Urethral reconstruction combined with modified urethrostomy in a cat after prepubic urethrostomy

Background: In cats, urethral obstruction is generally caused by various reasons, including feline idiopathic cystitis, urethral crystals, urethral trauma, mucous plug, congenital or acquired anatomical deformity, and urolithiasis, especially in male cats. Depending on the severity and duration of clinical signs, immediate management including conservative or surgical therapy for restoration of urethral patency is required. Repetitive urethral obstruction due to intraluminal plugs, obstruction that cannot be resolved by medical management, and urethral strictures, trauma, or neoplasia should be managed by surgery. When the penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineal skin by repetitive perineal urethrostomy, prepubic urethrostomy is indicated. Potential complications of prepubic urethrostomy include urinary incontinence, peristomal dermatitis. In such cases, management of the peristomal site or placement of an artificial urethral sphincter have been reported previously. However, to date, urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penis has not been reported after prepubic urethral stricture following prepubic urethrostomy. The objective of this report is to describe surgical procedure of the urethral reconstruction combined with modified perineal urethrostomy in a cat with prepubic urethral stricture after prepubic urethrosotmy. Case: A 3-year-old castrated Scottish straight cat presented with dysuria after prepubic urethrostomy. The owner reported that the patient was diagnosed with urethral rupture, had undergone prepubic urethrostomy 2 months prior to presentation, and had persistent dysuria despite repetitive surgical revision of the prepubic urethral stoma at a local hospital. On physical examination, the preputial orifice and the penis appeared grossly normal. On ultrasonography, pericystic and periurethral fat had an edematous, striated appearance with alternating hyperechoic and anechoic regions. A small amount of free fluid was visible around the urethra. Abdominal radiography revealed a mildly distended bladder and loss of serosal detail around the area of the urinary bladder neck, consistent with inflammation and free fluid observed on ultrasonography. The retrograde urethrogram showed no leakage in either sites of the prepubic urethral orifice or the penis. Hence, complete urethral reconstruction with modified perineal urethrostomy was performed. The patient had normal urination at the 15-month follow-up. Discussion: Prepubic urethrostomy is beneficial for the patients whose penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineum. Complications of prepubic urethrostomy include skin necrosis around the stoma; urinary incontinence; stricture of the urethral stoma due to several reasons such as surgical-site irritation; poor mucosa-skin apposition; failure to provide tension-free stoma; and failure to expose wider pelvic urethra. In these cases, surgical management of the level of prepubic urethral stoma has been recommended by previous studies. However, no studies have been reported urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penile urethra in a patient with prepubic urethral stricture so far. To the author's knowledge, this case is the first report describing urethral reconstruction in a cat with urethral stricture after prepubic urethrostomy.

Reconstrução prepucial com uso de enxerto combinado em cães / Preputial reconstruction combined with graft in dogs

Background: Preputial injuries are significant in the clinical routine. Traumas, conditions, and mass excision result in extensive and full-thickness defects that lead to chronic penile exposure and consequential injuries. Severe injuries may require preputial reconstructive surgery to restore function and aesthetics. The objective is to report the use of the preputial reconstruction technique using the caudal superficial epigastric axial standard flap associated with a single-stage, full-thickness oral mucosa graft in 3 dogs where the loss of the prepuce was significant. Cases: Three dogs were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UFMT with preputial lesions of different etiologies. All cases were referred for preventive reconstruction using a flap in the caudal axial epigastric pattern associated with a single-stage oral mucosa graft. In the 3 reported cases, changes that compromised surgical success, such as suture dehiscence, necrosis, or infection, were not observed during hospitalization. Cutaneous stitch dehiscence, however, was observed in all 3 cases. Dog 1. A small point of dehiscence and tissue necrosis was found and treated with chemical debridement and healed by second intention, which proved to be sufficient on the 30th day. Dog 2. A half-moon rotation flap was performed, which closed the defect. Dog 3. A new procedure using the reporting theme technique was necessary in order to cover the cranial portion of the foreskin. The dehiscence present in dogs 2 and 3 was significant. Flap retraction was observed in all 3 cases. In dogs 1 and 3, the retraction was slight, and the exposure of a small portion of the penile glans were observed, showing no changes that required intervention. In dog 2, retraction was important, leading to partial stenosis of the preputial ostium. A larger ostium was obtained by suturing the mucosa to the edge of the wedge. Considering the possibility of adhesion formation, "captons" were made in sterile silicone tubes, and sutures were placed in the dorsal and ventral aspects to prevent adherence of the oral mucosa graft located on the inside of the new foreskin. The captons were removed on the tenth post-operative day, revealing a good opening of the preputial orifice and adequate penile exposure. Discussion: The absence of a foreskin caused by trauma or surgical excision leads to chronic penile exposure, dryness, and ulcerations. The simple covering of the skin with an axial-type flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region tends to fail since only the graft edges are sutured into the abdominal skin. In these circumstances, the subcutaneous region on the penis is exposed and comes in direct contact with urine and the penile mucosa, causing the flap skin to grow to exacerbated retraction. The transplantation of a free-lip mucosa graft allows the subcutaneous region of the transposed skin flap to create adhesions in the fenestrated regions of the lip tissue through the formation of granulation tissue buds, which is performed in a single stage. The permanence of the penis protects the lower urinary system from the occurrence of infections relative to what is normally observed in cases where partial or total penile amputation is practiced in combination with adjunctive scrotal urethrostomy. Given the observations of the 3 cases described here, the technique of pre-facial reconstruction with an axial skin flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region, combined with free-labial mucosa graft, was found to be feasible for the single-stage foreskin technique, but that paraphimosis remanagement may be necessary when cutaneous portions of the penile skin caudal to the glans are removed.

