Impacts of trace element supplementation on productive/reproductive postpartum performances of grazing dairy heifers from volcanic soils

This study has been designed to evaluate the effect of trace elements (TE) on the reproductive and productive performances of postpartum Holstein Friesian heifers, fed on pasture with origin on volcanic soils, poor in TE. Twenty-six heifers pregnant were divided into two groups: experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups (n=13, each group). For animals belonging to the EG, two intra-ruminal capsules with TE were administrated 60 days before partum, while in the CG, no boluses were administered. All animals' blood was collected weekly to assess progesterone levels by the ELFA technique for 11 weeks after partum. TE were evaluated on blood by AAS when the experience started, on the day of delivery, and after 60 days. Before calving, no statistical differences were observed between groups for the trace elements, although it has been noticed that heifers had deficiencies in Selenium, Copper, and Iodine. On the calving day and 60 days after, a statistical increase (p<0.05) in serum Copper and Selenium was observed in the animals belonging to the EG. For the other TE, no statistical differences were observed. Concerning reproductive characteristics, the EG, at five weeks postpartum, 70% of the cows were cyclic, while in the CG in the same period, 33% of animals showed signs of ovarian activity. At the level of productive parameters, no differences were observed between groups. The results obtained by the present study allow concluding that, under our experimental conditions, the administration of trace elements, in addition to reducing postpartum anestrus, increases the quality of the corpus luteum in the postpartum period of heifers.

Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period / Efeito do uso de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E sobre o perfil metabólico de vacas holandesas no período de transição

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum.[...](AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito metafilático de doses subcutâneas de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E, sobre parâmetros bioquímicos (teores de AGNES, BHBA, frutosamina, ureia, triglicerídos, HDL e cálcio) e hormonais (cortisol, insulina e IGF-1) de vacas holandesas no período de transição. Sessenta animais, provenientes de duas propriedades com sistema de semi-confinamento, com médias de produção de 22 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 1) e 24 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 2), recebendo dieta de acordo a recomendação do NRC (2001), ou seja, em baixo desafio metabólico, foram divididos em dois grupos: animais que receberam doses de minerais traços e vitaminas (GMTV) (n=30) e Controle (GC) (n=30). As coletas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas nos seguintes momentos: M1 (21 dias pré-parto), M2 (14 dias pré-parto), M3 (sete dias pré-parto), M4 (dia do parto), M5 (sete dias após o parto), M6 (14 dias após o parto) e M7 (21 dias após o parto). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas no tempo dentro da variável aleatória vaca. Foram consideradas significativas as diferenças ao nível de 5% de significância e tendência ao nível de 10%. Não houve diferença entre tratamento e interação tratamento x dia nos parâmetros avaliados. No entanto, para algumas variáveis houve diferença significativa de dia. Os teores de AGNES (P < 0,0001) foram maiores no dia do parto. As concentrações de BHBA (P=0,0031) alcançaram os valores mais elevados na terceira semana de lactação. A frutosamina exibiu valores crescentes até o dia do parto (P=0,0373), onde se observaram maiores concentrações.[...](AU)

Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period / Efeito do uso de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E sobre o perfil metabólico de vacas holandesas no período de transição

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum.[...]

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito metafilático de doses subcutâneas de minerais traços (cobre, zinco, selênio e manganês) e vitaminas A e E, sobre parâmetros bioquímicos (teores de AGNES, BHBA, frutosamina, ureia, triglicerídos, HDL e cálcio) e hormonais (cortisol, insulina e IGF-1) de vacas holandesas no período de transição. Sessenta animais, provenientes de duas propriedades com sistema de semi-confinamento, com médias de produção de 22 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 1) e 24 litros de leite por dia (propriedade 2), recebendo dieta de acordo a recomendação do NRC (2001), ou seja, em baixo desafio metabólico, foram divididos em dois grupos: animais que receberam doses de minerais traços e vitaminas (GMTV) (n=30) e Controle (GC) (n=30). As coletas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas nos seguintes momentos: M1 (21 dias pré-parto), M2 (14 dias pré-parto), M3 (sete dias pré-parto), M4 (dia do parto), M5 (sete dias após o parto), M6 (14 dias após o parto) e M7 (21 dias após o parto). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas no tempo dentro da variável aleatória vaca. Foram consideradas significativas as diferenças ao nível de 5% de significância e tendência ao nível de 10%. Não houve diferença entre tratamento e interação tratamento x dia nos parâmetros avaliados. No entanto, para algumas variáveis houve diferença significativa de dia. Os teores de AGNES (P < 0,0001) foram maiores no dia do parto. As concentrações de BHBA (P=0,0031) alcançaram os valores mais elevados na terceira semana de lactação. A frutosamina exibiu valores crescentes até o dia do parto (P=0,0373), onde se observaram maiores concentrações.[...]

Dietary Levels of Zinc and Manganese on the Performance of Broilers Between 1 to 42 Days of Age

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal dietary concentration of zinc and manganese on the performance characteristic and the requirement of these trace minerals derived from organic sources for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. In experiment 1, zinc was evaluated, whereas manganese was evaluated in experiment 2. In each experiment, 320 males chicks were distributed in iron mesh metabolic cages (0.9m x 0.7m x 0.5m), according to a completely randomized experimental design in eight treatments with five replicates of eight birds each. In experiment 1, zinc sulfate was included at 0,60 and 100mg/kg and zinc methionine at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100mg/kg. In experiment 2, manganese sulfate was added at 0, 65 and 105mg/kg and manganese methionine at 25, 45, 65, 85 and 105 mg/kg. Trace mineral requirements were determined comparing only organic trace mineral levels. The evaluated trace minerals (zinc and manganese) did not influence broiler performance, independently of source or level. It was concluded that the requirements of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age were supplied with no addition of zinc or manganese, under the conditions of the present experiments. However, under commercial rearing conditions, which are more challenging, the use of levels higher than 33.00 mg/kg and37.80 mg/kg of zinc and manganese, respectively, may be justified.(AU)

Effect of an Organic Trace Mineral Premix on the Semen Quality, Testicular Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Testosterone Synthesis of Male Broiler Breeders

