Inclusion of Stored Wheat in the Feed of Broilers Influences Intake, Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Digesta Viscosity from 1-21 Days of Age

The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of replacing maize with new or stored wheat on the nutrient intake, digestibility, digesta viscosity, and growth performance of growing broilers from 1-21 days of age. For this purpose, 560 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven experimental treatments, each with 8 replicates of 10 birds. The control diet was a corn soybean-based diet, while six other experimental treatments replaced the corn of the control diet with either 50% or 100% of new, 1.5 year, and 2.5-year-old wheat. The results showed that the replacement of corn with new wheat at 50% and 100% in the diet of broilers significantly reduced feed intake and body weight gain, and increased FCR (p<0.05) at week 3. Similarly, in the overall period of the starter phase (1-21 days), replacement of corn with new wheat at 50% and 100% in the diet of broilers significantly reduced feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and body weight gain, and increased digesta viscosity and FCR (p<0.05). Based on the findings of the current study, it is concluded that stored wheat successfully replaces corn and new wheat in the diet of broilers. Furthermore, stored wheat has a positive impact on feed intake, performance parameter, digesta viscosity, and nutrient digestibility as compared to new wheat.(AU)

Effect of Cold Chain on Chicken Egg Quality in a Simulated Post Washing Processing and Consumer Storage Model

This study assessed the effect of the cold chain on egg quality in a model simulation of post-washing processing and consumer storage. Post-washed eggs were assigned to 12 groups that simulated the conditions of temporary storage after washing (step 1; 7°C or 25°C for 1 day), transportation (step 2; 7°C or 30°C for 8 h), and selling or storage (step 3; 7°C, 25°C or 30°C for 4 weeks). The freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. High-temperature conditions in steps 1 or 2 resulted in reduced quality and more bacteria on eggshells, and this egg quality deterioration worsened after storage for over 2 weeks. In step 3, the quality of the eggs stored at 7°C was maintained during the entire storage, whereas the eggs stored at 25°C had lower quality and broken vitelline membranes in week 4, and the eggs stored at 30°C were spoiled. Eggs should be stored from post-washing until storage by consumers in a cold environment without interruption of temperature control to maintain quality and safety. Consumers must be aware that eggs should be stored at refrigerator temperature.(AU)

Reproducibility of double agar gel immunodiffusion test using stored serum and plasma from paracoccidioidomycosis patients

Background: Serological evaluation performed by double agar gel immunodiffusion test (DID) is used for diagnosis, evaluation of severity, management of paracoccidioidomycosis patients, and development of new clinical studies. For these reasons, the Botucatu Medical School of UNESP maintains a serum bank at the Experimental Research Unit with patient clinical data. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the freeze-thaw cycle and different blood matrices on the titration of circulating antibodies. Methods: The study included 207 patients with confirmed (etiology-demonstrated) or probable (serology-demonstrated) paracoccidioidomycosis, and DID was performed with culture filtrate from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis B339 as antigen. First experiment: the antibody levels were determined in serum samples from 160 patients with the chronic form and 20 with the acute/subacute form, stored at ­80o C for more than six months. Second experiment: titers of 81 samples of serum and plasma with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or heparin, from 27 patients, were compared according to matrix and effect of storage at ­20o C for up to six months. Differences of titers higher than one dilution were considered discordant. Results: First experiment: test and retest presented concordant results in serum stored for up to three years, and discordant titers in low incidence in storage for four to six years but high incidence when stored for more than six years, including conversion from reagent test to non-reagent retest. Second experiment: serum, plasma-EDTA and plasma-heparin samples showed concordant titers, presenting direct correlation, with no interference of storage for up to six months. Conclusions: Storage at ­80o C for up to six years has no or little influence on the serum titers determined by DID, permitting its safe use in studies depending on this parameter. The concordant titrations in different blood matrices demonstrated that the plasma can be used for immunodiffusion test in paracoccidioidomycosis, with stability for at least six months after storage at ­20o C.(AU)

Influence of harvest method on proximate composition, texture profile and protein oxidation of beef from grain-fed Nellore cattle

The influence of harvest method on proximate composition, protein oxidation, and texture profile of beef from Nellore cattle were investigated. Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles were obtained from twelve grain-fed Nellore carcasses. The animals were slaughtered after stunning (STU; n=6) or without stunning (WST; n=6) and after 24 hours postmortem, the LL was sliced into 2.54-cm steaks, packed under aerobic conditions, and stored at 4°C for nine days. Proximate composition was analyzed on day 0, whereas protein oxidation (carbonyl content) and texture profile (hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and springiness) were evaluated on days 0, 3, 6, and 9. STU and WST steaks exhibited similar proximate composition, hardness, and chewiness (p > 0.05). WST steaks exhibited greater protein oxidation and lower cohesiveness than their STU counterparts on day 0 (p < 0.05). Concerning the storage period, WST steaks demonstrated a decrease in springiness and a more pronounced increase in cohesiveness than their STU counterparts (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the harvest method influenced LL protein oxidation and texture profile from Bos indicus cattle.(AU)

