Performance and Carcass of Broiler Quails Fed Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

This study determined the metabolizable energy of DDGS for broiler quails (Experiment I) and evaluated the effect of different dietary levels of DDGS on performance, carcass, organ weight, meat quality, and economic viability (Experiment II). In Experiment I, 72 broiler quails were randomly distributed into two treatments (reference or test diets). The experimental period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, followed by 5 days of total excreta collection. Experimental diets consisted of a reference or a test diet containing 800 g/kg reference diet and 200 g/kg DDGS. In experiment II, 432 unsexed broiler quails were randomly distributed into groups fed six levels of DDGS (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 g/kg). At 43 days of age, birds were slaughtered and evaluated for carcass yield, organ weight, and meat quality. Apparent metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen retention of DDGS were 2,488 and 2,466 kcal/kg for males and females, respectively. In the growth phase and the overall period, feed intake increased linearly (p=0.015 and 0.040) and feed conversion ratio worsened (p=0.038 and 0.001) with the inclusion of DDGS in the diet, respectively. A linear increasing (p=0.001) of gizzard weight was observed with increasing dietary DDGS levels, while the economic variables were affect depending on seasonal feedstocks prices. It is concluded that dietary levels up to 250 g/kg DDGS do not affect growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler quails. However, the prices of ingredients in the harvest and off-season period should be considered to determine the level of inclusion of DDGS.(AU)

Physiological and sanitary quality of wheat cultivars seeds subjected to chemical and biological seed treatments / Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de cultivares de trigo submetidas a tratamentos de sementes químico e biológico

Brazilian wheat farming is characterized by a high occurrence of seed-transmitted diseases that can cause significant damage to grain production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed treatments on the physiological and sanitary quality of wheat cultivar seeds. Seeds from three commercial wheat cultivars (TBIO Sossego, TBIO Sinuelo, and TBIO Toruk) were used, along with four seed treatments (Control, Chemical, Biological, and Chemical + Biological). The physiological quality of the seeds was determined based on first germination count, germination percentage, quantification of abnormal seedlings, shoot and radicle length, whole seedling dry weight, and emergence velocity index (EVI). The sanitary quality was assessed using the Blotter test. Overall, the chemical treatment combined with the seeds of the TBIO Toruk cultivar provided better indices of physiological and sanitary quality.(AU)

A triticultura brasileira é marcada pela elevada ocorrência de doenças transmitidas via sementes, capazes de causar danos à produção de grãos. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de tratamentos de sementes na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de cultivares de trigo. Foram utilizadas sementes de três cultivares comerciais de trigo (TBIO Sossego, TBIO Sinuelo e TBIO Toruk) e quatro tratamentos de sementes (Controle, Químico, Biológico e Químico + Biológico). A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi determinada com base nos testes de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, quantificação número de plântulas anormais, comprimento de parte aérea e radícula, massa seca de plântula inteira e índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). A qualidade sanitária foi determinada através do Blotter test. Em geral, o tratamento químico associado às sementes da cultivar TBIO Toruk proporcionou melhores índices de qualidade fisiológica e sanitária.(AU)

Como aumentar as chances de sobrevivência neonatal / How to increase neonatal survival chances

O aumento da taxa de sobrevivência neonatal está diretamente relacionada a medidas de prevenção de fatores que levem a morte do filhote. A viabilidade do neonato é otimizada por meio de cuidados realizados antes mesmo do acasalamento, cuidados com a gestante e o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento do feto durante a gestação. É de suma importância o reconhecimento precoce do parto distócico, e da fisiologia neonatal para a aplicação de condutas adequadas afim de se otimizar a viabilidade do recém-nascido.(AU)

The increase in the neonatal survival rate is directly related to measures to prevent factors that lead to the death of the puppy and kitten. The viability of the newborn is optimized through care provided even before mating, care for the pregnant woman and monitoring the development of the fetus during pregnancy. Early recognition of dystocia and neonatal physiology is of paramount importance for the application of appropriate conducts in order to optimize the viability of the newborn.(AU)

Long term classical methods for the preservation of xanthan gum-producing Xanthomonas arboricola pathovar pruni strains / Métodos clássicos de longo prazo parapreservação e produção de gomaxantana por cepas de Xanthomonas arborícola patovar pruni