Adrenal glands of Chinchilla lanigera - study of anatomical features with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Background: Since chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) is frequently used as a laboratory animal, satisfactory data about the imaging anatomical appearance of its adrenal glands, such as their anatomical location and closeness with other abdominal soft tissue and vessels, are important. The aim of this study to determine anatomical features of the chinchilla adrenal gland's using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Materials, Methods & Results: We used 12 chinchillas (6 males and 6 females), aged 18 months. The animals were in supine recumbency when contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was performed. Transverse, sagittal and dorsal images of the adrenal glands were obtained with iodinated contrast medium, and 3D reconstruction of the obtained images was applied. The craniocaudal (CrCc - length), dorsoventral (DV - height) and lateromedial (LM - width) diameters were measured using an electronic calliper. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and coronal T1-weighted images were obtained. The transverse CT anatomical image at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra demonstrated the location of the both adrenal glands in accordance with the grey-white scale's variation. The right adrenal gland was hypo-attenuated and elliptic compared to the right kidney and in close contact to it and to the caudal vena cava. The left adrenal gland was oval and at a distance to the abdominal aorta. The dorsal MRI anatomical study of the chinchilla's abdominal organs at a distance of 10 mm from the spine and in a T1-weighted sequence showed that both adrenal glands were retroperitoneal organs. Discussion: Post-contrasted CT defined the topography of both glands. The right adrenal gland has an oval shape and is cranially situated to the left gland, whose shape is cylindrical and elongated. The LM diameter of the right gland is higher than that measured in the left gland. Both DV and CrCc diameters of the right gland are lower compared to those of the left gland. The right adrenal gland is in close contact to the caudal vena cava, the right kidney and the liver, and the left adrenal gland is in a distance to the abdominal aorta. The right adrenal gland was close to the caudal vena cava and the right kidney and medially to the left kidney. The successful comparative analysis of the images in 3D reconstruction and post-contrast CT in 2D allowed us to conclude that 3D reconstruction is suitable to obtain detailed information in a summary form regarding the closeness of the glands and their shape, mainly because the results are in a real time and highly comprehensive. Our data are in in agreement with previous findings about the advantages of 3D reconstruction. The research algorithm applied was based on the dorsal visualization of the glands in T1-weighted sequence, achieving a comprehensive and high-quality MRI imaging of the examined organs in chinchillas. Both adrenal glands were retroperitoneal organs and with low signal. The dorsal MRI anatomical study of the chinchilla's abdominal organs at a distance of 10 mm from the spine and in a T1-weighted sequence showed the whole profile of the right and left glands and the cranial position of the right gland to the left one, the close contact between the right gland and the kidney and the distance between the left gland and the left kidney. The MRI results are detailed and comprehensive for interpretation. In conclusion, the results of the present study are comprehensive, detailed and with high resolution. We present data for the anatomical relationships of the studied organs, their shape and macrometric parameters, concluding that the above mentioned modalities are very important tools for studying the chinchilla's adrenal glands to create a morphological base, which is necessary to investigate specific diseases.

Use of prosthesis in a caparace fracture of Chelonoidis carbonarius (Testudines: Testudinidae) / Emprego de prótese em fratura de carapaça de Chelonoidis carbonarius (Testudines: Testudinidae)

Testudines are members of the Reptilia class, they are ectothermic and differ from other reptiles by the presence of the shell, which covers most of their bodies. Shell fractures are common in these animals and can occur due to several factors, mainly trauma. This paper aims to report the use of prosthesis in a red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius). An adult female weighing 2.45 kg was sent to the Wild Animal Sector of Veterinary Hospital of University of Brasilia. The specimen presented carapace fracture caused by compress of garbage truck. Even after healing the lesion, there was persistent communication between the coelomic cavity and the environment, which caused recurrent pneumonia. After stabilization of the patient and treatment of infections, an adhesive cover was placed to isolate the coelomic cavity, which was changed periodically. Moreover, it was decided to make a prosthesis with acrylic resin, since it was not feasible to perform the repair by conventional methods. The method was satisfactory in the sealing of the carapace and the animal was monitored for a month without showing signs of pneumonia or any other complications.(AU)

