How do relocation time and length of storage after relocation affect fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage?

This study aimed to determine the effects of relocation time (RT; Experiment 1) and storage time after relocation (ST; Experiment 2) on microbial population, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silage was stored for 30 d, subjected to different RT (0­60 h), and stored again for 30 d. Thirty experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 2, after 150 d of ensiling, silage was removed from a bunker silo, exposed to air for 9 h, relocated to experimental silos, and stored for periods ranging from 0 to 128 d. Twenty-eight experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Relocation time had no effect on fungi counts and concentrations of lactic and propionic acids in corn silage but resulted in a significant increase in dry matter content. In experiment 2, dry matter recovery and concentration of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased in corn silage stored for more than 32 d after relocation. Exposure of corn silage to air during relocation for up to 60 h followed by 30 d of storage did not compromise the fermentation profile or nutritive value of the silage. Increased storage time of relocated corn silage (up to 128 d) consistently decreases its nutritional value. The storage period seems to have an increased impact on nutrient loss in relocated silage than the relocation period.

The Effect of Space Allowance During Pre-Slaughter Transport of European Quail Breeders on Welfare, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality

The objective was to evaluate whether space allowance during pre-slaughter transport of European breeding quail affects welfare, carcass traits and meat quality. A total of 248 quails (body weight = 344.90 ± 2.09 g) were used. During pre-transport, the quails were fasted for 5 hours and 30 minutes. The poultry were caught and placed in plastic transport crates with an area of 0.40 m2. The treatments consisted of a different space allowance in each crate: 22, 28, 34 or 40 quails per crate. Immediately upon arrival at the slaughterhouse, the quails were stunned. During bleeding, blood samples were collected. The carcasses were individually weighed. The meat quality was measured. Data were analysed using the effects of space allowance during transport of quails and pickup truck as dependent variables. Death on arrival increased as the space allowance in transport crates decreased (p=0.08). Glucose and uric acid levels were not significantly different between groups (p≥0.14). The cold carcass weight presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.03). The meat pH, intensity of red, intensity of yellow and cooking losses were not different between groups (p≥0.12). The meat lightness value presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.04). In view of the above, the number of European breeding quails transported in crates must not exceed 30 animals.(AU)

Molecular confirmation of the occurrence of Anguilla interioris (Actinopterygii: Anguilliformes) in North Maluku of Indonesia and mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity among existing specimens

Nineteen species of Anguilla Schrank, 1798 are globally distributed in the world, however knowledge on the biogeography, species diversity and ecology of the 13 species of tropical anguillids in the Indo-Pacific region is highly limited. This study examined the diversity of tropical anguillids found in North Maluku of East Indonesia, which is known to have unique and highly heterogeneous habitats, complex oceanography, high biodiversity, and representativeness of Asian and Australian fauna. By means of molecular identification, two tropical anguillid eels, A. marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 and A. interioris Whitely, 1938, were confirmed to be distributed in North Maluku. This study also examined the mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity of A. interioris, as it could contribute to our understanding of the biogeography and life history of this eel species. Our molecular analyses showed the presence of the same haplotypes along the different locations in the Indo-Pacific region. Although more samples and DNA markers are required to provide more support, the results suggest that the larvae of A. interioris from potentially different spawning sites in the Indian and Pacific oceans could be mixed together due to the complexity of oceanic currents, and when these migrating larvae reach maturity, they would likely spawn with the local eels.

Effect of Broiler Crating Density and Transportation Distance on Preslaughter Losses and Physiological Response During the Winter Season in Punjab, Pakistan

A study was conducted to determine the impact of crating density and transportation distance on losses and physiological response of broilers during the winter season. For this, ROSS-308 broilers were crated at three densities (i.e., 10, 12, and 15 birds/crate) in plastic crates and transported in three distances (i.e., 80, 160, and 240 km) during the winter season at 3.6 - 9.5ºC temperature and 63.3 - 78.8% relative humidity. Results showed that body weight loss increased significantly with the increase in transportation distance and decrease in crating density, whereas dead on arrival, physical injuries and bruises were not different among different transportation distance and crating density treatments. Significant reduction in carcass and breast yield was observed with the increase in transportation distance, whereas an increase in crating density above 12 birds per crate increased breast yield. Birds transported for 240 km had the highest serum catalase activity and the lowest rectal body temperature compared to other treatments. A gradual increase in crating density resulted in the increase in thyroxine concentration and reduction in rectal temperature. Serum glucose, albumin and uric acid concertation increased significantly after 160km of transportation, but serum triglyceride contents decreased. Moreover, an increase in crating density also increased serum glucose and triglyceride. Results suggested that longer transportation distance during the winter season increased body weight shrinkage with a reduction in carcass and breast yield, and the impact of losses and stress was greater in treatments having a lower number of birds in crates.(AU)

Effect of Broiler Crating Density and Transportation Distance on Preslaughter Losses and Physiological Response During the Winter Season in Punjab, Pakistan

