Neospora caninum in aborted bovine fetuses in Trakya Region, Turkey - histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular detection

Background: Being the major cause of bovine abortion in the world, Neosporosis is considered to be a very important protozoal infection in dairy cattle. Vertical transplacental transmission is the major route of the infection causing either abortion or birth of calves with persistent infection. As the seropositivity in individual cows and in fetal serology only indicate exposure to the protozoa, the diagnosis of the infection has to be based on histopathology of aborted fetuses. Additional techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR are required for the detection of the etiological agent. The purpose of the current study was to diagnose Neospora caninum infection in aborted bovine fetuses in Trakya Region of Turkey. For this purpose, serological, histopathological, IHC, and PCR methods were used. Materials, Methods & Results: The blood samples and the fetuses of 55 aborted dairy cattle from various farms located in 3 provinces of Trakya, Turkey constituted the material of the present study. The sera obtained from the blood samples were tested using a Neospora caninum Antibody Test Kit cELISA and anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in the sera of the dams of the 8 aborted fetuses (8/55; 14.54%). Following the necropsy, samples from the brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and placenta of 55 fetuses were routinely processed for histopathological examination and evaluated under a light microscope. Nonsuppurative encephalitis (15/55; 27.27%), necrosis (5/55; 9%) and gliosis (1/55; 1.8%) in the brain, mild to severe nonsuppurative myocarditis and epicarditis (14/55; 25.45%), and portal to mid-zonal nonsuppurative hepatitis (13/55; 23.63%) were the relevant findings. PCR analysis was performed on fresh frozen fetal tissues. Nested PCR detected N. caninum DNA in the brain, heart, liver, lung, and kidney tissues of 6 fetuses (6/55; 10.9%). IHC was performed on the brain, heart, and liver tissues of all the fetuses using avidin-biotin-complex peroxidase method. Immunoreactivity was observed in the brain of 1 fetus (1/55; 1.8%). Discussion: In the present study, histopathological, immunohistochemical and PCR analyses were performed to detect N. caninum in 55 spontenously aborted bovine fetuses in Trakya Region, Turkey. Histopathologic hallmark of the study was nonsuppurative inflammation found mostly in the brain, heart and liver followed by kidneys and lungs. No protozoa was observed in the microscopic examination supporting the fact that definitive diagnosis of N. caninum infection requires ancillary techniques such as IHC and PCR. Nested PCR detected N. caninum DNA in the tissues of 6 fetuses (6/55; 10.9%). Brain was the most reliable organ for detection by PCR (6/6; 100%), compatible with the previous reports. IHC diagnosis revealed only 1.8% positivity in the present study which was remarkably lower than found in the previous studies. Even though histopathology in conjunction with IHC are accepted as the "gold standard" methods to detect N. caninum infection in aborted bovine fetuses, there are studies claiming that IHC is relatively insensitive in the diagnosis of neosporosis as parasite numbers can be low and thus, false negative results can be obtained. Other factors affecting the sensitivity of the technique are thoroughly discussed by many authors. Supportively, the findings of the current study showed that using both IHC and PCR as complementary techniques, increases the success of detection of N. caninum as recommended in previous studies. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the first molecular diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in bovine aborted fetuses in Trakya Region of Turkey which has a critical geographical location bordering Europe.

Sarcocystis neurona, seroprevalence of antibodies in equines and research of oocystis in opossum in Ilhéus - Itabuna microregion, Bahia, Brazil / Sarcocystis neurona, seroprevalência de anticorpos em equinos e pesquisa de oocistos em gambás na microrregião de Ilhéus - Itabuna, Bahia, Brasil

Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in equines in the Ilhéus-Itabuna microregion (BA), and identify possible factors associated with infection. The presence of sporocysts/oocysts of Sarcocystis spp. was also verified in Didelphis spp. A total of 669 serum samples were collected from equines in 56 properties located in 12 municipalities in the region. Indirect fluorescent antibody test was performed with slides containing merozoites of the S. neurona, using a cut-off titer of 1:80. Occurrence of 7.92% of anti-S. neurona antibodies was observed in the sampled equines. The purposes trade and work were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies (p<0.05), and being used for the purpose of work (21.6%) was considered a risk factor, while being used for the purpose of trade (3.6%) was a protective factor. A total of 25 Didelphis spp. was captured for research on sporocysts/oocysts in stool samples and intestinal scrapings, being all negative. Didelphis spp. were all negative for the presence of Sarcocystis spp. and this circumstance does not change the fact that seroprevalence of S. neurona has been observed in horses raised in the southern Bahia.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado na microrregião de Ilhéus-Itabuna, Bahia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis neurona em equinos da microrregião Ilhéus-Itabuna (BA) e identificar possíveis fatores associados à infecção. A presença de esporocistos/oocistos de Sarcocystis spp. também foi pesquisada em Didelphis spp. Foram coletadas 669 amostras de soro de equinos em 56 propriedades localizadas em 12 municípios da região. Foi utilizada a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando-se lâminas confeccionadas com merozoítos de Sarcocystis neurona (cepa SN138) e ponto de corte na diluição de 1:80. A ocorrência de anticorpos anti- S. neurona, nos equinos amostrados, foi de 7,92%. As finalidades dos animais - comércio e trabalho - apresentaram-se significativas (p<0.05), sendo que a finalidade trabalho (21,6%) foi considerada fator de risco, enquanto a finalidade comércio (3,6%) foi considerada fator de proteção. Foram capturados 25 Didelphis spp., para pesquisa de esporocistos/oocistos em amostras de fezes e raspado de mucosa intestinal. Todos os Didelphis spp. foram negativos para a presença de Sarcocystis spp., mesmo assim essa circunstância não alterou o fato da ocorrência de S. neurona ter sido observada em cavalos criados na mesorregião do sul da Bahia.