Os testudines pertencem à classe Reptilia, são ectotérmicos e se diferem dos demais répteis pela presença do casco, que envolve a maior parte de seus corpos. Fraturas nesse arcabouço ósseo são comuns e podem ocorrer devido a diversos fatores, principalmente traumas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de colocação de prótese em casco de jabuti-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonarius). Um exemplar adulto, fêmea, de 2,45 kg, foi encaminhado ao Setor de Animais Silvestres do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Brasília. O espécime apresentava fratura de carapaça provocada por prensas compactadoras de um caminhão de coleta de lixo domiciliar. Mesmo após a cicatrização da lesão, houve persistência de uma comunicação da cavidade celomática com o meio externo, o que ocasionava quadros de pneumonia recorrentes. Após estabilização do paciente e tratamento das infecções, foi colocada uma cobertura com esparadrapo para isolar a cavidade celomática, que era trocada periodicamente. Posteriormente, decidiu-se pela confecção de uma prótese feita de resina acrílica, visto que não era viável realizar o reparo por técnicas convencionais. O método se mostrou satisfatório na vedação da carapaça e o animal foi acompanhado durante um mês sem demonstrar indícios de pneumonia ou qualquer complicação.(AU)

Bovine tunica albuginea conserved in honey as xenograft for cystoplasty in rats / Túnica albugínea bovina conservada em mel como xenoenxerto na cistoplastia em ratos

ABSTRACT: Urinary bladder damages leading to few viable bladder tissue available might demand a challenging reconstructive surgery. In this context, biomaterials are valid alternatives for bladder reconstruction. This study evaluated the bovine tunica albuginea fragment as graft material for cystoplasty in rats and honey-preserved implant viability.Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) a test group (T) with a circular 1.0-cm-diameterbovine tunica albuginea graft application in the apex region by a continuous absorbable (Polyglactin 910 5-0) suture with stitching of all bladder layers and (2) a simulation group (S) in which animals underwent only partial cystectomy. In addition, each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups according to euthanasia period on post-surgery day 7, 15 and 30.Two animals had self-limiting hematuria at postsurgical period. At necropsy, frequent crystals and adhesion to the peritoneum were observed. At the histopathological evaluation, animals from the T group euthanized by 15th postoperative day had layers disorganization and initial muscle development, while T group rats euthanized by 30th postoperative day showed complete urothelization. Urothelization pattern was similar in both groups. Moreover, the muscular layer formation was present in both groups, but more evident in S group animals. Nevertheless, inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization were remarkably more intense in T group rats.It might be concluded that bovine tunica albuginea graft was successful in repairing rats' bladder, being a good biomaterial option in reconstructive urinary vesicle surgery.

RESUMO: Lesões na vesícula urinária que culminem em pouco tecido vesical viável podem demandar cirurgias reconstrutivas desafiadoras. Neste contexto, biomateriais são alternativas válidas para a reconstrução da bexiga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a túnica albugínea bovina como material para enxerto na cistoplastia em ratos, assim como a viabilidade deste implante preservado em mel. Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) um grupo teste (T), no qual os animais foram submetidos a cistectomia parcial seguida de cistoplastia com aplicação do enxerto circular com 1,0cm de diâmetro de túnica albugínea bovina na região do ápice com sutura absorvível (Poliglactina 910 5-0) em padrão contínuo englobando todas as camadas da bexiga; e (2) um grupo simulação (S), cujos ratos realizaram apenas cistectomia parcial. Além disso, cada grupo foi posteriormente dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com a data de eutanásia no dia 7, 15 ou 30 de pós-operatório.Dois animais apresentaram hematúria autolimitante no período de observação pós-operatória. Na necrópsia, notaram-se cristais frequentes e aderências entre bexiga e peritônio. Na avaliação histopatológica, animais do grupo T eutanasiados com 15 dias de pós-operatório apresentavam camadas vesicais desorganizadas e formação de musculatura inicial na bexiga, enquanto aqueles eutanasiados com 30 dias de cirurgia mostraram urotelização completa. O padrão de urotelização foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Além disso, a formação da camada muscular esteve presente em ambos os grupos, porém mais evidente nos animais do grupo S. No entanto, o infiltrado inflamatório bem como a neovascularização foram notavelmente mais intensos nos ratos do grupo T.Pode-se concluir que o enxerto de túnica albugínea bovina foi bem sucedido no reparo da vesícula urinária de ratos, demonstrando ser uma boa opção de biomaterial para cirurgias reconstrutivas da vesícula urinária.