Analysis of the Quality of Eggs Marketed in Santarém, Brazil

Eggs are foods with almost perfect proteins, while also containing nutrients with high biological value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological structure, physical-chemical, nutritional, and microbiological parameters of commercial and free-range eggs sold in the municipality of Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil. The two types of eggs were also compared to check for any differences in quality. The evaluations were conducted on variables such as Haugh unit, weight loss, egg width and length, specific gravity, yolk and albumen dimensions, pH, among others. A total of 240 eggs were purchased in the Brazilian municipality of Santarém (2º45'06" S and 54º70'09" W). A statistical study was also performed using the BIOESTAT 5.0 statistical program. A comparison of the industrial and free-range eggs and their various parameters is given in the tables along with the coefficient of variation. The results obtained were satisfactory and showed that the quality of eggs is affected more by environmental factors than by the source from which they are obtained. The results were also compared to previously published literature, and it was determined that this study offers a better foundation for the nutritional examination of egg quality.(AU)

Camellia sinensis extract delays microbiological and oxidative changes in striped catfish fillets during frozen storage / Extrato de chá verde age sobre a qualidade de filés de pescado durante o armazenamento por congelamento

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) extract on the quality of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fillets during 18-months of frozen storage (-20 ± 2 °C). Fillet samples were submitted to the treatments Control (cold tap water), CS 7.63 (C. sinensis extract solution 7.63 µg / mL) and CS 625 (C. sinensis extract 625 µg / mL) and stored for 18 months, with collections performed at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. Total viable count, physicochemical parameters (water holding capacity, total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, moisture and pH), sensory properties and color measurement were evaluated. Results showed that fillets treated with C.a sinensis extracts slightly reduced lipid oxidation, inhibited bacterial growth and improved sensory properties compared to untreated samples, without causing significant changes in the other quality indicators. The findings indicated that the green tea leaf extract immersion treatments, contributed to the improved quality preservation of striped catfish fillets during frozen storage.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de folhas de chá verde (Camellia sinensis) na qualidade de filés de bagre listrado (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) durante 18 meses de armazenamento congelado (-20 ± 2 ° C). O estudo incluiu três tratamentos: imersão dos filés de bagre listrado em água fria da torneira como um tratamento de controle, em solução de extrato de Camellia sinensis 7,63 µg / mL e em solução de extrato de Camellia sinensis 625 µg / mL. As amostras foram armazenadas por 18 meses e as coletas foram feitas aos zero, um, três, seis, nove, 12 e 18 meses. Os parâmetros avaliados incluíram contagem viável total, parâmetros físico-químicos (capacidade de retenção de água, nitrogênio básico volátil total, valor de peróxido, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, umidade e pH), propriedades sensoriais e medição de cor. Os resultados mostraram que os filés de bagre listrado tratados com extratos de Camellia sinensis reduziram ligeiramente a oxidação de lipídios, inibiram o crescimento de bactérias e aumentaram as propriedades sensoriais em comparação com as amostras não tratadas. Além disso, o tratamento do extrato de Camellia sinensis não afetou o pH, a umidade, a capacidade de retenção de água, o nitrogênio básico volátil total e a cor do filé durante o armazenamento congelado. Com base na contagem viável total, parâmetros físico-químicos e qualidade sensorial, pode-se concluir que filés de bagre listrados não tratados ou tratados com extratos de Camellia sinensis (7,63 e 625 µg / mL) podem ser usados ​​por até 18 meses.

Camellia sinensis extract delays microbiological and oxidative changes in striped catfish fillets during frozen storage / Extrato de chá verde age sobre a qualidade de filés de pescado durante o armazenamento por congelamento