A study was conducted to determine the impact of crating density and transportation distance on losses and physiological response of broilers during the winter season. For this, ROSS-308 broilers were crated at three densities (i.e., 10, 12, and 15 birds/crate) in plastic crates and transported in three distances (i.e., 80, 160, and 240 km) during the winter season at 3.6 - 9.5ºC temperature and 63.3 - 78.8% relative humidity. Results showed that body weight loss increased significantly with the increase in transportation distance and decrease in crating density, whereas dead on arrival, physical injuries and bruises were not different among different transportation distance and crating density treatments. Significant reduction in carcass and breast yield was observed with the increase in transportation distance, whereas an increase in crating density above 12 birds per crate increased breast yield. Birds transported for 240 km had the highest serum catalase activity and the lowest rectal body temperature compared to other treatments. A gradual increase in crating density resulted in the increase in thyroxine concentration and reduction in rectal temperature. Serum glucose, albumin and uric acid concertation increased significantly after 160km of transportation, but serum triglyceride contents decreased. Moreover, an increase in crating density also increased serum glucose and triglyceride. Results suggested that longer transportation distance during the winter season increased body weight shrinkage with a reduction in carcass and breast yield, and the impact of losses and stress was greater in treatments having a lower number of birds in crates.

Citral chemotype of the Lippia alba essential oil as an additive in simulated transport with different loading densities of tambaqui juveniles / Óleo essencial de Lippia alba quimiotipo citral como aditivo em transporte simulado de juvenis de Tambaqui com diferentes densidades

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the citral chemotype of Lippia alba essential oil (EOLA) as an additive in a simulated transport with different loading densities of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. Simulated transport of tambaqui juveniles at three loading densities (30, 60 and 90 fish/L) was carried out either with only water (WC) or 20 μL.L-1 EOLA. Dissolved oxygen levels, pH, conductivity and temperature of the water were measured at the beginning and end of the simulated transport. Treatment with EOLA did not change survival or dissolved oxygen levels at the end of simulation. The pH of the water at the end of simulation with EOLA was lower than in that of WC but did not change with loading density. Water conductivity increased with loading density; however, it was lower in the groups with EOLA. The addition of EOLA can be useful in long-term transportation at high loading densities, but further studies related to tambaqui physiology are required.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do óleo essencial de Lippia alba quimiotipo citral (EOLA) como aditivo em transporte simulado com diferentes densidades de carga de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). O transporte simulado de juvenis de tambaqui em três densidades de carga (30, 60 e 90 peixes / L) foi realizado apenas com água (WC) ou 20 μL.L-1 EOLA. Níveis de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade e temperatura da água foram medidos no início e no final do transporte simulado. O tratamento com EOLA não alterou a sobrevivência ou os níveis de oxigênio dissolvido no final da simulação. O pH da água no final da simulação com o EOLA foi menor que o do WC, mas não mudou com a densidade de carga. A condutividade da água aumentou com a densidade de carga, no entanto foi menor nos grupos com EOLA. A adição de EOLA pode ser útil no transporte de longo prazo em altas densidades de carga, mas são necessários mais estudos relacionados à fisiologia do tambaqui.(AU)

Exportação de animais vivos e o bem-estar animal no Brasil: um panorama da situação atual / Export of live animals and animal well-being in Brazil: exploring the current scenario

A Instrução Normativa nº 46, de 28 de agosto de 2018, regulamenta a exportação de bovinos, bubalinos, ovinos e caprinos vivos destinados ao abate imediato, engorda ou reprodução e estabelece normas e procedimentos básicos para a preparação de animais vivos para exportação por via marítima, fluvial, aérea ou terrestre. Neste artigo, abordam-se seus principais tópicos em relação ao bem-estar dos animais. Visto o aumento desta atividade nos últimos anos no Brasil, a nova legislação representa um avanço na área de transporte de animais vivos, pois até então a legislação era ausente. Contudo, esta é uma atividade complexa e que envolve uma das etapas mais estressantes aos animais de produção, o manejo pré-abate. Mesmo com este avanço, devemos atentar aos pontos ainda deficientes e que poderão ser melhorados nos próximos anos, eliminando ou minimizando falhas que ainda persistem, embasados em estudos técnicos e científicos.

Normative Instruction No. 46 from August 28, 2018, which regulates the exportation of cattle, buffalos, sheep and goats for immediate slaughter, fattening or reproduction, establishes the norms and procedures for the preparation of live animals for exportation by sea, river, air or land. In this article, we discuss the main topics related to animal well-being within this context. Considering the increase of this activity in recent years in Brazil, the new legislation represents an improvement in the area of transportation of live animals, given that until then there was no legislation. However, this is a complex activity that involves one of the most stressful stages for animals, the pre-slaughter management. Even with this improvement, we must take into account the areas that are still deficient and that can be improved in the coming years, eliminating and/or minimizing failures that still persist, based on technical and scientific studies.