Correção de luxação valga da articulação rádio-cárpica em um cão através da reconstrução ligamentar com fio sintético: uma alternativa à artrodese / Correction of valgus dislocation of the radio-carpal joint in a dog through ligament reconstruction with synthetic wire: an alternative to arthrodesis

Background: Radio-carpal dislocations are normally related to situations of trauma and may be treated with open or closed reduction, reconstruction of injured structures or arthrodesis. The treatment aims to eliminate pain, abnormal joint movement and restore member functions, avoiding or minimizing the development of arthrosis. Notwithstanding the literature on the treatment options, few of them explain the restorative technical applications and their evolution in a later postoperative period. The aim of the present report is to discuss extra-articular joint reconstruction with nylon wire in a canine patient with radio-carpal joint dislocation and ligament rupture. Case: A 10-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 10 kg, after an 8-meter fall, received care at Animal Care Barueri Clínica Veterinária. The animal presented left thoracic member functional impotence and radio-carpal joint valgus dislocation, pain and joint swelling. The patient was sedated and medium-lateral and dorso-palmar X-rays of the distal area of the thoracic member were performed, showing radio-carpal dislocation and a slight radiotransparent line in caudal cortical of the middle third of the left radium, possibly related to an incomplete fracture due to compaction. At this point, the choice was for a closed reduction performed by means of traction followed by internal rotation of the distal extremity of the member. An immobilization device was placed using a vinyl splint for 4 days, until the date of the surgery. For the surgical procedure, a dorso-medial access was opened in the left radio-carpal joint, restoring the short radium collateral joint with nylon 0 suture, anchored on 3 pathways opened in the bones (2 pathways in the radium and 1 in the carpo-radial bone), forming one knot. The subcutaneous tissue was closed and sutured using absorbable wire of 2-0 polyglycolic acid. The skin was sutured using nonabsorbable wire of 3-0 nylon. The immediate postoperative X-rays showed the pathways created, conservation of the bone structures and restoration of the anatomic axis of the radio-carpal joint. The member was again immobilized for 70 days and, 30 days after removal of the splint, the animal could already bear load over the member, without lameness. At 10 months after the surgery, the patient performed X-rays of the medium-lateral and dorso-palmar projections, showing absence of the signs of arthrosis or any joint impairment. There was also absence of lameness and pain, however with reduction in joint movement amplitude, with total extension but more limited flexion. Discussion: Through comparison with the literature it was possible to find similarities with the joint injury approach reported, mainly regarding the form of the suture and the clinical alterations observed, such as short radium collateral ligament rupture related to joint valgus deviation. The treatment strategy in the case combined temporary closed reduction of the joint, immobilization, later joint access and restoration with synthetic wire and long-term immobilization. The postoperative results obtained showed favorable evolution, without signs of joint degeneration, pain or lameness. Possible unwanted consequences related to arthrodesis make the options for reconstruction techniques seem more interesting; however, further information of their application and the combination of its variations in a more directed fashion are still required. Understanding the types of injuries, together with the development of research that assess their diagnosis and evolution, may help treatments to show even better perspectives.

Bovine tunica albuginea conserved in honey as xenograft for cystoplasty in rats / Túnica albugínea bovina conservada em mel como xenoenxerto na cistoplastia em ratos

Urinary bladder damages leading to few viable bladder tissue available might demand a challenging reconstructive surgery. In this context, biomaterials are valid alternatives for bladder reconstruction. This study evaluated the bovine tunica albuginea fragment as graft material for cystoplasty in rats and honey-preserved implant viability. Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) a test group (T) with a circular 1.0-cm-diameterbovine tunica albuginea graft application in the apex region by a continuous absorbable (Polyglactin 910 5-0) suture with stitching of all bladder layers and (2) a simulation group (S) in which animals underwent only partial cystectomy. In addition, each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups according to euthanasia period on post-surgery day 7, 15 and 30. Two animals had self-limiting hematuria at postsurgical period. At necropsy, frequent crystals and adhesion to the peritoneum were observed. At the histopathological evaluation, animals from the T group euthanized by 15th postoperative day had layers disorganization and initial muscle development, while T group rats euthanized by 30th postoperative day showed complete urothelization. Urothelization pattern was similar in both groups. Moreover, the muscular layer formation was present in both groups, but more evident in S group animals. Nevertheless, inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization were remarkably more intense in T group rats. It might be concluded that bovine tunica albuginea graft was successful in repairing rats bladder, being a good biomaterial option in reconstructive urinary vesicle surgery.(AU)

