Vaginal cytology in mares in the different stages of the estral cycle associated with the seasons of the year / Citologia vaginal em éguas nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral associadas as estações do ano

The reproductive biotechnologies directly assist in the development of different methods of reproductive evaluation. The objective of this study was to develop a new method to determine the estrous cycle phase in equine females through vaginal cytology throughout the seasons, as well as to establish an estimate of inflammatory cells present in the vagina. Six mares were evaluated at different ages without a defined breed and reproductive activity and were subjected to ultrasound evaluation of the reproductive system and cytological analysis of the vaginal region. In the summer, there was a predominance of keratinized epithelial cells in the estrus and intermediate in the diestrus. In the autumn, there was a predominance of keratinized cells in estrus and parabasal cells in estrus and diestrus. In anestrus (winter), a greater number of parabasal cells was identified in relation to the other cell types. In estrus (spring), there was a predominance of parabasal and intermediate cells. Conversely, in diestrus, parabasals were found in greater numbers. The evaluation of inflammatory cells of the vaginal epithelium of mares showed greater activity in the summer; however, there are no reference values for healthy animals in the literature, and it is necessary to conduct studies on the subject. It is concluded that there is an influence of cyclicity on the vaginal epithelium of the equine species, varying according to the season. Additionally, vaginal cytological evaluation is an important complementary tool in the diagnosis of vaginitis in mares, requiring further research on the subject.(AU)

As biotecnologias reprodutivas auxiliam diretamente no desenvolvimento de diferentes métodos de avaliação repro-dutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um novo método para determinar a fase do ciclo estral em fêmeas equinas através da citologia vaginal ao longo das estações, bem como estabelecer uma estimativa das células inflamatórias presentes na vagina. Seis éguas foram avaliadas em diferentes idades, sem raça definida e em atividade reprodutiva, e foram submetidas à avaliação ultrassonográfica do aparelho reprodutor e análise citológica da região vaginal. No verão, houve predomínio de células epiteliais queratinizadas no estro e intermediárias no diestro. No outono, houve predomínio de células queratinizadas no estro e células parabasais no estro e diestro. No anestro (inverno), foi identificado maior número de células parabasais em relação aos demais tipos celulares. No estro (primavera), houve predomínio de células parabasais e intermediárias. Por outro lado, no diestro, os parabasais foram encontrados em maior número. A avaliação das células inflamatórias do epitélio vaginal de éguas mostrou maior atividade no verão; entretanto, não há valores de referência para animais saudáveis na literatura, sendo necessário a rea-lização de estudos sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que há influência da ciclicidade no epitélio vaginal da espécie equina, variando de acordo com a estação do ano. Além disso, a avaliação citológica vaginal é uma importante ferramenta complementar no diagnóstico da vaginite em éguas, necessitando de mais pesquisas sobre o assunto.(AU)

Uncommon location of lipoma: extraluminally vagina

Background: Lipomas are defined as a soft mass of well-differentiated adipose cells among mesenchymal tumors. Considering the localization of lipomas, these masses are commonly seen in subcutaneous tissue. The female reproductive tract is a rare site for development of lipomas and clinical findings appear depending on the size and localization. The connection of the mass with the vagina lumen causes different clinical findings. Intraluminal tumors protrude and arise from the vulva, while extraluminal tumors lead to perineal swelling. This case describes clinical, ultrasonographic, histological examination, and surgical management of extraluminal vaginal lipoma. Case: The present study reports a case of extraluminal vaginal lipoma in a 10-year-old Pitbull crossbred presented with anamnesis of a protruded tissue from the vulvar lips and dysuria following 6-month swelling in the perineum. Clinical examination revealed that the swelling was obvious and localized mostly on the lower left side of the perineum and the vaginal mucosa was protruded from the vulvar lips due to a mass. By vaginal palpation, the mass was not associated with the vaginal mucosa. The mass was located in the perivaginal region and transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a hypoechogenic mass. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, surgery was recommended. The mass was adherent to the serosa of the vagina and it did not enclose the vaginal mucosa. Excision of mass was performed with careful blunt dissection avoiding any urethral disruption and periurethral tissues. After the mass was determined to be extraluminal, there was no need for excision of the vaginal tissue with the mass during operation. Using histopathological examination the mass was identified as a lipoma composed of adipocytes. In addition, ovariohysterectomy was not recommended following the diagnosis of vaginal lipoma. Discussion: Lipomas uncommonly can be localized in...

Uncommon location of lipoma: extraluminally vagina

Background: Lipomas are defined as a soft mass of well-differentiated adipose cells among mesenchymal tumors. Considering the localization of lipomas, these masses are commonly seen in subcutaneous tissue. The female reproductive tract is a rare site for development of lipomas and clinical findings appear depending on the size and localization. The connection of the mass with the vagina lumen causes different clinical findings. Intraluminal tumors protrude and arise from the vulva, while extraluminal tumors lead to perineal swelling. This case describes clinical, ultrasonographic, histological examination, and surgical management of extraluminal vaginal lipoma. Case: The present study reports a case of extraluminal vaginal lipoma in a 10-year-old Pitbull crossbred presented with anamnesis of a protruded tissue from the vulvar lips and dysuria following 6-month swelling in the perineum. Clinical examination revealed that the swelling was obvious and localized mostly on the lower left side of the perineum and the vaginal mucosa was protruded from the vulvar lips due to a mass. By vaginal palpation, the mass was not associated with the vaginal mucosa. The mass was located in the perivaginal region and transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a hypoechogenic mass. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, surgery was recommended. The mass was adherent to the serosa of the vagina and it did not enclose the vaginal mucosa. Excision of mass was performed with careful blunt dissection avoiding any urethral disruption and periurethral tissues. After the mass was determined to be extraluminal, there was no need for excision of the vaginal tissue with the mass during operation. Using histopathological examination the mass was identified as a lipoma composed of adipocytes. In addition, ovariohysterectomy was not recommended following the diagnosis of vaginal lipoma. Discussion: Lipomas uncommonly can be localized in...(AU)