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the effect of organic trace minerals premix (OTM) on the reproductive performance of breeder roosters, a total of 240 San Huang roosters (23 weeks of age) were randomly divided into two treatments with six replicates of 20 roosters each. The first group (n = 120) was fed a basal diet containing an inorganic trace minerals premix (ITM) and the other group (n = 120) was fed the basal diet in which ITM was replaced by OTM. The experiment period was 22 weeks. Semen from one randomly-selected rooster per replicate was collected two weeks after the beginning of the experiment and other 10 times every two weeks. Another rooster per replicate was randomly selected at 30, 35, and 45 weeks of age, and sacrificed. Results showed that OTM did not affect relative organ weights. There was a significant increase in semen parameters in OTM group (p 0.05), such as semen volume, semen density, and semen motility from 31 to 35 weeks. OTM-fed roosters presented higher serum testosterone levels at 45 weeks of age, as well as higher testicular mRNA expression of the genes 3-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) in the OTM-fed group at 45 weeks of age compared with those fed ITM (p 0.05). Considering the results of the present study, it was concluded that feeding organic instead of inorganic trace minerals to male broilers breeders improves semen quality, which may be attributed to their better testicular development and higher expression of enzymes related to testosterone synthesis.(AU)

Trace Mineral Sources and Rosemary Oil in the Diet of Brown Laying Hens: Egg Quality and Lipid Stability

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of rosemary oil (RO) and trace mineral sources (MS) on the internal quality and lipid stability of brown layer eggs. The treatments consisted of diets supplemented with two trace mineral sources (inorganic or organic) and three levels (0, 100, or 200 mg kg-1) of rosemary oil (RO), and three egg storage times. Eggs were stored at a controlled temperature (CT; 25.0ºC) in Experiment I and under refrigeration (RT; 5.0ºC) in Experiment II. The following parameters were analyzed on days 0 (fresh), 15 and 30 of storage: malonaldehyde level (MDA), egg weight (EW), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI), albumen and yolk pH, raw yolk color (RYC), and egg weight loss. Data were analyzed according to completely randomized design in a 2x3x3 factorial arrangement (MS x RO x storage time). In Experiment I, there was an interaction between treatments for EW, HU and ALBp. Dietary OTM inclusion improved the results for all analyzed variables. The addition of 200 mg kg-1 RO reduced MDA and increased HU, YI and RYC. In experiment II, 200 mg kg-1 of RO in the diet improved HU. The internal quality of eggs stored both at CT and under RT is adversely affected by increasing storage periods, but this effect can be minimized by the dietary supplementation of OTM and 200 mg kg-1 rosemary oil. The lipid stability of eggs stored at CT improves with the supplementation of OTM and 200 mg kg-1 rosemary oil, but not of eggs stored under refrigeration.(AU)

Dietary Levels of Zinc and Manganese on the Performance of Broilers Between 1 to 42 Days of Age

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal dietary concentration of zinc and manganese on the performance characteristic and the requirement of these trace minerals derived from organic sources for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. In experiment 1, zinc was evaluated, whereas manganese was evaluated in experiment 2. In each experiment, 320 males chicks were distributed in iron mesh metabolic cages (0.9m x 0.7m x 0.5m), according to a completely randomized experimental design in eight treatments with five replicates of eight birds each. In experiment 1, zinc sulfate was included at 0,60 and 100mg/kg and zinc methionine at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100mg/kg. In experiment 2, manganese sulfate was added at 0, 65 and 105mg/kg and manganese methionine at 25, 45, 65, 85 and 105 mg/kg. Trace mineral requirements were determined comparing only organic trace mineral levels. The evaluated trace minerals (zinc and manganese) did not influence broiler performance, independently of source or level. It was concluded that the requirements of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age were supplied with no addition of zinc or manganese, under the conditions of the present experiments. However, under commercial rearing conditions, which are more challenging, the use of levels higher than 33.00 mg/kg and37.80 mg/kg of zinc and manganese, respectively, may be justified.

Effect of an Organic Trace Mineral Premix on the Semen Quality, Testicular Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Testosterone Synthesis of Male Broiler Breeders

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the effect of organic trace minerals premix (OTM) on the reproductive performance of breeder roosters, a total of 240 San Huang roosters (23 weeks of age) were randomly divided into two treatments with six replicates of 20 roosters each. The first group (n = 120) was fed a basal diet containing an inorganic trace minerals premix (ITM) and the other group (n = 120) was fed the basal diet in which ITM was replaced by OTM. The experiment period was 22 weeks. Semen from one randomly-selected rooster per replicate was collected two weeks after the beginning of the experiment and other 10 times every two weeks. Another rooster per replicate was randomly selected at 30, 35, and 45 weeks of age, and sacrificed. Results showed that OTM did not affect relative organ weights. There was a significant increase in semen parameters in OTM group (p 0.05), such as semen volume, semen density, and semen motility from 31 to 35 weeks. OTM-fed roosters presented higher serum testosterone levels at 45 weeks of age, as well as higher testicular mRNA expression of the genes 3-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) in the OTM-fed group at 45 weeks of age compared with those fed ITM (p 0.05). Considering the results of the present study, it was concluded that feeding organic instead of inorganic trace minerals to male broilers breeders improves semen quality, which may be attributed to their better testicular development and higher expression of enzymes related to testosterone synthesis.

Trace Mineral Sources and Rosemary Oil in the Diet of Brown Laying Hens: Egg Quality and Lipid Stability

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of rosemary oil (RO) and trace mineral sources (MS) on the internal quality and lipid stability of brown layer eggs. The treatments consisted of diets supplemented with two trace mineral sources (inorganic or organic) and three levels (0, 100, or 200 mg kg-1) of rosemary oil (RO), and three egg storage times. Eggs were stored at a controlled temperature (CT; 25.0ºC) in Experiment I and under refrigeration (RT; 5.0ºC) in Experiment II. The following parameters were analyzed on days 0 (fresh), 15 and 30 of storage: malonaldehyde level (MDA), egg weight (EW), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI), albumen and yolk pH, raw yolk color (RYC), and egg weight loss. Data were analyzed according to completely randomized design in a 2x3x3 factorial arrangement (MS x RO x storage time). In Experiment I, there was an interaction between treatments for EW, HU and ALBp. Dietary OTM inclusion improved the results for all analyzed variables. The addition of 200 mg kg-1 RO reduced MDA and increased HU, YI and RYC. In experiment II, 200 mg kg-1 of RO in the diet improved HU. The internal quality of eggs stored both at CT and under RT is adversely affected by increasing storage periods, but this effect can be minimized by the dietary supplementation of OTM and 200 mg kg-1 rosemary oil. The lipid stability of eggs stored at CT improves with the supplementation of OTM and 200 mg kg-1 rosemary oil, but not of eggs stored under refrigeration.