This study investigated the effects of tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) extract on the quality of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fillets during 18-months of frozen storage (-20 ± 2 °C). Fillet samples were submitted to the treatments Control (cold tap water), CS 7.63 (C. sinensis extract solution 7.63 µg / mL) and CS 625 (C. sinensis extract 625 µg / mL) and stored for 18 months, with collections performed at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. Total viable count, physicochemical parameters (water holding capacity, total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, moisture and pH), sensory properties and color measurement were evaluated. Results showed that fillets treated with C.a sinensis extracts slightly reduced lipid oxidation, inhibited bacterial growth and improved sensory properties compared to untreated samples, without causing significant changes in the other quality indicators. The findings indicated that the green tea leaf extract immersion treatments, contributed to the improved quality preservation of striped catfish fillets during frozen storage.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de folhas de chá verde (Camellia sinensis) na qualidade de filés de bagre listrado (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) durante 18 meses de armazenamento congelado (-20 ± 2 ° C). O estudo incluiu três tratamentos: imersão dos filés de bagre listrado em água fria da torneira como um tratamento de controle, em solução de extrato de Camellia sinensis 7,63 µg / mL e em solução de extrato de Camellia sinensis 625 µg / mL. As amostras foram armazenadas por 18 meses e as coletas foram feitas aos zero, um, três, seis, nove, 12 e 18 meses. Os parâmetros avaliados incluíram contagem viável total, parâmetros físico-químicos (capacidade de retenção de água, nitrogênio básico volátil total, valor de peróxido, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, umidade e pH), propriedades sensoriais e medição de cor. Os resultados mostraram que os filés de bagre listrado tratados com extratos de Camellia sinensis reduziram ligeiramente a oxidação de lipídios, inibiram o crescimento de bactérias e aumentaram as propriedades sensoriais em comparação com as amostras não tratadas. Além disso, o tratamento do extrato de Camellia sinensis não afetou o pH, a umidade, a capacidade de retenção de água, o nitrogênio básico volátil total e a cor do filé durante o armazenamento congelado. Com base na contagem viável total, parâmetros físico-químicos e qualidade sensorial, pode-se concluir que filés de bagre listrados não tratados ou tratados com extratos de Camellia sinensis (7,63 e 625 µg / mL) podem ser usados ​​por até 18 meses.

Edible coatings on the post-harvest conservation of orange 'Natal CNPMF 112 / Revestimentos comestíveis na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112'

Citrus fruit have a lengthy post-harvest lifetime, however owing to water loss, they lose firmness and luster on the skin after being picked. In light of the foregoing, this study aimed to assess the effects of coatings on the post-harvest conservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges under refrigerated settings using aqueous and alcoholic propolis extracts and carnauba wax. Fruit of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange tree grafted on 'Rangpur' lime were treated with carnauba wax (100%) and alcoholic and aqueous propolis extracts (30%). The experimental design was totally randomized, with the plots consisting of the coatings plus the control (distilled water), and the subplots separated by the storage time (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) at 12 ºC ± 2, with the exception of weight loss, which was assessed at three-day intervals (0 to 30 days). Loss of fruit mass, average fruit mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, maturity index, pH, and technical index were all examined. According to the findings, the alcoholic extract of propolis produced decreased fruit mass loss, a high maturity index, and balanced acidity. The coatings used in the postharvest conservation of refrigerated 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges had no effect on the other parameters. As a result, propolis alcoholic extract is suggested for the preservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange.

Os frutos cítricos apresentam prolongado período pós-colheita, no entanto, devido à perda de água, após colhidos, perdem a firmeza e ficam com pouco brilho na casca. Face ao exposto, objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar os efeitos dos revestimentos na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112' com utilização de extratos de própolis aquoso e alcoólico e a cera de carnaúba em condição refrigerada. Frutos da laranjeira 'Natal CNPMF 112', enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo', foram tratados com cera de carnaúba (100%) e extratos de própolis alcoólico e aquoso (30%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos revestimentos mais a testemunha (água destilada), e as subparcelas pelo período de armazenamento (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias) a 12 ºC ± 2, com exceção para perda de massa, a qual foi avaliada a intervalos de três dias (0 a 30 dias). Avaliaram-se: perda de massa dos frutos, massa média dos frutos, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, índice de maturação, pH e índice tecnológico. Conforme os resultados, observou-se que o extrato alcoólico de própolis promoveu menor perda de massa do fruto, bom índice de maturação e acidez equilibrada. As demais características não foram afetadas pelos revestimentos utilizados na conservação pós-colheita da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112' refrigerada. Portanto, recomenda-se o extrato alcoólico de própolis para a conservação da laranja 'Natal CNPMF 112'.