The maintenance of viable and stable Xanthomonascells is crucial for the xanthan reliable research and industrial production. The method, storage and recovery conditions should preserve bothviability and phenotypical and genotypical features. Here, the effectiveness classical methods on the long-term preservation of different Xanthomonas arboricola pathovar pruni strains was to determine.Strains were preserved by monthly sub-culturing in solid medium and lyophilization. After 12 years the viability of the strains, was assessed, as well as their productive capacity and the viscosity of the xanthan gum produced by these strains kept by lyophilization and sub-culturing. Among the lyophilized strains, only those stored at -18 °C were viable after 12 years. The productive capacity of the strains were poorly affected by lyophilization, the passage of the cultures into a solid nutrition medium being sufficient for them to return to their normal metabolism. The viscosity of the synthesized xanthan gum was method-dependent and higher for the lyophilized strains. The work and its findings arenew and original because a work on this topic has never been published before. The results obtained allow the breaking of paradigms regarding the preservation of Xanthomonas.(AU)

A manutenção de células de Xanthomonas viáveis e estáveis é crucial para se obter uma pesquisa confiável e para a produção de xantana industrial.O método, o armazenamento eascondições de recuperação devem preservar tanto a viabilidade quanto as características fenotípicas e genotípicas. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a eficácia dos métodos clássicos na preservação a longo prazo de diferentes cepas de Xanthomonas arboricolapatovarpruni. As cepas foram preservadas por subcultivo mensal em meio sólido e liofilização. Após 12 anos,avaliou-se a viabilidade das linhagens, bem como a capacidade produtiva e a viscosidade da goma xantana produzida por essas linhagens mantidas por liofilização e subcultivo. Entre as cepas liofilizadas, somente foram viáveis, após 12 anos, as armazenadas a -18°C. A capacidade produtiva das cepas foi pouco afetada pela liofilização, sendo suficiente a passagem das culturas para um meio de cultivosólido para que elas voltassem ao seu metabolismo normal. A viscosidade da goma xantana sintetizada foi dependente do método e maior para as cepas liofilizadas. O estudo e suas descobertas sãonovos e originais porque um trabalho sobre este tópico nunca foi publicado antes. Os resultados obtidos permitem quebrar paradigmas quanto à preservação de Xanthomonas.(AU)

Método de seleção de sementes de milho crioulo para pequenos produtores / Landrace maize seed selection method for small producers

A seleção de sementes com qualidade fisiológicaé fundamental para pequenos agricultores, que selecionam e salvam as sementes para a próxima safra. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes em três posições na espiga, de duas variedades de milho crioulo. Oexperimento foi realizado no município de Bagé, no ano de 2020, com sementes da safra 2019/2020 na Faculdade IDEAU. Foram utilizadas sementes das variedades Ferrinho e Amarelão, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram compostos pela separação das sementes em três posições da espiga: Basal, Intermediária e Apical. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e massa seca de plântula. As sementes das posiçõesBasal e Intermediária apresentam germinação entre 94 e 98%, superior a posição Apical. A primeira contagem da germinação e os testes de comprimento e massa seca de plântula mostraram baixo nível de vigor para todos os tratamentos. As sementes das posiçõesBasal e Intermediária das var. de milho crioulo Amarelão e Ferrinho apresentaram maior viabilidade, mostrando que sua seleção, com descarte das sementes Apicais, demonstra potencial como método de seleção para agricultores familiares. Entretanto, independentemente da posição na espiga, as sementes analisadas apresentaram baixo nível de vigor.(AU)

The selection of seeds with physiological quality is essential for smallfarmers, who select and save seeds for the next crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds in three positions on the ear of two varieties landrace maize. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Bagé, in the year 2020, with seeds from the 2019/2020 harvest at Faculdade IDEAU. Seeds of the Ferrinho and Amarelão varieties were used, in a completely randomized design, with four replications and the treatments were composed by separating the seeds in three positions of the ear: Basal, Intermediate and Apical. Tests for germination, first germination count, seedling length and seedling dry mass were performed. The seeds of the Basal and Intermediate positions present germination between 94 and 98%, higher than the Apical position. The first germination count and the tests of seedling length and dry mass showed a low level of vigour for all treatments. The seeds of the Basal and Intermediate positions of var. of landrace maize Amarelão and Ferrinho showed higher viability, showing that their selection, with the disposal of Apical seeds, demonstrates potential as selection method for small farmers. However, regardless of the position on the ear, the seeds analyzed showed a low level of vigour.(AU)

Time reduction to evaluate Pinus taeda seeds germination by time-to-event analysis