Injury and condemnation data of pigs at slaughterhouses with federal inspection in the State of Paraná, Brazil, as indicators of welfare during transportation / Lesões e condenações de suínos em abatedouros com inspeção federal no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, como indicadores de bem-estar no transporte

Pigs transportation is a critical stage for their welfare and can directly influence the rates of carcass condemnation. The objective of this research was to study the injuries and condemnation data recorded in the Federal Inspection System (SIF) as potential welfare indicators during pig transport. In federally inspected slaughterhouses in the State of Paraná, Brazil, from january 2011 to December 2016, 1.4% (602,006) of carcasses were condemned, 15.0% (90,426) as a result of injuries related to transportation. From total condemnation cases, 12.1% (72,759) were due to traumatic injury, 2.5% (15,144) to PSE, 0.4% (2,327) to dead on arrival and 0.03% (196) to other transportation welfare indicators. There was no correlation between the condemnation rates and the meteorological data. The results exposed the need for improvement in pig transport conditions. In addition, this study allowed us to point out possible improvements in the collection of nosographic data into the SIFs Management Information System (SIGSIF), such as inclusion of other injuries associated with welfare restrictions, standardization of the terms that already exist in the system, improvement in the indicator measurements, development of regulations and training for professionals involved. Results suggested that SIGSIF data are useful for monitoring the welfare of pigs during transportation, with potential for refinement from improvements in data recording.(AU)

O transporte de suínos é um estágio crítico para seu bem-estar e pode influenciar os índices de condenação de carcaça. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as lesões e condenações registradas no Sistema de Inspeção Federal (SIF) como potenciais indicadores de bem-estar durante o transporte de suínos. Nos abatedouros paranaenses com SIF, de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2016, 1,4% (602.006) das carcaças foram condenadas, sendo 15% (90.426) em decorrência de lesões potencialmente relacionadas ao transporte. Do total de condenações, 12,1% (72.759) foram por lesão traumática, 2,5% (15.144) por PSE, 0,4% (2.327) por mortalidade na chegada ao abatedouro e 0,03% (196) por outros indicadores de bem-estar no transporte. Não houve correlação entre índices de condenação e dados meteorológicos. O trabalho expôs a necessidade de aprimoramento nas condições de transporte dos suínos. Além disso, permitiu apontar melhorias na coleta de dados no Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do SIF (SIGSIF), como a inclusão de outras lesões associadas a restrições de bem-estar, padronização dos termos existentes no SIGSIF, aperfeiçoamento na mensuração dos indicadores, construção de normativas e treinamento dos profissionais envolvidos. Os resultados sugerem que os dados do SIF são úteis para o monitoramento de bem-estar de suínos durante o transporte, com potencial de refinamento a partir de melhorias no registro de dados.(AU)

Exportação de animais vivos e o bem-estar animal no Brasil: um panorama da situação atual / Export of live animals and animal well-being in Brazil: exploring the current scenario

A Instrução Normativa nº 46, de 28 de agosto de 2018, regulamenta a exportação de bovinos, bubalinos, ovinos e caprinos vivos destinados ao abate imediato, engorda ou reprodução e estabelece normas e procedimentos básicos para a preparação de animais vivos para exportação por via marítima, fluvial, aérea ou terrestre. Neste artigo, abordam-se seus principais tópicos em relação ao bem-estar dos animais. Visto o aumento desta atividade nos últimos anos no Brasil, a nova legislação representa um avanço na área de transporte de animais vivos, pois até então a legislação era ausente. Contudo, esta é uma atividade complexa e que envolve uma das etapas mais estressantes aos animais de produção, o manejo pré-abate. Mesmo com este avanço, devemos atentar aos pontos ainda deficientes e que poderão ser melhorados nos próximos anos, eliminando ou minimizando falhas que ainda persistem, embasados em estudos técnicos e científicos.(AU)

Normative Instruction No. 46 from August 28, 2018, which regulates the exportation of cattle, buffalos, sheep and goats for immediate slaughter, fattening or reproduction, establishes the norms and procedures for the preparation of live animals for exportation by sea, river, air or land. In this article, we discuss the main topics related to animal well-being within this context. Considering the increase of this activity in recent years in Brazil, the new legislation represents an improvement in the area of transportation of live animals, given that until then there was no legislation. However, this is a complex activity that involves one of the most stressful stages for animals, the pre-slaughter management. Even with this improvement, we must take into account the areas that are still deficient and that can be improved in the coming years, eliminating and/or minimizing failures that still persist, based on technical and scientific studies.(AU)

Qualificação do transporte de amostras para o monitoramento da qualidade de água tratada para uso em diálise / Qualification of the sample transport for monitoring the quality of water for dialysis purpose

As condições de coleta e o transporte das amostras de água tratada para uso em diálise são etapas críticas para garantir a qualidade dos resultados analíticos. A temperatura no transporte de amostras deve assegurar a manutenção das características físicas e biológicas desde a coleta até o recebimento pelo laboratório analítico. O objetivo deste estudo foi de qualificar o transporte de amostras de água tratada para diálise desde os Serviços de Diálise do estado de São Paulo até o Instituto Adolfo Lutz, realizado durante a execução do Programa Estadual de Monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o sistema adotado, utilizando-se caixas isotérmicas e gelo reutilizável, é capaz de garantir as condições adequadas de temperatura durante o transporte do ponto de coleta das amostras até o laboratório analítico.

The conditions for collecting and transporting the dialysis water samples are the critical steps to assure the quality of the analytical results. The temperature during the water samples transport should ensure the maintenance of the physical and biological characteristics of samples from their collections to the analytical laboratory. The objective of this study was to qualify the transport of the dialysis water samples from the Dialysis Services of the state of São Paulo to the Adolfo Lutz Institute, during the performance of the State Monitoring Program. By using the isothermal boxes and the reusable ices, the obtained results indicated that the adopted system were able to guarantee the adequate temperature conditions during the transport from the sample collection point to the analytical laboratory.

