agglutination test was negative for B. canis. Blood and prostate tissue samples yielded no bacterial isolates. Histopathology demonstrated interstitial lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltration of the prostate gland, with fibrosis and occasional disruption of glandular architecture. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant Brucella spp. antigens in the cytoplasm of macrophages. This report supports the notion that not only B. canis, but also smooth Brucella spp. must be considered in the differential diagnosis of prostatitis in dogs.(AU)

Chronic prostatitis in a dog infected with a smooth strain of Brucella spp

Dogs may be occasionally infected by smooth strains of Brucella spp. The infection is usually associated with the ingestion of contaminated material from parturition or abortion, or other tissues from infected farm animals, particularly cattle and pigs. A 6-year-old, male mixed breed dog from a rural area was admitted at a veterinary clinic for clinical examination. The dog had bilateral perineal hernia with dysuria and dyschezia, as well as small firm testicles with scrotal adhesions. Serological tests, including buffered plate antigen, serum agglutination test, and 2-mercaptoethanol test, were positive for smooth Brucella spp. strains, whereas a rapid slide agglutination test was negative for B. canis. Blood and prostate tissue samples yielded no bacterial isolates. Histopathology demonstrated interstitial lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltration of the prostate gland, with fibrosis and occasional disruption of glandular architecture. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant Brucella spp. antigens in the cytoplasm of macrophages. This report supports the notion that not only B. canis, but also smooth Brucella spp. must be considered in the differential diagnosis of prostatitis in dogs.

Ultrassonografia em modo B e Doppler para avaliação reprodutiva de cães e gatos / B-mode and Doppler ultrasound for reproductive assessment of dogs and cats

A ultrassonografia do sistema reprodutivo é uma importante ferramenta utilizada em associação ao exame andrológico para avaliação de machos reprodutores. Novas modalidades de análise ultrassonográfica foram descritas na última década, como a análise Doppler da artéria testicular. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar estas modalidades com o intuito de acrescentar informações importantes ao exame andrológico de cães e gatos.

The ultrasound of the reproductive system is an important tool used in association with the andrological examination to evaluate reproductive males. New modalities of ultrasound analysis have been described in the last decade, such as the Doppler analysis of the testicular artery. The objective of this text is to present these tools in order to add important information to the andrological examination of dogs and cats.

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos, laboratoriais e imagens de adenocarcinoma prostático em cães / Clinical, laboratory, histopathological and image findings of prostatic adenocarcinoma in dog

Prostate neoplasms are the main reproductive disorders affecting neutered dogs, being the adenocarcinoma the most common and developing signs of urinary and/or gastrointestinal tract. This tumor develops spontaneously in dogs, being malignant, very invasive and unresponsive to castration. Due the recent increase in reports and a high interference in the animals' quality of life, the objective of this study was to report a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma in an eight-year-old SRD dog with metastasis in bladder, peritoneum and mesentery. The animal presented dehydration, fever, difficulty for walking, severe pain, abdominal enlargement, apathy, hyporexia, hypodipsia and tenesmus. Rectal examination, identified a firm mass and incongruous in prostatic membrane. Two months before an orchiectomy was performed due a prostatomegaly. At the time, an ultrasound identified irregular prostate with cavity formations, spleen with hypoechogenic formation and bladder with hyperechogenic formation attached to the wall. Radiography was requested and fecaloma was observed. Thus, enterotomy and prostatectomy were required. In surgery, nodulations were identified in mesentery, peritoneum and spleen, in addition to a hemorrhagic focus and a palpable mass in the bladder. The prostate was attached to bone tissue, making the removal impossible. The animal was euthanized and prostatic histopathology identified acinar adenocarcinoma. Histological samples of peritoneum, mesentery and bladder presented metastasis. The treatment of this conditionis not feasible with a delayed diagnosis due to its high aggressiveness and metastatic capacity. Such report demonstrates the importance of digital rectal examination and ultrasound exams, even in castrated animals for a nearly diagnosis of these neoplasms.