Sangramentos genitais em cadelas / Genital bleeding in bitches

O aparelho genital da fêmea canina está constituído por várias estruturas ou órgãos de função complexa. A fertilidade da fêmea está vinculada ao seu correto funcionamento. Diferentes aspectos relacionados a disfunções e alterações temporárias ou permanentes do sistema reprodutivo em cadelas permanecem sem explicação. O interesse clínico na compreensão e na resolução dessas questões é importante para assegurar a saúde geral e reprodutiva dos animais acometidos. Uma alteração facilmente identificada em ginecologia canina é o sangramento observado através da vagina. Muitas vezes, o sangramento, que varia em intensidade, podendo ser classificado como hemorragia nas situações de profusão, é o resultado de uma patologia genuína genital. Em outros casos, o sangramento é o resultado de uma disfunção sistêmica e/ou endócrina. O diagnóstico se baseia no histórico, na anamnese e nos achados clínicos, associado a exames complementares.(AU)

The female dog genital tract consists of several structures or organs with complex functions. The fertility of the female is linked to its correct functioning. Different aspects related to dysfunctions and temporary or permanent alterations of the reproductive system in bitches remain unexplained. The clinical interest in understanding and solving these issues is important to ensure the general and reproductive health of the affected animals. An easily identified change in canine gynecology is the bleeding observed through the vagina. Often, bleeding, which varies in intensity, and can be classified as hemorrage in situations of profusion, is the result of a genuine genital pathology. In other cases, bleeding is the result of a systemic and/or endocrine dysfunction. The diagnosis is based on the history, anamnesis and clinical findings associated with complementary tests.(AU)

Sangramentos genitais em cadelas / Genital bleeding in bitches

O aparelho genital da fêmea canina está constituído por várias estruturas ou órgãos de função complexa. A fertilidade da fêmea está vinculada ao seu correto funcionamento. Diferentes aspectos relacionados a disfunções e alterações temporárias ou permanentes do sistema reprodutivo em cadelas permanecem sem explicação. O interesse clínico na compreensão e na resolução dessas questões é importante para assegurar a saúde geral e reprodutiva dos animais acometidos. Uma alteração facilmente identificada em ginecologia canina é o sangramento observado através da vagina. Muitas vezes, o sangramento, que varia em intensidade, podendo ser classificado como hemorragia nas situações de profusão, é o resultado de uma patologia genuína genital. Em outros casos, o sangramento é o resultado de uma disfunção sistêmica e/ou endócrina. O diagnóstico se baseia no histórico, na anamnese e nos achados clínicos, associado a exames complementares.

The female dog genital tract consists of several structures or organs with complex functions. The fertility of the female is linked to its correct functioning. Different aspects related to dysfunctions and temporary or permanent alterations of the reproductive system in bitches remain unexplained. The clinical interest in understanding and solving these issues is important to ensure the general and reproductive health of the affected animals. An easily identified change in canine gynecology is the bleeding observed through the vagina. Often, bleeding, which varies in intensity, and can be classified as hemorrage in situations of profusion, is the result of a genuine genital pathology. In other cases, bleeding is the result of a systemic and/or endocrine dysfunction. The diagnosis is based on the history, anamnesis and clinical findings associated with complementary tests.

Vaginal Fibropapilloma in a Heifer

The term fibropapilloma is used to refer to a papilloma virus induced benign tumor in the skin. A 6 month old Holstein calf was referred to the veterinary hospital of this school having multiple masses in the vaginal roof. The animalhad 4-5 pinkish closely associated masses attached to the dorsal commissure of the vaginal roof about 5 cm deep into the vagina. Histopathological examination revealed the masses similarly consisted of abundant proliferating fibrous tissue with an epithelial covering of variable thickness. The pegs of the epithelium that typically extend into the subjacent connectivetissue demonstrated papillomatous features with irregular hyperplasia and epidermal rete ridges. In the epidermis, the stratum spinosum was hyperplastic and the koilocytes included variably sized keratohyalin granules and a few intranuclear inclusion bodies were present. The dermis consisted of densely packed fibroblasts and dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. In Massons trichrome staining, the bundles of collagen were blue in color. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin but negative for S-100. Based on routine histopathological, special stainingand immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as vaginal fibropapilloma.

Vaginal Fibropapilloma in a Heifer

The term fibropapilloma is used to refer to a papilloma virus induced benign tumor in the skin. A 6 month old Holstein calf was referred to the veterinary hospital of this school having multiple masses in the vaginal roof. The animalhad 4-5 pinkish closely associated masses attached to the dorsal commissure of the vaginal roof about 5 cm deep into the vagina. Histopathological examination revealed the masses similarly consisted of abundant proliferating fibrous tissue with an epithelial covering of variable thickness. The pegs of the epithelium that typically extend into the subjacent connectivetissue demonstrated papillomatous features with irregular hyperplasia and epidermal rete ridges. In the epidermis, the stratum spinosum was hyperplastic and the koilocytes included variably sized keratohyalin granules and a few intranuclear inclusion bodies were present. The dermis consisted of densely packed fibroblasts and dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. In Massons trichrome staining, the bundles of collagen were blue in color. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin but negative for S-100. Based on routine histopathological, special stainingand immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as vaginal fibropapilloma.(AU)

A comparison of microbiological and molecular detection of vaginal Lactobacillus spp . between mares and women