Qualificação do transporte de amostras para o monitoramento da qualidade de água tratada para uso em diálise / Qualification of the sample transport for monitoring the quality of water for dialysis purpose

As condições de coleta e o transporte das amostras de água tratada para uso em diálise são etapas críticas para garantir a qualidade dos resultados analíticos. A temperatura no transporte de amostras deve assegurar a manutenção das características físicas e biológicas desde a coleta até o recebimento pelo laboratório analítico. O objetivo deste estudo foi de qualificar o transporte de amostras de água tratada para diálise desde os Serviços de Diálise do estado de São Paulo até o Instituto Adolfo Lutz, realizado durante a execução do Programa Estadual de Monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o sistema adotado, utilizando-se caixas isotérmicas e gelo reutilizável, é capaz de garantir as condições adequadas de temperatura durante o transporte do ponto de coleta das amostras até o laboratório analítico.(AU)

The conditions for collecting and transporting the dialysis water samples are the critical steps to assure the quality of the analytical results. The temperature during the water samples transport should ensure the maintenance of the physical and biological characteristics of samples from their collections to the analytical laboratory. The objective of this study was to qualify the transport of the dialysis water samples from the Dialysis Services of the state of São Paulo to the Adolfo Lutz Institute, during the performance of the State Monitoring Program. By using the isothermal boxes and the reusable ices, the obtained results indicated that the adopted system were able to guarantee the adequate temperature conditions during the transport from the sample collection point to the analytical laboratory.(AU)

Effects of Transportation Distance, Slaughter Age, and Seasonal Factors on Total Losses in Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the total losses associated with the season, transportation distance, and slaughter age during the transportation of broilers from poultry farms to slaughterhouses in Turkey. All data and parameters were statistically analyzed and the change in total loss during transportation was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance to determine which factors or variables affect this change. Total transportation losses were compared among the four seasons of the year, two slaughter ages (younger broiler, 31-39 days of age; older broilers 40-46 days of age) and three distance ranges (short, 50 km; medium, 51-150 km; and long, 151 km). Total losses of 259.40 g, 307.35 g, and 350.14 g were determined for short, medium and long distances, respectively, indicating that losses increased with transportation distance (p 0.05). Broilers slaughtered at a younger age presented lower total losses than those slaughtered at an older age (p 0.05). When seasons were evaluated, the highest total loss was determined in the summer, which was not statistically different from that calculated for autumn, whereas total transportation losses in spring and winter were found relatively lower. The study showed long-distance transportation in the winter considerably increased total losses to levels similar to those obtained in the summer.(AU)

Effects of Transportation Distance, Slaughter Age, and Seasonal Factors on Total Losses in Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the total losses associated with the season, transportation distance, and slaughter age during the transportation of broilers from poultry farms to slaughterhouses in Turkey. All data and parameters were statistically analyzed and the change in total loss during transportation was evaluated by two-way analysis of variance to determine which factors or variables affect this change. Total transportation losses were compared among the four seasons of the year, two slaughter ages (younger broiler, 31-39 days of age; older broilers 40-46 days of age) and three distance ranges (short, 50 km; medium, 51-150 km; and long, 151 km). Total losses of 259.40 g, 307.35 g, and 350.14 g were determined for short, medium and long distances, respectively, indicating that losses increased with transportation distance (p 0.05). Broilers slaughtered at a younger age presented lower total losses than those slaughtered at an older age (p 0.05). When seasons were evaluated, the highest total loss was determined in the summer, which was not statistically different from that calculated for autumn, whereas total transportation losses in spring and winter were found relatively lower. The study showed long-distance transportation in the winter considerably increased total losses to levels similar to those obtained in the summer.

Biochemical parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transport with eugenol or essential oil of Lippia alba added to the water / Parâmetros bioquímicos do jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) após transporte com eugenol ou óleo essencial de Lippia alba adicionado à água

The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L1) to the transport water is advisable for the transportation of silver catfish, since both concentrations of these substances increased the levels of NPSH antioxidant and decreased the TBARS levels in the liver. In addition, the lower liver levels of glycogen and lactate in these groups and lower AChE activity in the brain (EOL 10 or 20 µL L1) compared to the control group indicate that the energetic metabolism and neurotransmission were lower after administration of anesthetics, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and sedation status.(AU)

O transporte de peixes vivos é uma prática rotineira na aquicultura e constitui uma fonte considerável de estresse para os animais. A adição de anestésicos na água utilizada para o transporte de peixes pode prevenir ou mitigar os efeitos nocivos do estresse de transporte. Este estudo investigou os efeitos da adição de eugenol (EUG) (1,5 ou 3,0 mL L1) e óleo essencial de Lippia alba (OEL) (10 ou 20 mL L1) em parâmetros metabólicos (níveis de glicogênio, lactato e proteína total) no fígado e músculos, a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) no músculo e no cérebro, e os níveis de proteína carbonil (PC), ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e grupos tióis não proteicos (NPSH) e atividade da glutationa-S-transferase no fígado de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) transportados por quatro horas em sacos plásticos (densidade de carga de 169,2 g L1). A adição de várias concentrações de EUG (1,5 ou 3,0 mL L1) e OEL (10 ou 20 mL L1) na água de transporte é aconselhável para o transporte do jundiá, uma vez que ambas concentrações destas substâncias aumentaram os níveis do antioxidante NPSH e diminuíram os níveis de TBARS no fígado. Além disso, os níveis mais baixos de glicogénio e lactato no fígado destes grupos e menor atividade de AChE no cérebro (EOL 10 ou 20 mL L1) em comparação com o grupo controle indicam que o metabolismo energético e neurotransmissão foram menores após a administração dos anestésicos, contribuindo para a manutenção do estado de homeostase e sedação.(AU)