The species Pinus taeda is largely used in intensive silviculture worldwide. This species has propagation through seeds, which requires determining seeds viability for their commercialization. The germination test recommended for this species usually requires up to 63 days to provide results on the quality of freshly harvested seeds, delaying commercialization and favoring contamination during the conduction of the test. The authors of this study aimed to establish the developmental stages of P. taeda seedlings to determine a criterion for interpreting the germination test with greater speed and efficiency to obtain results. The seeds were sown in transparent plastic boxes on two sheets of blotting paper and placed in a germinator at 22 °C with constant lighting. Five morphological stages of seedling development were defined with daily counts of the number of normal seedlings for each criterion, distribution in time, and the accumulated percentage of normal seedlings adjusted to time-to-event nonlinear regression. The new interpretation criterion proposed in this study is efficient, and P. taeda seedlings can be considered normal when cotyledon leaves differ by approximately 3 mm between the integument and hypocotyl, reducing the time to conduct the germination test by up to ten days compared to the criterion usually used in the routine analysis of seed laboratories.

Efficacy of Ficus carica leaf extract on morphological and molecular behavior of mice germ stem cells

Infertility is one of the most prevalent health disorders in reproductive-age males and females. Ficus carica (Fc), an herbal plant, has been used traditionally for the treatment of different diseases such as infertility especially in Iranian folk medicine. This study examined the effects of Fc leaf extract on the proliferation of mice spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Phenolic, flavonoid content, major polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated respectively by Folin-Ciocateu, aluminum chloride, HPLC and the FRAP and DPPH methods. Testicular cells of neonate mice were extracted and their identity was confirmed using cytokeratin for Sertoli and Oct-4, CDHI and PLZF for SSCs. Effects of Fc (0.0875, 0.175, 0.35, 0.71 and 1.42 mg/ml) was evaluated at third, 7th, 9th and 14th days of culture by colony assay. The expression of the Mvh, GFRα1 and Oct-4 genes and the viability and proliferation of cultured cells was assessed at the end of the culture period. The extract has a rich phenolic and flavonoid content such as Rutin, Psoralen, Bergapten and Caffeoylmalic acid using HPLC analysis. It also had a potent reducing and radical scavenging activity. Morphology of colonies was similar in all groups. Higher viability, proliferation, colony number and diameter of SSCs was seen in the presence of Fc leaf extract in a dosedependent manner so that higher number and diameter of colonies were observed in two higher doses of 0.71 and 1.42 mg/ml, separately for each time point relative to other groups. The Mvh, Oct-4 and GFRα1 genes expression had no significant differences between groups. It seems that Fc leaf extract not only had no any cytotoxic effects on the viability and proliferation of SSCs but also support their stemness state. So, this culture system can be employed for enrichment of germ stem cells for use in clinical applications.(AU)

Avances en el manejo de gametos caninos in vitro / Advance in handling canine gametes in vitro

Las características fisiológicas de los gametos caninos que los hace especiales respecto a los de otras especies han dificultado los estudios tendientes a incrementar los porcentajes de éxito en diversas biotecnologías reproductivas. Entre estas características está el inicio de la meiosis de los ovocitos posterior al nacimiento y la ovulación de un gameto inmaduro como ovocito primario, lo que ha complejizado la maduración in vitro de estos ovocitos y, por parte de los espermatozoides, una gran diferencia en la sobrevivencia de los espermatozoides eyaculados versus los congelados-descongelados, que hace imprescindible evaluar la biología reproductiva de estos gametos tendiente a optimizar nuevos protocolos haciendo énfasis previamente en una adecuada evaluación del crecimiento del ovocito in vivo y de la viabilidad espermática en aquellos sometidos a criopreservación(AU)

The physiological characteristics of canine gametes that make them unique compared to those of other species have hindered studies aimed at increasing the success rates in various reproductive biotechnologies. Among these characteristics is the meiosis of the oocytes after birth and the ovulation of an immature gamete as a primary oocyte, which has made the in vitro maturation of these oocytes more complex and, on the part of the spermatozoa, a significant difference in the viability of ejaculated versus frozen-thawed spermatozoa, which makes it essential to evaluate the reproductive biology of these gametes in order to optimize new protocols, previously emphasizing an adequate evaluation of in vivo oocyte growth and sperm viability in those subjected to cryopreservation.(AU)