A possible explanation for endometritis in mares is ascendant contamination from the vagina. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. is considered to be important in women for a healthy vaginal environment; however, there are few studies in mares related to the presence of Lactobacillus in the vaginal flora of healthy mares. The present work aims to determine the occurrence of Lactobacillus spp. in the vaginal micro-environment of mares. A total of 35 crossbred multiparous mares, aged between 4 and 12 years, with no history of reproductive problems and with healthy reproductive tracts, were used. Two vaginal swabs were obtained from the mares during estrus for Lactobacillus isolation and PCR evaluation. Ten human female volunteers, aged between 24 and 35 years, sexually active, with no history of gynecological diseases and treatments in the past two years were used. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from 5.7% of the mares’ vaginal samples and from 90% of the women’s vaginal samples. Lactobacillus DNA was detected by PCR in 22.9% of the mares’ vaginal samples and in all of the vaginal samples from the healthy women. The primers used here were demonstrated to have in silico specificity for the detection of L. equi (AB425924.1), L. pantheris (DQ471798.1) and L. mucosae (DQ471799.1), but they did not anneal on Enterococcus faecalis (EU887827.1) or E. faecium (EU887814.1). In conclusion, this study showed a low occurrence of Lactobacillus spp. in mares, suggesting that this bacterium may not play a fundamental role in the equilibrium of the vaginal micro-environment of normal mares.

A comparison of microbiological and molecular detection of vaginal Lactobacillus spp . between mares and women

A possible explanation for endometritis in mares is ascendant contamination from the vagina. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. is considered to be important in women for a healthy vaginal environment; however, there are few studies in mares related to the presence of Lactobacillus in the vaginal flora of healthy mares. The present work aims to determine the occurrence of Lactobacillus spp. in the vaginal micro-environment of mares. A total of 35 crossbred multiparous mares, aged between 4 and 12 years, with no history of reproductive problems and with healthy reproductive tracts, were used. Two vaginal swabs were obtained from the mares during estrus for Lactobacillus isolation and PCR evaluation. Ten human female volunteers, aged between 24 and 35 years, sexually active, with no history of gynecological diseases and treatments in the past two years were used. Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from 5.7% of the mares vaginal samples and from 90% of the womens vaginal samples. Lactobacillus DNA was detected by PCR in 22.9% of the mares vaginal samples and in all of the vaginal samples from the healthy women. The primers used here were demonstrated to have in silico specificity for the detection of L. equi (AB425924.1), L. pantheris (DQ471798.1) and L. mucosae (DQ471799.1), but they did not anneal on Enterococcus faecalis (EU887827.1) or E. faecium (EU887814.1). In conclusion, this study showed a low occurrence of Lactobacillus spp. in mares, suggesting that this bacterium may not play a fundamental role in the equilibrium of the vaginal micro-environment of normal mares.(AU)

Vagina imperfurada em colônia de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c / / Imperforate vagina in a colony of inbred mice BALB/c

Objetivo: Relatar a presença da anomalia imperfuração de vagina observada em colônia de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c. Material e métodos: No período de janeiro a dezembro de 2005, no setor de camundongos isogênicos do Biotério Central do Instituto Butantan, durante as avaliações pós acasalamento, em fêmeas com idade variando de 28 a 180 dias, observou-se em algumas uma acentuada distensão bilobada do períneo, com aspecto de bolsa escrotal. Foi verificado também, um aumento do volume abdominal que variava de acordo com a idade das fêmeas, sendo mais acentuado nas mais velhas. Após eutanásia, com cloridrato de cetamina (300 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (30 mg/ kg), as fêmeas foram necropsiadas. Constatou-se que a vagina e o útero apresentavam- -se distendidos pela presença de material mucóide em seu interior, cuja cor variava de opaca clara (entre as fêmeas jovens) a marrom-avermelhada escura (nas mais idosas). Foram coletados os órgãos genito-urinários para exames histológicos, sendo as lâminas coradas por hematoxilina-eosina examinadas em um analisador de imagem digitalizada. O conteúdo do útero e da vagina foram aspirados assepticamente e semeados em placas de triptose-soja e ágar sangue, incubados por 48 horas a 37ºC. Resultados: As alterações patológicas, observadas em 1,63% das fêmeas avaliadas, foram conseqüentes a um acúmulo de exsudato no lúmen da vagina e do útero não suficientemente absorvido e impossibilitado de ser expelido pela ausência da perfuração vaginal. A uretra e o meato urinário permitiam o esvaziamento da bexiga urinária. O conteúdo do lúmen consistiu de muco, células cornificadas descamadas e neutrófilos, presentes em graus variados dependendo do estágio do ciclo estral na época da necropsia. Os úteros apresentavam- -se distendidos em diferentes graus, resultando em uma parede estreitada delineada por epitélio colunar pseudoestratificado. Os exames bacteriológicos do conteúdo de útero e vagina foram negativos. Conclusão: Os resultados, associados aos casos descritos na literatura, sugerem que a imperfuração da vagina tem origem genética e, provavelmente, está presente desde o nascimento. (CEUA Nº 1017/2003).

Objective: To report the presence of imperforate vagina anomaly in a colony of inbred mice BALB/c. Material and Methods: From January to December 2005, in the sector of inbred mice at the Biotério Central do Instituto Butantan, during evaluations after mating, in females with ages ranging from 28 to 180 days. It was observed in some females a sharp distension bilobed perineum, with the appearance of the scrotum. We also noticed an increase in abdominal volume that varied according to the age of the females, being more pronounced between the older ones. After euthanasia, with ketamine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg) and xylazine (30 mg/kg), the animals were necropsied. It was found that the vagina and uterus presented with distended by the presence of mucoid material in its interior, whose color varied from dull light (among young females) to dark reddish-brown (the older). We collected the genitourinary organs for histological examination, where the slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin were examined and scanned by an image analyzer. The content of the uterus and vagina were aseptically aspirated and plated on tryptose- -plates and soy blood agar, incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Results: The pathological changes observed in 1.63% of females assessed were caused by a buildup of exudate in the lumem of the vagina and uterus that wasn't sufficiently absorved and unable to be expelled by the absence of vaginal perforation. The urethra and the urinary meatus allowed the emptying of the bladder. The contents of the lumen consisted of mucus, desmaquemated cornified cells and neutrophils present in varying degrees depending on the stage of estrous cycle at time of necropsy. The uterus had streched themselves to varying degrees, resulting in a narrowed wall outlined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The bacteriological examinations of the contents of the uterus and vagina were negative. Conclusion: The results, associated with the cases described in the literature suggest that imperforate vagina is genetic and probably is present from birth (CEUA Nº 1017/2003)(au)