Different storage conditions and 1-methylcyclopropyl in pitaya post-harvest conservation / Diferentes condições de armazenamento e1-metilciclopropeno na conservação pós-colheita de pitaia

Fast perishability of dragon fruit requires that strategies be adopted to extend its post-harvest shelf life, in order to reduce losses,maintain quality and increase the financial return of economic activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage conditions in combination with the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the quality maintenance of red dragon fruit. The treatments evaluated were cold storage (CS; 21 kPa O2+ 0.03 kPa CO2), controlled atmosphere (CA; 2 kPa O2+ 5 kPa CO2) and modified atmosphere (MA; 40 µm thick low-density polyethylene bags) combined or not with the application of 1-MCP (300nL.L-1), with four replications per treatment. The fruits of all treatments were stored for 20 days at 13 ± 2°C and relative humidity (RH) of 90 ± 5%, followed by 3 days of exposure at ambient conditions (20 ± 3°C and RH of 70 ± 5%). After the shelf life,CA and MA maintained fruits with a higher hue angle. The treatment of 1-MPC added to CA and MA provided greater force for pulp penetration. CS, AC and MA, added to the treatment with 1-MCP, are promising technologies to be used in the storage of dragon fruit.(AU)

A rápida perecibilidade dos frutos de pitaia exige que sejam adotadas estratégias para prolongar sua vida útil em pós-colheita, a fim de reduzir perdas, manter a qualidadee aumentar o retorno financeiro da atividade econômica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de condições de armazenamento em combinação com a aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a manutenção da qualidade de pitaia vermelha. Os tratamentos avaliados foram armazenamento refrigerado (AR; 21 kPa O2+ 0,03 kPa CO2), atmosfera controlada (AC; 2 kPa O2+ 5 kPa CO2) e atmosfera modificada (AM; bolsas de polietileno de baixa densidade de 40 µm de espessura) combinados ou não coma aplicação de1-MCP (300 nL.L-1), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os frutos de todos os tratamentos foram armazenados durante 20 dias a 13 ± 2°C e umidade relativa (UR) de 90 ± 5% seguidos de 3 dias de exposição em condições ambiente (20 ± 3°C e URde 70 ± 5%). Após o período de prateleira, AC e AM mantiveram frutos com maior ângulo hue. O tratamento de 1-MPC somado a AC e AM proporcionou maior força para penetração da polpa. O AR, a AC e a AM, somadas ao tratamento com 1-MCP, são promissoras tecnologias a serem empregadas no armazenamento de pitaia.(AU)

Reproductive performance of single fixed-time inseminated sows with semen doses submitted to different semen storage times

This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows submitted to single fixed-time insemination (SFTAI) using boars according to capacity for liquid in vitro semen preservation, type of extender, and storage time. Boars (n = 12) were classified into two groups based on progressive motility (PM) at 120 h of semen storage: low (PM - 64.5%) - and high-preservation (PM - 83.9%) capacity for semen storage. Weaned sows (n = 397, parity - 1 to 7) were inseminated (1.5×109 sperm cells) in a factorial design: two classes of boars (low- or high-preservation), two types of extenders (short- or long-term), and two semen storage times at insemination (24 or 72 h). An adapted triptorelin acetate protocol was used for SFTAI. Total sperm motility (TM) and PM at insemination were greater in high-preservation boars at 72 h compared with low-preservation boars at 24 or 72 h (P < 0.01). Short- or long-term extender did not affect (P ≥ 0.68) TM and PM in high-preservation boars; however, long-term extender improved these parameters in low-preservation boars (P < 0.01). Pregnancy and farrowing rates were not affected by groups (P > 0.05). Total piglets born (TPB) was reduced (P = 0.05) in low-preservation boars with 72 h of storage (13.6 ± 0.5) compared to high-preservation boars with semen stored for 24 or 72 h (15.2 ± 0.5 and 15.5 ± 0.5, respectively). The low-preservation boars reduced the TPB in sows submitted to SFTAI, and this reduction was greater using semen stored for 72 h.(AU)

Synergistic effect of organic amendments and biostimulants on faba bean grown under sandy soil conditions

A combination of abiotic stresses in sandy soils, such as saline water, saline soil, and lack of nutrients, affects productivity of faba bean. In this study, organic amendments and biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were used in combination to increase yield of faba bean seed as well as the protein content under a sandy soil and irrigation affected by salt water. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. A split-split-plot design in a randomized complete block was used. The main plots were allotted to the organic amendments, rates of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were assigned to sub-plot, and the cultivars were applied to sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the treatment of plant compost applied as an organic amendment and 1.5 L ha-1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) with foliar application significantly increased seed yield of cultivars, Sakha-4, Sakha-1, and Giza-843 by 17.2, 33.0, and 19.8 % respectively, compared to control under a sandy soil and irrigation water affected by salts. The interaction between Sakha-1 cultivar, plant compost, and 1.5 L ha-1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) achieved the optimal combination, providing the highest grain yield, as compared to all other treatments. The combination of these treatments is recommended in order to improve faba bean productivity under similar conditions.(AU)