Biometric viscera and blood parameters of meat quails supplemented with inorganic selenium and vitamin E / Biometria das vísceras e parâmetros sanguíneos de codornas de corte suplementadas com selênio inorgânico e vitamina E

This study aimed to evaluate biometric viscera and blood parameters of quails at 14 and 35 days of age, supplemented with different levels of inorganic selenium and vitamin E. A completely randomized design was used in a 4×4 factorial scheme (inorganic Se = 0.1125, 0.2250, 0.3375 and 0.4500 mg/kg diet x VE = 10, 23, 36 and 49 IU/kg feed). In the 0-14 days experiment, 2,400 newborn quail were used, distributed in 16 treatments and three replications of 50 birds each. In the 14-35 days experiment, 1,680 14 day-old quails were used with same treatments and three replicates of 35 birds each. At 14 days, the relative spleen weights (P=0.0203) increased linearly as a function of the VE level, while at 35 days, the relative weight of the bursa (P=0.0390) increased linearly as a function of Se concentration. At 14 days, there was a vitamin x mineral interaction (p=0.0097) affecting total cholesterol (TC), and a quadratic effect (P = 0.0138) related to Se and linear reduction levels (P=0.0275) as a function of VE. At 35 days, the TC concentrations (P=0.0055) and triglycerides (TG, P = 0.0220) showed a quadratic effect for Se. The linear increase in spleen weight and bursa after 14 and 35 days respectively suggests an improved immune response as a function of VE and Se supplementation. To achieve the lowest concentration of TC and TG at 35 days of age, supplementation of 0.26 and 0.29 mg/Se/kg/feed, respectively, is recommended.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a biometria das vísceras e os parâmetros sanguíneos de codornas de corte aos 14 e 35 dias de idade, suplementadas com diferentes níveis de selênio inorgânico e vitamina E. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4×4 (Se inorgânico = 0,1125; 0,2250; 0,3375 e 0,4500 mg/kg de ração x VE = 10; 23; 36 e 49 UI/kg de ração). No experimento de 0 a 14 dias, foram utilizadas 2.400 codornas recémnascidas, distribuídas em 16 tratamentos e três repetições de 50 aves cada. No experimento de 14 a 35 dias, sob os mesmos tratamentos, foram utilizadas 1.680 codornas com 14 dias de idade e três repetições de 35 aves cada. Aos 14 dias, o pesos relativo de baço (P=0,0203) aumentou linearmente em função dos níveis de VE, enquanto aos 35 dias, o peso relativo de bolsa cloacal (P=0,0390) aumentou linearmente em função do Se. Aos 14 dias, verificou-se interação (P=0,0097) vitamínica x mineral nas concentrações de colesterol total (CT), além de efeito quadrático (P=0,0138) relacionado aos níveis de Se e redução linear (P=0,0275) em função da VE. Aos 35 dias, as concentrações de CT (P=0,0055) e triglicerídeos (TGR, P=0,0220) apresentaram efeito quadrático para o Se. O aumento linear do peso do baço e bolsa cloacal aos 14 e 35 dias respectivamente, sugerem melhora na resposta imune em função da suplementação de VE e Se. Para a mínima concentração de CT e TGR aos 35 dias de idade, recomenda-se a suplementação de 0,26 e 0,29 mg/Se/kg/ração respectivamente.(AU)

Biometric viscera and blood parameters of meat quails supplemented with inorganic selenium and vitamin E / Biometria das vísceras e parâmetros sanguíneos de codornas de corte suplementadas com selênio inorgânico e vitamina E

This study aimed to evaluate biometric viscera and blood parameters of quails at 14 and 35 days of age, supplemented with different levels of inorganic selenium and vitamin E. A completely randomized design was used in a 4×4 factorial scheme (inorganic Se = 0.1125, 0.2250, 0.3375 and 0.4500 mg/kg diet x VE = 10, 23, 36 and 49 IU/kg feed). In the 0-14 days experiment, 2,400 newborn quail were used, distributed in 16 treatments and three replications of 50 birds each. In the 14-35 days experiment, 1,680 14 day-old quails were used with same treatments and three replicates of 35 birds each. At 14 days, the relative spleen weights (P=0.0203) increased linearly as a function of the VE level, while at 35 days, the relative weight of the bursa (P=0.0390) increased linearly as a function of Se concentration. At 14 days, there was a vitamin x mineral interaction (p=0.0097) affecting total cholesterol (TC), and a quadratic effect (P = 0.0138) related to Se and linear reduction levels (P=0.0275) as a function of VE. At 35 days, the TC concentrations (P=0.0055) and triglycerides (TG, P = 0.0220) showed a quadratic effect for Se. The linear increase in spleen weight and bursa after 14 and 35 days respectively suggests an improved immune response as a function of VE and Se supplementation. To achieve the lowest concentration of TC and TG at 35 days of age, supplementation of 0.26 and 0.29 mg/Se/kg/feed, respectively, is recommended.