Vagina imperfurada em colônia de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c / / Imperforate vagina in a colony of inbred mice BALB/c

Objetivo: Relatar a presença da anomalia imperfuração de vagina observada em colônia de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c. Material e métodos: No período de janeiro a dezembro de 2005, no setor de camundongos isogênicos do Biotério Central do Instituto Butantan, durante as avaliações pós acasalamento, em fêmeas com idade variando de 28 a 180 dias, observou-se em algumas uma acentuada distensão bilobada do períneo, com aspecto de bolsa escrotal. Foi verificado também, um aumento do volume abdominal que variava de acordo com a idade das fêmeas, sendo mais acentuado nas mais velhas. Após eutanásia, com cloridrato de cetamina (300 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (30 mg/ kg), as fêmeas foram necropsiadas. Constatou-se que a vagina e o útero apresentavam- -se distendidos pela presença de material mucóide em seu interior, cuja cor variava de opaca clara (entre as fêmeas jovens) a marrom-avermelhada escura (nas mais idosas). Foram coletados os órgãos genito-urinários para exames histológicos, sendo as lâminas coradas por hematoxilina-eosina examinadas em um analisador de imagem digitalizada. O conteúdo do útero e da vagina foram aspirados assepticamente e semeados em placas de triptose-soja e ágar sangue, incubados por 48 horas a 37ºC. Resultados: As alterações patológicas, observadas em 1,63% das fêmeas avaliadas, foram conseqüentes a um acúmulo de exsudato no lúmen da vagina e do útero não suficientemente absorvido e impossibilitado de ser expelido pela ausência da perfuração vaginal. A uretra e o meato urinário permitiam o esvaziamento da bexiga urinária. O conteúdo do lúmen consistiu de muco, células cornificadas descamadas e neutrófilos, presentes em graus variados dependendo do estágio do ciclo estral na época da necropsia. Os úteros apresentavam- -se distendidos em diferentes graus, resultando em uma parede estreitada delineada por epitélio colunar pseudoestratificado. Os exames bacteriológicos do conteúdo de útero e vagina foram negativos. Conclusão: Os resultados, associados aos casos descritos na literatura, sugerem que a imperfuração da vagina tem origem genética e, provavelmente, está presente desde o nascimento. (CEUA Nº 1017/2003).(AU)

Objective: To report the presence of imperforate vagina anomaly in a colony of inbred mice BALB/c. Material and Methods: From January to December 2005, in the sector of inbred mice at the Biotério Central do Instituto Butantan, during evaluations after mating, in females with ages ranging from 28 to 180 days. It was observed in some females a sharp distension bilobed perineum, with the appearance of the scrotum. We also noticed an increase in abdominal volume that varied according to the age of the females, being more pronounced between the older ones. After euthanasia, with ketamine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg) and xylazine (30 mg/kg), the animals were necropsied. It was found that the vagina and uterus presented with distended by the presence of mucoid material in its interior, whose color varied from dull light (among young females) to dark reddish-brown (the older). We collected the genitourinary organs for histological examination, where the slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin were examined and scanned by an image analyzer. The content of the uterus and vagina were aseptically aspirated and plated on tryptose- -plates and soy blood agar, incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Results: The pathological changes observed in 1.63% of females assessed were caused by a buildup of exudate in the lumem of the vagina and uterus that wasn't sufficiently absorved and unable to be expelled by the absence of vaginal perforation. The urethra and the urinary meatus allowed the emptying of the bladder. The contents of the lumen consisted of mucus, desmaquemated cornified cells and neutrophils present in varying degrees depending on the stage of estrous cycle at time of necropsy. The uterus had streched themselves to varying degrees, resulting in a narrowed wall outlined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The bacteriological examinations of the contents of the uterus and vagina were negative. Conclusion: The results, associated with the cases described in the literature suggest that imperforate vagina is genetic and probably is present from birth (CEUA Nº 1017/2003)(au) EN

Effects of zearalenone in prepubertal gilts / Efeitos da zearalenona em leitoas pré-púberes

Prepubertal gilts were fed with a diet containing zearalenone (ZEA) in a concentration of 0.75 mg/kg for 21 days. The effects of this mycotoxin on morphologic aspects of the reproductive tract as well as on complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry analysis (SBA) and humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were evaluated. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) on the reproductive tract weight, vulvar area, height of the epithelial cells of endometrial glands and uterine mucosa. These results showed the ability of this nonsteroidal mycotoxin in mimicking actions of 17β estradiol at the concentration of 0.75mg/kg. No changes in weight gain, CBC, SBA parameters and humoral response against SRBC were observed.(AU)

Leitoas pré-púbere foram alimentadas com ração contendo 0,75mg/kg de zearalenona (ZEA) durante 21 dias. Os efeitos da micotoxina foram avaliados nos aspectos morfológicos do trato reprodutivo, bem como na hematologia, bioquímica séricas e resposta imune humoral contra hemácias de carneiro. Foi observado aumento significativo (P<0,05) no peso de trato reprodutivo, na área vulvar, na altura das células epiteliais das glândulas endometriais e superficiais da mucosa uterina. Estes resultados demonstraram a capacidade desta micotoxina não esteróide em mimetizar as ações do 17β estradiol na concentração de 0,75mg/kg. Entretanto, apesar das evidentes alterações nos parâmetros estudados no trato reprodutivo, não foram observadas alterações no ganho de peso, bem como nas avaliações hematológicas e bioquímicas sangüíneas e na resposta imune humoral contra hemácias de carneiro.(AU)