Effect of Citrus Flavonoid on Storage Time and Meat Quality of Pharaoh Quail (Coturnix Pharaoh)

This study investigates the effects of Hesperidin added to quail ration at different rates on some microbiological and physicochemical, lipid peroxidation, and lipid profiles in thigh meat. The current study had a duration of 35 days and used Pharaoh quails (Coturnix Pharaoh). The grouping was done in three treatment groups: Control, HES500, and HES1000 (each group was divided into five subgroups), and 0, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of Hesperidin was added to the basal diet of the groups, respectively. Adding Hesperidin and storage time affected the pH parameter in meat. It affected colour parameters depending upon the added Hesperidin (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the number of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB) in comparison with the control group according to the storage time (p<0.05). Palmitic, α-linolenic, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, which are among the individual fatty acids, differed between the control, HES500 and HES1000 groups (p<0.05). Hesperidin addition reduced lipid peroxidation on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days of storage (p<0.05). Consequently, in direct proportion to the hypothesis at the beginning of the study, it was specified that adding Hesperidin reduced its concentration on lipid oxidation and had a positive effect on meat quality in terms of colour parameters.(AU)

Influences of Egg Washing and Storage Temperature on Quality and Shelf Life of Duck Eggs During Storage

Studies on how washing and storage influence duck egg quality are scarce compared with those on chicken egg quality. The present study investigated the quality of washed and unwashed duck eggs stored at 7 ºC and 25 ºC for 8 weeks. Quality parameters, including Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, thick albumen ratio, albumen pH, and air cell size, indicated that egg quality deteriorated during prolonged storage, and cuticle staining confirmed that washing reduced cuticle coverage. Washed eggs stored at 7 ºC maintained high quality (grade B; HU: 54) according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2000) after storage for 8 weeks, whereas unwashed eggs stored at 25 ºC exhibited a low but acceptable quality (grade B, but HU: 36) after 7 weeks. Strong correlations were observed between the quality parameters evaluated. In conclusion, duck eggs should be washed and then stored at 7 ºC to enhance microbial safety and maintain quality to achieve a shelf life of at least 8 weeks.(AU)

Effect of three storage methods on physical and chemical properties of colostrum from Bos indicus cows / Efeito de três métodos de conservação nas propriedades físicas e químicas do colostro de vacas Bos indicus

Maternal colostrum provides the neonate with immunoglobulins, essential for passive immunity. However, storage and handling of colostrum can alter its physical and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three conservation methods on colostrum density, pH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein (PP) and lipid peroxidation (LP). Colostrum samples were collected from 15 Bos indicus cows, and divided into three aliquots for storage using three methods: refrigeration at 4°C, freezing at -20°C, and lyophilization. For each method, four evaluation times were performed: day (d) 5, 10, 15, and 20 for refrigeration and d 15, 30, 45, and 60 for freezing and lyophilization. pH and density analyses were performed at each evaluation time for each method. On d 0 and 15 of storage, TAC, LP, and PP analyses were performed. A generalized linear model, Tukey's test for means comparisons, and a Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. A decrease in refrigerated colostrum pH was observed on d 15. Density of the lyophilized colostrum decreased, as compared with that of frozen colostrum. Lyophilization exhibited the lower PP values of samples, whereas refrigeration presented the highest values of LP and PP. No differences in colostrum TAC were observed between storage methods. A positive correlation between PP and colostrum density and a negative correlation between colostrum density and TAC were found. It was concluded that both freezing and lyophilization are suitable storage methods for bovine colostrum, as they limit proteins and lipids oxidation, and maintain the TAC of fresh colostrum.

O colostro materno fornece ao recém-nascido imunoglobulinas que são essenciais para a imunidade passiva. No entanto, o armazenamento e o manuseio do colostro podem alterar suas características físicas e nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de três métodos de conservação na densidade, pH, capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), peroxidação protéica (PP) e lipídica (LP) do colostro. Amostras de colostro foram coletadas de 15 vacas Bos indicus, e divididas em três alíquotas para armazenamento usando três métodos: refrigeração a 4 °C, congelamento a -20 °C e liofilização. Em cada método, foram realizados quatro tempos de avaliação: dia (d) 5, 10, 15 e 20 para refrigeração e dia 15, 30, 45 e 60 para congelamento e liofilização. Além disso, as análises de pH e densidade foram realizadas em cada momento de avaliação para cada método. No dia 0 e 15 de conservação foram realizadas análises da CAT, PL e PP. Foi realizado um modelo linear generalizado, teste de Tukey para comparação de médias e análise de correlação de Pearson. Uma diminuição no pH do colostro refrigerado foi encontrada no dia 15. A densidade do colostro liofilizado diminuiu em comparação com o colostro congelado. A liofilização apresentou menor PP das amostras, enquanto a refrigeração apresentou os maiores valores de PL e PP. Não foram observadas diferenças no TAC do colostro entre os métodos de armazenamento. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre PP e densidade do colostro e uma correlação negativa entre densidade do colostro e CAT. Assim, concluiu-se que tanto o congelamento quanto a liofilização são métodos adequados de armazenamento do colostro bovino, pois limitam a oxidação de proteínas e lipídios e mantêm o TAC do colostro fresco.