Achados clínicos, histopatológicos, laboratoriais e imagens de adenocarcinoma prostático em cães / Clinical, laboratory, histopathological and image findings of prostatic adenocarcinoma in dog

Prostate neoplasms are the main reproductive disorders affecting neutered dogs, being the adenocarcinoma the most common and developing signs of urinary and/or gastrointestinal tract. This tumor develops spontaneously in dogs, being malignant, very invasive and unresponsive to castration. Due the recent increase in reports and a high interference in the animals' quality of life, the objective of this study was to report a case of prostatic adenocarcinoma in an eight-year-old SRD dog with metastasis in bladder, peritoneum and mesentery. The animal presented dehydration, fever, difficulty for walking, severe pain, abdominal enlargement, apathy, hyporexia, hypodipsia and tenesmus. Rectal examination, identified a firm mass and incongruous in prostatic membrane. Two months before an orchiectomy was performed due a prostatomegaly. At the time, an ultrasound identified irregular prostate with cavity formations, spleen with hypoechogenic formation and bladder with hyperechogenic formation attached to the wall. Radiography was requested and fecaloma was observed. Thus, enterotomy and prostatectomy were required. In surgery, nodulations were identified in mesentery, peritoneum and spleen, in addition to a hemorrhagic focus and a palpable mass in the bladder. The prostate was attached to bone tissue, making the removal impossible. The animal was euthanized and prostatic histopathology identified acinar adenocarcinoma. Histological samples of peritoneum, mesentery and bladder presented metastasis. The treatment of this conditionis not feasible with a delayed diagnosis due to its high aggressiveness and metastatic capacity. Such report demonstrates the importance of digital rectal examination and ultrasound exams, even in castrated animals for a nearly diagnosis of these neoplasms.(AU)

Hypertrophic osteopathy and bone metastases in a dog with prostatic carcinoma / Osteopatia hipertrófica e metástases ósseas em um canino com carcinoma prostático

Prostatic carcinomas in are aggressive neoplasms and bone metastases may occur; however, hypertrophic osteopathy associated with that condition is poorly documented. A ten-year-old, neutered male, mixed breed dog had a history of lameness and volume increase in the left pelvic limb. On radiographic examination, a lytic bone mass was observed in the left metatarsus, as well as a diffuse proliferative periosteal reaction in several bones of the appendicular skeleton, in addition to radiopaque nodular structures in all lung lobes. A presumptive diagnosis of primary bone neoplasia with pulmonary metastases and hypertrophic osteopathy was established and chemotherapy treatment was started. However, there was no satisfactory clinical response, and euthanasia was ellected. At necropsy, there was moderate enlargement of the prostate gland. The gland was firm and whitish, with a multilobulated aspect. Several similar masses were observed in the right kidney, lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, and multiple bones of the appendicular skeleton. These bones also presented evident diffuse periosteal reaction. Histological examination revealed a metastatic prostatic carcinoma with bone involvement and hypertrophic osteopathy. This report is an unusual case of metastatic prostatic carcinoma in association with hypertrophic osteopathy and concomitant bone metastases.(AU)

Os carcinomas prostáticos em cães são neoplasmas agressivos e as metástases ósseas podem ocorrer, entretanto a associação com osteopatia hipertrófica é pouco relatada. Um canino, macho, sem raça definida de 10 anos de idade, com histórico de claudicação e aumento de volume em membro pélvico esquerdo, apresentou no exame radiográfico uma massa óssea, lítica em metatarso esquerdo, bem como reação periosteal proliferativa difusa em diversos ossos do esqueleto apendicular além de estruturas nodulares, radiopacas em todos os lobos pulmonares. Realizou-se o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia óssea primaria com metástases pulmonares e osteopatia hipertrófica e iniciou-se o tratamento quimioterápico. Todavia, não houve resposta clínica satisfatória, optando-se pela eutanásia. Na necropsia foi constatado aumento de volume moderado da próstata, com aspecto multilobulado, ao corte firme e brancacento. Diversas massas similares foram observadas no rim direito, pulmões, linfonodos mediastínicos e em vários ossos do esqueleto apendicular, além de evidente reação periosteal difusa. A avaliação histológica revelou um carcinoma prostático metastático com envolvimento ósseo, bem como osteopatia hipertrófica pulmonar. Esse relato é um caso incomum de carcinoma prostático metastático devido a associação com osteopatia hipertrófica pulmonar e as metástases ósseas concomitantes.(AU)