Objetivou-se avaliar a biometria das vísceras e os parâmetros sanguíneos de codornas de corte aos 14 e 35 dias de idade, suplementadas com diferentes níveis de selênio inorgânico e vitamina E. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4×4 (Se inorgânico = 0,1125; 0,2250; 0,3375 e 0,4500 mg/kg de ração x VE = 10; 23; 36 e 49 UI/kg de ração). No experimento de 0 a 14 dias, foram utilizadas 2.400 codornas recémnascidas, distribuídas em 16 tratamentos e três repetições de 50 aves cada. No experimento de 14 a 35 dias, sob os mesmos tratamentos, foram utilizadas 1.680 codornas com 14 dias de idade e três repetições de 35 aves cada. Aos 14 dias, o pesos relativo de baço (P=0,0203) aumentou linearmente em função dos níveis de VE, enquanto aos 35 dias, o peso relativo de bolsa cloacal (P=0,0390) aumentou linearmente em função do Se. Aos 14 dias, verificou-se interação (P=0,0097) vitamínica x mineral nas concentrações de colesterol total (CT), além de efeito quadrático (P=0,0138) relacionado aos níveis de Se e redução linear (P=0,0275) em função da VE. Aos 35 dias, as concentrações de CT (P=0,0055) e triglicerídeos (TGR, P=0,0220) apresentaram efeito quadrático para o Se. O aumento linear do peso do baço e bolsa cloacal aos 14 e 35 dias respectivamente, sugerem melhora na resposta imune em função da suplementação de VE e Se. Para a mínima concentração de CT e TGR aos 35 dias de idade, recomenda-se a suplementação de 0,26 e 0,29 mg/Se/kg/ração respectivamente.

Minerais orgânicos na dieta de vacas leiteiras no período de transição

DA SILVA, G. G. Minerais orgânicos na dieta de vacas leiteiras no período de transição. 2021. 123 p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a utilização de doses reduzidas de microminerais oriundo de fonte orgânica (Bioplex® Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, e Sel-Plex®. Alltech Inc. Nicholasville. KY) em comparação a fonte inorgânica durante o período de transição em vacas leiteiras sobre os efeitos de produção e composição do leite, digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes, qualidade oocitária e embrionária, perfil metabólico sanguíneo, sistema imune e concentrações de minerais no plasma, colostro e tecido hepático. Neste sentido, a hipótese deste estudo foi que a utilização de Cu, Zn, Mn e Co na forma orgânica, na dose de 50% da dose inorgânica influencie positivamente o desempenho produtivo, sistema imune e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteira durante o período de transição. Foram utilizadas vinte e quatro vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, sendo as mensurações realizadas a partir de 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto, até 60 dias pós-parto. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: controle (CON), seguindo recomendações do NRC e literatura recente para recomendações de microminerais, com utilização de fontes inorgânicas na forma de sulfatos; e minerais orgânicos ou proteinados (MP) com utilização de 50% dos níveis na dieta controle para Zn, Cu, Co e Mn na forma orgânica. Os níveis de selênio foram iguais em ambos tratamentos, diferenciando apenas a fonte (inorgânica para o tratamento CON e orgânica para o tratamento MP). A utilização de minerais proteinados aumentou a produção de leite (P < 0,05) entre as semanas 5 e 8 pós-parto, diminuiu (P < 0,05) a porcentagem de gordura no leite e aumentou o consumo de matéria seca (P < 0,05) no mesmo período. O consumo de proteína bruta também foi maior (P < 0,05) entre as semanas 5 e 8 pós-parto e o escore de condição corporal tendeu (P = 0,072) a ser maior para os animais que receberam que receberam minerais proteinados. Não foram observadas diferenças (P > 0,05) para as variáveis de digestibilidade balanço de energia e nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana entre os tratamentos. Maiores concentrações plasmáticas ureia, BHBA e quantidade de selênio no colostro foram observadas para os animais que receberam dietas com minerais proteinados (P < 0,05). Houve tendência (P = 0,089) para maior concentração de selênio plasmático para os animais que receberam minerais proteinados; o mesmo tratamento também reduziu (P < 0,05) a quantidade de oócitos total, viáveis GIII e cultivados. Com relação ao sistema imune, os animais que receberam fontes proteinadas de microminerais apresentaram maior (P < 0,005) amplitude de distribuição de eritrócitos, contagem de linfócitos e porcentagem de espécies reativas ao oxigênio, e tendência (P = 0,063) a diminuição na contagem de neutrófilos. As dietas com microminerais reduzidos na forma proteinadas durante o período de transição aumentam a produção de leite e consumo de matéria e não alteraram as concentrações hepáticas de Zn, Mn, Co e Se, e também não influenciaram a os valores de GPX, e TAS.

DA SILVA, G. G. Organic minerals in the diet of dairy cows in the transition period. 2021. 123 p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of reduced doses of trade minerals from an organic (Bioplex® Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, e Sel-Plex®. Alltech Inc. Nicholasville. KY) source compared to an inorganic source during the transition period in dairy cows on the effects of milk yield and composition, digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, oocyte quality and embryonic, blood metabolic profile, immune system and mineral concentrations in plasma, colostrum and liver tissue. In this sense, the hypothesis of this study was that the use of Cu, Zn, Mn and Co in organic form, at a dose of 50% of the inorganic dose, positively influences the productive performance, immune system and metabolic profile of dairy cows during the transition period. Twenty-four Holstein cows were used, distributed in a randomized block experimental design, with measurements being carried out from 30 days before the expected date of calving, until 60 days postpartum. The experimental treatments were: control (CON), following NRC recommendations and recent literature for trace minerals recommendations, using inorganic sources in the form of sulfates; and organic or protein minerals (MP) using 50% of the levels in the control diet for Zn, Cu, Co and Mn in organic form. Selenium levels were similarly in both treatments, differentiating only the source (inorganic for the CON treatment and organic for the MP treatment). The use of protein trace minerals increased milk yield and dry matter intake (P < 0.05) between weeks 5 and 8 postpartum. Crude protein intake was also higher (P < 0.05) between weeks 5 and 8 postpartum and the body condition score tended (P = 0.072) to be higher for animals that received and received protein trace minerals. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the digestibility variables, energy and nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis between treatments. Higher plasma concentrations of urea, BHBA and amount of selenium in colostrum were observed for animals fed diets with protein minerals (P < 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.089) for a higher concentration of plasma selenium for animals that received protein minerals; the same treatment also reduced (P < 0.05) the amount of total, viable GIII and cultured oocytes. Regarding the immune system, animals that received protein sources of microminerals had a greater (P < 0.005) range of erythrocyte distribution, lymphocyte count and percentage of reactive oxygen species, and a tendency (P = 0.063) to decrease in the count of neutrophils. Diets with reduced microminerals in proteinaceous form during the transition period increased milk production and matter consumption and did not change the liver concentrations of Zn, Mn, Co and Se, nor did they influence the values of GPX, and TAS