Monitoring the temperature of refrigeration counters and beef sold in butcher shops in the city of Cametá in the state of Pará, Brazil / Monitoramento da temperatura de balcões de refrigeração e carnes bovinas comercializadas em açougues no município de Cametá no estado do Pará, Brasil

Meat is a very perishable product with a short shelf life, so the use of low temperatures is used to reduce the speed of chemical reactions, inhibit the growth of microorganisms, thus increasing the shelf life of this food. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature of fresh beef in refrigeration counters, and to monitor the temperature of this equipment in the butcher shop in the city of Cametá, Pará, Brazil, comparing it with the current legislation. In total, fifteen butcher shops were selected for this study, a skewer thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the meat, and a digital infrared thermometer was used for the counters. A statistical analysis was performed using Student's T test, using the average temperatures of the meats and the counters. It was found that among the temperatures, 23,33% of the meat samples (7/30) had their averages above the reference average (7°C), as well as the temperatures of the counters with 86,66% of the equipment (13/15), had an average temperature above the legal limit, which is 7°C. The study showed that the temperature of the counters and beef in the butchers were out of the quality standard, therefore a risk to consumer health, requiring stricter inspection and training of employees by public agencies.

A carne é um produto muito perecível com vida útil curta, assim o emprego de baixas temperaturas é utilizado para diminuir a velocidade das reações químicas, inibir o crescimento dos microrganismos, aumentado assim a da útil desse alimento. O objetivo deste trabalho, foi avaliar a temperatura de carnes bovinas in natura em balcões de refrigeração, e monitorar a temperatura destes equipamentos no comércio dos açougues no município de Cametá estado do Pará, Brasil, comparando com a legislação vigente. No total, quinze açougues foram selecionados para este estudo, na aferição da temperatura da carne foi utilizado um termômetro de espeto, e para os balcões, foi utilizado um termômetro digital infravermelho. Foi realizada uma análise estatística por meio do teste t de Student, utilizando as médias das temperaturas das carnes e dos balcões. Constatou-se que dentre as temperaturas, 23,33% das amostras de carne (7/30) estavam com suas médias acima da média referência (7°C), bem como as temperaturas dos balcões, com 86,66% dos equipamentos (13/15), estavam com a média da temperatura acima do permitido, pela legislação, que é de 7°C. O estudo demonstrou que a temperatura dos balcões e das carnes bovinas nos açougues, estavam fora do padrão de qualidade, portanto um risco a saúde do consumidor, sendo necessário uma fiscalização mais rigorosa e a capacitação de funcionários por parte dos órgãos públicos.

Environment type and storage period on eggshell quality of laying hens at different ages / Tipos de ambiente e período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade de casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais em diferentes idades

Eggshell quality is directly linked to the good acceptability of the product by consumers, whereas the industry is concerned with economic losses. Prolonged periods of laying, diseases, nutrition, bird age and genetics can influence egg quality. This study aimed to examine the influence of the environment, bird age and storage period on the physical characteristics of the shell of eggs from commercial laying hens. The experiment involved 288 eggs from Hy-line hens, which were distributed in a completely randomized design with a triple 3×2×4 factorial arrangement represented by three ages (31, 62 or 88 weeks), two storage temperatures (ambient or refrigerated), and four storage periods (one, 10, 20 or 30 days), totaling 24 treatments. Four replications were used with three eggs each. Eggshell strength, percentage and thickness were measured. Differences were observed, with the eggs stored at room temperature exhibiting lower shell strength. Laying eggs at an advanced age (88 weeks) resulted in decreased eggshell strength as compared with the other ages, whereas the eggs from young layers (31 weeks) had a thicker shell. The advancing age of the laying hens reduced eggshell quality, regardless of the storage environment. Nonetheless, the eggs stored in the refrigerator showed better eggshell quality and integrity than those stored at ambient temperature.