Histopathological alterations in the reproductive tract of male dogs with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis / Alterações histopatológicas no trato reprodutivo de cães machos com Leishmaniose Visceral Canina

Dogs are considered the main domestic host of Leishmania infantum. The transmission between vertebrate hosts normally occurs during blood feeding of Lutzomyia sp., a genus of phlebotomine sand flies. However, other forms of transmission without a vector have been reported. Presence of amastigotes of Leishmania sp. in different organs can cause several pathologies depending on the immune status of the host and the parasite load. The aim of this study was to evaluate histopathological changes in the reproductive tract of male dogs. Samples of testes, epididymis, and prostate gland were collected from 70 animals that were grouped according to serology test results for visceral leishmaniasis and clinical symptoms. Three experimental groups were formed based on serological results and clinical presentation: asymptomatic, symptomatic and control. Prostatic changes were seen regardless of the serological results; however, the changes were more severe in symptomatic animals. In the testes and epididymis, lesions such as interstitial infiltrate, degeneration, and fibrosis were seen more frequently and were more severe in positive animals when compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that dogs infected with Leishmania sp. can develop nonspecific changes in the reproductive tract, which are more severe in symptomatic animals.(AU)

Os cães são considerados os principais hospedeiros domésticos de Leishmania infantum. A transmissão entre hospedeiros vertebrados normalmente ocorre durante o repasto sanguíneo de Lutzomyia sp., gênero de flebotomíneo. Entretanto, outras formas de transmissão sem a presença do vetor têm sido relatadas. A presença de amastigotas de Leishmania sp. em diferentes órgãos pode causar diversas patologias de acordo com o status imune do hospedeiro e a carga parasitária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações histopatológicas no trato reprodutivo de cães machos. Amostras de testículo, epidídimo e próstata foram coletadas de 70 animais, os quais foram agrupados conforme o resultado da sorologia para leishmaniose visceral e os sinais clínicos. Três grupos experimentais foram formados baseados nos resultados sorológicos e manifestações clínicas: assintomático, sintomático e controle. Alterações prostáticas foram observadas independentemente dos resultados sorológicos; entretanto, foram mais acentuadas nos animais sintomáticos. Nos testículos e epidídimos, lesões como infiltrado intersticial, degeneração e fibrose foram observadas mais frequentemente e de forma mais severa nos animais positivos quando comparados ao grupo controle. Estes resultados demonstram que cães infectados com Leishmania sp. podem desenvolver alterações não específicas no trato reprodutivo, as quais são...(AU)

Carcinoma prostático felino / Feline prostatic carcinoma

Background: Prostatic cancer is a rare condition in cats but should be included as a differential diagnosis whenever middleaged cats present lower urinary tract signs, such as dysuria and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound can indicate the disease,but fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology are necessary to establish the neoplastic origin and the therapeuticplan. Because of the limited data, no standard-of-care treatment or prognostic information exists in cats with prostate carcinoma. This report describes the clinical signs, diagnosis and surgical approach in a case of prostatic carcinoma in a cat.Case: A 6-year-old, intact male, domestic short-haired cat was presented with a 3-day history of dysuria, hematuria, inappetence, constipation, lethargy and prostration. On physical examination, the cat was in a very poor general conditionand abdominal palpation revealed firm mass located caudally to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder presented highrepletion degree, while the large bowel was distended and presented soft faecal content. Blood count, serum biochemistryand urinalysis showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and high creatinine level, and severe hematuria, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound showed a mass located in the prostatic area with hypoechogenic and slightly heterogeneousparenchyma, measuring 3.3 x 3.0 cm. Echo-guided trans-abdominal fine-needle aspiration of the prostate was performed.Microscopically, the cells were round with basophilic cytoplasm, and had round to ovoid nuclei, dense chromatin andprominent nucleoli. Some cells were binucleated and mild anisocytosis and marked anisokaryosis were documented. Thesefindings were compatible with malignant prostatic neoplasia. After initial clinical stabilization, the patient underwent anexploratory laparotomy for tumor resection...

