Digestive system of Anourosorex squamipes - appearance and morphological features

Background: Anourosorex squamipes have a wide range of feeding habits, which is a kind of omnivorous animal. As an indispensable part of organisms, the differentiation degree of digestive system indicates the evolution degree of species. The higher the evolution degree of animals, the higher the differentiation of digestive system. At present, the research on Anourosorex squamipes digestive system mainly focuses on its feeding habits and mainly depends on the direct observation of gastric contents with the naked eye, but the research on the morphology of digestive system has not been reported. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty adult Anourosorex squamipes were selected to investigate the characteristics of the appearance, including the contour parameters (body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length, tail length), digestive system parameters (length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight) and morphological structure of the small intestine by histological methods. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length and tail length between males and females in Anourosorex squamipes, and no significant differences were observed in parameters of digestive system in length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight. There were no significant differences in villus height, muscular layer thickness and villus height/recess depth (V/C) between males and females, but only ileal crypt depth decreased significantly in males. Discussion: Animal morphological characteristics are closely related to their life habits, unique organs and lifestyles ensure that they thrive on earth. In our study, we found that unique characters are found by observing the appearance of Anourosorex squamipes, the snout is blunt and short, the eyes are degenerated, and the tail is very short and covered with scales, which may be related to its feeding habits, the living environment-long-term nocturnal life in underground with minimal exposure to sunlight, and the unique tail can reduce the friction between tail and soil during the movement. There are certain differences in the appearance parameters of male and female Anourosorex squamipes, but are not significant. The esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver and other parameters of Anourosorex squamipes have little difference between males and females, indicating that Anourosorex squamipes don't have obvious distinctions between males and females in food intake. However, the liver weight of male Anourosorex squamipes is larger than female, indicating that the physiological metabolic capacity of male is larger than female. It is speculated that this may be related to the difference in the amount of activity between males and females in daily life. Males are more active and require more energy, but their digestion and absorption abilities are weaker than females. Therefore, the male Anourosorex squamipes needs more food to provide energy to meet the daily physiological metabolism, and the larger stomach capacity provides the essential conditions for the male to store more food. In addition, we found that the crypt depth of male Anourosorex squamipes is generally greater than that of females, especially in the ileal crypt depth, indicating that the female's cell maturation rate is greater than that of the male. It is speculated that the female has a greater demand for nutrient absorption and better digestion and absorption of food, because females need to give birth to offspring and require greater nutrition.

The Response of Broiler Chicks to Dietary Supplementation with a Probiotic, Acidifiers Blend, and Their Combination

This study investigated the effect of a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299), blend of acidifiers, and their combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and twenty unsexed one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into four groups (55 birds per group divided into 5 replicates) as 2X2 factorial arrangement including two factors, probiotic and blend of acidifiers, each of which had two levels: yes and no. Performance was determined weekly. Haemagglutination test was performed on blood samples taken on days 28 and 42 after the birds were injected twice (days 14 and 28) with 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). On day 42, tissue samples taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were prepared for histology via scanning electron microscopy. During the first three weeks, dietary addition of probiotic significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight gain (BWG) while acidifiers significantly lowered (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Antibody titer against SRBC increased remarkably (p<0.01) 15 days post the first injection when probiotic was administered. The probiotic also increased (p<0.01) the number of the duodenal goblet cells, and the density of jejunal and ileal villi. Overall, the supplementation of probiotic or acidifiers enhanced the growth performance of broiler chicks, mainly during the first three weeks of age. The probiotic also improved the immune response and intestinal morphology of broilers. However, there was no evidence of synergy when probiotic and acidifiers were co-administered.(AU)

The Response of Broiler Chicks to Dietary Supplementation with a Probiotic, Acidifiers Blend, and Their Combination

This study investigated the effect of a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299), blend of acidifiers, and their combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and twenty unsexed one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into four groups (55 birds per group divided into 5 replicates) as 2X2 factorial arrangement including two factors, probiotic and blend of acidifiers, each of which had two levels: yes and no. Performance was determined weekly. Haemagglutination test was performed on blood samples taken on days 28 and 42 after the birds were injected twice (days 14 and 28) with 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). On day 42, tissue samples taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were prepared for histology via scanning electron microscopy. During the first three weeks, dietary addition of probiotic significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight gain (BWG) while acidifiers significantly lowered (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Antibody titer against SRBC increased remarkably (p<0.01) 15 days post the first injection when probiotic was administered. The probiotic also increased (p<0.01) the number of the duodenal goblet cells, and the density of jejunal and ileal villi. Overall, the supplementation of probiotic or acidifiers enhanced the growth performance of broiler chicks, mainly during the first three weeks of age. The probiotic also improved the immune response and intestinal morphology of broilers. However, there was no evidence of synergy when probiotic and acidifiers were co-administered.