A qualidade da casca está diretamente ligada à boa aceitabilidade do produto pelos consumidores, enquanto a indústria se preocupa com as perdas econômicas. Períodos prolongados de postura, doenças, nutrição, idade da ave e genética podem influenciar a qualidade dos ovos. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do ambiente, idade da ave e período de armazenamento nas características físicas da casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizados 288 ovos de poedeiras Hy-line, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial triplo 3x2x4, sendo os fatores: três idades (31, 62 e 88 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigerado), e quatro períodos de armazenamento (um, 10, 20 e 30 dias), totalizando 24 tratamentos, com quatro repetições de três ovos. Avaliou-se a resistência, percentual e espessura da casca. Foram observadas diferenças, uma vez que os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente apresentaram diminuição na resistência de casca. Ovos de poedeiras em idade avançada (88 semanas) apresentaram pior resistência de casca em relação às demais idades, enquanto ovos provenientes de poedeiras jovens (31 semanas) apresentaram maior espessura de casca. A idade avançada da poedeira reduziu a qualidade de casca dos ovos, independentemente do ambiente de armazenamento. Ainda, os ovos armazenados em geladeira apresentaram melhor qualidade e integridade da casca em comparação com os armazenados ao ambiente.

Postharvest quality of apples from 'Maxi Gala' trees grafted on different rootstocks / Qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de macieira 'Maxi Gala' sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

This study analyzed the effect of rootstocks G.213, M.9 and Marubakaido with M.9 interstem of 30 and 20 cm (MB/M.9-30cm and MB/M.9-20cm) on postharvest quality, mineral composition and functional properties of 'Maxi Gala' apples. The evaluations were performed using fruits from a commercial orchard in Vacaria, RS, Brazil. Fruits were stored for 135 and 147 days in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons, respectively, and analyzed one day after harvest and after cold storage (1.0±0.2 °C) followed by seven days in ambient condition. The mineral composition of fruits showed small and inconsistent differences between rootstocks. The MB/M.9-20cm provided higher total antioxidant activity and levels of total phenolic compounds in fruit peel than MB/M.9-30cm. For 2014/2015 season, soluble solids content at harvest was higher in fruits from trees with G.213 rootstock, not differing only from MB/M.9-30cm. In the 2015/2016 season, G.213 and M.9 provided higher soluble solids content after storage than MB/M.9-30 cm and MB/M.9-20cm. G.213 rootstock anticipated fruit maturity compared to M.9 in 2014/2015 season. At harvest and after cold storage, other quality attributes of 'Maxi Gala' apples were similar between rootstocks G.213, M.9 and Maruba with M.9 interstem of 30 and 20cm.

Este estudo analisou o efeito dos porta-enxertos G.213, M.9 e Marubakaido com filtro de M.9 de 30 e 20cm (MB/M.9-30cm e MB/M.9-20cm) sobre a qualidade pós-colheita, composição mineral e propriedades funcionais de maçãs 'Maxi Gala'. Os experimentos foram conduzidos utilizando frutos provenientes de um pomar comercial localizado em Vacaria, RS, Brasil. Os frutos foram armazenados por 135 e 147 dias nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, respectivamente, e analisados um dia após a colheita e após armazenamento refrigerado (1,0±0,2°C) seguido por sete dias em condição ambiente. A composição mineral dos frutos apresentou diferenças pequenas e pouco consistentes entre porta-enxertos. O MB/M.9-20cm proporcionou atividade antioxidante total e teores de compostos fenólicos totais mais elevados na casca dos frutos comparativamente ao MB/M.9-30cm. Para a safra 2014/2015, o teor de sólidos solúveis na colheita foi mais elevado nos frutos provenientes de plantas com porta-enxerto G.213, não diferindo apenas do MB/M.9-30cm. Na safra 2015/2016, o G.213 e o M.9 proporcionaram maior teor de sólidos solúveis após a armazenagem em comparação ao MB/M.9-30cm e MB/M.9-20cm. O porta-enxerto G.213 antecipou a maturação dos frutos em comparação ao M.9 na safra 2014/2015. Os demais atributos de qualidade de maçãs 'Maxi Gala', na colheita e após o armazenamento, foram similares entre porta-enxertos G.213, M.9, MB/M.9-30cm e MB/M.9-20cm.