Lesões na vesícula urinária que culminem em pouco tecido vesical viável podem demandar cirurgias reconstrutivas desafiadoras. Neste contexto, biomateriais são alternativas válidas para a reconstrução da bexiga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a túnica albugínea bovina como material para enxerto na cistoplastia em ratos, assim como a viabilidade deste implante preservado em mel. Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) um grupo teste (T), no qual os animais foram submetidos a cistectomia parcial seguida de cistoplastia com aplicação do enxerto circular com 1,0cm de diâmetro de túnica albugínea bovina na região do ápice com sutura absorvível (Poliglactina 910 5-0) em padrão contínuo englobando todas as camadas da bexiga; e (2) um grupo simulação (S), cujos ratos realizaram apenas cistectomia parcial. Além disso, cada grupo foi posteriormente dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com a data de eutanásia no dia 7, 15 ou 30 de pós-operatório. Dois animais apresentaram hematúria autolimitante no período de observação pós-operatória. Na necrópsia, notaram-se cristais frequentes e aderências entre bexiga e peritônio. Na avaliação histopatológica, animais do grupo T eutanasiados com 15 dias de pós-operatório apresentavam camadas vesicais desorganizadas e formação de musculatura inicial na bexiga, enquanto aqueles eutanasiados com 30 dias de cirurgia mostraram urotelização completa. O padrão de urotelização foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Além disso, a formação da camada muscular esteve presente em ambos os grupos, porém mais evidente nos animais do grupo S. No entanto, o infiltrado inflamatório bem como a neovascularização foram notavelmente mais intensos nos ratos do grupo T. Pode-se concluir que o enxerto de túnica albugínea bovina foi bem sucedido no reparo da vesícula urinária de ratos, demonstrando ser uma boa opção de biomaterial para cirurgias reconstrutivas da vesícula urinária.(AU)

Avaliação por câmera termográfica de implante de co-poliamida associado a elastômero termoplástico em traqueia de coelho / Evaluation of co-polyamide implant comprising a thermoplastic elastomer in rabbit trachea using thermographic camera / Evaluación con cámara termográfica de un implante de copoliamida asociado a un elastómero termoplástico en la tráquea de un conejo

La termografía es eficaz para detectar la temperatura de la superficie corporal y puede utilizarse como método auxiliar para diagnosticar procesos inflamatorios y para evaluar patrones de cicatrización, lo que permite su amplio uso en Medicina Veterinaria. El procedimiento ha ganado protagonismo por ser una técnica no invasiva, indolora, de bajo costo y segura, ya que elimina la necesidad del uso de contrastes, sedación y radiación. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la eficacia del uso de la termografía en la evaluación de la biocompatibilidad en la reparación del tejido traqueal, así como identificar procesos inflamatorios tras la implantación de la prótesis impresa en nailon con impresión 3D asociada al elastómero termoplástico - PCTPE. Se dividieron quince conejos blancos de Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus) machos en tres grupos de diferentes períodos de evaluación (siete, 15 y 30 días). Se implantaron prótesis tridimensionales tras la resección completa de tres anillos traqueales. La evaluación de las imágenes termográficas se realizó en el lugar de implantación de la prótesis traqueal justo antes del procedimiento quirúrgico e inmediatamente antes de la eutanasia. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, ya los 30 días la temperatura mínima (p = 0,0357), media (p = 0,0135) y máxima (p = 0,0058) fue menor en comparación con los otros grupos...

Thermography is efficient for detecting body surface temperature and can be used as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes and in the evaluation of scarring patterns, which allows its wide use in Veterinary Medicine. The procedure has gained prominence, as it is a non-invasive, painless, low-cost and safe technique, since it does not require the use of contrasts, sedation and radiation. The objective of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the use of thermography in the evaluation of biocompatibility in tracheal tissue repair, as well as to identify inflammatory processes after implantation of the 3D printed impression prosthesis of nylon associated with the thermoplastic elastomer - PCTPE. Fifteen male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into three groups of different evaluation periods (seven, 15 and 30 days). Three-dimensional prostheses were implanted after complete resection of three tracheal rings. The evaluation of the thermographic images was performed at the place of implantation of the tracheal prosthesis just before the surgical procedure and immediately before euthanasia. There was a significant difference between the groups, and at 30 days the minimum (p = 0,0357), average (p = 0,0135) and maximum (p = 0,0058) temperature was lower when compared with the other groups...

A termografia é eficiente para detecção da temperatura da superfície corporal e pode ser utilizada como método auxiliar de diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e na avaliação de padrões cicatriciais, o que permite sua ampla utilização na Medicina Veterinária. O procedimento tem ganhado destaque, pois trata-se de técnica não invasiva, indolor, de baixo custo e segura, pois dispensa a necessidade do uso de contrastes, sedação e radiação.  O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a eficiência do uso da termografia na avaliação da biocompatibilidade em reparação tecidual traqueal, bem como identificar processos inflamatórios após a implantação da prótese impressa em impressão 3D de náilon associado ao elastômero termoplástico- PCTPE. Quinze coelhos machos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia Branco (Oryctolagus cuniculus), foram distribuídos em três grupos de períodos de avaliação diferentes (sete, 15 e 30 dias). As próteses tridimensionais foram implantadas após ressecção completa de três anéis traqueais. A avaliação das imagens termográficas foi efetuada no local de implantação da prótese traqueal no momento anterior ao procedimento cirúrgico e imediatamente antes da eutanásia. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo que aos 30 dias a temperatura mínima (p=0,0357), média (p=0,0135) e máxima (p=0,0058) foi menor quando comparado com os demais grupos...