Toxoplasmose encefálica em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) / Encephalic toxoplasm in a white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris)

Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan that belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum, coccidian subclass, and affects all warm-blooded animals. The role of opossums in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Brazil is not fully understood, and there are very few descriptions of toxoplasmosis lesions in these animals. This report describes the anatomopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical findings of a case of encephalic toxoplasmosis in free-living white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris). Case: A young male opossum (D. albiventris), was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Wild Animals of the University of Brasília, Federal District. The animal was apathetic, uncoordinated, reluctant to move, and had an exposed proximal fracture in the left radius and ulna with laceration of muscles and adjacent tendinous structures. Amputation on the left thoracic limb was performed followed by analgesia and antibiotic therapy. The environment is frequented by other wild animals, and stray cats have access to the patio of the building. Twenty-five days after arriving at the hospital, the animal was found dead in its cage. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments from the abdominal cavity, thoracic and central nervous system were collected, processed routinely for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Macroscopic lesions in the central nervous system were not observed. On microscopy, the brain showed moderate random glial nodules throughout the neuropil associated with the presence of spherical to elongated parasitic cysts of about 20 µm, with a thin wall and with its interior full of bradyzoites, consistent with Toxoplasma gondii. There was also moderate fibrinoid necrosis and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular cuffs) To investigate the etiology of the brain injury, brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for detection of T. gondii and Neospora caninum. Immunostaining for T. gondii in the cyst wall and in bradyzoites and negative immunostaining for N. caninum. qPCR was positive for T. gondii and negative for N. caninum. Discussion: Diagnosis of encephalic toxoplasmosis in a Didelphis albiventris was possible based on histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings. The morphological classification of the brain lesion was important for the diagnosis. Brain toxoplasmosis in opossums usually results in focal areas of malacia on macroscopy and focally extensive necrosis on microscopy, neutrophil infiltrate, calcified necrotic material, and perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the present case, similar histopathological lesions were noted, but no significant macroscopic changes were observed. The etiology here was defined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, techniques proven to be useful and with good specificity for diagnosing toxoplasmosis in mammals. It is believed that the positive immunohistochemical and molecular result for Toxoplasma gondii together with the negative result for Neospora caninum were conclusive for the diagnosis. Thus, we demonstrate here a post mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a free-living synanthropic opossum and the use of anatomopathology, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic option for this disease in opossums.

Mieloencefalite protozoária equina

A mieloencefalite protozoária eqüina é uma doença que acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) causando uma infecção. O principal agente etiológico é o Sarcocystis neurona e tem como hospedeiro definitivo o Didelphis albiventris (gambá). Há predominância em alguns sinais clínicos como ataxia e paresia. A rápida avaliação do animal e o rápido diagnóstico podem diminuir algumas complicações e diminuir os sinais clínicos presentes nele.(AU)

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is a disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) causing an infection. The main etiological agent is Sarcocystis neuronal and has its definitive host Didelphis albiventris (opossum). There is a predominance of some clinical signs such as ataxia and paresis. Rapid assessment of the animal and rapid diagnosis may decrease some complications and decrease the clinical signs present in it.(AU)

Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em carnívoros silvestres do Estado do Pará ­ Brasil / Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild carnivorous animals the State of Pará ­ Brazil

O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em diferentes espécimes silvestres da ordem Carnívora de vida livre e de cativeiro procedentes de municípios do Estado do Pará. Coletou-se amostras fecais de 37 animais distintos (quatro de vida livre e 33 de cativeiro). Para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. foram utilizados métodos microscópicos (direto e Kinyoun) e imunológico (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). Do total de amostras, 24,32% (9/37) foram positivas, correspondendo a 5,4% (2/37) para Cryptosporidium spp. e 18,91% (7/37) para Giardia spp., respectivamente. Nenhum animal apresentou infecção concomitante para os agentes. Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., são protozoários zoonóticos que representam um emergente problema de saúde pública. Esses parasitos podem apresentar elevada frequência em regiões em que as condições de saneamento básico são precárias, promovendo surtos de diarreia em animais domésticos, silvestres e no homen. Mamíferos silvestres, como os carnívoros, são susceptíveis à contaminação por enteroparasitas presentes tanto no habitat natural como em cativeiro. Portanto, a pesquisa comprova a presença desses protozoários em carnívoros silvestres, tanto mantidos em criatórios como nos de vida livre no Estado do Pará, considerando-se que esses animais podem atuar como fontes de infecção para o homem, para outros animais e para o meio ambiente.

The presente survey has had the purpose to investigate the occurrance of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in free and under captivity carnivorous wild animals, from several counties in the State of Pará. Samples of feces from 37 distinct animals (four in their natural habitat and 33 raised in captivity). For the research of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. microscopic immunological, direct and Kinyoun methods were used (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). The samples gathered from wild animals have resulted in 24,32% of positive infecction on the rate of (9/37), being. 5,4% (2/37) positive to Cryptosporidiumspp. and 18,91% (7/37) positive to Giardia spp., what shows that no amimals had both infections at the same time. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., are zoonotic enteroparasites that have been taking place as an emmerging problem to public health. Theese species of protozoa may reach high levels of frequency in regions where the basic sanitation conditions are precarious, promoting outbraks of diarrhea to men, wild and domestic animals. Wild mammals, as the carnivorous, are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites, being present at their natural habitat or captivity. So, the reserach strenghtens the real presence of these protozoas in wild carnivorous in both conditions of life, free or under captivity, in the State of Pará, making us consider the possibility that the cited animals may be natural reservoirs for infections, not only to men but to other animals and also to environment.

Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em carnívoros silvestres do Estado do Pará Brasil / Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild carnivorous animalsthe State of Pará Brazil

O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em diferentes espécimes silvestres da ordem Carnívora de vida livre e de cativeiro procedentes de municípios do Estado do Pará. Coletou-se amostras fecais de 37 animais distintos (quatro de vida livre e 33 de cativeiro). Para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. foram utilizados métodos microscópicos (direto e Kinyoun) e imunológico (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). Do total de amostras, 24,32% (9/37) foram positivas, correspondendo a 5,4% (2/37) para Cryptosporidium spp. e 18,91% (7/37) para Giardia spp., respectivamente. Nenhum animal apresentou infecção concomitante para os agentes. Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., são protozoários zoonóticos que representam um emergente problema de saúde pública. Esses parasitos podem apresentar elevada frequência em regiões em que as condições de saneamento básico são precárias, promovendo surtos de diarreia em animais domésticos, silvestres e no homen. Mamíferos silvestres, como os carnívoros, são susceptíveis à contaminação por enteroparasitas presentes tanto no habitat natural como em cativeiro. Portanto, a pesquisa comprova a presença desses protozoários em carnívoros silvestres, tanto mantidos em criatórios como nos de vida livre no Estado do Pará, considerando-se que esses animais podem atuar como fontes de infecção para o homem, para outros animais e para o meio ambiente.(AU)

The present survey has had the purpose to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in free and under captivity carnivorous wild animals, from several counties in the State of Pará. Samples of feces from 37 distinct animals (four in their natural habitat and 33 raised in captivity). For the research of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. microscopic immunological, direct and Kinyoun methods were used (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). The samples gathered from wild animals have resulted in 24,32% of positive infection on the rate of (9/37), being. 5,4% (2/37) positive to Cryptosporidium spp. and 18,91% (7/37) positive to Giardia spp., what shows that no animals had both infections at the same time. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., are zoonotic enteroparasites that have been taking place as an emerging problem to public health. These species of protozoa may reach high levels of frequency in regions where the basic sanitation conditions are precarious, promoting outbreaks of diarrhea to men, wild and domestic animals. Wild mammals, as the carnivorous, are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites, being present at their natural habitat or captivity. So, the research strengthens the real presence of these protozoas in wild carnivorous in both conditions of life, free or under captivity, in the State of Pará, making us consider the possibility that the cited animals may be natural reservoirs for infections, not only to men but to other animals and also to environment.(AU)

Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em carnívoros silvestres do Estado do Pará Brasil / Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild carnivorous animalsthe State of Pará – Brazil

O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em diferentes espécimes silvestres da ordem Carnívora de vida livre e de cativeiro procedentes de municípios do Estado do Pará. Coletou-se amostras fecais de 37 animais distintos (quatro de vida livre e 33 de cativeiro). Para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. foram utilizados métodos microscópicos (direto e Kinyoun) e imunológico (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). Do total de amostras, 24,32% (9/37) foram positivas, correspondendo a 5,4% (2/37) para Cryptosporidium spp. e 18,91% (7/37) para Giardia spp., respectivamente. Nenhum animal apresentou infecção concomitante para os agentes. Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp., são protozoários zoonóticos que representam um emergente problema de saúde pública. Esses parasitos podem apresentar elevada frequência em regiões em que as condições de saneamento básico são precárias, promovendo surtos de diarreia em animais domésticos, silvestres e no homen. Mamíferos silvestres, como os carnívoros, são susceptíveis à contaminação por enteroparasitas presentes tanto no habitat natural como em cativeiro. Portanto, a pesquisa comprova a presença desses protozoários em carnívoros silvestres, tanto mantidos em criatórios como nos de vida livre no Estado do Pará, considerando-se que esses animais podem atuar como fontes de infecção para o homem, para outros animais e para o meio ambiente.

The present survey has had the purpose to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in free and under captivity carnivorous wild animals, from several counties in the State of Pará. Samples of feces from 37 distinct animals (four in their natural habitat and 33 raised in captivity). For the research of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. microscopic immunological, direct and Kinyoun methods were used (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia/Entamoeba Combi - N1722). The samples gathered from wild animals have resulted in 24,32% of positive infection on the rate of (9/37), being. 5,4% (2/37) positive to Cryptosporidium spp. and 18,91% (7/37) positive to Giardia spp., what shows that no animals had both infections at the same time. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., are zoonotic enteroparasites that have been taking place as an emerging problem to public health. These species of protozoa may reach high levels of frequency in regions where the basic sanitation conditions are precarious, promoting outbreaks of diarrhea to men, wild and domestic animals. Wild mammals, as the carnivorous, are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites, being present at their natural habitat or captivity. So, the research strengthens the real presence of these protozoas in wild carnivorous in both conditions of life, free or under captivity, in the State of Pará, making us consider the possibility that the cited animals may be natural reservoirs for infections, not only to men but to other animals and also to environment.

Mieloencefalite protozoária equina

A mieloencefalite protozoária eqüina é uma doença que acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) causando uma infecção. O principal agente etiológico é o Sarcocystis neurona e tem como hospedeiro definitivo o Didelphis albiventris (gambá). Há predominância em alguns sinais clínicos como ataxia e paresia. A rápida avaliação do animal e o rápido diagnóstico podem diminuir algumas complicações e diminuir os sinais clínicos presentes nele.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is a disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) causing an infection. The main etiological agent is Sarcocystis neuronal and has its definitive host Didelphis albiventris (opossum). There is a predominance of some clinical signs such as ataxia and paresis. Rapid assessment of the animal and rapid diagnosis may decrease some complications and decrease the clinical signs present in it.