Environment type and storage period on eggshell quality of laying hens at different ages / Tipos de ambiente e período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade de casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais em diferentes idades

ABSTRACT: Eggshell quality is directly linked to the good acceptability of the product by consumers, whereas the industry is concerned with economic losses. Prolonged periods of laying, diseases, nutrition, bird age and genetics can influence egg quality. This study aimed to examine the influence of the environment, bird age and storage period on the physical characteristics of the shell of eggs from commercial laying hens. The experiment involved 288 eggs from Hy-line hens, which were distributed in a completely randomized design with a triple 3×2×4 factorial arrangement represented by three ages (31, 62 or 88 weeks), two storage temperatures (ambient or refrigerated), and four storage periods (one, 10, 20 or 30 days), totaling 24 treatments. Four replications were used with three eggs each. Eggshell strength, percentage and thickness were measured. Differences were observed, with the eggs stored at room temperature exhibiting lower shell strength. Laying eggs at an advanced age (88 weeks) resulted in decreased eggshell strength as compared with the other ages, whereas the eggs from young layers (31 weeks) had a thicker shell. The advancing age of the laying hens reduced eggshell quality, regardless of the storage environment. Nonetheless, the eggs stored in the refrigerator showed better eggshell quality and integrity than those stored at ambient temperature.

RESUMO: A qualidade da casca está diretamente ligada à boa aceitabilidade do produto pelos consumidores, enquanto a indústria se preocupa com as perdas econômicas. Períodos prolongados de postura, doenças, nutrição, idade da ave e genética podem influenciar a qualidade dos ovos. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do ambiente, idade da ave e período de armazenamento nas características físicas da casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizados 288 ovos de poedeiras Hy-line, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial triplo 3x2x4, sendo os fatores: três idades (31, 62 e 88 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigerado), e quatro períodos de armazenamento (um, 10, 20 e 30 dias), totalizando 24 tratamentos, com quatro repetições de três ovos. Avaliou-se a resistência, percentual e espessura da casca. Foram observadas diferenças, uma vez que os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente apresentaram diminuição na resistência de casca. Ovos de poedeiras em idade avançada (88 semanas) apresentaram pior resistência de casca em relação às demais idades, enquanto ovos provenientes de poedeiras jovens (31 semanas) apresentaram maior espessura de casca. A idade avançada da poedeira reduziu a qualidade de casca dos ovos, independentemente do ambiente de armazenamento. Ainda, os ovos armazenados em geladeira apresentaram melhor qualidade e integridade da casca em comparação com os armazenados ao ambiente.

Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation / Farinha de alga calcária na dieta de codornas japonesas e seus efeitos na conservação de ovos

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.

Potassium and growth-promoting fungi improve the postharvest quality of grape tomato / Potássio e fungos promotores de crescimento melhoram a qualidade pós-colheita de minitomates

Tomato plants respond well to potassium fertilization, whose insufficiency leads to a drop in fruit production and quality. On the other hand, the association of growth-promoting fungi (GPF) with roots has been shown to be able to optimize nutrient absorption, which implies lower financial costs and a decreased risk of loss of K applied to the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inoculation with GPF and K rates on the postharvest quality of grape tomato hybrid 'Mascot' grown in a hydroponic system. The plants were cultivated in a hydroponic drip system using washed and sterilized sand as substrate. They were trained with two stems, leaving three bunches per stem. The experiment was carried out in a splitsplit-plot arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Ripe fruits were stored for 30 days in PET containers in storage chambers at a temperature of 25 °C. After 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of storage, five fruits were collected to determine the titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids (SS), reducing sugars (RS) and vitamin C contents. The K rates provided an increase in the quality attributes. At low K rates, inoculation with GPF led to higher TA, SS, RS and vitamin C values. Inoculation of the plants with GPF improved the postharvest preservation of the fruits, especially when the plants underwent nutritional stress during cultivation.(AU)

O tomateiro responde bem à fertilização potássica, cuja insuficiência acarreta queda na produção e qualidade dos frutos. Por outro lado, a associação de fungos promotores de crescimento (FPC) com raízes tem-se mostrado capaz de otimizar a absorção de nutrientes, o que implica menor custo financeiro e menor risco de perdas do K aplicado ao solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da inoculação com FPC e de doses de K na qualidade pós-colheita do minitomate hibrido Mascot cultivado em hidroponia. As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico de gotejamento, usando areia lavada e esterilizada como substrato. Foram conduzidas com duas hastes, deixando-se três cachos por haste. O experimento foi realizado em parcelas sub-subdividadas e em delineado inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Os frutos maduros foram armazenados por 30 dias em embalagens PET em câmaras de armazenamento à temperatura de 25°C. Após 0, 10, 20 e 30 dias de armazenamento coletaram-se 5 frutos para determinação do teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), de açúcares redutores (AR) e vitamina C. As doses de K tiveram efeito crescente nos atributos de qualidade. Em baixas doses de K a inoculação com FPC resultou em maiores valores de SS, AT, AR e vitamina C. A inoculação das plantas com FPC promoveu melhor conservação dos frutos na pos-colheita, especialmente quando as plantas sofreram estresse nutricional durante o cultivo.(AU)