Sperm cell capacitation status of ram semen after cooling

Background: The use of conventional artificial insemination (AI) in sheep production is usually associated with lower fertility rates when frozen semen is used. Cooled ram semen has been an alternative over frozen semen due to the higher viability, seminal quality and fertility rates following AI. The semen preservation process promotes sperm cell modifications similar to capacitation (capacitation-like) that causes cell damage affecting viability and seminal quality, but such effects are unclear for cooled semen. The aim of this study was to determine the status of sperm cell capacitation (CA) and acrosome reaction (AR) during ram semen processing and cooling under different extenders, dilution factors, and aerobiosis conditions as a function of storage time at 5o C. Materials, Methods & Results: Two consecutive ejaculates per day per male were collected from 2 adult rams by artificial vagina at 48-72 h intervals, in three replications. After macro- and microscopic evaluations, semen was segregated into groups under 3 extenders (Tris-egg yolk or TY, citrate-egg yolk or CY, skimmed milk or SM), 2 dilution factors (1 x 109 or Bi, 100 x 106 or Mi cells/mL), and 2 aerobiosis conditions (aerobic or A, semi-anaerobic or SA). Diluted semen was cooled to 5ºC and stored for up to 72 h, with evaluations every 24 h. Aliquots of fresh ejaculates and of each cooled diluted subgroup, according to extender, dilution, and aerobiosis, were collected at times T0 and T72 for determination of acrosome status and membrane integrity by the chlortetracycline (CTC) and trypan blue-Giemsa stainings, respectively. No differences were detected in sperm cell motility (M) and motility vigor (V) between fresh and diluted semen. After cooling, a significant decrease in M was observed after 48 h in CY and SM compared with fresh semen and 0 h of cooling, while V started to decrease after 24 h in CY compared with TY. Likewise, M/V from different dilutions and aerobic conditions decreased more significantly after 48 and 24 h of cooling, respectively. The sperm capacitation status did not show differences in the proportion of non-capacitated (NCA), CA and AR sperm cells between TY, CY, and SM extenders (NCA: 75.0%, 71.3%, 74.0%; CA: 15.7%, 17.2%, 15.9%; AR: 9.3%, 11.5%, 10.2%) or between Bi and Mi dilutions (NCA: 74.0%, 72.9%; CA: 15.9%, 16.6%; AR: 10.1%, 10.5%), respectively. However, differences (P < 0.05) were observed between A and SA aerobic conditions, with CA (17.0% vs. 15.5%) and AR (11.9% vs. 8.7%) rates being higher in A than SA, respectively, with no differences in NCA (71.1% vs. 75.8%), irrespective of the storage time. Sperm cell viability decreased after 48 h, especially in CY (P < 0.05). Discussion: Ram sperm cells can suffer irreversible damage due to thermal shock during cooling. Egg yolk-based extenders provide phospholipids and cholesterol to protect the sperm cell membrane during the thermal shock caused by the change in temperature. In this study, sperm cells had irreversible decreases in M/V, with increase in acrosome and plasma membrane damage after cooling to 5ºC. The largest and smallest decreases in M and V over time were observed in the CY and TY extenders, respectively. In addition to the extender type, the semen preservation method and storage time promoted changes in the capacitation status, AR and in sperm cell viability, which per se were associated with a decrease in semen fertility. In fact, the proportions of CA and/or AR sperm cells gradually increased over time after dilution and storage at 5ºC, with a negative correlation between sperm cell viability and M/V over time. In summary, extender and cooling time affected mostly M/V, while aerobiosis condition and dilution factor were more associated with acrosome status and sperm survival, with the extender having less impact on the acrosome status as a function of time.

Thermogenic oils as a substitute forractopamine in the production of heavy pigs / Óleos termogênicos em substituição a ractopamina na produção de suínos em fase de pós-terminação

This study aimed to assess the effects of thermogenic oils (safflower and coconut oils) as a replacement for ractopamine in heavy pig diets. A total of 24 mix-breed barrows with an average weight of 98.70 ± 1.63 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments were as follows: basal diet, modified basal diet + 10 ppm ractopamine, basal diet + safflower oil, and basal diet + coconut oil. Animal performance, organ weights, meat quality, carcass traits, and economic viability were determined. Data were analyzed using Duncan's test at the 5% significance level. The safflower oil diet resulted in the highest carcass meat and ham weights, whereas the coconut oil diet provided the highest loin eye area and the lowest fat area, resulting in the highest meat/fat ratio. Analysis of economic viability indicators revealed that vegetable oil treatments differed significantly from other treatments in feed cost, feed cost per kilogram of live weight, economic viability index, and cost index, given that oil inclusion increased the price of diets. Supplementation of heavy pig diets with thermogenic oils is a viable alternative to enhance lean meat production, but its use depends on market availability and product price.(AU)