Occurrences of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis neurona in horses and dogs in the municipality of Pauliceia, São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. e Sarcocystis neurona em equinos e cães do município de Pauliceia, São Paulo, Brasil

Serum samples from 116 horses and 47 dogs from the municipality of Paulicéia, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii, -Neospora spp. and -Sarcocystis neurona antibodies by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The results showed that only one horse was seropositive for T. gondii (0.9%) and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies were detected in three out of the 116 horses tested (2.6%). However, 27 horses showed antibodies against S. neurona (23.8%). Amongst the serum samples from the dogs, 10 out of the 47 dogs showed antibodies against T. gondii (21.3%) and three dogs showed antibodies against Neospora caninum (6.4%). This study reports that in the municipality of Paulicéia dogs in both the rural and the urban area were exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum, while horses in the rural area were exposed to all three protozoa studied, with high occurrence of anti-S. neurona antibodies.(AU)

Amostras de soro de 116 equinos e 47 cães provenientes do município de Paulicéia, São Paulo, foram testadas para detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, -Neospora spp. e -Sarcocystis neurona por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Apenas um equino, entre 116 equinos testados, teve diagnóstico soropositivo para T. gondii (0,9%), e três deles (2,6%) apresentaram anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. Entretanto, 27 equinos apresentaram anticorpos anti-S. neurona (23,8%). Nas amostras de cães, dez dos 47 animais apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii (21,3%) e três tiveram diagnóstico soropositivo para Neospora caninum (6,4%). Este estudo relata que no município de Paulicéia os cães das áreas urbana e rural foram expostos a T. gondii e N. caninum, enquanto os equinos da área rural foram expostos aos três protozoários estudados, com alta ocorrência de anticorpos anti- S. neurona.(AU)

Occurrences of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis neurona in horses and dogs in the municipality of Pauliceia, São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrências de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora spp. e Sarcocystis neurona em equinos e cães do município de Pauliceia, São Paulo, Brasil

Serum samples from 116 horses and 47 dogs from the municipality of Paulicéia, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii, -Neospora spp. and -Sarcocystis neurona antibodies by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The results showed that only one horse was seropositive for T. gondii (0.9%) and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies were detected in three out of the 116 horses tested (2.6%). However, 27 horses showed antibodies against S. neurona (23.8%). Amongst the serum samples from the dogs, 10 out of the 47 dogs showed antibodies against T. gondii (21.3%) and three dogs showed antibodies against Neospora caninum (6.4%). This study reports that in the municipality of Paulicéia dogs in both the rural and the urban area were exposed to T. gondii and N. caninum, while horses in the rural area were exposed to all three protozoa studied, with high occurrence of anti-S. neurona antibodies.(AU)

Amostras de soro de 116 equinos e 47 cães provenientes do município de Paulicéia, São Paulo, foram testadas para detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, -Neospora spp. e -Sarcocystis neurona por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). Apenas um equino, entre 116 equinos testados, teve diagnóstico soropositivo para T. gondii (0,9%), e três deles (2,6%) apresentaram anticorpos anti-Neospora spp. Entretanto, 27 equinos apresentaram anticorpos anti-S. neurona (23,8%). Nas amostras de cães, dez dos 47 animais apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii (21,3%) e três tiveram diagnóstico soropositivo para Neospora caninum (6,4%). Este estudo relata que no município de Paulicéia os cães das áreas urbana e rural foram expostos a T. gondii e N. caninum, enquanto os equinos da área rural foram expostos aos três protozoários estudados, com alta ocorrência de anticorpos anti- S. neurona.(AU)

Gastrointestinal parasites in feral cats and rodents from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil / Parasitos gastrointestinais em gatos ferais e roedores do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil

Gastrointestinal parasites are important pathogens affecting animals, some of them are of medical and veterinary concern. Although the dynamic of parasitic infections is a complex phenomenon that has been studied under experimental conditions, it shows several gaps in knowledge, especially in insular regions where a confined population of animals and parasites co-exists. In this study was assessed the parasitism by endoparasite gastrointestinal in feral cats (n = 37) and rodents (n = 30) from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; in addition, the risk of human infection and ecological implications of these findings were discussed. Out of all samples analysed, 100% scored positive for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in both feral cats and rodents. A total 17 genera and/or species of endoparasite gastrointestinal were identified, Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris campanula and Toxocara cati were the parasites more frequently in feral cats. In rodents Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp. and Trichuris muris were parasites more frequently herein detected. Human population living in this area are at risk of parasite infections due to the population of rodents and feral cats in the archipelago.(AU)

Parasitas gastrointestinais são importantes agentes patogênicos que afetam os animais, sendo alguns destes de interesse médico e veterinário. Embora a dinâmica das infecções parasitárias seja um fenômeno complexo que tem sido estudado sob condições experimentais, existem várias lacunas no conhecimento, especificamente em regiões insulares onde existem populações confinadas de animais e parasitas. Neste estudo foi avaliado o parasitismo por endoparasitas gastrointestinais em gatos ferais (n = 37) e roedores (n = 30) do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. Além disso, discutiu-se o risco de infecção humana e implicações ecológicas desses achados. De todas as amostras analisadas, 100% obtiveram resultados positivos para a presença de parasitos gastrointestinais tanto em gatos ferais quanto em roedores. Um total de 17 gêneros e/ou espécies de endoparasitos gastrointestinais foram identificados, Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris campanula e Toxocara cati foram os parasitos mais frequentes em gatos ferais. Em roedores Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp. e Trichuris muris foram os mais detectados. A população humana que vive nesta área corre o risco de infecções parasitárias, devido à população de roedores e gatos ferais no arquipélago.(AU)