Manejo pré-abate, parâmetros fisiológicos do estresse e seus efeitos na qualidade da carne suína: revisão / Pre-slaughter management, physiological parameters of stress and its effects on pork quality: review / Manejo pre matanza, parámetros fisiológicos del estrés y sus efectos sobre la calidad de la carne de cerdo: revisión

As atividades que antecedem o abate exigem um padrão e ainda algumas mudanças que priorizem em particular o bem-estar do animal. Dessa forma, o bem-estar na espécie suína assume grande importância quando se observa o manejo da granja ao frigorífico correlacionando com a atuação de fatores estressores que implicam em perdas tanto aos produtores quanto à indústria frigorífica. As falhas no manejo pré-abate podem resultar em carcaças com desvios, como carne pálida, flácida e exsudativa (PSE) e carne escura, firme e seca (DFD). Para assegurar o bem-estar e obter carne suína de qualidade é necessário que o manejo pré-abate seja realizado de forma adequada considerando as características comportamentais e fisiológicas dos animais, que se trata do ajuste com o ambiente e com os indivíduos, estabelecendo uma harmonia entre homem e animal. Em função do que foi relatado, objetivou-se revisar os fatores que interferem no manejo pré-abate de suínos e suas influências sobre os indicadores de estresse e qualidade da carne. O manejo pré-abate deve ser estabelecido conforme padrões conhecidos, no entanto, existe a necessidade de rever cada procedimento e estabelecer estudos regionais que envolvam todos os procedimentos, desde o embarque até o período de espera dos suínos na indústria frigorífica.(AU)

The activities that take place before slaughtering require a standard and also a few changes prioritizing the animal's welfare. Thus, the wellness of pigs is very important when analyzing their handling from the farm to the slaughterhouse, correlated with the stressing factors that imply in losses to both the producers and the meat industry. Flaws in the pre-slaughter management can result in carcasses presenting deviations, such as pale, limp and exudative (PSE) meat, and dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat. In order to ensure the well-being and obtain a quality pork meat, the pre-slaughter management must be appropriately carried out, considering the behavioral and physiological characteristics of the animals. Such characteristics are related to both the environment and the individuals, establishing harmony between humans and animals. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the factors interfering in the pre-slaughter management of pigs and their influence on stress indicators and meat quality. The pre-slaughter management must follow known standards; however, each procedure must be reviewed, developing regional studies involving all procedures, from shipping to the waiting period of the animals at the slaughterhouses.(AU)

Las actividades que anteceden la matanza exigen un estándar y aún algunos cambios que prioricen en particular el bienestar del animal. Así, el bienestar en la especie porcina es de gran importancia cuando se observa el manejo de la granja al matadero, correlacionando con la actuación de factores de estrés que implican en pérdidas tanto a los productores como a la industria frigorífica. Las fallas en el manejo pre matanza pueden resultar en caparazones con desvíos, como carne pálida, flácida y exudativa (PSE), y carne oscura, firme y seca (DFD). Para asegurar el bienestar y obtener carne porcina de calidad es necesario que el manejo pre matanza sea realizado de forma adecuada, considerando las características comportamentales y fisiológicas de los animales, pues se trata del ajuste con el ambiente y con los individuos, estableciendo armonía entre hombre y animal. De acuerdo a lo informado, se ha buscado revisar los factores que interfieren en el manejo pre matanza de porcinos y sus influencias sobre los indicadores de estrés y calidad de la carne. El manejo pre matanza debe ser establecido conforme estándares conocidos, sin embargo, existe la necesidad de revisar cada procedimiento y establecer estudios regionales que involucran todos los procedimientos, desde el embarque hasta el periodo de espera de los porcinos en el matadero.(AU)

Manejo pré-abate, parâmetros fisiológicos do estresse e seus efeitos na qualidade da carne suína: revisão / Pre-slaughter management, physiological parameters of stress and its effects on pork quality: review / Manejo pre matanza, parámetros fisiológicos del estrés y sus efectos sobre la calidad de la carne de cerdo: revisión

As atividades que antecedem o abate exigem um padrão e ainda algumas mudanças que priorizem em particular o bem-estar do animal. Dessa forma, o bem-estar na espécie suína assume grande importância quando se observa o manejo da granja ao frigorífico correlacionando com a atuação de fatores estressores que implicam em perdas tanto aos produtores quanto à indústria frigorífica. As falhas no manejo pré-abate podem resultar em carcaças com desvios, como carne pálida, flácida e exsudativa (PSE) e carne escura, firme e seca (DFD). Para assegurar o bem-estar e obter carne suína de qualidade é necessário que o manejo pré-abate seja realizado de forma adequada considerando as características comportamentais e fisiológicas dos animais, que se trata do ajuste com o ambiente e com os indivíduos, estabelecendo uma harmonia entre homem e animal. Em função do que foi relatado, objetivou-se revisar os fatores que interferem no manejo pré-abate de suínos e suas influências sobre os indicadores de estresse e qualidade da carne. O manejo pré-abate deve ser estabelecido conforme padrões conhecidos, no entanto, existe a necessidade de rever cada procedimento e estabelecer estudos regionais que envolvam todos os procedimentos, desde o embarque até o período de espera dos suínos na indústria frigorífica.(AU)

