Fertilizantes foliares, regulador de crescimento e glyphosate no crescimento vegetativo da soja tolerante ao glyphosate / Influence of foliar fertilizers, growth regulator and glyphosate on vegetative growth of glyphosate tolerant soybean

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da soja submetida a doses de glyphosate em associações com fertilizantes foliares e regulador de crescimento vegetal, visando o processo de reversão do efeito fitotóxico na soja RR2. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, em casa de vegetação situada na Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina. Utilizou-se a cultivar Monsoy 6210 IPRO®. As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate nas doses 0, 720, 1440, 2160 e 2880 g e.a. ha-1 e doses de glyphosate em associação com os produtos: regulador de crescimento vegetal (cinetina 0,09 g L-1, ácido giberélico 0,05 g L-1 e ácido 4-indol-3-butílico 0,05 g L-1) na dose 250ml ha-1, manganês (Mn na forma de um quelato de aminoácido, 62,5 g L-1) na dose de 1L, e o composto de aminoácidos (hidrolisado proteico, ácido fosfórico, hidróxido de potássio e água, 1L ha-1). A aplicação foi realizada no estágio V4. Avaliou-se índice de clorofila, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz, e sintomas de fitointoxicação na cultura. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, submetidos ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) e análise de regressão para o fator dose. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos com fertilizantes e regulador vegetal e o herbicida. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação da cultura e os níveis de clorofila foram proporcionais ao aumento de dose do herbicida, porém houve uma recuperação da cultura após 35 DAA. Para matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas, não foi observada diferença entre os manejos de reversão da fitointoxicação. Trabalhos à campo são necessários para constatação de efeitos dos produtos na fisiologia das plantas visando um possível incremento de produtividade.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of soybean submitted to glyphosate doses in association with foliar fertilizers and plant growth regulator, aiming the reversal of phytotoxic effect in RR2 soybean. The experiment was conducted between November 2015 and January 2016, in a greenhouse located at the Federal University of Paraná - Setor Palotina. Monsoy 6210 IPRO® was used. The plants were submitted to glyphosate application at 0, 720, 1440, 2160 and 2880 g a. e ha-1 and glyphosate in association with the products: plant growth regulator (kinetin 0.09 g L-1, gibberellic acid). 0.05 g L-1 and 4-indol-3-butyl acid 0.05 g L-1) at the dose 250 ml ha-1, manganese (Mn as an aminoacid chelate, 62.5 g L-1) at a dose of 1L, and the aminoacid compound (protein hydrolysate, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and water, 1L ha-1). The application was performed at stage V4. Chlorophyll index shoot and root dry matter, and phytointoxication symptoms in the crop were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test (p≤0.05) and regression analysis for the dose factor. No differences were observed between fertilizer and plant regulator treatments and herbicide. Symptoms of crop phytointoxication and chlorophyll levels were proportional to herbicide dose increase, but there was a recovery of culture after 35 DAA. For root and shoot dry matter, no difference was observed between the phytointoxication reversal management. Field work is necessary to verify the effects of products on plant physiology aiming at a possible increase of productivity.

Fertilizantes foliares, regulador de crescimento e glyphosate no crescimento vegetativo da soja tolerante ao glyphosate / Influence of foliar fertilizers, growth regulator and glyphosate on vegetative growth of glyphosate tolerant soybean

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da soja submetida a doses de glyphosate em associações com fertilizantes foliares e regulador de crescimento vegetal, visando o processo de reversão do efeito fitotóxico na soja RR2. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, em casa de vegetação situada na Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina. Utilizou-se a cultivar Monsoy 6210 IPRO®. As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate nas doses 0, 720, 1440, 2160 e 2880 g e.a. ha-1 e doses de glyphosate em associação com os produtos: regulador de crescimento vegetal (cinetina 0,09 g L-1, ácido giberélico 0,05 g L-1 e ácido 4-indol-3-butílico 0,05 g L-1) na dose 250ml ha-1, manganês (Mn na forma de um quelato de aminoácido, 62,5 g L-1) na dose de 1L, e o composto de aminoácidos (hidrolisado proteico, ácido fosfórico, hidróxido de potássio e água, 1L ha-1). A aplicação foi realizada no estágio V4. Avaliou-se índice de clorofila, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz, e sintomas de fitointoxicação na cultura. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, submetidos ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) e análise de regressão para o fator dose. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos com fertilizantes e regulador vegetal e o herbicida. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação da cultura e os níveis de clorofila foram proporcionais ao aumento de dose do herbicida, porém houve uma recuperação da cultura após 35 DAA. Para matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas, não foi observada diferença entre os manejos de reversão da fitointoxicação. Trabalhos à campo são necessários para constatação de efeitos dos produtos na fisiologia das plantas visando um possível incremento de produtividade.(AU)