Intra-uterine exposure of horses to Sarcocystis spp. antigens / Exposição intrauterina ao Sarcocystis spp. em equinos

The aim of this study was to examine the intra-uterine exposure to Sarcocystis spp. antigens, determining the number of foals with detectable concentrations of antibodies against these agents in the serum, before colostrum ingestion and collect data about exposure of horses to the parasite. Serum samples were collected from 195 thoroughbred mares and their newborns in two farms from southern Brazil. Parasite specific antibody responses to Sarcocystis antigens were detected using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and immunoblot analysis. In 84.1% (159/189) of the pregnant mares and in 7.4% (14/189) of foals we detected antibodies anti-Sarcocystis spp. by IFAT. All samples seropositive from foals were also positive in their respective mares. Serum samples of seropositive foals by IFAT, showed no reactivity on the immunoblot, having as antigens S. neurona merozoites. In conclusion, the intra-uterine exposure to Sarcocystis spp. antigens in horses was demonstrated, with occurrence not only in mares, but also in their foals, before colostrum ingestion these occurrences were reduced.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a exposição intrauterina ao Sarcocystis spp., para determinar o número de potros que possuem concentrações detectáveis de anticorpos contra esses agentes no soro, antes da ingestão do colostro, por meio da coleta de dados sobre a exposição a esses protozoários nos equinos. Amostras de soro foram coletadas de 195 éguas puro-sangue e seus respectivos potros recém-nascidos, em duas fazendas localizadas na região Sul do Brasil. Os testes utilizados na detecção de anticorpos específicos para o Sarcocystis foram a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e análise por meio de immunoblot. Pela RIFI, em 84,1% (159/189) das éguas e em 7,4% (14/189) dos potros foram detectados anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis spp. Todas as amostras soropositivas dos potros também foram positivas para suas respectivas mães. As amostras de soro dos potros soropositivos na RIFI, não apresentaram reatividade no immunoblot, tendo como antígenos merozoítos de S. neurona. Em conclusão, foi demonstrada a exposição intrauterina de Sarcocystis spp. em equinos, com ocorrência em éguas, porém, em seus respectivos potros, antes da ingestão de colostro a ocorrência foi reduzida.(AU)

Investigação de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis neurona e Sarcocystis cruzi em equinos / Investigation of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis cruzi in equines

Sarcocystis neurona is the primary agent for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM), important neurological disease characterized by behavior or muscular changes, that impairs animal performance and husbandry. Sarcocystis cruzi is a pathogen related to myositis in cattle. Although related the life cycles of the parasites are distinct. S. neurona has opossums (Didelphis spp.) and S. cruzi, dogs as definitive hosts. However, S. neurona and S. cruzi may undergo cross-reactivity in serological tests, interfering on results of EPM ante-mortem diagnostic tests. In the present study, serology of 189 mares was performed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test, using antigens of S. neurona and S. cruzi in order to assess the exposure degree of animals to antigens. Analyzing the results, it was observed that most of the animals (84.13%) reacted with at least one protozoal species and the number of animals which showed antibodies against S. cruzi was greater than S. neurona (80.42% and 33.86%, respectively) and a third of seropositive animals reacted to antigens of both species.(AU)

Investigação de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis neurona e Sarcocystis cruzi em equinos / Investigation of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis cruzi in equines

Sarcocystis neurona is the primary agent for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM), important neurological disease characterized by behavior or muscular changes, that impairs animal performance and husbandry. Sarcocystis cruzi is a pathogen related to myositis in cattle. Although related the life cycles of the parasites are distinct. S. neurona has opossums (Didelphis spp.) and S. cruzi, dogs as definitive hosts. However, S. neurona and S. cruzi may undergo cross-reactivity in serological tests, interfering on results of EPM ante-mortem diagnostic tests. In the present study, serology of 189 mares was performed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test, using antigens of S. neurona and S. cruzi in order to assess the exposure degree of animals to antigens. Analyzing the results, it was observed that most of the animals (84.13%) reacted with at least one protozoal species and the number of animals which showed antibodies against S. cruzi was greater than S. neurona (80.42% and 33.86%, respectively) and a third of seropositive animals reacted to antigens of both species.(AU)

Perfil proteômico do líquido cefalorraquidiano após transplantes intratecal de células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes em equinos