The activities that take place before slaughtering require a standard and also a few changes prioritizing the animal's welfare. Thus, the wellness of pigs is very important when analyzing their handling from the farm to the slaughterhouse, correlated with the stressing factors that imply in losses to both the producers and the meat industry. Flaws in the pre-slaughter management can result in carcasses presenting deviations, such as pale, limp and exudative (PSE) meat, and dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat. In order to ensure the well-being and obtain a quality pork meat, the pre-slaughter management must be appropriately carried out, considering the behavioral and physiological characteristics of the animals. Such characteristics are related to both the environment and the individuals, establishing harmony between humans and animals. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the factors interfering in the pre-slaughter management of pigs and their influence on stress indicators and meat quality. The pre-slaughter management must follow known standards; however, each procedure must be reviewed, developing regional studies involving all procedures, from shipping to the waiting period of the animals at the slaughterhouses.(AU)

Las actividades que anteceden la matanza exigen un estándar y aún algunos cambios que prioricen en particular el bienestar del animal. Así, el bienestar en la especie porcina es de gran importancia cuando se observa el manejo de la granja al matadero, correlacionando con la actuación de factores de estrés que implican en pérdidas tanto a los productores como a la industria frigorífica. Las fallas en el manejo pre matanza pueden resultar en caparazones con desvíos, como carne pálida, flácida y exudativa (PSE), y carne oscura, firme y seca (DFD). Para asegurar el bienestar y obtener carne porcina de calidad es necesario que el manejo pre matanza sea realizado de forma adecuada, considerando las características comportamentales y fisiológicas de los animales, pues se trata del ajuste con el ambiente y con los individuos, estableciendo armonía entre hombre y animal. De acuerdo a lo informado, se ha buscado revisar los factores que interfieren en el manejo pre matanza de porcinos y sus influencias sobre los indicadores de estrés y calidad de la carne. El manejo pre matanza debe ser establecido conforme estándares conocidos, sin embargo, existe la necesidad de revisar cada procedimiento y establecer estudios regionales que involucran todos los procedimientos, desde el embarque hasta el periodo de espera de los porcinos en el matadero.(AU)

Evaluation of optimal storage time of tuberculous lesions stored in sodium borate / Avaliação do tempo de armazenamento do borato de sódio na conservação de lesões tuberculosas

Preservation of specimens during transportation between abattoirs and diagnostic laboratories defines a critical stage in the definitive diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis by the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. A 2-step study was designed to verify the maximum time that tissue samples can be stored in saturated sodium borate solution (SSB) with the highest detection of M. bovis isolates. Ninety hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with a suspension of M. bovis strain AN5 and were humanely euthanized after 40 days. Their spleens were collected and stored in SSB during four distinct periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) with incubation at two temperatures (27C and 37C). The control group was cultured on the day of euthanasia. Sixty-nine suspected tuberculous lesions samples were collected in the abattoir and were stored in SSB for three periods (30, 60 and 90 days) at 27C in the laboratory. The bovine control group was cultured on the day of entry in the laboratory. Both experiments were analyzed separately based on the growth proportion of isolates and the number of colonies. SSB was able to maintain the viability of most M. bovis at high temperatures for up to 30 days. A progressive decline was observed with other storage periods at 27C, and no growth was obtained after 60-day storage at 37C. Despite the loss in viability of M. bovis, SSB is the most favorable choice to preserve specimens during transportation across a large country with high variation in environmental temperature. The sensitivity of M. bovis detection by bacteriological examination is inversely proportional to storage time. Therefore, the storage of tuberculous lesion specimens in SSB is recommended to not exceed 30 days at 27°C before cultivation.(AU)

A conservação de espécimes durante o transporte entre abatedouros e laboratórios de diagnóstico define uma etapa crítica no diagnóstico definitivo da tuberculose bovina pelo isolamento de Mycobacterium bovis. Um estudo de duas fases foi delineado para verificar o tempo máximo de armazenamento que amostras teciduais podem ser mantidas em solução saturada de borato de sódio (SSB) com a mais alta detecção de isolados de M. bovis. Noventa hamsters foram inoculados com suspensão de M. bovis cepa AN5 por via intraperitoneal e, após 40 dias, submetidos à eutanásia humanitária. Os baços foram coletados, armazenados em SSB por quatro períodos distintos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias) e incubados a duas temperaturas (27 e 37C). O grupo controle foi cultivado no mesmo dia da eutanásia. Sessenta e nove amostras de lesões suspeitas de tuberculose foram coletadas em abatedouro e armazenadas em SSB por três períodos (30, 60 e 90 dias) a 27C no laboratório. O grupo controle bovino foi cultivado no dia da entrada no laboratório. Ambos os experimentos foram analisados separadamente baseados na proporção de crescimento de isolados e no número de colônias. A SSB foi capaz de manter a maioria de M. bovis viáveis em altas temperaturas por até 30 dias. Houve um declínio progressivo nos outros períodos de armazenamento a 27C, e não houve crescimento a partir de 60 dias a 37C. Apesar da perda de viabilidade de M. bovis, a SSB é a escolha mais favorável para preservar as amostras durante o transporte em um grande país com alta variação de temperatura ambiente. A sensibilidade de detecção de M. bovis por exames bacteriológicos é inversamente proporcional ao tempo de armazenamento. Portanto, é recomendado que o armazenamento de amostras de lesões tuberculosas em SSB não exceda 30 dias a 27°C antes do cultivo.(AU)