Avaliação por câmera termográfica de implante de co-poliamida associado a elastômero termoplástico em traqueia de coelho / Evaluation of co-polyamide implant comprising a thermoplastic elastomer in rabbit trachea using thermographic camera / Evaluación con cámara termográfica de un implante de copoliamida asociado a un elastómero termoplástico en la tráquea de un conejo

La termografía es eficaz para detectar la temperatura de la superficie corporal y puede utilizarse como método auxiliar para diagnosticar procesos inflamatorios y para evaluar patrones de cicatrización, lo que permite su amplio uso en Medicina Veterinaria. El procedimiento ha ganado protagonismo por ser una técnica no invasiva, indolora, de bajo costo y segura, ya que elimina la necesidad del uso de contrastes, sedación y radiación. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la eficacia del uso de la termografía en la evaluación de la biocompatibilidad en la reparación del tejido traqueal, así como identificar procesos inflamatorios tras la implantación de la prótesis impresa en nailon con impresión 3D asociada al elastómero termoplástico - PCTPE. Se dividieron quince conejos blancos de Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus) machos en tres grupos de diferentes períodos de evaluación (siete, 15 y 30 días). Se implantaron prótesis tridimensionales tras la resección completa de tres anillos traqueales. La evaluación de las imágenes termográficas se realizó en el lugar de implantación de la prótesis traqueal justo antes del procedimiento quirúrgico e inmediatamente antes de la eutanasia. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, ya los 30 días la temperatura mínima (p = 0,0357), media (p = 0,0135) y máxima (p = 0,0058) fue menor en comparación con los otros grupos...(AU)

Thermography is efficient for detecting body surface temperature and can be used as an auxiliary method for the diagnosis of inflammatory processes and in the evaluation of scarring patterns, which allows its wide use in Veterinary Medicine. The procedure has gained prominence, as it is a non-invasive, painless, low-cost and safe technique, since it does not require the use of contrasts, sedation and radiation. The objective of this article is to analyze the efficiency of the use of thermography in the evaluation of biocompatibility in tracheal tissue repair, as well as to identify inflammatory processes after implantation of the 3D printed impression prosthesis of nylon associated with the thermoplastic elastomer - PCTPE. Fifteen male New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into three groups of different evaluation periods (seven, 15 and 30 days). Three-dimensional prostheses were implanted after complete resection of three tracheal rings. The evaluation of the thermographic images was performed at the place of implantation of the tracheal prosthesis just before the surgical procedure and immediately before euthanasia. There was a significant difference between the groups, and at 30 days the minimum (p = 0,0357), average (p = 0,0135) and maximum (p = 0,0058) temperature was lower when compared with the other groups...(AU)

A termografia é eficiente para detecção da temperatura da superfície corporal e pode ser utilizada como método auxiliar de diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e na avaliação de padrões cicatriciais, o que permite sua ampla utilização na Medicina Veterinária. O procedimento tem ganhado destaque, pois trata-se de técnica não invasiva, indolor, de baixo custo e segura, pois dispensa a necessidade do uso de contrastes, sedação e radiação.  O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a eficiência do uso da termografia na avaliação da biocompatibilidade em reparação tecidual traqueal, bem como identificar processos inflamatórios após a implantação da prótese impressa em impressão 3D de náilon associado ao elastômero termoplástico- PCTPE. Quinze coelhos machos, da linhagem Nova Zelândia Branco (Oryctolagus cuniculus), foram distribuídos em três grupos de períodos de avaliação diferentes (sete, 15 e 30 dias). As próteses tridimensionais foram implantadas após ressecção completa de três anéis traqueais. A avaliação das imagens termográficas foi efetuada no local de implantação da prótese traqueal no momento anterior ao procedimento cirúrgico e imediatamente antes da eutanásia. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo que aos 30 dias a temperatura mínima (p=0,0357), média (p=0,0135) e máxima (p=0,0058) foi menor quando comparado com os demais grupos...(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.(AU)

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...(AU)

Cirurgia reconstrutiva múltipla como alternativa à amputação de membro para o tratamento do tumor de bainha de nervo periférico em cão - relato de caso