Estudos com células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (MSCs) estão em crescente progresso devido às suas propriedades imunomoduladoras, antiinflamatórias, antiapoptóticas e de regeneração tecidual, tornando essa modalidade de terapia celular promissora no tratamento de diversas doenças. Devido à limitada capacidade regenerativa do sistema nervoso central (CNS), causando sequelas funcionais, as MSCs estão sendo investigadas como uma alternativa terapêutica para condições neurológicas inflamatórias, vasculares, traumáticas e degenerativas em diversas espécies animais. A Mieloencefalite protozoária equina (EPM) causada por ambos os protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, Sarcocystis neurona e Neospora hughesi, permanece como uma importante doença neurológica dos equinos nas Américas, embora a maioria dos casos seja devida à infecção por S. neurona. A aplicação da proteômica com sua gama de ferramentas na clínica de equinos pode contribuir significativamente para o entendimento de processos patológicos e facilitar a descoberta de novos alvos terapêuticos ou marcadores diagnósticos. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o perfil proteômico do líquido cefalorraquidiano (CSF) antes e após múltiplos transplantes intratecal de MSCs em equinos hígidos e o perfil proteômico do CSF de equinos cronicamente afetados pela EPM. Doze cavalos adultos clinicamente saudáveis foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais: grupo DPBS (DPBS ou control; n = 4) onde a solução salina tamponada com fosfato de Dulbecco's (DPBS) foi administrada pela via intratecal; grupo AD-G (AD-G; n = 4), no qual foram realizados transplantes intratecal com MSCs alogênicas de tecido adiposo; e grupo BM-G (BM-G; n = 4), no qual foram realizados transplantes intratecal com MSCs alogênicas de medula óssea. Todos os grupos experimentais receberam três tratamentos seriados (DPBS ou MSCs) com intervalo de 30 dias entre eles. As amostras de CSF foram coletadas dos grupos experimentais imediatamente antes do primeiro tratamento (denominado momento M0 ou Before) e 30 dias após o terceiro tratamento (denominado momento M90 ou After). Ao mesmo tempo, os CSF de 16 equinos clinicamente saudáveis e de 9 equinos cronicamente afetados por EPM foram coletados da subaracnóide, denominados grupo Control (Control; n = 16) e grupo EPM (EPM; n = 9) respectivamente. Cada uma das amostras de CSF do grupo Control e do grupo EPM foram individualmente ressuspendidas e agrupadas em pool, totalizando dois pool representativos de cada um dos grupos experimentais e denominados igualmente (Control e EPM) para avaliar o perfil proteômico dos mesmos. De modo similar, os três grupos que receberam transplantes e coletas de CSF nos dois distintos momentos, foram agrupados em seis pool representativos para cada grupo e momento. Considerando a plataforma proteômica utilizada, os três grupos foram pareadamente comparados: DPBS After vs. Before, AD-G After vs. Before e BM-G After vs. Before, sendo encontradas 208, 211 e 131 proteínas em cada comparação, respectivamente. Do mesmo modo, na comparação pareada do CSF dos grupos EPM e Control, EPM vs. Control, 201 proteínas foram identificadas e 33 proteínas observadas exclusivamente no CSF do grupo EPM. Ademais, também foi observada na comparação pareada dos grupos DPBS, BM-G e EPM, a presença dos três tipos de enolases interagindo entre si (ENO 1, ENO 2 e ENO 3), sendo em DPBS e BM-G como exclusivas do momento After e no grupo EPM como exclusivas dele. Neste contexto, este estudo ao avaliar os perfis proteômico do CSF antes e após múltiplos transplantes intratecal de MSCs em equinos hígidos e do CSF de equinos cronicamente afetados pela EPM permitiu identificar as enolases como potenciais marcadores de lesão neural e/ou de EPM. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para confirmar estes achados e avançar no conhecimento dos efeitos da terapia celular com MSCs pela via intratecal, para o tratamento de lesões neurológicas em equinos.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) studies are under increasing progress because of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and tissue regeneration properties, making this modality of cell therapy promising in the treatment of various diseases. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS), causing functional sequelae, MSCs are being investigated as a therapeutic alternative for inflammatory, vascular, traumatic and degenerative neurological conditions in various animal species. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by both protozoa of the Apicomplexa phylum, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, remains an important neurological disease in horses in the Americas, although most cases are due to S. neurona infection. The application of proteomics with its range of tools in the equine clinic can contribute significantly to the understanding of pathological processes and facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers. In this context, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after multiple intrathecal transplantations of MSCs in healthy horses and the CSF proteomic profiling of horses chronically affected by EPM. Twelve clinically healthy adult horses were randomly divided into three experimental groups: DPBS (DPBS or control; n = 4), in which intrathecal "transplants" with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) were performed; group AD-G (AD-Gs; n = 4), in which intrathecal transplants were performed with allogeneic adipose tissue MSCs; and BM-G group (BM-G; n = 4), in which intrathecal transplants were performed with allogeneic bone marrow MSCs. All experimental groups received three serial treatments (DPBS or MSCs) with a 30-day interval between them. CSF samples were collected from the experimental groups immediately before the first treatment (called the M0 or Before) and 30 days after the third treatment (called the M90 or After). At the same time, CSF of 16 healthy horses and 9 horses chronically affected by EPM were collected from the subarachnoid, Control group (Control; n = 16) and EPM group (EPM; n = 9) respectively. Each of the CSF samples from the Control group and from the EPM group were individually resuspended and pooled, totalizing two representative pools of each one the experimental groups and also named (Control and EPM) to evaluate their proteomic profilings. Similarly, the three groups that received transplants and CSF collections at two different times were grouped into six representative pools for each group and time. Considering the proteomic platform used, the three groups were similarly compared: DPBS After vs. Before, AD-G After vs. Before and BM-G After vs. Before, being found 208, 211 and 131 proteins in each comparison, respectively. Likewise, in the paired comparison of the CSF of the EPM and Control groups, EPM vs. Control, 201 proteins were identified, and 33 proteins were observed exclusively in the CSF of the EPM group. In addition, the presence of the three types of enolases interacting with each other (ENO 1, ENO 2 and ENO 3) was also observed in the comparison of the DPBS, BM-G and EPM groups, being exclusives in DPBS and BM-G at time After and in the EPM group as its exclusively. In this context, this study, when evaluating the proteomic profilings of CSF before and after multiple intrathecal transplantations of MSCs in healthy horses and CSF of horses chronically affected by EPM, allowed the identification of enolases as potential markers of neural and / or EPM injury. Further studies should be performed to confirm these findings and to advance the knowledge of the effects of intrathecal cell therapy with MSCs for the treatment of neurological lesions in horses.