Uso de esponjas intravaginais impregnadas com óleos essenciais de Vitex agnus castus L. na sincronização do estro e fertilidade de cabras

A fim de avaliar o efeito do uso de esponjas intravaginais impregnadas com óleos essenciais da planta Vitex agnus castus L. na sincronização do estro e fertilidade de cabras, 48 fêmeas caprinas da raça Anglo Nubiana foram distribuídas em quatro grupos (n = 12) para indução do estro. No grupo 1 (MAP-COM), foi administrado intramuscularmente (IM) 75 g de d-cloprostenol e depositado uma esponja intravaginal impregnada com 60 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP), a qual foi retirada cinco dias depois. No dia da retirada das esponjas, as cabras receberam (IM) 300 UI de eCG; No grupo 2 (MAP-ART), foi realizado o mesmo que no grupo MAP-COM, sendo, porém, utilizadas esponjas intravaginais preparadas artesanalmente e injetadas com 60 mg de MAP. O grupo 3 (OEVAC60) foi semelhante ao MAP-COM, mas a esponja intravaginal foi impregnada com 60 mg de óleo essencial de Vitex agnus castus L.; e o grupo 4 (OEVAC120) diferiu do OEVAC60 pela impregnação de 120 mg de óleo essencial de Vitex agnus castus L. na esponja intravaginal. Inseminações artificiais transcervicais foram realizadas 54 horas após a retirada do dispositivo com sêmen in natura diluído. Todas as fêmeas dos quatros grupos apresentaram estro. Os inícios dos estros nos animais dos grupos MAP-COM ou MAP-ART se concentraram mais cedo comparado aos grupos OEVAC60 e OEVAC120. No 14º dia após a retirada das esponjas, as concentrações de progesterona nas cabras dos grupos MAP-COM e MAP-ART foram superiores (P<0,05) àquelas dos animais pertencentes aos grupos OEVAC60 e OEVAC120. As cabras com estros sincronizados com MAP-COM e MAP-ART apresentaram maiores taxas de gestação que aquelas tratadas nos grupos OEVAC60 e OEVAC120. Portanto, o uso de esponjas intravaginais impregnadas com 60 e 120 mg de óleo essencial da planta Vitex agnus castus L. é capaz de sincronizar o estro.

In order to evaluate the effect of using intravaginal sponges impregnated with essential oils of the plant Vitex agnus castus L. the synchronization of estrus and fertility of goats, 48 female goats race Anglo Nubian were divided into four groups (n=12) for estrus induction. In the group 1 (MAP-COM), It was administered intramuscularly (im) 75 ug of D-cloprostenol and deposited one intravaginal sponge impregnated with 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), which was removed five days later. On the day of sponge removal, the goats received (im) 300 IU eCG; In group 2 (MAP-ART), It was performed the same as in G1, which, however, used intravaginal sponges prepared by hand and injected with 60 mg of MAP. Group 3 (OEVAC60) it was similar to MAP-COM, but intravaginal sponge was impregnated with 60 mg of essential oil Vitex agnus castus L; and group 4 (OEVAC120) differs from OEVAC60 the impregnation 120 mg of the essential oil the plant Vitex agnus castus L. intravaginal sponge. Transcervical artificial inseminations were performed with semen diluted fresh and 54 hours after removal of the device. All females from the four groups showed estrus. The beginnings of estrus in animals of groups MAP-COM or MAP-ART or focused subtly earlier compared to OEVAC60 and OEVAC120 groups. On the 14th day after sponge removal, plasma progesterone concentrations in goats of MAP-COM and MAP-ART groups were higher (P <0.05) to those of animals belonging to OEVAC60 and OEVAC120 groups. The goats with estrus synchronized with MAP-COM and MAP-ART had higher pregnancy rates than those treated in OEVAC60 and OEVAC120 groups. Therefore, the use of intravaginal sponges impregnated with 60 and 120 mg of the essential oil of the plant Vitex agnus castus L. is able to synchronize estrus, but not ovulation goats.

O uso da vagina artificial interna para a coleta de sêmen de touros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) com diferentes experiências sexuais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o uso da vagina artificial interna para a coleta de sêmen de touros bubalinos. No Experimento I, 38 búfalos (Murrah e Mediterrâneo) foram avaliados durante a tentativa de coleta de sêmen com a vagina interna, divididos em 3 categorias de experiência sexual, Categoria 1: condicionados a coleta de sêmen com a vagina artificial convencional (n=9), Categoria 2: sem experiência sexual (n=14) e Categoria 3: com experiência sexual (n=15). No Experimento II, utilizando 6 búfalos Murrah, as amostras de sêmen da vagina interna foram comparadas às da vagina convencional nas qualidades macro e microscópicas, nos parâmetros do CASA, contaminação bacteriana (UFC/mL) e eficiência de recuperação de espermatozoides. No Experimento I, o uso da vagina interna permitiu a coleta de sêmen de 100% dos touros da Categoria 1, de 78,57% dos touros da Categoria 2 e de 46,67% dos touros da Categoria 3. No Experimento II, o volume do ejaculado e o número total de espermatozoides foram menores na vagina interna. Nos parâmetros do CASA, apenas Linearidade foi diferente, superior na vagina interna. O número médio UFC/mL nas amostras da vagina interna foi maior que da vagina convencional. A eficiência de recuperação de espermatozoides foi igual nos dois métodos. Recomenda-se a utilização da vagina artificial interna como método alternativo para a coleta de sêmen de touros bubalinos

The objective of this study was to test the use of internal artificial vagina to collect semen buffalo bulls. In the first experiment, 38 buffaloes (Murrah and Mediterranean) were evaluated while trying to semen collection with the internal vagina, divided into 3 categories of sexual experience, Category 1: conditioned to semen collection with conventional artificial vagina (n = 9 ), Category 2: without sexual experience (n = 14) and Category 3: sexually experienced (n = 15). In Experiment II, using 6 Murrah buffalo, the internal vaginal semen samples were compared to the conventional vagina in macro and microscopic characteristics in CASA parameters, bacterial contamination (CFU / mL) and sperm recovery efficiency. In Experiment I, the use of internal vaginal allowed semen collection 100% of the Category 1 bulls, of 78.57% of Category 2 bulls and 46.67% of Category 3 bulls. In Experiment II, the semen volume and the total number of sperm were lower in the internal vagina. The parameters of CASA, only Linearity was different, higher in the interna vagina. The average number CFU / mL in the internal vagina samples was higher than the conventional vagina. The sperm recovery efficiency was similar in both methods. It is recommended the use of internal artificial vagina as an alternative method for collecting water buffalo bulls semen.