Effects of B vitamins and hydroxy trace minerals supplementation on hepatic metabolism of beef cattle at finishing phase

Vitaminas do complexo B e micro minerais são descritos como fatores cruciais envolvidos em diversas vias biológicas do metabolismo energético, resposta imune e outras, apresentando sua biodisponibilidade comprometida em animais de alta produção. Apesar do conhecimento atual dos efeitos das vitaminas do complexo B e micro minerais no desempenho animal, seu uso como forma protegida da degradação ruminal e impacto no metabolismo do fígado em bovinos de corte na fase de terminação é pouco conhecido. O objetivo do presente estudo, então, foi compreender os efeitos da suplementação de vitaminas do complexo B protegidas e hidroxi micro minerais durante a fase de terminação no proteoma hepático. Para isto, foi utilizado 20 machos Nelore não-castrados com peso inicial de 353 ± 43 kg distribuidos aleatoriamente em um dos seguintes tratamentos: CTRL fornecimento de micro minerais orgânicos sem a suplementação de vitaminas do complexo B protegidas; SUP suplementação de hidroxi micro minerais (Cu e Zn) e de vitaminas do complexo B protegidas (B5, B6, B7, B9, e B12). Todos animais foram submetidos à mesma quantidade das dietas expermentais por um período de 106 dias e, ao final do período experimental, foi realizada biópsia do fígado. Utilizamos a técnica de proteômica shotgun combinada com análises de interação de proteínas e de vias biológicas das proteínas diferencialmente abundantes, identificando 37 proteínas mais abundantes no tratamento SUP (P < 0,10). Estas foram relacionadas ao dobramento de proteínas (P = 0,04), complexo I (P = 0,01) e IV (P = 0,01) da cadeia transportadora de elétrons, chaperonas moleculares (P = 0,01), metabolismo de glutationa (P < 0,01) e outras envolvidas na resposta ao estresse oxidativo. Estes resultados indicam que a suplementação de vitamina B e hidroxi minerais protegidos da degradação ruiminal durante a fase de terminação altera a abundância de proteinas associadas a cadeia transportadora de elétrons e outras vias de oxidação-redução, aumentando a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Tais alterações parecem modular a abundância de proteínas ligadas a resposta à danos oxidativos, mantendo, assim, a homeostase celular.

Vitamin B and trace minerals are crucial molecular signals involved in many biological pathways of energy metabolism, immune response, and others, being their bioavailability compromised in high-producing ruminant animals. Despite the current knowledge of the effects of vitamin B complex and trace minerals on animal performance, their use as a rumen-protected form and its impact on liver metabolism in finishing beef cattle is poorly known. The present study aimed to assess the effects of rumen-protected B-vitamin blend and hydroxy trace minerals on the hepatic proteome. A total of 20 non-castrated Nellore males with 353 ± 43 kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: CTRL inorganic trace minerals without supplementation of protected vitamin B blend; SUP supplementation of hydroxy trace minerals (Cu and Zn) and protected vitamin B blend (B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12). All animals were fed whit the same level of the experimental diet for 106 days and liver biopsy was performed at the end of the experimental period. We use shotgun proteomics combined with biological and network analyses of the protein differentially abundant between treatments, showing 37 proteins differentially abundant (P < 0.10) between treatment groups, where all proteins were up-regulated in the SUP treatment. These proteins were related to protein folding (P = 0.04), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (P = 0.01), and IV (P = 0.01), chaperonin-containing T-complex 2 (P = 0.01), glutathione metabolism (P < 0.01) and others linked to oxidative stress response. These results indicate that rumen-protect vitamin B and hydroxyl trace minerals supplementation during the finishing phase alters the abundance of proteins associated with the electron transport chain and other oxidation-reduction pathways, boosting the production of reactive oxygen species. Such alteration appears to modulate proteins linked to oxidative damage response to maintain cellular homeostasis.

Estratégias alternativas e novidades em imunidade, saúde e desempenho de bovinos leiteiros

Na pecuária leiteira existem duas fases críticas na vida dos animais. Ainda na fase jovem, as bezerras passam por um turbulento momento em que são movidas da fase de criação individual para uma criação em grupos após o desaleitamento. Outro momento crítico da vida dos bovinos leiteiros é a transição das vacas adultas de um estado gestante não-lactante para um estado nãogestante lactante. Inúmeros estudos têm identificado o impacto negativo destas fases na vida dos animais em relação à súbita mudança dos mecanismos homeorréticos e homeostáticos. Diante disso, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação de um produto ultra-diluído nos primeiro 112 dias após o agrupamento de bezerras da raça Holandês sobre a incidência de doenças e produtividade de bezerras até a primeira lactação. Embora não se tenha observado melhora no desempenho dos animais no período de suplementação, menor incidência de diarreia foi detectado para animais consumindo o produto ultra-diluído. Além disso, menor taxa de descarte foi detectado na fase de criação após a suplementação. Aqui também foi conduzido um estudo para testar o potencial efeito de um produto ultra-diluído sobre atividade de leucócitos polimorfunucleados (PMNs) e índices de doenças respiratórias de bezerras da raça Holandês após o agrupamento. Não foi detectada nenhuma alteração na função dos PMNs nem nos escores de doença respiratória. Em relação ao impacto do período de transição de vacas leiteiras, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação injetável de micro-minerais (Se, Cu, Zn e Mn) na secagem, pré-parto a 35 dias após o parto sobre a imunidade, incidência de doenças, produtividade e sobrevivência de vacas leiteiras passando o período de transição em clima semi-árido. Não foi detectado melhora no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo dos animais, entretanto menor incidência de metrite e natimortos foi detectado para as vacas tratadas com o suplemento. Também, maior funcionalidade de PMNs foi detectado para o grupo tratado. Finalmente, diante da necessidade de se avaliar uma técnica com maior exequibilidade que poderia substituir ou reduzir a redundância de técnicas atualmente empregadas na avaliação do sistema imune de vacas leiteiras no início da lactação, foi conduzido um estudo para avaliar a associação de anticorpos naturais (AN; IgM e IgG), imunoglobulinas totais (Ig; M e G) e a função de PMNs no terceiro dia após o parto de vacas Holandesas. Foi detectado correlação positiva entre ANIgM e IgM. Além disso, IgM foi positivamente associada à função dos PMNs.