Effects of Heat Stress on Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in the Small Intestine of Wenchang Chicks

In this study, immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent-based quantitative PCR were used to evaluate the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 60, HSP70, and HSP90 in the small intestine of Wenchang chicks. Compared with the control group (CK), the positive expression of HSP60 and HSP60 mRNA in the heat stress group (HS) were initially higher and subsequently lower in the duodenum (p<0.01). In the HS jejunum, the levels of HSP60 were higher (p<0.01) and the HSP60 mRNA was lower (p<0.05). Whereas the levels of HSP60 in the HS ileum were higher (p<0.05) and then lower (p<0.01), and the HSP60 mRNA was higher (p<0.01). The levels of HSP70 were higher (p<0.01) and the HSP70 mRNA was lower in the duodenum (p<0.05), while the expression of both HSP70 and HSP70 mRNA was higher in the jejunum (p<0.01) and the ileum (p<0.05) of the HS. In the HS duodenum the levels of HSP90 were lower and then higher (p<0.01), and the HSP90 mRNA was higher (p<0.01). The expression of both HSP90 and HSP90 mRNA was higher in the HS jejunum (p<0.05). The levels of HSP90 were lower while the HSP90 mRNA was higher in the HS ileum (p<0.01). These results indicate that heat stress disturbed the expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in the small intestine of chicks.(AU)

Effects of Heat Stress on Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in the Small Intestine of Wenchang Chicks

In this study, immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent-based quantitative PCR were used to evaluate the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 60, HSP70, and HSP90 in the small intestine of Wenchang chicks. Compared with the control group (CK), the positive expression of HSP60 and HSP60 mRNA in the heat stress group (HS) were initially higher and subsequently lower in the duodenum (p<0.01). In the HS jejunum, the levels of HSP60 were higher (p<0.01) and the HSP60 mRNA was lower (p<0.05). Whereas the levels of HSP60 in the HS ileum were higher (p<0.05) and then lower (p<0.01), and the HSP60 mRNA was higher (p<0.01). The levels of HSP70 were higher (p<0.01) and the HSP70 mRNA was lower in the duodenum (p<0.05), while the expression of both HSP70 and HSP70 mRNA was higher in the jejunum (p<0.01) and the ileum (p<0.05) of the HS. In the HS duodenum the levels of HSP90 were lower and then higher (p<0.01), and the HSP90 mRNA was higher (p<0.01). The expression of both HSP90 and HSP90 mRNA was higher in the HS jejunum (p<0.05). The levels of HSP90 were lower while the HSP90 mRNA was higher in the HS ileum (p<0.01). These results indicate that heat stress disturbed the expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in the small intestine of chicks.

The Effect of Early Post Hatch Feeding Times on the Growth and Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mule Ducklings to Five Days of Age

The present study evaluated the effects of early post-hatch feeding on the growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mule ducks reared in the humid tropics to five days of age. A total of 120 newly hatched mule ducklings were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Each with 30 birds, (T1, T2, T3, and T4) is based on four feeding regimes (feed accessed at 3, 24, 36, and 48 hours post-hatch) for five days. The ducklings were euthanized each day and the parameters: small intestinal samples were processed for histological analysis and histometrical parameters including villi length and width, crypt width and depth, and the number of goblet cells per villus was measured, statistically analyzed using ANOVA and tabulated. The results of this study indicated that the earliest post-hatch feeding (at 3 hours post-hatch) showed the highest body weight (99.65 g), heavier (GIT) organ (p 0.05), highest duodenal length (120.71 cm), than other feeding times. The villi height of the three segments of the GIT increased (p>0.05) continuously regardless of the post-hatch feeding times. Based on the results, it was concluded that feeding at 3 hours post-hatch promoted the growth and development of the GIT faster than 24, 36, and 38 hours post hatch feeding.(AU)

The Effect of Early Post Hatch Feeding Times on the Growth and Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mule Ducklings to Five Days of Age