Evaluation of optimal storage time of tuberculous lesions stored in sodium borate / Avaliação do tempo de armazenamento do borato de sódio na conservação de lesões tuberculosas

Preservation of specimens during transportation between abattoirs and diagnostic laboratories defines a critical stage in the definitive diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis by the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. A 2-step study was designed to verify the maximum time that tissue samples can be stored in saturated sodium borate solution (SSB) with the highest detection of M. bovis isolates. Ninety hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with a suspension of M. bovis strain AN5 and were humanely euthanized after 40 days. Their spleens were collected and stored in SSB during four distinct periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) with incubation at two temperatures (27C and 37C). The control group was cultured on the day of euthanasia. Sixty-nine suspected tuberculous lesions samples were collected in the abattoir and were stored in SSB for three periods (30, 60 and 90 days) at 27C in the laboratory. The bovine control group was cultured on the day of entry in the laboratory. Both experiments were analyzed separately based on the growth proportion of isolates and the number of colonies. SSB was able to maintain the viability of most M. bovis at high temperatures for up to 30 days. A progressive decline was observed with other storage periods at 27C, and no growth was obtained after 60-day storage at 37C. Despite the loss in viability of M. bovis, SSB is the most favorable choice to preserve specimens during transportation across a large country with high variation in environmental temperature. The sensitivity of M. bovis detection by bacteriological examination is inversely proportional to storage time. Therefore, the storage of tuberculous lesion specimens in SSB is recommended to not exceed 30 days at 27°C before cultivation.

A conservação de espécimes durante o transporte entre abatedouros e laboratórios de diagnóstico define uma etapa crítica no diagnóstico definitivo da tuberculose bovina pelo isolamento de Mycobacterium bovis. Um estudo de duas fases foi delineado para verificar o tempo máximo de armazenamento que amostras teciduais podem ser mantidas em solução saturada de borato de sódio (SSB) com a mais alta detecção de isolados de M. bovis. Noventa hamsters foram inoculados com suspensão de M. bovis cepa AN5 por via intraperitoneal e, após 40 dias, submetidos à eutanásia humanitária. Os baços foram coletados, armazenados em SSB por quatro períodos distintos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias) e incubados a duas temperaturas (27 e 37C). O grupo controle foi cultivado no mesmo dia da eutanásia. Sessenta e nove amostras de lesões suspeitas de tuberculose foram coletadas em abatedouro e armazenadas em SSB por três períodos (30, 60 e 90 dias) a 27C no laboratório. O grupo controle bovino foi cultivado no dia da entrada no laboratório. Ambos os experimentos foram analisados separadamente baseados na proporção de crescimento de isolados e no número de colônias. A SSB foi capaz de manter a maioria de M. bovis viáveis em altas temperaturas por até 30 dias. Houve um declínio progressivo nos outros períodos de armazenamento a 27C, e não houve crescimento a partir de 60 dias a 37C. Apesar da perda de viabilidade de M. bovis, a SSB é a escolha mais favorável para preservar as amostras durante o transporte em um grande país com alta variação de temperatura ambiente. A sensibilidade de detecção de M. bovis por exames bacteriológicos é inversamente proporcional ao tempo de armazenamento. Portanto, é recomendado que o armazenamento de amostras de lesões tuberculosas em SSB não exceda 30 dias a 27°C antes do cultivo.

Influência do uso de óleo essencial de Eugenol e de Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) na água de transporte pré-abate de tilápias cultivadas pela agricultura familiar

Procurando oferecer bem estar animal dentro dos sistemas de cultivos, os quais cada vez mais tecnificados, a tilapicultura dentro da agricultura familiar preocupa-se em produzir produtos competitivos no mercado com qualidade respeitando as leis vigentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito de dois anestésicos naturais sobre a qualidade da carne da tilápia do Nilo, quando adicionados na água de transporte, in vivo, da propriedade até o frigorífico e se o modo de cultivo nesse sistema familiar apresentaria diferenças no produto final. Para tanto, um total de 100 peixes adultos, com peso médio de 816,36 ±1,42 g, foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos: N: peixes não transportados; C: peixes transportados apenas com água (controle); A: peixes transportados com água + veículo anestésico (etanol 36L L-1); E: peixes transportados com água + eugenol (20LL-1) veículo anestésico; e M: peixes transportados com água + óleo essencial de Ocimum basilicum (20L L-1 veículo anestésico). Foi realizada a coleta dos filés de 20 peixes por tratamento para avaliação de parâmetros de qualidade de carne. Como resultado constatou-se que a qualidade da água de transporte não foi afetada (p>0,05) durante o transporte entre os tratamentos, porém o pH encontrado foi 4,59. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos quando avaliadas as colorimetrias referentes ao amarelo (b*) e à luminosidade (L*), a força de cisalhamento e a capacidade de retenção de água. Na colorimetria vermelha do lado vísceras (a*v) e vermelha do lado da pele (a*p), os maiores valores foram determinados para os filés dos tratamentos A e N, respectivamente. O pH dos filés dos peixes transportados com os anestésicos em estudo (E e M) mantiveram valores mais elevados. Os filés dos animais do tratamento N apresentaram a menor média percentual de perda por descongelamento, enquanto a maior perda por gotejamento foi observada no tratamento A, com elevados valores, possivelmente pela forma de congelamento lenta. Na composição química-bromatológica, as médias para matéria mineral (MM) apresentaram diferença significativa no tratamento M, os demais parâmetros ficaram dentro dos valores normais da espécie. Os perfis de ácidos graxos se mostraram dentro dos valores para a espécie. Os tratamentos não apresentaram entre si diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos lipídeos. Foi possível averiguar que os anestésicos naturais exibiram capacidade sedativa e não causaram danos, mas não contiveram alterações típicas fisiológicas causadas pelo estresse de transporte nos filés de tilápias do Nilo, e a forma de cultivo da agricultura familiar ofereceu um produto com valores nutricionais favoráveis ao consumo alimentar.