Carcinoma prostático felino / Feline prostatic carcinoma

Background: Prostatic cancer is a rare condition in cats but should be included as a differential diagnosis whenever middleaged cats present lower urinary tract signs, such as dysuria and hematuria. Abdominal ultrasound can indicate the disease,but fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology are necessary to establish the neoplastic origin and the therapeuticplan. Because of the limited data, no standard-of-care treatment or prognostic information exists in cats with prostate carcinoma. This report describes the clinical signs, diagnosis and surgical approach in a case of prostatic carcinoma in a cat.Case: A 6-year-old, intact male, domestic short-haired cat was presented with a 3-day history of dysuria, hematuria, inappetence, constipation, lethargy and prostration. On physical examination, the cat was in a very poor general conditionand abdominal palpation revealed firm mass located caudally to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder presented highrepletion degree, while the large bowel was distended and presented soft faecal content. Blood count, serum biochemistryand urinalysis showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and high creatinine level, and severe hematuria, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound showed a mass located in the prostatic area with hypoechogenic and slightly heterogeneousparenchyma, measuring 3.3 x 3.0 cm. Echo-guided trans-abdominal fine-needle aspiration of the prostate was performed.Microscopically, the cells were round with basophilic cytoplasm, and had round to ovoid nuclei, dense chromatin andprominent nucleoli. Some cells were binucleated and mild anisocytosis and marked anisokaryosis were documented. Thesefindings were compatible with malignant prostatic neoplasia. After initial clinical stabilization, the patient underwent anexploratory laparotomy for tumor resection...(AU)

Ocorrência de alterações das glândulas sexuais acessórias de touros de rodeio através do exame ultrassonográfico / Occurrence of alterations in the accessory sex glands of rodeo bulls accessed by ultrasound examination

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo determinar a ocorrência de alterações das glândulas sexuais acessórias de touros de rodeio através da ultrassonografia transretal. Touros mestiços (n = 118) foramavaliados através da palpação e ultrassonografia transretal. As glândulas sexuais acessórias (próstata, ampolas dos ductos deferentes e vesículas seminais) foram palpadas e delimitadas quanto ao tamanho e higidez. Após, tais glândulas foram avaliadas e mensuradas de ponta a ponta com ultrassom (Sonoscape®, China), probe linear, modo-B, com frequência de 7,5 Hz, por via transretal. A ocorrência de alterações das vesículas seminais direita e esquerda foi de 44,91 %. A assimetria vesicular leve obteve a prevalência de 47,17 %, a moderada de 5,66 % e grave cerca de 47,17 %. A medida média da ampola foi de 9 mm. A ocorrência de alterações das ampolas direita e esquerda foi de 6,78 %, nos quais as alterações na próstata foi de 17,8 %. Assim, cerca de 10,17 % dos touros apresentaram redução da sensibilidade da próstata e no que diz respeito a ausência de sensibilidade dessa glândula, cerca de 7,63%. Conclui-se que o exame ultrassonográfico pode auxiliar em melhor acuidade no exame das glândulas sexuais acessórias em touros de rodeio.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of alterations of the rodeo bull accessory sex glands by transrectal ultrasound. Crossbred bulls (n = 118) were evaluated by palpation and transrectal ultrasound. The accessory sex glands (prostate, ampoules and seminal vesicles) were palpated and delimited for size and higidity. Afterwards, these glands were scanned and measured from end to end with ultrasound (Sonoscape®, China), linear probe, B-mode, with frequency of 7.5 Hz, transrectally. The occurrence of right and left seminal vesicle alterations was 44.91%. Mild vesicularasymmetry was prevalent at 47.17%, moderate at 5.66% and severe at 47.17%. The mean ampoule measurement was 9 mm. Changes in right and left ampoules were 6.78%, in which prostate changes were 17.8%. Besides, about 10.17% of bulls had reduced prostate sensitivity and about 7.63% lack of sensitivity of this gland. It is concluded that the ultrasound examination may help in better accuracy in the examination of the accessory sex glands in rodeo bulls.(AU)