The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of soybean submitted to glyphosate doses in association with foliar fertilizers and plant growth regulator, aiming the reversal of phytotoxic effect in RR2 soybean. The experiment was conducted between November 2015 and January 2016, in a greenhouse located at the Federal University of Paraná - Setor Palotina. Monsoy 6210 IPRO® was used. The plants were submitted to glyphosate application at 0, 720, 1440, 2160 and 2880 g a. e ha-1 and glyphosate in association with the products: plant growth regulator (kinetin 0.09 g L-1, gibberellic acid). 0.05 g L-1 and 4-indol-3-butyl acid 0.05 g L-1) at the dose 250 ml ha-1, manganese (Mn as an aminoacid chelate, 62.5 g L-1) at a dose of 1L, and the aminoacid compound (protein hydrolysate, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and water, 1L ha-1). The application was performed at stage V4. Chlorophyll index shoot and root dry matter, and phytointoxication symptoms in the crop were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test (p≤0.05) and regression analysis for the dose factor. No differences were observed between fertilizer and plant regulator treatments and herbicide. Symptoms of crop phytointoxication and chlorophyll levels were proportional to herbicide dose increase, but there was a recovery of culture after 35 DAA. For root and shoot dry matter, no difference was observed between the phytointoxication reversal management. Field work is necessary to verify the effects of products on plant physiology aiming at a possible increase of productivity.(AU)

Auxinic herbicides, mechanisms of action, and weed resistance: a look into recent plant science advances

Auxin governs dynamic cellular processes involved at several stages of plant growth and development. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms employed by auxin in light of recent scientific advances, with a focus on synthetic auxins as herbicides and synthetic auxin resistance mechanisms. Two auxin receptors were reported. The plasma membrane receptor ABP1 (Auxin Binding Protein 1) alters the structure and arrangement of actin filaments and microtubules, leading to plant epinasty and reducing peroxisomes and mitochondria mobility in the cell environment. The second auxin receptor is the gene transcription pathway regulated by the SCFTir/AFB ubiquitination complex, which destroys transcription repressor proteins that interrupt Auxin Response Factor (ARF) activation. As a result mRNA related with Abscisic Acid (ABA) and ethylene are transcribed, producing high quantities of theses hormones. Their associated action leads to high production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading to tissue and plant death. Recently, another ubiquitination pathway which is described as a new auxin signaling route is the F-box protein S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2A (SKP2A). It is active in cell division regulation and there is evidence that auxin herbicides can deregulate the SKP2A pathway, which leads to severe defects in plant development. In this discussion, we propose that SFCSKP2A auxin binding site alteration could be a new auxinic herbicide resistance mechanism, a concept which may contribute to the current progress in plant biology in its quest to clarify the many questions that still surround auxin herbicide mechanisms of action and the mechanisms of weed resistance.