There are two critical phases in dairy animals life. Still in the young phase, calves usually pass through a turbulent moment when they are moved from the individual housing phase to a group housing system after weaning. Another critical moment in dairy cattles life is the transition from a non-lactating pregnant state to a non-pregnant lactating state in mature cows. Numerous studies have identified the negative impact of these phases on the homeorretic and homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, the objective of the first study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing an ultra-diluted product in the first 112 days after grouping of Holstein heifers on the incidence of diseases and performance. Also, its carryover impacts up to first lactation was evaluated. Although there was no improvement on performance during the supplementation period, a lower incidence of diarrhea was detected for animals consuming the ultra-diluted product. In addition, a lower culling rate was detected at the raising phase after supplementation. A study was also conducted herein to test the potential effect of an ultra-diluted product on polymorphonucleate leukocytes (PMNL) function and respiratory disease of Holstein calves after grouping. No changes were detected in PMNL function or scores for respiratory disease. Regarding the impact of the transition period on mature dairy cows, a trial was performed to evaluate the effect of injectable trace mineral supplementation (Se, Cu, Zn and Mn) at dry-off, close-up, and 35 days after calving on immunity, incidence of diseases, reproductive outcomes, milk production, and survivability of dairy cows undergoing the transition period in semi-arid environment. No effects of injectable trace minerals were detected in productive and reproductive performance; however, a lower incidence of metritis and stillbirths was detected for cows supplemented. Also, greater PMNL function was detected for supplement treated group. Finally, in view of the need to evaluate a new method with greater feasibility that could replace or reduce the redundancy of techniques currently used in immune system evaluation of early postpartum dairy cows, a study was conducted to evaluate the association of natural antibodies (NAb; IgM and IgG), total immunoglobulins (Ig; M and G), and PMNL function of dairy cows on day 3 after calving. A positive correlation was detected between NAbIgM and IgM. In addition, IgM was positively associated with PMNL function of dairy cows.

Effects of selenium source on performance, selenium retention and physiological variables in broilers

Diante da sua participação em processos fisiológicos como defesa antioxidante e hormônios tireoidianos, o selênio (Se) tem recebido atenção na nutrição de frangos de corte e sua suplementação na forma micromineral orgânico em dietas práticas de frangos tem sido defendida devido a sua biodisponibilidade, a qual é benéfica para o meio-ambiente, bem como em razão dos resultados sobre variáveis resposta de interesse na produção animal. Um ensaio dose-resposta foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho, mineralização de tecidos, retenção e respostas fisiológicas de frangos de corte em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes e níveis de selênio. Um total de 500 frangos de corte macho da linhagem Cobb 500 com 10 dias de idade foram aleatoriamente designados a 10 tratamentos com 10 repetições e 5 aves por repetição. Os tratamentos foram obtidos de um arranjo fatorial 2×5 onde 2 fontes de Se (selenito de sódio [SS] e selênio-levedura [SL]) foram suplementados em dietas semi-purificadas em 0, 0,08, 0,16, 0,24 e 0,32 mg Se/kg de ração. Aves alimentadas com SL tiveram seu peso corporal (PC) e ganho de peso diário (GPD) otimizados em 0,133 e 0,130 mg Se/kg, respectivamente. As duas fontes de Se aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) no sangue de aves, porém valores maiores foram observados em aves supplementadas com SS (P<0,05). As duas fontes de Se infuenciaram a concentração dos hormônios tireoideanos no soro (P<0,05). Aves alimentadas com SL exibiram maior retenção de Se nas penas (P<0,05). Se orgânico suplementado na forma de SL resultou em maior biodisponibilidade do que SS. A suplementação de SL resultou em menor concentração de Se no fígado conforme o aumento dos níveis de Se na dieta (P<0,05). Baseado nas características de desempenho, a suplementação de Se orgânico como SL que garante o crescimento adequado de frango de corte é 0,133 mg Se/kg.

Given its participation in physiological processes such as antioxidant defense systems and thyroid hormone secretion, selenium (Se) has received attention in poultry nutrition and supplementation of organic trace mineral in practical broiler feeds has been defended due to its bioavailability, which is beneficial on environmental grounds, as well because the results on response variables of interest in animal production. A dose-response assay was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, tissue mineralization, retention, and physiological responses of growing broilers fed diets containing different levels and sources of selenium. A total of 500 10-d-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 treatments with 10 replicates and five birds per replicate. Treatments were obtained from a 2×5 factorial arrangement where 2 sources of Se (sodium selenite [SS] and selenium yeast [SY]) were supplemented in semi-purified diets at 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 mg Se/kg feed. Chicks fed SY diets had body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) optimized at 0.133 and 0.130 mg Se/kg, respectively. Both Se sources linearly increased (P<0.05) the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in chick blood but higher values were observed in SS fed chicks (P<0.05). Both Se sources influenced the thyroid hormones serum concentration (P<0.05). Chicks fed SY exhibited greater retention of Se in the feathers (P<0.05). Organic Se as SY showed to be more bioavailable than SS. SY supplementation resulted in lower liver Se concentration as Se supplementation increased (P<0.05). Based on performance traits, the supplemental level of organic Se as SY to support the proper growth of broiler chicks is 0.133 mg Se/kg.