Ocorrência de alterações das glândulas sexuais acessórias de touros de rodeio através do exame ultrassonográfico / Occurrence of alterations in the accessory sex glands of rodeo bulls accessed by ultrasound examination

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo determinar a ocorrência de alterações das glândulas sexuais acessórias de touros de rodeio através da ultrassonografia transretal. Touros mestiços (n = 118) foramavaliados através da palpação e ultrassonografia transretal. As glândulas sexuais acessórias (próstata, ampolas dos ductos deferentes e vesículas seminais) foram palpadas e delimitadas quanto ao tamanho e higidez. Após, tais glândulas foram avaliadas e mensuradas de ponta a ponta com ultrassom (Sonoscape®, China), probe linear, modo-B, com frequência de 7,5 Hz, por via transretal. A ocorrência de alterações das vesículas seminais direita e esquerda foi de 44,91 %. A assimetria vesicular leve obteve a prevalência de 47,17 %, a moderada de 5,66 % e grave cerca de 47,17 %. A medida média da ampola foi de 9 mm. A ocorrência de alterações das ampolas direita e esquerda foi de 6,78 %, nos quais as alterações na próstata foi de 17,8 %. Assim, cerca de 10,17 % dos touros apresentaram redução da sensibilidade da próstata e no que diz respeito a ausência de sensibilidade dessa glândula, cerca de 7,63%. Conclui-se que o exame ultrassonográfico pode auxiliar em melhor acuidade no exame das glândulas sexuais acessórias em touros de rodeio.

The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of alterations of the rodeo bull accessory sex glands by transrectal ultrasound. Crossbred bulls (n = 118) were evaluated by palpation and transrectal ultrasound. The accessory sex glands (prostate, ampoules and seminal vesicles) were palpated and delimited for size and higidity. Afterwards, these glands were scanned and measured from end to end with ultrasound (Sonoscape®, China), linear probe, B-mode, with frequency of 7.5 Hz, transrectally. The occurrence of right and left seminal vesicle alterations was 44.91%. Mild vesicularasymmetry was prevalent at 47.17%, moderate at 5.66% and severe at 47.17%. The mean ampoule measurement was 9 mm. Changes in right and left ampoules were 6.78%, in which prostate changes were 17.8%. Besides, about 10.17% of bulls had reduced prostate sensitivity and about 7.63% lack of sensitivity of this gland. It is concluded that the ultrasound examination may help in better accuracy in the examination of the accessory sex glands in rodeo bulls.

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Proceso carcinogenico de las próstatas caninas: via WNT canónica y su estudio comparado / Carcinogenic process of canine prostate: WNT canonical pathway and its comparative study / Processo carcinogênico das próstatas caninas: via WNT canônica e seu estudo comparado

La especie canina presenta semejanza con la especie humana con relación a las lesiones prostáticas. Es la única especie en presentar tumores espontáneos con frecuencia, de esta manera representa un importante modelo para estudio comparativo de afecciones de la glándula. El desarrollo de las neoplasia prostáticas es una enfermedad con causas multifactoriales, entre estas, alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas están involucradas. Por lo tanto, el perro puede ser un modelo natural y espontaneo para el estudio de lesiones preneoplásicas e neoplásicas de próstata canina. En el futuro, podrá ser utilizado como modelo en pruebas pre-clínicas de medicamentos, como ya fue realizado para osteosarcoma, por ejemplo. Una de las vías importantes para el desarrollo de los carcinomas prostáticos es la WNT canónica dependiente de la proteína Beta-catenina. En esta revisión abordaremos el papel de esta vía y su participación en la carcinogénesis prostática, importante en humanos y perros, además de algunas proteínas involucradas en la regulación de la misma.