Este estudo visou avaliar os efeitos dos óleos termogênicos (óleos de cártamo e de coco) como substitutos da racto-pamina em dietas de suínos pesados. Um total de 24 suínos machos castrados com um peso médio de 98,70 ± 1,63 kg foram distribuídos em um modelo de blocos aleatorizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: dieta basal (RB), RB modificada + 10 ppm de ractopamina, RB + óleo de cártamo, e RB + óleo de coco. Foram determinados o desempenho animal, pesos dos órgãos, qualidade da carne, características da carcaça, e viabilidade económica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de Duncan ao nível de 5% de significância. A dieta de óleo de Cártamo resultou na maior quan-tidade de carne de carcaça e pesos de pernil, enquanto que a dieta de óleo de coco forneceu a maior área do olho do lombo e a menor área de gordura, resultando na maior relação carne/gordura. A análise dos indicadores de viabilidade económica reve-lou que os tratamentos com óleo vegetal diferiram significativamente de outros tratamentos no custo da alimentação, custo da alimentação por quilograma de peso vivo, índice de viabilidade económica, e índice de custo, dado que a inclusão do óleo aumentou o preço das dietas. A suplementação de dietas de suínos pesados com óleos termogênicos é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produção de carne magra, mas a sua utilização depende da disponibilidade no mercado e do preço do produto.(AU)

Inclusion of residue meat flour in growing pigs diet (30-50 kg) / Inclusão de resíduo de farinha de carne em dietas para suínos em crescimento (30-50 kg)

A study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of a residue from the rendering plant after obtaining meat and bone meal for growing pigs on performance, carcass characteristics, incidence of diarrhea and economic viability of the diets. Forty-eight pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of residue inclusion), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (barrows and females) with 30 ± 0.662 kg of initial weight in a 24-day trial period. Statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneity were verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Barllet tests, respectively, at 5% probability. The assumptions were met and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance. The performance variables, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence did not show significant differences (P<0.05) between the levels of inclusion of residue in the diet. The residue can be used up to 6% in the feed without affecting performance, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence in growing pigs, however, the inclusion of 4% of the residue presents greater economic viability.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de um resíduo, proveniente da graxaria, após a obtenção de farinha de carne e ossos de abatedouro de bovinos, para suínos em fase de crescimento sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, incidência de diarreia e viabilidade econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 48 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 4 tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão do resíduo), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental (machos castrados e fêmeas) com 30 ± 0,662 kg de peso inicial em período experimental de 24 dias. Foram verificadas as pressuposições estatísticas de normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e homogeneidade pelo teste de Barllet a 5% de probabilidade. As pressuposições foram atendidas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. As variáveis de desempenho, características de carcaça e incidência de diarreia não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os níveis inclusão do resíduo na ração. O resíduo pode ser utilizado em até 6% na ração sem afetar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e causar diarreia em suínos em fase de crescimento, no entanto, a inclusão de 4% do resíduo apresenta maior viabilidade econômica.

Viability and vigor of soybean seeds as a result of industrial seed treatment and stored in different environments / Viabilidade e vigor de sementes de soja em função do tratamento industrial de sementes e armazenadas em diferentes ambiente

The industrial seed treatment (IST) of soybeans is an economically recommended technique in agricultural production, providing protection against pests and initial pathogens. However, the real effects of pesticides about the quality of soybean seeds are still little known, since the adoption of the system is still recent by soybean farmers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds, treated or not, with insecticide/ fungicide new mixtures and stored for 240 days in a non-controlled and controlled environment. The completely randomized design was used, distributed in a 5 x 2 x 6 factorial scheme with four replications. The plot treatments consisted of soybean seeds belonging to the cultivar M - 7739 IPRO, treated with six different insecticide/ fungicide mixtures {(Cruiser®); (Amulet®); (MaximAdvanced®); (Cruiser®+ MaximAdvanced®); (MaximAdvanced® + Amulet®); (untreated control)}, stored in two environments {(laboratory ­ without control and cold room ­ with control (10 ± 2 ºC,45± 2% UR)} for eight months of storage with five evaluation times (0; 60; 120; 180 and 240days). The following tests were carried out: water content, germination, first count, seedling length and seedling dry mass. It was found that the chemical treatments negatively affect the germination potential of seeds, especially after 120 days of storage, regardless of the environment.Thiamethoxamand Thiamethoxam + Metalaxil; Tabendazole; Fludioxonil after storage provided the biggest reductions in seed viability and vigor after 240 days of storage. The cold room environment provides better conditions for the conservation of the germinative potential of soybean seeds.