Prevalência e susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos de Staphylococci isolados de vagina de ovelhas sadias / Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococci isolated from the vagina of healthy ewes

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: identificar as espécies de Staphylococcus sp. da vagina de ovelhas sem sinal de infecção e determinar sua susceptibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos. Swabs estéreis foram usados para coletar as amostras da vagina de 24 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, do mesmo rebanho, classificadas como livres de doenças genitais após um histórico e exame físico detalhados. Procedimentos bacteriológicos padronizados, como por exemplo, o isolamento em meio de cultura seletivo e crescimento das amostras em aerobiose, foram utilizados para identificação dos isolados. Espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-positivo (CoPS) representaram 60% dos isolados e foram significantemente mais resistentes do que as espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. A resistência aos antibióticos foi frequentemente observada, e 66,6% dos isolados demonstraram resistência à pelo menos uma droga. Ciprofloxacina foi o agente antimicrobiano mais eficiente, não apresentando nenhuma cepa resistente, enquanto a Penicilina G foi a droga menos efetiva (40% de resistência). Esse estudo confirma a presença de amostras estafilocócicas na vagina de ovelhas, com predominância de CoPS que apresentaram resistência a diversos antibióticos testados. Este trabalho contribui para um melhor esclarecimento sobre o papel dos staphylococci na vagina das ovelhas e sua susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, colaborando para um tratamento de vaginite mais eficiente, que pode ser causada por este gênero bacteriano.(AU)

The aims of this study were identify the species of Staphylococcus sp. from the vagina of healthy ewes and determine their in vitro susceptibility to antibiotics. Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect samples from the vagina of 24 ewes. Standard bacteriological procedures were conducted. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species (COPS) represented 60% of the isolates and were significantly more resistant to antibiotics than coagulase-negative isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, and 66.6% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one tested drug. Ciprofloxacin was the most active antimicrobial agent (100%), while Penicillin G was the less effective (40% of resistance). This study confirms the presence of Staphylococcal isolates in the vagina of ewes, with predominance of CoPS isolates resistant to various antibiotics. This study contributes to a better knowledge about the role of Staphylococcus species in the ewes vagina and their antimicrobial susceptibility, collaborating for a better treatment of the vaginitis determined by these bacteria.(AU)

Prevalência e susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos de Staphylococci isolados de vagina de ovelhas sadias / Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococci isolated from the vagina of healthy ewes

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: identificar as espécies de Staphylococcus sp. da vagina de ovelhas sem sinal de infecção e determinar sua susceptibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos. Swabs estéreis foram usados para coletar as amostras da vagina de 24 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, do mesmo rebanho, classificadas como livres de doenças genitais após um histórico e exame físico detalhados. Procedimentos bacteriológicos padronizados, como por exemplo, o isolamento em meio de cultura seletivo e crescimento das amostras em aerobiose, foram utilizados para identificação dos isolados. Espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-positivo (CoPS) representaram 60% dos isolados e foram significantemente mais resistentes do que as espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. A resistência aos antibióticos foi frequentemente observada, e 66,6% dos isolados demonstraram resistência à pelo menos uma droga. Ciprofloxacina foi o agente antimicrobiano mais eficiente, não apresentando nenhuma cepa resistente, enquanto a Penicilina G foi a droga menos efetiva (40% de resistência). Esse estudo confirma a presença de amostras estafilocócicas na vagina de ovelhas, com predominância de CoPS que apresentaram resistência a diversos antibióticos testados. Este trabalho contribui para um melhor esclarecimento sobre o papel dos staphylococci na vagina das ovelhas e sua susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, colaborando para um tratamento de vaginite mais eficiente, que pode ser causada por este gênero bacteriano.

The aims of this study were identify the species of Staphylococcus sp. from the vagina of healthy ewes and determine their in vitro susceptibility to antibiotics. Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect samples from the vagina of 24 ewes. Standard bacteriological procedures were conducted. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species (COPS) represented 60% of the isolates and were significantly more resistant to antibiotics than coagulase-negative isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, and 66.6% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one tested drug. Ciprofloxacin was the most active antimicrobial agent (100%), while Penicillin G was the less effective (40% of resistance). This study confirms the presence of Staphylococcal isolates in the vagina of ewes, with predominance of CoPS isolates resistant to various antibiotics. This study contributes to a better knowledge about the role of Staphylococcus species in the ewe’s vagina and their antimicrobial susceptibility, collaborating for a better treatment of the vaginitis determined by these bacteria.