The present study evaluated the effects of early post-hatch feeding on the growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mule ducks reared in the humid tropics to five days of age. A total of 120 newly hatched mule ducklings were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Each with 30 birds, (T1, T2, T3, and T4) is based on four feeding regimes (feed accessed at 3, 24, 36, and 48 hours post-hatch) for five days. The ducklings were euthanized each day and the parameters: small intestinal samples were processed for histological analysis and histometrical parameters including villi length and width, crypt width and depth, and the number of goblet cells per villus was measured, statistically analyzed using ANOVA and tabulated. The results of this study indicated that the earliest post-hatch feeding (at 3 hours post-hatch) showed the highest body weight (99.65 g), heavier (GIT) organ (p 0.05), highest duodenal length (120.71 cm), than other feeding times. The villi height of the three segments of the GIT increased (p>0.05) continuously regardless of the post-hatch feeding times. Based on the results, it was concluded that feeding at 3 hours post-hatch promoted the growth and development of the GIT faster than 24, 36, and 38 hours post hatch feeding.

Brief topical and intraluminal use of Carolina rinse solution does not attenuate experimental ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbit jejunum / [O uso tópico breve e intraluminal da solução de Carolina rinse não atenua a injúria de isquemia e reperfusão experimental no jejuno de coelhos ]

Fifteen New Zealand adult rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups: Sham-operated (group A), Ischemia and Reperfusion (group B) and Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) (group C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes before reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment immersed in CRS. Necrosis and loss of integrity of the villi were visible in groups B and C. Edema of the submucosa and circular muscle was observed in all groups. Hemorrhage was observed in different layers for groups B and C, but group C showed more severe hemorrhage in different layers during reperfusion. All groups showed polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration on the base of the mucosa, submucosa, and longitudinal muscle, in addition to polymorphonuclear leukocytes margination in the mucosal and submucosal vessels. Necrosis of enterocytes, muscles, crypts of Lieberkühn and myenteric plexus was observed in groups B and C during reperfusion. Topical and intraluminal Carolina Rinse Solution did not attenuate the effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of rabbits.(AU)

Quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram alocados em três grupos: instrumentado (grupo A), isquemia e reperfusão (grupo B) e solução de Carolina rinse (CRS) (grupo C). Os grupos B e C foram submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e a duas horas de reperfusão. No grupo C, 10 minutos antes da reperfusão, o segmento isolado foi imerso e teve seu lúmen preenchido com CRS. Os grupos B e C apresentaram necrose e perda progressiva da integridade das vilosidades. Foi observado edema na submucosa e na camada muscular circular em todos os grupos. Nos grupos B e C, foi observada hemorragia em diferentes camadas, mas, no grupo C, a hemorragia foi mais intensa durante a reperfusão. Todos os grupos apresentaram infiltrado de PMN na base da mucosa, na submucosa e na camada muscular longitudinal e marginação de PMN nos vasos da mucosa e da submucosa. Durante a reperfusão, foi observada necrose dos enterócitos, das camadas musculares, das criptas de Lieberkühn e do plexo mioentérico nos grupos B e C. O uso tópico e intraluminal de CRS não atenuou os efeitos da isquemia e da reperfusão no intestino delgado de coelhos.(AU)

Effect of in-ovo feeding of iron nanoparticles and methionine hydroxy analogue on broilers chickens small intestinal characteristics

The experiment was conducted with 644 Ross fertilized egg by 7 treatments 4 replicates and 23 eggs in each. Seven treatments included two control with and without injection, iron sulfate, iron sulfate nanoparticles, Alimet, Alimet + iron sulfate, Alimet + iron sulfate nanoparticles. After hatching 2 mg iron nanoparticles were applied as new treatment. The highest increased in the intestinal relative weight (p < 0.05) was observed by iron+Alimet in late feeding at day old of age. Also similar trend was found in cecum and duodenum length by iron control 2 and late feeding (18 hours after hatching). The highest cecum length was found among all treatments by in ovo injection of iron nanoparticles in early feeding at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). Significantly increased the duodenum length was found by iron sulfate in early feeding at 42 days of age (p < 0.05). In ovo injection of Alimet in late feeding was resulted in decrease jejunum crypt depth at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). The results of this study have shown that the highest jejunum villi width and surface area were recorded in dietary iron sulfate nanoparticles in late feeding at 21 and 42 days of age (p < 0.05).(AU)