O tratamento industrial de sementes (TIS) de soja é uma técnica economicamente recomendada na produção agrícola, proporcionando proteção contra pragas e patógenos iniciais. No entanto, os reais efeitos dos agrotóxicos sobre a qualidade das sementes de soja ainda são pouco conhecidos, visto que a adoção do sistema ainda é recente pelos sojicultores. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja, tratadas ou não, com novas misturas de inseticidas/fungicidas, e armazenadas por 240 dias, em diferentes ambientes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuído em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 6, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos das parcelas foram constituídos de sementes de soja pertencentes à cultivar M ­ 7739 IPRO, tratadas com seis diferentes misturas produtos de inseticida/fungicida {(Cruiser® - Tiametoxam ­ 200 mL + Bio Cromo ­ 100 mL); (Amulet® - Fipronil - 100 mL + Bio Cromo ­ 100 mL); (MaximAdvanced® - Metalaxil-M; Tabendazol; Fludioxonil ­ 100 mL + Bio Cromo ­ 100 mL ); (Cruiser® - Tiametoxam ­ 200 mL + MaximAdvanced® - Metalaxil-M; Tiabendazol; Fludioxonil ­ 100 mL + Bio Cromo ­ 100mL ); (MaximAdvanced® - Metalaxil-M; Tabendazol; Fludioxonil ­ 100 mL + Amulet® - Fipronil - 100 mL + BioCromo ­ 100mL); (controle não tradada)}, armazenadas em dois ambientes {(laboratório ­ sem controle e câmara fria ­ com controle (10 ± 2 ºC,45± 2% UR)} durante oito meses de armazenamento, com cinco tempos de avaliações (0; 60; 120; 180 e 240dias). Os seguintes testes foram realizados: teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem, comprimento das plântulas, massa seca de plântulase índice de velocidade de emergência. Verificou-se que o ambiente de câmara fria proporciona melhores condições para a conservação do potencial germinativo das sementes de soja. Os tratamentos químicos interferem negativamente no potencial germinativo das sementes, sobretudo após 120 dias de armazenamento, independente do ambiente. Tiametoxam e Tiametoxam + Metalaxil; Tabendazol; Fludioxonil após o armazenamento proporcionaram as maiores reduções da viabilidade e vigor das sementes após 240 dias de armazenamento. O ambiente de câmara fria proporciona melhores condições para a conservação do potencial germinativo das sementes de soja.

Cytotoxicity assessment of beta-lapachone in endothelial cells

The selective activity of an antineoplastic drug is related to its ability to promote cytotoxic action on tumor cells and preserve the integrity of non-neoplastic cells. Beta-lapachone is extracted from the sawdust of Ipe wood, a thick bark tree from the Ipe wood found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone in an endothelial cell line. The EA.hy926 cells were seeded in two groups, G1 and G2, cultured and exposed to beta-lapachone at concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 & 956;M for 24 hours. G1 remained under normal cultivation conditions and G2 was subjected to oxidative stress through an ischemia and reperfusion assay, in a deoxygenated sealed chamber. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using the tetrazolium reduction method. In G1, the cytotoxicity ranged from 0.0 to 10.0%; and in G2 between 0.0 and 6.3%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained values. Moreover, we found no cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone on endothelial cells, and the results point out that the drug might have preserved the cell’s integrity against oxidative stress under the conditions of this experiment. This promising result suggests the possibility of beta-lapachone as a chemotherapy drug with selective activity.

Cytotoxicity assessment of beta-lapachone in endothelial cells

The selective activity of an antineoplastic drug is related to its ability to promote cytotoxic action on tumor cells and preserve the integrity of non-neoplastic cells. Beta-lapachone is extracted from the sawdust of Ipe wood, a thick bark tree from the Ipe wood found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone in an endothelial cell line. The EA.hy926 cells were seeded in two groups, G1 and G2, cultured and exposed to beta-lapachone at concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 & 956;M for 24 hours. G1 remained under normal cultivation conditions and G2 was subjected to oxidative stress through an ischemia and reperfusion assay, in a deoxygenated sealed chamber. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using the tetrazolium reduction method. In G1, the cytotoxicity ranged from 0.0 to 10.0%; and in G2 between 0.0 and 6.3%. No statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained values. Moreover, we found no cytotoxic action of beta-lapachone on endothelial cells, and the results point out that the drug might have preserved the cells integrity against oxidative stress under the conditions of this experiment. This promising result suggests the possibility of beta-lapachone as a chemotherapy drug with selective activity.(AU)

Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: behavioral and physiological responses

Adaptation to extrauterine life brings about various changes, which initially are reflected in physiological alterations in the newborn puppy. Also, the newborn puppy's thermoregulating capacity is deficient, and many of the physiological processes for survival depend on this capacity. Severe modifications in body temperature can lead to hypothermia in a few hours. Hence, the first 24 to 72 h of life correspond to the highest risk time, in which the newborn can course with moderate to severe hypothermia because the shivering reflexes and vasoconstriction mechanisms are not yet developed in the newborn of this species. Temperature stabilization is reached up to the 18th day of age. However, the colostrum's adequate consumption could provide a high energy supply, contributing to a fast recovery of temperature and, consequently, to a high survival rate. This review aims to analyze the factors that affect thermoregulation of the newborn puppy, the physiological and behavioral responses, as well as to discuss the influence of the colostrum as an energy source and production of heat to face hypothermia, aside from discussing recent scientific findings of infrared thermography (IRT) used to assess the thermal response of the newborn puppy to cope with hypothermia.(AU)

Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: behavioral and physiological responses

Adaptation to extrauterine life brings about various changes, which initially are reflected in physiological alterations in the newborn puppy. Also, the newborn puppy's thermoregulating capacity is deficient, and many of the physiological processes for survival depend on this capacity. Severe modifications in body temperature can lead to hypothermia in a few hours. Hence, the first 24 to 72 h of life correspond to the highest risk time, in which the newborn can course with moderate to severe hypothermia because the shivering reflexes and vasoconstriction mechanisms are not yet developed in the newborn of this species. Temperature stabilization is reached up to the 18th day of age. However, the colostrum's adequate consumption could provide a high energy supply, contributing to a fast recovery of temperature and, consequently, to a high survival rate. This review aims to analyze the factors that affect thermoregulation of the newborn puppy, the physiological and behavioral responses, as well as to discuss the influence of the colostrum as an energy source and production of heat to face hypothermia, aside from discussing recent scientific findings of infrared thermography (IRT) used to assess the thermal response of the newborn puppy to cope with hypothermia.

Methodology of the tetrazolium test for identifying viable seeds of orchids of the genus Cattleya native to the Brazilian Cerrado / Metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para identificação de sementes viáveis de orquídeas do gênero Cattleya nativas do Cerrado brasileiro

Orchids need measures for conservation of their species, among them the creation of seed banks. This study analyzes suitable methodologies to identify the viability of Cattleya seeds through the tetrazolium test. Seeds of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. and Cattleya walkeriana Gardn. were submitted to three preconditioning: no soaking (control); sucrose (10%); or distilled water. After 24 hours, they were submitted to tetrazolium solution with three types of conditioning: oven (40 °C); water bath (40 °C); or room temperature. Subsequently, the percentage of viable seeds (VS) was calculated and in vitro sowing was carried out. Germination percentage (G) was determined after 45 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species studied, with treatments arranged in a 3x3 factorial scheme (three preconditioning and three conditioning), with eight replicates of one tube each. The experiment was performed in duplicate. The highest viability values found in the tetrazolium test were close to those of germination (C. nobilior: VS = 88% e G = 97%; C. walkeriana: VS = 88% e G = 95%) for Cattleya species native to the Cerrado. The conditioning at ambient temperature had a greater effect on seed visualization for both species studied, suggesting that the tetrazolium test should be performed at this conditioning temperature.(AU)

As orquídeas necessitam de medidas para a conservação de suas espécies, entre essas a criação de bancos de sementes. Objetivou-se identificar metodologia adequada para a identificação da viabilidade de sementes de Cattleya por meio do teste de tetrazólio. Sementes de Cattleya nobilior Rchb. e Cattleya walkeriana Gardn. foram submetidas a três pré-condicionamentos: sem embebição (controle); sacarose (10%) ou água destilada. Decorridas 24 horas, foram submetidas à solução de tetrazólio, com três tipos de condicionamento: estufa (40 °C), banho maria (40 °C) ou temperatura ambiente. Após esse período foi calculada a porcentagem de sementes viáveis (SV). Foi realizada a semeadura in vitro e, após 45 dias, determinada a porcentagem de germinação (G). Para cada espécie estudada, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 3x3 (três précondicionamentos e três condicionamentos) com oito repetições de um tubo de ensaio cada, sendo o experimento realizado em duplicata. Os maiores valores de viabilidade encontrados no teste de tetrazólio foram próximos aos de germinação (C. nobilior: SV = 88% e G = 97%; C. walkeriana: SV = 88% e G = 95%) para essas espécies de Cattleya nativas do Cerrado. Para as duas espécies estudadas, o condicionamento em temperatura ambiente apresentou melhor visualização das sementes, sugerindo que o teste de tetrazólio deve ser realizado nesta temperatura de condicionamento.(AU)