O tumor de bainha de nervo periférico (TBNP) é um neoplasma incomum em cães, cujo tratamento de eleição envolve a remoção cirúrgica completa da neoformação com ampla margem de segurança. Em virtude do seu comportamento infiltrativo, a depender da localização anatômica, recomenda-se a amputação do membro, procedimento mutilante com repercussões clínicas importantes, como alterações deambulatórias, dentre outras. Neste contexto, objetiva-se com esse trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela sem raça definida, diagnosticada com TBNP em membro pélvico esquerdo e submetida à ressecção completa da neoformação com ampla margem de segurança, seguida de reconstrução cirúrgica do membro, como alternativa à amputação do mesmo. A paciente apresentou 411 dias de sobrevida até o presente momento, e ausência de recidiva tumoral local. Desta forma, sugere-se que a excisão com ampla margem de segurança associada a reconstrução tecidual possa ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de animais com TBNP em localização apendicular.(AU)

The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is an uncommon neoplasm in dogs, which treatment includes the complete surgical removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins. Due to its infiltrative behavior, limb amputation is generally recommended. However, limb amputation can be considered a mutilating procedure with important clinical consequences, as deambulatory abnormalities. In this context, the aim of this study was to report the case of a mongrel female dog, diagnosed with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the left pelvic limb. The animal was submitted to a complete removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins, followed by surgical reconstruction of the limb, as an alternative to the amputation. The patient presented survival time of 411 days, and absence of tumoral local recurrence. Thus, it is suggested that complete removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins, followed by surgical reconstruction of the limb is an alternative for amputation in animal with appendicular presentation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.(AU)

Cirurgia reconstrutiva múltipla como alternativa à amputação de membro para o tratamento do tumor de bainha de nervo periférico em cão - relato de caso

O tumor de bainha de nervo periférico (TBNP) é um neoplasma incomum em cães, cujo tratamento de eleição envolve a remoção cirúrgica completa da neoformação com ampla margem de segurança. Em virtude do seu comportamento infiltrativo, a depender da localização anatômica, recomenda-se a amputação do membro, procedimento mutilante com repercussões clínicas importantes, como alterações deambulatórias, dentre outras. Neste contexto, objetiva-se com esse trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela sem raça definida, diagnosticada com TBNP em membro pélvico esquerdo e submetida à ressecção completa da neoformação com ampla margem de segurança, seguida de reconstrução cirúrgica do membro, como alternativa à amputação do mesmo. A paciente apresentou 411 dias de sobrevida até o presente momento, e ausência de recidiva tumoral local. Desta forma, sugere-se que a excisão com ampla margem de segurança associada a reconstrução tecidual possa ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de animais com TBNP em localização apendicular.

The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor is an uncommon neoplasm in dogs, which treatment includes the complete surgical removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins. Due to its infiltrative behavior, limb amputation is generally recommended. However, limb amputation can be considered a mutilating procedure with important clinical consequences, as deambulatory abnormalities. In this context, the aim of this study was to report the case of a mongrel female dog, diagnosed with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the left pelvic limb. The animal was submitted to a complete removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins, followed by surgical reconstruction of the limb, as an alternative to the amputation. The patient presented survival time of 411 days, and absence of tumoral local recurrence. Thus, it is suggested that complete removal of the neoplasm with broad surgical margins, followed by surgical reconstruction of the limb is an alternative for amputation in animal with appendicular presentation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.

Exérese de linfoma subcutâneo em região ocular com uso de flap rotacional / Rotational flap lymphoma exérese in the eye region)

Linfomas são neoplasias malignas em gatos que se caracterizam pelo crescimento exacerbados de linfócitos. O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a eficiência do procedimento cirúrgico e a retirada do tumor por completo. Foi efeituada uma cirurgia em um gato macho onde a pele foi incisionada ao redor da massa, realizando a exérese do tumor de forma bemsucedida. Para correção do defeito optou-se pela técnica de reconstrução, onde foi utilizado flap subdérmico rotacional. A cirurgia reconstrutiva permite ao paciente uma maior qualidade para área afetada, proporcionando uma melhora fisiológica do local quase que totalmente.

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms in cats that are characterized by exacerbated lymphocyte growth. The objective of this paper is to report the efficiency of the surgical procedure and the complete removal of the tumor. Surgery was performed on a male cat where the skin was incised around the mass, successfully performing the tumor excision. To correct the defect, the reconstruction technique was used, where a rotational subdermal flap was used. Reconstructive surgery allows the patient a higher quality for the affected area, providing a physiological improvement of the site almost totally.