Effects of Dietary Hot Pepper Waste Powder on Gut Health and Small Intestine Properties in Japanese Quails

The present study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary hot pepper waste powder (HPWP) would affect the performance and small intestine histology parameters in Japanese quail chicks. A total of 160, one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups of similar mean weight, comprising 4 subgroups of 10 chicks each. Chicks were fed on their basal diet supplemented by 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of dietary HPWP for each kg of starter (0 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days) diets for 7 weeks. At the end of 42 days of age, 10 birds per subgroup were slaughtered and intestinal samples were taken to evaluate histomorphological analyses. The results showed that dietary HPWP supplementation did not affect performance parameters, but 400 mg/kg HPWP supplementation tended to increase the growth performance of the chicks. The villus length, submucosa layer (p 0.05), serosa, muscular layer, villus-crypt length ratio, and villus surface area increased with HPWP supplementation (p 0.01). The goblet cell numbers of the group receiving 200 mg/kg HPWP increased compared to the control and 400 mg/kg HPWP supplementation groups (p 0.05). It could be concluded that dietary HPWP supplementation could improve gut health in quails.(AU)

Brief topical and intraluminal use of Carolina rinse solution does not attenuate experimental ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbit jejunum / [O uso tópico breve e intraluminal da solução de Carolina rinse não atenua a injúria de isquemia e reperfusão experimental no jejuno de coelhos]

Fifteen New Zealand adult rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups: Sham-operated (group A), Ischemia and Reperfusion (group B) and Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) (group C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes before reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment immersed in CRS. Necrosis and loss of integrity of the villi were visible in groups B and C. Edema of the submucosa and circular muscle was observed in all groups. Hemorrhage was observed in different layers for groups B and C, but group C showed more severe hemorrhage in different layers during reperfusion. All groups showed polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration on the base of the mucosa, submucosa, and longitudinal muscle, in addition to polymorphonuclear leukocytes margination in the mucosal and submucosal vessels. Necrosis of enterocytes, muscles, crypts of Lieberkühn and myenteric plexus was observed in groups B and C during reperfusion. Topical and intraluminal Carolina Rinse Solution did not attenuate the effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of rabbits.(AU)

Quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram alocados em três grupos: instrumentado (grupo A), isquemia e reperfusão (grupo B) e solução de Carolina rinse (CRS) (grupo C). Os grupos B e C foram submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e a duas horas de reperfusão. No grupo C, 10 minutos antes da reperfusão, o segmento isolado foi imerso e teve seu lúmen preenchido com CRS. Os grupos B e C apresentaram necrose e perda progressiva da integridade das vilosidades. Foi observado edema na submucosa e na camada muscular circular em todos os grupos. Nos grupos B e C, foi observada hemorragia em diferentes camadas, mas, no grupo C, a hemorragia foi mais intensa durante a reperfusão. Todos os grupos apresentaram infiltrado de PMN na base da mucosa, na submucosa e na camada muscular longitudinal e marginação de PMN nos vasos da mucosa e da submucosa. Durante a reperfusão, foi observada necrose dos enterócitos, das camadas musculares, das criptas de Lieberkühn e do plexo mioentérico nos grupos B e C. O uso tópico e intraluminal de CRS não atenuou os efeitos da isquemia e da reperfusão no intestino delgado de coelhos.(AU)

Effect of in-ovo feeding of iron nanoparticles and methionine hydroxy analogue on broilers chickens small intestinal characteristics

The experiment was conducted with 644 Ross fertilized egg by 7 treatments 4 replicates and 23 eggs in each. Seven treatments included two control with and without injection, iron sulfate, iron sulfate nanoparticles, Alimet, Alimet + iron sulfate, Alimet + iron sulfate nanoparticles. After hatching 2 mg iron nanoparticles were applied as new treatment. The highest increased in the intestinal relative weight (p < 0.05) was observed by iron+Alimet in late feeding at day old of age. Also similar trend was found in cecum and duodenum length by iron control 2 and late feeding (18 hours’ after hatching). The highest cecum length was found among all treatments by in ovo injection of iron nanoparticles in early feeding at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). Significantly increased the duodenum length was found by iron sulfate in early feeding at 42 days of age (p < 0.05). In ovo injection of Alimet in late feeding was resulted in decrease jejunum crypt depth at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). The results of this study have shown that the highest jejunum villi width and surface area were recorded in dietary iron sulfate nanoparticles in late feeding at 21 and 42 days of age (p < 0.05).