Auxinic herbicides, mechanisms of action, and weed resistance: a look into recent plant science advances

Auxin governs dynamic cellular processes involved at several stages of plant growth and development. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms employed by auxin in light of recent scientific advances, with a focus on synthetic auxins as herbicides and synthetic auxin resistance mechanisms. Two auxin receptors were reported. The plasma membrane receptor ABP1 (Auxin Binding Protein 1) alters the structure and arrangement of actin filaments and microtubules, leading to plant epinasty and reducing peroxisomes and mitochondria mobility in the cell environment. The second auxin receptor is the gene transcription pathway regulated by the SCFTir/AFB ubiquitination complex, which destroys transcription repressor proteins that interrupt Auxin Response Factor (ARF) activation. As a result mRNA related with Abscisic Acid (ABA) and ethylene are transcribed, producing high quantities of theses hormones. Their associated action leads to high production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), leading to tissue and plant death. Recently, another ubiquitination pathway which is described as a new auxin signaling route is the F-box protein S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2A (SKP2A). It is active in cell division regulation and there is evidence that auxin herbicides can deregulate the SKP2A pathway, which leads to severe defects in plant development. In this discussion, we propose that SFCSKP2A auxin binding site alteration could be a new auxinic herbicide resistance mechanism, a concept which may contribute to the current progress in plant biology in its quest to clarify the many questions that still surround auxin herbicide mechanisms of action and the mechanisms of weed resistance.(AU)

Plant transformation: advances and perspectives

Genetic transformation is a powerful tool for plant breeding and genetical, physiological or biochemical research, consequently it is an extremely dynamic field. Transgenic plants are commonly used to complete or substitute mutants in basic research, helping the studies of complex biological situations such as pathogenesis process, genome organization, light reception and signal transduction. In this review, recent approaches for foreign gene introduction (e.g. Agrobiolistics, whole tissue electroporation, in planta Agrobacterium transformation), screening (reporter gene possibilities and performance) and transformant selection (ipt selective marker) are discussed. Transgene expression and mechanisms underlying (trans)gene inactivation are presented. Practical applications of genetically modified plants, field tests and commercial transgenic crops worldwide and in Brazil are listed, as well as the main traits and species modified. Potential uses of transgenic plants for animal compound production, biological remediation and synthetic polymer assembly are also shown.

A transformação genética é um valioso recurso para o melhoramento e para a pesquisa em Genética, Fisiologia e Bioquímica. Plantas transgênicas são usadas para complementar ou substituir mutantes na pesquisa fundamental e para auxiliar em estudos de fenômenos biológicos complexos como patogenicidade, organização do genoma, captação de luz e transdução de sinais. Nesta revisão, são discutidas abordagens recentes visando a introdução, screening e seleção de transformantes, estudos sobre expressão do transgene e uso de plantas geneticamente modificadas. Ensaios de campo e culturas transgênicas comerciais são listadas assim como as principais espécies e características modificadas. O potencial das plantas transgênicas para a produção de compostos animais, remediação biológica e síntese de polímeros é igualmente apresentado.

PLANT TRANSFORMATION: ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES

Genetic transformation is a powerful tool for plant breeding and genetical, physiological or biochemical research, consequently it is an extremely dynamic field. Transgenic plants are commonly used to complete or substitute mutants in basic research, helping the studies of complex biological situations such as pathogenesis process, genome organization, light reception and signal transduction. In this review, recent approaches for foreign gene introduction (e.g. Agrobiolistics, whole tissue electroporation, in planta Agrobacterium transformation), screening (reporter gene possibilities and performance) and transformant selection (ipt selective marker) are discussed. Transgene expression and mechanisms underlying (trans)gene inactivation are presented. Practical applications of genetically modified plants, field tests and commercial transgenic crops worldwide and in Brazil are listed, as well as the main traits and species modified. Potential uses of transgenic plants for animal compound production, biological remediation and synthetic polymer assembly are also shown.

A transformação genética é um valioso recurso para o melhoramento e para a pesquisa em Genética, Fisiologia e Bioquímica. Plantas transgênicas são usadas para complementar ou substituir mutantes na pesquisa fundamental e para auxiliar em estudos de fenômenos biológicos complexos como patogenicidade, organização do genoma, captação de luz e transdução de sinais. Nesta revisão, são discutidas abordagens recentes visando a introdução, screening e seleção de transformantes, estudos sobre expressão do transgene e uso de plantas geneticamente modificadas. Ensaios de campo e culturas transgênicas comerciais são listadas assim como as principais espécies e características modificadas. O potencial das plantas transgênicas para a produção de compostos animais, remediação biológica e síntese de polímeros é igualmente apresentado.