Exerése de linfoma subcutâneo em região ocular com uso de flap rotacional / Rotational flap lymphoma exérese in the eye region

Linfomas são neoplasias malignas em gatos que se caracterizam pelo crescimento exacerbados de linfócitos. O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a eficiência do procedimento cirúrgico e a retirada do tumor por completo. Foi efeituada uma cirurgia em um gato macho onde a pele foi incisionada ao redor da massa, realizando a exérese do tumor de forma bem sucedida. Para correção do defeito optou-se pela técnica de reconstrução, onde foi utilizado flap subdérmico rotacional. A cirurgia reconstrutiva permite ao paciente uma maior qualidade para área afetada, proporcionando uma melhora fisiológica do local quase que totalmente.(AU)

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms in cats that are characterized by exacerbated lymphocyte growth. The objective of this paper is to report the efficiency of the surgical procedure and the complete removal of the tumor. Surgery was performed on a male cat where the skin was incised around the mass, successfully performing the tumor excision. To correct the defect, the reconstruction technique was used, where a rotational subdermal flap was used. Reconstructive surgery allows the patient a higher quality for the affected area, providing a physiological improvement of the site almost totally.(AU)

Uso da clonagem por transferência nuclear na conservação e multiplicação de mamíferos silvestres / Use of cloning by nuclear transfer in the conservation and multiplication of wild mammals

A clonagem por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS) desempenha um importante papel na conservação e na multiplicação de mamíferos silvestres, especialmente quando associada à TNCS interespecífica. Contudo, a clonagem ainda possui uma baixa eficiência, sendo necessária uma extensa busca por elucidações mais precisas das metodologias empregadas em suas etapas de preparo do carioplastos (células doadoras de núcleo), obtenção dos citoplastos (oócitos receptores), e reconstrução embrionária. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é abordar os aspectos relevantes das etapas da clonagem aplicadas a mamíferos silvestres, descrevendo seus resultados promissores e avanços alcançados.(AU)

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) plays an important role in the conservation and multiplication of wild mammals, especially when associated with interspecific SCNT. Nevertheless, cloning still has a low efficiency, requiring an extensive search for more precise elucidations of the methodologies used in its stages of preparation of the karyoplasts (nucleus donor cells), production of cytoplasts (receptor oocytes), and embryonic reconstruction. Thus, the purpose of this review is to address the relevant aspects of the cloning steps applied to wild mammals, describing their promising results and advances.(AU)

Uso da clonagem por transferência nuclear na conservação e multiplicação de mamíferos silvestres / Use of cloning by nuclear transfer in the conservation and multiplication of wild mammals

A clonagem por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS) desempenha um importante papel na conservação e na multiplicação de mamíferos silvestres, especialmente quando associada à TNCS interespecífica. Contudo, a clonagem ainda possui uma baixa eficiência, sendo necessária uma extensa busca por elucidações mais precisas das metodologias empregadas em suas etapas de preparo do carioplastos (células doadoras de núcleo), obtenção dos citoplastos (oócitos receptores), e reconstrução embrionária. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é abordar os aspectos relevantes das etapas da clonagem aplicadas a mamíferos silvestres, descrevendo seus resultados promissores e avanços alcançados.

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) plays an important role in the conservation and multiplication of wild mammals, especially when associated with interspecific SCNT. Nevertheless, cloning still has a low efficiency, requiring an extensive search for more precise elucidations of the methodologies used in its stages of preparation of the karyoplasts (nucleus donor cells), production of cytoplasts (receptor oocytes), and embryonic reconstruction. Thus, the purpose of this review is to address the relevant aspects of the cloning steps applied to wild mammals, describing their promising results and advances.

Cranioplasty using autologous fasciae latae graft for nasal bone fracture repair in a dog

Background: In facial reconstruction, several kinds of grafts can be used, like bone grafting, cutaneous grafting, biological membranes, fasciae latae, biomaterials, and others. The advantage of using fasciae latae in the tissue reparation is the need of little blood supply, making it a viable option in the restoration of biological functions. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a female poodle, 12-year-old, and with subcutaneous emphysema due to fracture of the nasal bone, submitted to cranioplasty using fasciae latae. Case: It was attended a 12-year-old female poodle due to a traumatic brain injury. At physical examination, the animal had presented facial swelling and respiratory distress with inspiratory effort. Additionally, were verified subcutaneous emphysema and a depression in the nasal plane region with crepitus on palpation. Radiographic examinations revealed nasal bone and maxilla fractures. The animal was submitted to cranioplasty for nasal bone fracture repair. To access the nasal bone and frontal sinus was performed an incision in the dorsal midline from the level of medial orbital rim to the nasal plane. The subcutaneous tissue was divulsioned to allow the exposure of the nasal bone fracture, whose small fragments prevented the internal fixation. The bone defect was then repaired using free autologous fasciae latae of 2 cm wide x 3 cm long, sutured to the periosteum. Subcutaneous emphysema gradually decreased until its resolution at three days postoperatively. The surgical wound had complete healing at 10 days after surgery without concomitant complications. Discussion: The choice of the reconstructive technique is based on the operative planning and the surgeons experience. In the present case we opted for the autologous fasciae latae graft since its ready availability and lesser predisposition to immunogenic sensibilization and rejection.[…](AU)