Effects of Dietary Hot Pepper Waste Powder on Gut Health and Small Intestine Properties in Japanese Quails

The present study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary hot pepper waste powder (HPWP) would affect the performance and small intestine histology parameters in Japanese quail chicks. A total of 160, one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups of similar mean weight, comprising 4 subgroups of 10 chicks each. Chicks were fed on their basal diet supplemented by 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg of dietary HPWP for each kg of starter (0 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days) diets for 7 weeks. At the end of 42 days of age, 10 birds per subgroup were slaughtered and intestinal samples were taken to evaluate histomorphological analyses. The results showed that dietary HPWP supplementation did not affect performance parameters, but 400 mg/kg HPWP supplementation tended to increase the growth performance of the chicks. The villus length, submucosa layer (p 0.05), serosa, muscular layer, villus-crypt length ratio, and villus surface area increased with HPWP supplementation (p 0.01). The goblet cell numbers of the group receiving 200 mg/kg HPWP increased compared to the control and 400 mg/kg HPWP supplementation groups (p 0.05). It could be concluded that dietary HPWP supplementation could improve gut health in quails.

Evaluation of Comparative Effect of Feed Additive of Allium Sativum and Zingeber Officinale on Bird Growth and Histomorphometric Characteristics of Small Intestine in Broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of garlic, ginger in the diets of broiler chickens and assessment in terms of feed intake, growth performance and economics of feeding. The results showed that groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder has shown significant effects on body weight as compared to the control group at day 28. Groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder show significant increase in body weight than the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length and width of duodenum and jejunum of birds served with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder is significantly higher than the villus length and width of birds supplemented with 0.25% garlic and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length of ileum of the group supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder is significantly (p 0.05) lower than the villus length of the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder.(AU)

Frangos desafiados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis e Eimeria tenella e tratados com ácidos orgânicos / Chickens challenged against Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis and Eimeria tenella and treated with organic acids

Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.

A commercial organic acids compound was assessed, added to feed, to control Salmonella Enteritidis. Broilers were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Enteritidis associated with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four day-old Hubbard® females chicks were used in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial, a total of six treatments with six replications and being 14 birds the experimental unit. Intestinal pH, cecum lesion score, oocyst faecal counts and the presence of Salmonella in the cecal tonsils and spleen of broilers were investigated. Broilers that were challenged only with S. Enteritidis that received the compound in test showed lower frequency of bacteria isolation in lymphoid organs. Besides, decreased number of oocysts of E. tenella was observed and the intestinal lesion scores caused by infection was lower. Organic acids promoted a benefit on broilers intestinal health with positive effects on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis with Eimeria tenella.

Frangos desafiados experimentalmente com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis e Eimeria tenella e tratados com ácidos orgânicos / Chickens challenged against Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis and Eimeria tenella and treated with organic acids

Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.(AU)

A commercial organic acids compound was assessed, added to feed, to control Salmonella Enteritidis. Broilers were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Enteritidis associated with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four day-old Hubbard® females chicks were used in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial, a total of six treatments with six replications and being 14 birds the experimental unit. Intestinal pH, cecum lesion score, oocyst faecal counts and the presence of Salmonella in the cecal tonsils and spleen of broilers were investigated. Broilers that were challenged only with S. Enteritidis that received the compound in test showed lower frequency of bacteria isolation in lymphoid organs. Besides, decreased number of oocysts of E. tenella was observed and the intestinal lesion scores caused by infection was lower. Organic acids promoted a benefit on broilers intestinal health with positive effects on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis with Eimeria tenella.(AU)

Evaluation of Comparative Effect of Feed Additive of Allium Sativum and Zingeber Officinale on Bird Growth and Histomorphometric Characteristics of Small Intestine in Broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of garlic, ginger in the diets of broiler chickens and assessment in terms of feed intake, growth performance and economics of feeding. The results showed that groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder has shown significant effects on body weight as compared to the control group at day 28. Groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder show significant increase in body weight than the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length and width of duodenum and jejunum of birds served with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder is significantly higher than the villus length and width of birds supplemented with 0.25% garlic and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length of ileum of the group supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder is significantly (p 0.05) lower than the villus length of the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder.