Prostate of dogs have similar lesions to that observed in human and is the only species other than man which frequently displays spontaneous prostatic tumors. In this way, the dog represent an important model of studying different prostatic affections. The prostate cancer development is multifactorial and among them, genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved. The dog can be a natural and spontaneous model to study preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, with potential future studies as models for pre-clinical tests. One of important pathway to prostate carcinogenesis is beta catenin dependent canonical WNT pathway. In this paper, we review the role of this pathway in prostate carcinogenesis, important in humans and dogs, besides some regulatory proteins involved in this pathway.

A espécie canina apresenta semelhanças com a espécie humana com relação às lesões prostáticas, sendo a única espécie a apresentar tumores espontâneos e com frequência, desse modo representa um importante modelo para estudo comparativo de afecções desta glândula. O desenvolvimento das neoplasias prostáticas é multifatorial e dentre eles, alterações genéticas e epigenéticas estão envolvidas, portanto o cão pode ser um modelo natural e espontâneo para o estudo das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata, com futuro alto potencial de ser utilizado como modelo em testes pré-clínicos de medicamentos. Uma das vias importantes para o desenvolvimento dos carcinomas prostáticos é a WNT canônica, dependente da proteína Beta-catenina. Nesta revisão, abordaremos o papel desta via e sua participação na carcinogênese prostática, importante em humanos e cães, além de algumas proteínas envolvidas na regulação da mesma.

Proceso carcinogenico de las próstatas caninas: via WNT canónica y su estudio comparado / Carcinogenic process of canine prostate: WNT canonical pathway and its comparative study / Processo carcinogênico das próstatas caninas: via WNT canônica e seu estudo comparado

La especie canina presenta semejanza con la especie humana con relación a las lesiones prostáticas. Es la única especie en presentar tumores espontáneos con frecuencia, de esta manera representa un importante modelo para estudio comparativo de afecciones de la glándula. El desarrollo de las neoplasia prostáticas es una enfermedad con causas multifactoriales, entre estas, alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas están involucradas. Por lo tanto, el perro puede ser un modelo natural y espontaneo para el estudio de lesiones preneoplásicas e neoplásicas de próstata canina. En el futuro, podrá ser utilizado como modelo en pruebas pre-clínicas de medicamentos, como ya fue realizado para osteosarcoma, por ejemplo. Una de las vías importantes para el desarrollo de los carcinomas prostáticos es la WNT canónica dependiente de la proteína Beta-catenina. En esta revisión abordaremos el papel de esta vía y su participación en la carcinogénesis prostática, importante en humanos y perros, además de algunas proteínas involucradas en la regulación de la misma.(AU)

Prostate of dogs have similar lesions to that observed in human and is the only species other than man which frequently displays spontaneous prostatic tumors. In this way, the dog represent an important model of studying different prostatic affections. The prostate cancer development is multifactorial and among them, genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved. The dog can be a natural and spontaneous model to study preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, with potential future studies as models for pre-clinical tests. One of important pathway to prostate carcinogenesis is beta catenin dependent canonical WNT pathway. In this paper, we review the role of this pathway in prostate carcinogenesis, important in humans and dogs, besides some regulatory proteins involved in this pathway.(AU)

A espécie canina apresenta semelhanças com a espécie humana com relação às lesões prostáticas, sendo a única espécie a apresentar tumores espontâneos e com frequência, desse modo representa um importante modelo para estudo comparativo de afecções desta glândula. O desenvolvimento das neoplasias prostáticas é multifatorial e dentre eles, alterações genéticas e epigenéticas estão envolvidas, portanto o cão pode ser um modelo natural e espontâneo para o estudo das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata, com futuro alto potencial de ser utilizado como modelo em testes pré-clínicos de medicamentos. Uma das vias importantes para o desenvolvimento dos carcinomas prostáticos é a WNT canônica, dependente da proteína Beta-catenina. Nesta revisão, abordaremos o papel desta via e sua participação na carcinogênese prostática, importante em humanos e cães, além de algumas proteínas envolvidas na regulação da mesma.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs / Análise de doenças do trato urinário inferior em cães