Fibrin adhesive and the vaginal vault synthesis on female rabbits abdominal hysterectomies / Adesivo de fibrina e a síntese da cúpula vaginal após histerectomia abdominal em coelhos fêmeas

PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness of fibrin glue in comparison with polyglycolic acid suture to promote the closure of rabbit's vaginal vault, after abdominal hysterectomy. METHODS: Twenty female, adults, New Zealand rabbits, were submitted to abdominal hysterectomy and randomly distributed to polyglycolic acid suture (G-PA / n=10) or fibrin glue closure of vaginal vault (G-FG / n=10). Radiograph study allowed identifying vault vaginal suture disrupter or fistulas to urinary bladder or rectum. Videovaginoscopy study allowed identifying the presence of cellulites, abscess formation, tissue granulation or granuloma. Vaginal cuff burst test allowed to identify by the escape of air bubbles and rupture pression record. Histological sections stained with Picrosirius red allowed the measure of fibrous tissue healing. RESULTS: The videovaginoscopy identified a significant difference (Fisher Test p<0.3142) of granulation tissue in the animals of G-PA (40 percent) in comparison with the G-FG (20 percent). The gross inspection showed the same relation in the granulation tissue occurrence (Fisher test p< 0.1749) with G-PA (50 percent) and G-FB (20 percent). The visceral adhesion to the vaginal vault wound was statistical significant (Fisher test p< 0.1749) with G-PA (50 percent) and G-FG (20 percent). The pressure of rupture (mm Hg) of the burst test was similar (p<0.0421) in the animals of G-PA (61.5±19.3) and G-FG (72.5±21.9). The collagen matrix of vault wound healing was similar (p< 0.0231) between the G-PA (31.63±15) and the G-FG (23.2±13.2). CONCLUSION: The vaginal vault closure using the fibrin glue is a safe and reliable procedure after abdominal hysterectomy in female rabbit model.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar a eficácia da cola de fibrina e da sutura usando fio de ácido poliglicólico para promover o fechamento da cúpula vaginal de coelhas, após histerectomia abdominal. MÉTODOS: Vinte coelhos fêmeas, New Zealand, adultas foram submetidas à histerectomia abdominal e distribuídas para sutura da cúpula vaginal com fio de ácido poliglicólico (G-PA / n=10) ou cola de fibrina (G-FG / n=10). Estudo radiológico foi realizado para identificar deiscências ou fístulas vesicais ou retais. Videovaginoscopia foi realizada para identificar a presença de secreções, abscessos, tecido de granulação ou granuloma tipo corpo estranho. Teste in vitro de pressão de rompimento sob selo d'água foi realizado para identificar a perviedade da sutura. O tecido de cicatrização foi estudado pela coloração com picrosirius red para mensuração do tecido fibrótico. RESULTADOS: A videovaginoscopia mostrou uma diferença significante (Teste de Fisher p<0,3142) no tecido de granulação do grupo G-PA (40 por cento) em comparação com o grupo G-FG (20 por cento). A análise macroscópica mostrou a mesma relação com o tecido de granulação (Teste de Fisher p< 0.1749) com G-PA (50 por cento) e G-FB (20 por cento). A aderência visceral à cúpula vaginal foi estatisticamente significativa (Teste de Fisher p< 0.1749) com o G-PA (50 por cento) e G-FG (20 por cento). A pressão de rompimento (mmHg) foi similar (p<0.0421) nos animais do grupo G-PA (61.5±19.3) e G-FG (72.5±21.9). A matriz colagenosa do tecido de cicatrização teve resultados semelhantes (p< 0.0231) entre G-PA (31.63±15) e G-FG (23.2±13.2). CONCLUSÃO: O fechamento da cúpula vaginal usando cola de fibrina é um procedimento seguro e confiável após histerectomia abdominal em coelhos fêmeas.(AU)

The oophorectomy effect on Walker 256 tumor inoculated into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats / Efeito da ooforectomia no tumor de Walker 256 inoculado em vagina e colo de útero de ratos fêmeas

PURPOSE: Verify the effect of oophorectomy on the evolution of the Walker 256 tumor inoculated into the vagina and cervix of female rats. METHODS: Ten Wistar, female rats were used, distributed into two groups with 05 animals each: Tumor group (TG): Rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor; Oophorectomy group (OG): oophorectomized rats inoculated with Walker 256 tumor. The day before the tumor vaginal inoculation, acetic acid was inoculated into the vaginas of both groups of rats; the following day, the vaginal walls were scarified with an endocervix brush, and then Walker 256 tumor was inoculated. After 12 days, the tumor was removed together with the vagina and uterine horns for macro and microscopic analyses. The data were submitted to statistical analyses. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the two groups; however it was observed that the behavior of tumor growth on the OG group presented greater invasion, compromising the uterine horns. CONCLUSION: The results of the study on the GO group presented a macroscopic behavior different from the TG group, however, both of them presented similar development in terms of tumor mass.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito da ooforectomia à inoculação do tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 10 ratas Wistar, fêmeas, virgens, adultas, distribuídas em dois grupos de estudo com 05 animais cada: grupo tumor (GT): ratas inoculadas com tumor de Walker 256, e grupo Ooforectomia (GO): ratas ooforectomizadas e inoculadas com tumor de Walker 256. No dia anterior à inoculação vaginal do tumor, foram inoculados 0,3ml de ácido acético na vagina das ratas de ambos os grupos; no dia seguinte, foi realizada a escarificação da parede vaginal com uma escova de endocérvice e inoculado tumor de Walker 256. Após 12 dias, foi removido o tumor em bloco com vagina e cornos uterinos para análise macro e microscópica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos; no entanto, notou-se que o comportamento de crescimento do tumor no grupo GO apresentou maior invasividade em extensão, comprometendo cornos uterinos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que o grupo GO apresentou comportamento macroscópico diferente ao grupo GT, no entanto, em termos totais de massa tumoral ambos apresentam desenvolvimento similar.(AU)

Experimental inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma into vagina and cervix uteri of female rats / Modelo experimental de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas

PURPOSE: To establish an inoculation model of Walker 256 carcinoma on cervix uteri and vagina of rats. METHODS: Fifteen female rats were used, and assigned to three groups each one with five rats: group A - rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma without acid acetic inoculation; group B - rats with 2x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation and group C: rats with 4x10(6) cells of Walker 256 carcinoma with acid acetic inoculation. The day before tumor cells inoculation the rats from groups B and C were anaesthetized with diethylether and 0,3 ml of acetic acid was inoculated into their vaginas. Tumor cell inoculation into the vagina and cervix was done under general anesthesia with diethylether. Then a endocervical brush was used to scrape the vaginal wall and after that 0,3 ml of the liquid containing tumor cells was inoculated on the vagina and cervix. For the tumor analysis, animals were euthanized at day 12 following tumor cell implantation by an excessive inhalation of diethylether. Tumor was resected entirely and weighed and the tumors were then sectioned and counter stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic evaluation. It was also calculated the percentage of tumor equivalent to the body weight by the formula: P= tumor weight / body weight x 100. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance - ANOVA. P values < 0.05 were taken to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: Implantation and growth on GB and GC was 100 percent and on GA 20 percent. There was no statistical difference between GB and GC averages. CONCLUSION: According to the methods used, the Walker 256 carcinoma inoculation model into vagina and cervix have an implantation and growth rate of 100 percent when associated with previous acid acetic inoculation and there is no behavioral difference between using 2x10(6) or 4x10(6) cells on its inoculation(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo de inoculação de Tumor de Walker 256 em vagina e colo de útero de ratas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 15 ratas fêmeas, virgens, adultas, pesando entre 200-250g, distribuídas em três grupos de estudo com cinco animais cada: grupo A (GA): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) sem ácido acético; grupo B (GB): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 2x10(6) células com ácido acético; grupo C (GC): ratas com tumor de Walker 256 em concentração de 4x10(6) células com ácido acético. No dia anterior à inoculação do tumor, foi realizada a inoculação de 0,3 ml de ácido acético a 10 por cento na vagina das ratas de GB e GC; no dia seguinte, tanto estas como as ratas do grupo GA foram anestesiadas, feita a escarificação da parede vaginal com uma escova de endocérvice e inoculado 0,3ml de tumor na concentração de 4x10(6) células nos grupos GA e GC e 2x10(6) células no grupo GB. Após 12 dias, foi realizada a eutanásia e removido o tumor em bloco com vagina e cornos uterinos para análise, sendo pesado e averiguado seu volume e calculado as relações entre o seu peso e o peso final da rata e o seu volume e o peso final da rata. Os dados foram colhidos e submetidos à análise estatística pelo método ANOVA (um critério). RESULTADOS: A pega em GB e GC foi 100 por cento e em GA 20 por cento. Não houve diferença estatística entre as médias obtidas entre GB e GC. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, o modelo de tumor de Walker 256 na vagina apresenta pega de 100 por cento quando associado a ácido acético e não há diferença de comportamento com a inoculação de 4x10(6)ou 2x10(6) células(AU)

Descrição de duas novas técnicas cirúrgicas para o tratamento de prolapso vaginal em vacas zebuinas : vaginectomia parcial e vaginopexia dorsal

No final da década de 1990 observou-se um aumento significativo de uma nova modalidade de afecção, o prolapso vaginal parcial ou total recorrente não associado à gestação, principalmente em vacas zebuínas. Em razão do alto valor comercial dos animais acometidos, inicialmente, indicou-se as técnicas convencionais como as de Caslick, Bühner ou Flessa, porém sem o sucesso esperado devido à recorrência da alteração. Considerando esta dificuldade, este trabalho objetivou descrever duas novas técnicas cirúrgicas na correção do prolapso vaginal, denominadas vaginectomia parcial e vaginopexia dorsal em vacas. A condução do estudo foi a campo, utilizando-se 812 vacas zebuínas em idade reprodutiva, alojadas em diversas propriedades de diferentes estados brasileiros. Foram selecionados animais que apresentavam a afecção e que mantiveram os parâmetros clínicos de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal, dentro da normalidade. O diagnóstico do prolapso vaginal foi realizado por meio de anamnese e dos sinais clínicos como exposição da vagina pela rima vulvar, tenesmo, inquietação, lesões da porção evertida, retenção urinária e vaginite. A avaliação dos animais permitiu definir o estágio do prolapso, com a finalidade de eleger a técnica cirúrgica mais adequada. Os protocolos anestésicos foram cumpridos, considerando-se a técnica cirúrgica eleita. A vaginectomia parcial foi utilizada para o tratamento do prolapso vaginal de grau 1 e a vaginopexia dorsal para os de grau 2 e 3. Os resultados pós-cirúrgicos das duas técnicas indicaram alta porcentagem de recuperação (93.44% para vaginectomia parcial e 96,14% para vaginopexia dorsal) e baixo número de recidivas (6,25% e 3,66%, para vaginectomia parcial e vaginopexia dorsal, respectivamente, e baixa mortalidade (entre 0,20 a 0,31%), podendo...

At the end of the decade of 1990, a significant increase of a new affection was observed in the field. This occurrence, recurrent partial or total vaginal prolapse is not associated with gestation, is seen primarily in zebu cows where, in extreme cases, resulted in a total prolapse of the vagina, which included exteriorization of the cervix. Given the high commercial value of elite animals presenting this condition, the increase in cases observed led to attempts to solve the condition with conventional techniques such as those of Caslick, Bühner and Flessa. However, reoccurrence of the prolapse was commonly observed soon after the use of these techniques. Considering these difficulties, the aim of the present work was to develop two new surgical techniques employed in the correction of vaginal prolapse, named partial vaginectomy and dorsal vaginopexy in cows. The research was conducted in the field, using 812 zebu cows of reproductive age, maintained in several properties in different Brazilian states. The animals selected had the vaginal alteration while maintaining all clinical parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature, all within normal range. The diagnosis of a vaginal prolapse was performed by anamnesis and analysis of the clinical signs, such as visualization of the vagina through the vulva, tenesmus, agitation, lesions in the everted portin and vaginitis. Evaluation of the animals allowed for the definition of stages of the disease, aiding the choice of an adequate surgical technique. Anesthetic protocols were performed taking into consideration the selected surgery. Partial vaginectomy was employed for the treatment of vaginal prolapses of grade 1, whereas dorsal vaginopexy was used for the grade 2 and 3 prolapses. Post-surgical results for both techniques indicated a high percentage of recovery...