Trying to offer animal welfare within the culture systems, which are more and more technified, the tilapiculture within the family agriculture is concerned in producing competitive products in the market with quality respecting the current laws. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two natural anesthetics on the quality of Nile tilapia meat when added to the transport water, in vivo, from the farm to the slaughterhouse and if the way of farming in this familiar system would present differences in the final product. For this purpose, a total of 100 adult fish, with a mean weight of 816.36 ±1.42 g, were distributed in five treatments: N: fish not transported; C: fish transported with water only (control); A: fish transported with water + anesthetic vehicle (ethanol 36L L-1); E: fish transported with water + eugenol (20LL-1) anesthetic vehicle; and M: fish transported with water + essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (20L L-1 anesthetic vehicle). The fillets of 20 fish per treatment were collected to evaluate meat quality parameters. As a result, the quality of the transport water was not affected (p>0.05) during transportation between treatments, but the pH value was 4.59. There was no effect of the treatments when the colorimetry referring to yellow (b*) and luminosity (L*), shear force and water retention capacity were evaluated. For the colorimetry red on the viscera side (a*v) and red on the skin side (a*p), the highest values were determined for the fillets of treatments A and N, respectively. The pH of the fillets from fish transported with the anesthetics under study (E and M) maintained higher values. The fillets from animals in treatment N presented the lowest average percentage loss by thawing, while the highest loss by dripping was observed in treatment A, with high values, possibly due to the slow freezing method. In the chemical-bromatological composition, the averages for mineral matter (MM) showed significant difference in treatment M, the other parameters were within the normal values for the species. The fatty acid profiles were within the values for the species. The treatments did not show significant differences (p<0.05) in lipids. It was possible to verify that the natural anesthetics exhibited sedative capacity and did not cause damage, but did not contain typical physiological alterations caused by transport stress in Nile tilapia fillets, and the family farm form of farming offered a product with nutritional values favorable for food consumption.

Manejo pré-abate de ovelhas de descarte: perdas de peso corporal, qualidade da carne e comportamento animal / Pre-slaughter management of discard ewes: body weight losses, meat quality and animal behavio

Objetivou-se com este estudo conhecer o comportamento de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês em diferentes estágios fisiológicos durante o manejo pré-abate, assim como a perda de peso corporal, valores de hematócrito do sangue das mesmas e a qualidade da carne. Utilizaram-se 21 ovelhas de descarte, que foram distribuídas nos respectivos tratamentos: T1 = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus respectivos cordeiros e abatidas um dia após o desmame dos mesmos, T2 = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em lactação com seus respectivos cordeiros e mais um período aproximado de 30 dias sem os cordeiros e posteriormente foram abatidas, e T3 = ovelhas que permaneceram por 60 dias em confinamento e que não pariram durante o ano. O peso das ovelhas após o transporte foi menor para as do tratamento 1 em comparação às do tratamento 2. Os valores de hematócrito no sangue das ovelhas antes do transporte, após o mesmo e após o jejum dos animais no curral de espera não diferiram entre si, com valor médio de 58,50%. Concluiu-se que a qualidade da carne proveniente de ovelhas de descarte em diferentes estágios fisiológicos não é alterada pelo manejo pré-abate, quando realizado de maneira correta (evitando o estresse animal), quanto ao pH da carne.(AU)

The aim of this study was to know the behavior of Santa Inês ewes in different physiological stages during the pre-slaughter management, as well as their body weight loss, blood hematocrit values and meat quality. 21 discard ewes were used, arranged into the following treatments: T1 = ewes which remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs and slaughtered one day after weaning, T2 = ewes which remained in lactation for 60 days with their respective lambs and one more period of approximately 30 days without the lambs and afterwards slaughtered, and T3 = ewes which remained in confinement for 60 days and did not give birth during the year. The weight of ewes after transportation was lower for T1 in comparison with T2. Blood hematocrit values of ewes before and after transportation and after fast in the waiting pen were not different among the treatments, with mean value of 58.50%. We concluded that the quality of meat of discard ewes in different physiological stages is not altered by pre-slaughter management, when correctly performed (avoiding animal stress), concerning meat pH.(AU)