Evaluation of nutrient excretion and retention in broilers submitted to different nutritional strategies

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) balance and on copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) excretion in broilers during the periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 46 days of age. Four hundred male Cobb-500 broilers were used. A randomized block experimental design was applied, including five treatments with eight replicates of 10 birds each. A five-phase feeding program was adopted (1-8, 9-21, 22-33, 34-40 and 41-46 days of age). Treatments consisted of a control diet (C) with typical protein level and low amino acid supplementation; a reduced-protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids formulated on ideal protein concept (IP); C with phytase (C+PHY) supplementation; C with inorganic-organic mineral supplementation (C+MIN); and a diet formulated on ideal protein (IP) basis, and supplemented with phytase and organic and inorganic minerals (IP+PHY+MIN). IP and IP+PHY+MIN diets reduced nitrogen excretion in 13.6 and 13.1% respectively, and promoted the same nitrogen retention (g/bird) and retention efficiency as compared to the diet with typical crude protein level. C+PHY and IP+PHY+MIN reduced phosphorus, calcium and manganese excretion, and improved phosphorus retention. C+MIN and IP+PHY+MIN reduced manganese excretion, but did not influence copper or zinc excretion.(AU)

Evaluation of nutrient excretion and retention in broilers submitted to different nutritional strategies

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) balance and on copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) excretion in broilers during the periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 46 days of age. Four hundred male Cobb-500 broilers were used. A randomized block experimental design was applied, including five treatments with eight replicates of 10 birds each. A five-phase feeding program was adopted (1-8, 9-21, 22-33, 34-40 and 41-46 days of age). Treatments consisted of a control diet (C) with typical protein level and low amino acid supplementation; a reduced-protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids formulated on ideal protein concept (IP); C with phytase (C+PHY) supplementation; C with inorganic-organic mineral supplementation (C+MIN); and a diet formulated on ideal protein (IP) basis, and supplemented with phytase and organic and inorganic minerals (IP+PHY+MIN). IP and IP+PHY+MIN diets reduced nitrogen excretion in 13.6 and 13.1% respectively, and promoted the same nitrogen retention (g/bird) and retention efficiency as compared to the diet with typical crude protein level. C+PHY and IP+PHY+MIN reduced phosphorus, calcium and manganese excretion, and improved phosphorus retention. C+MIN and IP+PHY+MIN reduced manganese excretion, but did not influence copper or zinc excretion.

Concentrações de ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em equinos da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano, antes e após exercício / Serum concentration of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in Pure-bred Lusitano horses, before and after exercise

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a atividade sérica dos microminerais ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em 30 equinos atletas da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano (PSL), antes e depois de exercícios, atestados por avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas, antes e imediatamente após 20 minutos de exercício físico de trote e galope suaves realizados em pista de areia, para a realização das dosagens dos microminerais. A concentração dos microelementos foi determinada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Observou-se que após o exercício, a atividade sérica de ferro não sofreu variações (P=0,2365), enquanto os valores de cobre se elevaram significativamente após o treinamento (P<0,001). Já o zinco e o manganês diminuíram após o exercício (P<0,001). Pode-se concluir que o exercício físico de curta duração pode gerar sudorese capaz de alterar as concentrações séricas de ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em cavalos atletas da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano.(AU)

In order to evaluate the sera concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and manganese trace minerals in thirty Pure-bred Lusitano athlete horses before and after exercise certified by clinical and laboratory assessments were studied. Blood samples were taken before and after 20 minutes of a dairy trot and gallop slight training, perfomed in a sandy floor ring, to measure the mineral concentrations, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was observed that after exercising, the serum activity of iron did not change (P=0.2365), whereas copper values have significantly risen after training (P<0.001). On the other hand, zinc and manganese trace minerals decreased after exercise (P<0.001). In conclusion, it is possible to consider that the short time exercise may trigger sweating and consequently to change the serum concentration of iron, cooper, zinc and manganese in Pure-bred Lusitano athlete horses.(AU)

Efeito do uso de minerais traços e vitaminas A e E na saúde de vacas holandesas no período de transição

O período de transição em vacas leiteiras é o mais crítico em relação à saúde, pois causa grande impacto no metabolismo, imunidade e produção desses animais. Alguns microminerais e vitaminas podem melhorar a resposta imune de animais de produção frente às doenças e situações estressantes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de minerais traços e vitaminas A e E, na forma injetável em parâmetros do perfil energético e estresse oxidativo de vacas holandesas em período de transição. Sessenta animais foram divididos em dois grupos: suplementados com minerais traços e vitaminas (GMTV) (n=30) e Controle (GC) (n=30). A suplementação mineral e vitamínica foi realizada por via subcutânea, com cinco mll do produto contendo 10 mg/ml de cobre (como edetato), 40 mg/ml de zinco (como edetato), 10 mg/ml de manganês (como edetato) e 5 mg/ml de selênio (como selenito de sódio) e cinco ml do produto contendo 35 mg/ml de vitamina A (como palmitato) e 50 mg/ml de vitamina E (como acetato). As coletas das amostras de sangue foram realizadas 21 dias pré-parto, 14 pré-parto, sete dias pré-parto, dia do parto, sete dias após o parto, 14 dias após o parto e 21 dias após o parto. No primeiro estudo o objetivo foi avaliar parâmetros do estresse oxidativo e função de neutrófilos em fêmeas da raça holandesa no período de transição. Observou-se diferença significativa entre tratamento X dia para os valores da SOD, com maior atividade dessa enzima em fêmeas GMTV, nas semanas próximas ao parto. Observou-se diferença significativa de dia e tratamento X dia para TBARS, onde fêmeas GMTV mostraram menores valores de TBARS em todos os momentos, exceto sete dias após o parto. Houve efeito significativo de dia para leucócitos, tratamento X dia para neutrófilos, e para fagocitose de neutrófilos, onde as fêmeas GMTV apresentaram valores menores de leucócitos e neutrófilos próximos ao parto, além de maior fagocitose de neutrófilos. No segundo estudo o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais em vacas holandesas no período de transição. Observou-se apenas diferença de dia entre os momentos experimentais dentro dos grupos GMTV e GC. Os valores de AGNES foram maiores no dia do parto, e o de BHBA teve valores crescentes após o parto, alcançando o pico na terceira semana de lactação. A frutosamina apresentou valores crescentes até o dia do parto, com maiores concentrações neste momento experimental. Maiores teores de HDL foram detectados 21 dias após o parto. Os triglicerídeos mantiveram-se com valores altos no período pré-parto, porém apresentaram redução brusca no dia do parto, mantendo valores mais baixos após o parto. Menores concentrações de cálcio foram observadas no dia do parto, assim como o IGF-1. Os valores de insulina e cortisol foram mais elevados no dia do parto. Em conclusão, animais com dietas adequadas e moderada produção leiteira apresentam pouca resposta ao uso de determinados microminerais e vitaminas, mas pode-se perceber melhora na atividade da SOD e atividade de neutrófilos em animais GMTV. Isso reforça a ligação entre minerais traços e vitaminas ao sistema imune de bovinos, especialmente no período de transição, o qual está ligado à diminuída resposta imune.