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

A new experimental model of intrinsic denervation in ileum from wistar rats through intramural microinjections of benzalkonium chloride / Um novo modelo experimental de desnervação intrínseca em íleo de ratos wistar através de micro injeções intramurais de cloreto de benzalcônio

Extensive literature is available about the intrinsic denervation of segments of the digestive tube through the application of CB in the serosa of the viscera. However, this technique has some disadvantages like causing peritonitis, flanges and high mortality, limiting its use in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of benzalkonium chloride (CB) to induce intrinsic chemical denervation, through applications of CB in the intramural ileum of wistar rats, as well as deepen the knowledge about the evolution of neuronal injury caused in the process. We used 40 rats, divided into two groups (control-GC and benzalkonium-GB) of 20 animals each, divided into four sub-groups according to the time of postoperative assessment of 24, 48 hours, 30 and 90 days. The animals were submitted to intramural microinjections of sterile saline solution 0.9% (GC) or benzalkonium chloride (GB) in ileal portion, and subsequent histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of neuronal injury. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was found of the neuronal myenteric count over time in groups, GB3, GB4 and GB2. The specific positive immunolabeling for H2AX and Caspase-3 confirmed the results obtained in the histopathological evaluation, denoting the ignition of irreversible cell injury in 24 hours, evolving into neuronal apoptosis in 48 hours after application of the CB 0.3%. Under the conditions in which this work was conducted, it can be concluded that the application of CB 0.3% by means of microinjections intramural in the ileal wall is able to induce intrinsic chemical denervation of the diverticulum of wistar rats and that the main mechanism of neuronal death is induction of apoptosis.(AU)

Existe vasta literatura sobre a desnervação intrínseca de segmentos do tubo digestório através da aplicação de CB na serosa da víscera. Entretanto, essa técnica tem a desvantagem de causar peritonite, formação de bridas e alta mortalidade, não sendo factível para eventuais utilizações em humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do Cloreto de benzalcônio (CB) induzir desnervação química intrínseca, por meio de aplicações intramurais em íleo de ratos wistar, além de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a evolução da lesão neuronal causada neste processo. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, distribuídos em dois grupos (controle- GC e benzalcônio- GB) de 20 animais cada, subdivididos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o tempo de avaliação pós-operatória de 24, 48 horas, 30 e 90 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à microinjeções intramurais de solução salina estéril 0,9% (GC) ou de cloreto de benzalcônio (GB) em porção ileal, e posterior análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica, para avaliação da lesão neuronal. Houve diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na contagem neuronal mientérica ao longo do tempo nos grupos GB2, GB3 e GB4. A imunomarcação específica positiva para H2AX e Caspase-3 confirmou os resultados obtidos na avaliação histopatológica, denotando início da lesão celular irreversível em 24 horas, evoluindo para apoptose neuronal em 48 horas após a aplicação do CB 0,3%. Nas condições em que este trabalho foi conduzido, é possível concluir que a aplicação de CB 0,3% por meio de microinjeções intramurais na parede ileal é capaz de induzir desnervação química intrínseca da porção ileal de ratos wistar e que o principal mecanismo de morte neuronal é a indução de apoptose.(AU)

Modulation of physiologic parameters in molted Isa Brown laying-hens by glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation

Feed costs are the main limiting factors in poultry industry and alternative sources of food and/or feed supplements to optimize the bird´s life cycle and to extend their production period need to be explored. This study evaluated morphometric parameters of the small intestine and gonadotropin transcript levels in Isa Brown laying hens supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (Aminogut®) during a second production cycle. Molting was induced and groups of 100 hens each, were supplemented with 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4% Aminogut® in their diet. At the end of the experimental period, tissue sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum were processed by the Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and samples from hypothalamus and hypophysis were collected for RT-PCR analysis of GnRH and GnRHR transcript levels. As results, the height of the intestinal villi of the duodenum and ileum was significantly (p<0.05) higher in hens supplemented with 0.8% and 1.6% Aminogut®, while in the jejunum, no significant differences were found. Hens treated with increased doses of Aminogut® tended to increase GnRH transcripts levels, whereas those of GnRHR tended to decrease proportionally. It is concluded that supplementation of Isa Brown laying hens during a second production cycle with Aminogut® developed increased villus height in duodenum and ileum that may promote better absorption of nutrients and potentially to increase the egg production. This study shows the importance of molecular techniques such as RT-PCR to support the biological effects of nutritional compounds on morphological parameters and hen productivity.(AU)