Frequência de ocorrência de Giardia sp. e de Cryptosporidium spp. em equídeos naturalmente infectados e abatidos em um frigorífico / Frequency of occurrence of Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in equidae naturally infected and slaughtered in a slaughter house

Dentre os protozoários de maior importância em saúde pública estão Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia sp. pelo potencial zoonótico. Pesquisou-se a frequência de ocorrência desses parasitas em equídeos abatidos em um frigorífico no município de Araguari, Minas Gerais, durante o período de fevereiro a março de 2008, correlacionando com o sexo, espécie e procedência dos animais. Foram coletadas 150 amostras de fezes, utilizando-se técnicas coproparasitológicas específicas para a detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia sp. Os resultados revelaram a presença de cistos de Giardia sp. em 4 % (6/150) das amostras. A porcentagem de fêmeas positivas foi 4,23% (3/71) e machos 3,80% (3/79). Entre os equídeos a porcentagem de positivos foi 10,53% (2/19) em muares e 3,05% (4/131) em equinos. Quanto à procedência dos animais positivos por estados brasileiros, a frequência foi 16,67% (1/6) na Bahia; 7,69% (1/13) em Tocantins; 3,61% (3/83) em Minas Gerais e 2,08% (1/48) em Goiás. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das 150 amostras de fezes analisadas. Conclui-se que é importante estudar a frequência desses protozoários em equídeos, acrescentando dados à literatura, bem como sugerir estudos moleculares para pesquisar o genótipo circulante e, desse modo, associar com a epidemiologia desses protozoários e a saúde pública.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp are protozoan of larger importance by their zoonotic potential. We studied the frequency of occurrence of these parasites in equidae from Araguari - Minas Gerais, slaughtered during February to March of 2008 and correlated with sex, species and origin. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected and specific techniques were used. The results showed 4% (6/150) of Giardia sp. in all the samples. The positivity was 4.23% (3/71) in females and 3.80% (3/79) in males. The positivity was 10.53% (2/19) in mules and 3.05% (4/131) in horses. The positive samples from Brazilian states was 16.67% (1/6) in Bahia, 7.69% (1/13) in Tocantins, 3.61% (3/83) in Minas Gerais and 2.08% (1/48) in Goiás. Cryptosporidium spp. were not found in any samples analyzed (n=150). We concluded that it is very important to study the frequency of these protozoans in horses, adding data to the; we also suggest molecular studies to associate with epidemiology and public health.

Frequência de ocorrência de Giardia sp. e de Cryptosporidium spp. em equídeos naturalmente infectados e abatidos em um frigorífico / Frequency of occurrence of Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in equidae naturally infected and slaughtered in a slaughter house

Dentre os protozoários de maior importância em saúde pública estão Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia sp. pelo potencial zoonótico. Pesquisou-se a frequência de ocorrência desses parasitas em equídeos abatidos em um frigorífico no município de Araguari, Minas Gerais, durante o período de fevereiro a março de 2008, correlacionando com o sexo, espécie e procedência dos animais. Foram coletadas 150 amostras de fezes, utilizando-se técnicas coproparasitológicas específicas para a detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia sp. Os resultados revelaram a presença de cistos de Giardia sp. em 4 % (6/150) das amostras. A porcentagem de fêmeas positivas foi 4,23% (3/71) e machos 3,80% (3/79). Entre os equídeos a porcentagem de positivos foi 10,53% (2/19) em muares e 3,05% (4/131) em equinos. Quanto à procedência dos animais positivos por estados brasileiros, a frequência foi 16,67% (1/6) na Bahia; 7,69% (1/13) em Tocantins; 3,61% (3/83) em Minas Gerais e 2,08% (1/48) em Goiás. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. não foram encontrados em nenhuma das 150 amostras de fezes analisadas. Conclui-se que é importante estudar a frequência desses protozoários em equídeos, acrescentando dados à literatura, bem como sugerir estudos moleculares para pesquisar o genótipo circulante e, desse modo, associar com a epidemiologia desses protozoários e a saúde pública.(AU)

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp are protozoan of larger importance by their zoonotic potential. We studied the frequency of occurrence of these parasites in equidae from Araguari - Minas Gerais, slaughtered during February to March of 2008 and correlated with sex, species and origin. A total of 150 fecal samples were collected and specific techniques were used. The results showed 4% (6/150) of Giardia sp. in all the samples. The positivity was 4.23% (3/71) in females and 3.80% (3/79) in males. The positivity was 10.53% (2/19) in mules and 3.05% (4/131) in horses. The positive samples from Brazilian states was 16.67% (1/6) in Bahia, 7.69% (1/13) in Tocantins, 3.61% (3/83) in Minas Gerais and 2.08% (1/48) in Goiás. Cryptosporidium spp. were not found in any samples analyzed (n=150). We concluded that it is very important to study the frequency of these protozoans in horses, adding data to the; we also suggest molecular studies to associate with epidemiology and public health.(AU)

PEPTÍDEOS RECOMBINANTES rSnSAG1 E rSnSAG5 DE Sarcocystis neurona EXPRESSOS EM Pichia pastoris PARA O DIAGNÓSTICO IMUNOENZIMÁTICO DA MIELOENCEFALITE PROTOZOÁRIA EQUINA (EPM)