The transition period is the most critical dairy cows health because it causes great impact on the metabolism, immunity and production of these animals. Some microminerals and vitamins can improve the immune response of production animals against diseases and to stressful situations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the parenteral application of trace minerals and vitamins A and E the energy profile and oxidative stress of Holstein cows in transition period. Sixty animals were divided into two groups: supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (GMTV) (n = 30) and control (CG) (n = 30). Mineral and vitamin supplementation was carried out through subcutaneously with 5 mll of the product containing 10 mg/ml copper (as edetate), 40 mg/ml zinc (as edetate), 10 mg/ml manganese (as edetate) and 5 mg/ml selenium (as sodium selenite) and 5 ml of the product containing 35 mg/ml vitamin A (as palmitate) and 50 mg/ml vitamin E (as acetate). Blood samples were collected 21 days prepartum, 14 prepartum, 7 days prepartum, 7 days postpartum, 14 days postpartum and 21 days postpartum. In the first study the objective was to evaluate oxidative stress parameters and neutrophilic function in Holstein females in the transition period. A significant difference was observed between treatment X days for SOD values, with a higher activity of this enzyme in GMTV females, in weeks close to calving. Significant day difference and treatment X day were observed for TBARS, in which GMTV females showed lower TBARS values at all times except seven days postpartum. There was a significant day effect for leukocytes, treatment X day for neutrophils, and for neutrophilic phagocytosis, which the GMTV females had leukocytes and neutrophils values lower close to parturition, besides to greater neutrophilic phagocytosis. In the second study the objective was to evaluate the supplementation effect on biochemical and hormonal parameters in Holstein cows in the transition period. The differences observed were only related to the time and not to the treatment.. The AGNES values were higher on the parturition day, and the BHBA had increasing values after calving, peaking in the third week of lactation. The fructosamine presented increasing values until the parturition day, with higher concentrations at experimental moment. Higher HDL levels were detected 21 days postpartum. The triglycerides values remained high in the prepartum period, but showed a sudden reduction on the parturition day, maintaining lower values postpartum. Both calcium and IGF-1 concentrations were lower on parturition day. In addition insulin and cortisol values were higher on the parturition day. In conclusion, moderate milk production animals submitted to adequate diets present little response to the use of certain microminerals and vitamins, but it can be noticed an improvement in SOD activity and neutrophilic activity in GMTV animals. This enhances the binding of trace minerals and vitamins to dairy cows immune system, especially in the transitional period, which is linked to impaired immune response.

Diferentes fontes e níveis de selênio sobre a imunidade humoral de frangos de corte

The use of organic trace minerals is getting strength and is an alternative to increase production and improve other characteristics such as humoral immunity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels and sources of selenium (Se) on humoral immunity of broilers. A six-week research was conducted using 1440 one-day-old males broiler chickens. The experimental design was randomized with six experimental diets (A: 0.15mg kg-1 inorganic (inorg.); B: 0.15mg kg-1 organic; C: 0.15mg kg-1 inorg.+organic; D: 0.45mg kg-1 inorganic; E: 0.45mg kg-1 organic; F: 0.45mg kg-1 inorg.+organic) calculated to provide the described amount of Se. Each diet was replicated in six box with 40 birds. A 3x2 factorial arrangement was used and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. The immunity was evaluated by means of the reaction against vaccine of Newcastle disease, and a reaction against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). No significant effects were observed at 5% significance level in NewCastle antibody (P>0.05). However at 14 day-old the source factor had p value at 0.0580, that show a trend of inorganic source in prolong the maternal immunity. No effect was observed in the immune response against SRBC (P>0.05). The results showed a immunologic response against Newcastle vaccine and SRBC, but the treatments was not able to induce a significant difference. The source and the level of Se showed no effect on the response against Newcastle vaccine and SRBC.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar os efeitos da variação de níveis e fontes de selênio (Se) sobre a imunidade humoral de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1440 pintos de um dia, machos, criados até os 42 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis dietas experimentais (A: 0,15mg kg-1 Se inorgânico (inorg.); B: 0,15mg kg-1 Se orgânico; C: 0,15mg kg-1 Se inorg.+orgânico; D: 0,45mg kg-1 Se inorgânico; E: 0,45mg kg-1 Se orgânico; F: 0,45mg kg-1 Se inorg.+orgânico) calculadas para fornecerem a quantidade de Se descritas, e seis repetições com 40 aves cada. Foi utilizado um arranjo fatorial 3x2 e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com nível de significância a 5%. A imunidade foi avaliada por meio da resposta à vacina contra a Doença de Newcastle e resposta à sensibilização prévia com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC). Não foi observada diferença estatística ao nível de significância de 5%, para os títulos de anticorpos contra a vacina da Doença de Newcastle (P>0,05). Entretanto aos 14 dias o fator fonte obteve probabilidade (P=0,0580), resultado que mostra uma tendência de influência da fonte inorgânica na manutenção da imunidade materna, pois nesta idade as aves ainda não haviam sido vacinadas contra a Doença de Newcastle. Não foi observado nenhum efeito para variável de resposta a sensibilização prévia com SRBC (P>0,05). Os resultados mostram que as aves responderam imunologicamente ao estímulo, porém a variação da fonte e do nível de Se não foi capaz de induzir uma diferença significativa na resposta imunológica das aves. Os níveis e fontes de Se não têm efeito sobre a resposta imunológica aos eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) e, resposta imunológica a vacina contra a Doença de Newcastle.