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

Inter-relação entre HPB, abcesso prostático e síndrome da compressão da veia ilíaca em um cão relato de caso / Interrelationship among BPH, prostatic abscess and iliac vein compression syndrome in a dog case report

A próstata é um importante sítio de afecções nos cães de meia-idade a senis. Os sintomas geralmentesão transitórios e inespecíficos, e dependem da região prostática acometida, bem como região do corpo afetadapela doença. Já a síndrome da compressão de vasos ilíacos é uma afecção que resulta de disfunção das veiaspélvicas e/ou retroperitoneais, que afetam o sistema venoso da cava inferior. Relata-se o caso de um cão, PastorAlemão, cuja hiperplasia prostática benigna associada a abcesso prostático resultaram na síndrome decompressão das veias ilíacas internas e externas. O animal foi submetido a drenagem cirúrgica e orquiectomia,entretanto veio a óbito após a cirurgia por lesão de reperfusão. Ressalta-se a importância de associar os sintomasde algumas prostatopatias em cães a distúrbios circulatórios sistêmicos, como a síndrome de compressão dasveias ilíacas.(AU)

The prostate is an important site of infection in middle aged and senile dogs. The symptoms are usuallytransient and non-specific, and depend on the affected prostate region as well as region of the body affected bythe disease. The syndrome of compression of iliac vessels results from a dysfunction of the pelvic and / orretroperitoneal veins, which affect the venous system of the inferior vena cava system. We report the case of adog, German Shepherd, whose benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with prostatic abscess resulted in theiliac vein compression syndrome. The animal underwent surgical drainage and orchiectomy, but died aftersurgery due to reperfusion injury. Thus, it is important to associate the symptoms of some prostatopathies indogs with circulatory disorders, such as the syndrome of compression of the iliac veins.(AU)

Inter-relação entre HPB, abcesso prostático e síndrome da compressão da veia ilíaca em um cão – relato de caso / Interrelationship among BPH, prostatic abscess and iliac vein compression syndrome in a dog – case report

A próstata é um importante sítio de afecções nos cães de meia-idade a senis. Os sintomas geralmentesão transitórios e inespecíficos, e dependem da região prostática acometida, bem como região do corpo afetadapela doença. Já a síndrome da compressão de vasos ilíacos é uma afecção que resulta de disfunção das veiaspélvicas e/ou retroperitoneais, que afetam o sistema venoso da cava inferior. Relata-se o caso de um cão, PastorAlemão, cuja hiperplasia prostática benigna associada a abcesso prostático resultaram na síndrome decompressão das veias ilíacas internas e externas. O animal foi submetido a drenagem cirúrgica e orquiectomia,entretanto veio a óbito após a cirurgia por lesão de reperfusão. Ressalta-se a importância de associar os sintomasde algumas prostatopatias em cães a distúrbios circulatórios sistêmicos, como a síndrome de compressão dasveias ilíacas.

The prostate is an important site of infection in middle aged and senile dogs. The symptoms are usuallytransient and non-specific, and depend on the affected prostate region as well as region of the body affected bythe disease. The syndrome of compression of iliac vessels results from a dysfunction of the pelvic and / orretroperitoneal veins, which affect the venous system of the inferior vena cava system. We report the case of adog, German Shepherd, whose benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with prostatic abscess resulted in theiliac vein compression syndrome. The animal underwent surgical drainage and orchiectomy, but died aftersurgery due to reperfusion injury. Thus, it is important to associate the symptoms of some prostatopathies indogs with circulatory disorders, such as the syndrome of compression of the iliac veins.