A Mieloencefalite Protozoária Equina (EPM) è uma doença neurológica frequentemente encontrada em cavalos na América. A principal etiologia è o protozoário Sarcocystis neurona, parasito encontrado principalmente no Sistema Nervoso Central dos equinos. O teste padrão-ouro para diagnóstico da infecção pelo parasito nos Estados Unidos é Western Blotting e não está disponível no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um teste sensível e específico para o diagnóstico da infecção baseado no uso de peptídeos recombinantes para obtenção de antígenos que contem as sequências SnSAG1-SnSAG5 presentes na superfície do agente. Neste trabalho, epítopos antigênicos definidos por metodologias de bioinformática foram desenhados para produção de um gene sintético. Posteriormente, os peptídeos heterólogos foram produzidos por sistema de expressão em leveduras Pichia pastoris e esses antígenos recombinantes recuperados e utilizados como alvo em testes imunoenzimáticos para diagnostico de EPM. Testes iniciais de afinidade de anticorpos anti-S. neurona pelos peptídeos através da técnica de DOT - ELISA demostraram potencial para seu uso como alvo proteico em ferramentas de imunodiagnóstico. No entanto, ficou demonstrada a reatividade cruzada com outros parasitos apicomplexa relacionados devido á homologia de proteínas recombinantes delineadas e as proteínas que contem domínio SRS como no caso de N. caninum e T. gondii. É imprescindível determinar as regiões de similaridade com outros parasitos apicomplexa relacionados para o desenho de uma proteína heteróloga capaz de diferenciar S. neurona de outros parasitos que ocasionam EPM.

Equine Protozoal Mieloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurological disease often found in horses in America. The main etiology is the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona, a parasite found mainly in the Central Nervous System of equines. The gold standard for diagnosis of parasite infection in the United States is Western blotting and it is not available in Brazil. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of infection based on the use of recombinant peptides to obtain antigens containing the SnSAG1-SnSAG5 sequences present on the agent surface. In this work, antigenic epitopes defined by bioinformatics methodologies were designed to produce a synthetic gene. Subsequently, heterologous peptides were produced by the Pichia pastoris yeast expression system and these recombinant antigens were recovered and used as targets in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of EPM. Initial anti- S. neurona antibody affinity tests. by peptides using the DOT - ELISA technique demonstrated potential for its use as a protein target in immunodiagnostic tools. However, cross-reactivity with other apicomplex related parasites has been demonstrated because the homology of delineated recombinant proteins and proteins containing SRS domain as like N. caninum and T. gondii case. It is essential to determinate the regions of similarity with other apicomplex related parasites for design of a heterologous protein capable of differentiating S. neurona from other parasites that cause EPM.

Mieloencefalite protozoária equina / Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis / Mieloencefalitis Protozoaria Equina

Dentre as enfermidades neurológicas que acometem os equinos, a mieloencefalite protozoária equina (EPM) encontra-se em posição de destaque. Levando em consideração a importância da EPM no contexto das doenças neurológicas, esta revisão aborda entre outros, os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos da EPM, causadas tanto pelo Sarcocystis neurona quanto pelo Neospora caninum e Neospora hughesi, cujo objetivo é contribuir para a atualização dos profissionais envolvidos na área de clínica médica de equinos.(AU)

Among the neurological disorders that affect the horses, the equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is the most important. Considering the importance of EPM in the context of neurological diseases, this review covers among others, the epidemiological, clinical, diagnoses and treatment of EPM, caused by Sarcocystis neurona as by Neospora caninum and Neospora hughesi and this study aims at contributing for the update of the veterinarians involved with equine internal medicine.(AU)

Entre las enfermedades neurológicas que afectan a los caballos, mieloencefalitis protozoaria equina (EPM) se encuentra en una posición de preeminencia. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la EPM en el contexto de las enfermedades neurológicas, esta revisión se centra, entre otros, los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos y aspectos terapéuticos de EPM, causadas por Sarcocystis neurona así como Neospora caninum y Neospora hughesi, cuyo objetivo es ayudar a la actualización de profesionales involucrados en la clínica médica para caballos. (AU)

Diagnóstico diferencial de trombose aortoilíaca e mieloencefalite protozoária equina: relato de caso / Differential diagnosis between aorto-iliac thrombosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: case report

Relata-se o caso de uma égua de atividade de polo, que apresentou inicialmente claudicação leve no membro posterior esquerdo, a qual evoluiu para ataxia e atrofia da musculatura glútea do lado esquerdo, com diagnóstico de trombose aortoilíaca (TAI). A paciente foi tratada com suspeita de mieloencefalite protozoária equina, devido à semelhança dos sinais clínicos com essa doença, porém o líquido cefalorraquidiano apresentou-se negativo para anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis neurona. A palpação transretal indicou uma massa na bifurcação aortoilíaca esquerda. Na avaliação ultrassonográfica, visualizou-se imagem hiperecoica aderida ao endotélio vascular, sugerindo TAI atingindo a estenose de 70 por cento da luz arterial.(AU)

The case of a mare used for polo is reported. The animal showed clinical signs of soft lameness of the hindlimb, evolving to ataxia and gluteal muscle atrophy, with aorto-iliac thrombosis (AIT). The patient was treated with the suspect of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), due to the resemblance of clinical signs. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was negative for antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona. The transrectal examination indicated a mass in the left aorto-iliac bifurcation. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, a hyperechoic image adhered to the vascular endothelium was observed, suggesting (AIT), occupying 70 percent of arterial lumen. The present article has the objective of pointing out the importance of the differential diagnosis between AIT and EPM in horses with ataxia in hindlimbs and muscular atrophy.(AU)