Avaliação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pseudomonasmarginalis pv.marginalise sua relação com a severidade da queima-bacteriana do alho / Evaluation of epiphytic population floating of Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis and relationship with the severity of bacterial blight of garlic

A cultura do alho é afetada pela queima-bacteriana causada por Pseudomomas marginalis pv. marginalis(Pmm). Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pmm com a severidade da doença, bulbilhos do cultivar “Chonan” foram inoculados com a bactéria diferenciadora mutante a rifampicina (Pmmrf) e semeados a campo. A severidade foi avaliada semanalmente em 100 plantas ao acaso e a população epifítica de Pmmrf das folhas foi diluída em série e depositada em meio de cultura com rifampicina. Após a incubação a 28°C por 48 horas, as colônias de Pmmrfforam contadas. Os dados foram submetidos à correlação de Pearson e avaliada a sua significância pelo teste. A severidade da doença e a população epifítica iniciaram a partir da sétima semana. A severidade final atingiu 67 e 74% no ciclo de 2019 e 2020 respectivamente. A população epifítica quando atingiu a ordem de 105e 106 em cada ano, manteve-se estável até o final do ciclo da cultura. A correlação foi de 0,688 e 0,521 para cada ano, indicando uma correlação moderada e significativa entre a severidade da doença e a população bacteriana. Este trabalho servirá de base epidemiológica e para elaboração de um sistema de previsão para manejo da doença na cultura.

The garlic crop is affected by the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomomas marginalispv. marginalis(Pmm). Here, we evaluate the relationship between the epiphytic population fluctuation of Pmm and the severity of the disease. Cloves of the “Chonan” cultivar were inoculated with the mutant differentiating bacteria rifampicin (Pmmrf). After, they were then sown in the field. The severity was evaluated weekly over 100 random plants and the epiphytic population of Pmmrffrom the leaves was serially diluted and deposited in culture medium containing rifampicin. After incubation at 28 ° C for 48 hours, Pmmrfcolonies were counted. The data were submitted to Pearson's correlation, and its significance was also evaluated. The severity of the disease and the epiphytic population started from the seventh week. The final severity reached 67 and 74% in the 2019 and 2020 cycles, respectively. However, when the epiphytic population reached 105and 106each year, it remained stable until the end of the culture cycle. The Pearson's correlation achieves the 0.688 and 0.521 scores for both selected periods, indicating a moderate and significant correlation between the severity of the disease and the bacterial population. This research helps to elaborate epidemiological protocols and for the elaboration of forecasting systems.

Avaliação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pseudomonasmarginalis pv.marginalise sua relação com a severidade da queima-bacteriana do alho / Evaluation of epiphytic population floating of Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis and relationship with the severity of bacterial blight of garlic

A cultura do alho é afetada pela queima-bacteriana causada por Pseudomomas marginalis pv. marginalis(Pmm). Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pmm com a severidade da doença, bulbilhos do cultivar “Chonan” foram inoculados com a bactéria diferenciadora mutante a rifampicina (Pmmrf) e semeados a campo. A severidade foi avaliada semanalmente em 100 plantas ao acaso e a população epifítica de Pmmrf das folhas foi diluída em série e depositada em meio de cultura com rifampicina. Após a incubação a 28°C por 48 horas, as colônias de Pmmrfforam contadas. Os dados foram submetidos à correlação de Pearson e avaliada a sua significância pelo teste. A severidade da doença e a população epifítica iniciaram a partir da sétima semana. A severidade final atingiu 67 e 74% no ciclo de 2019 e 2020 respectivamente. A população epifítica quando atingiu a ordem de 105e 106 em cada ano, manteve-se estável até o final do ciclo da cultura. A correlação foi de 0,688 e 0,521 para cada ano, indicando uma correlação moderada e significativa entre a severidade da doença e a população bacteriana. Este trabalho servirá de base epidemiológica e para elaboração de um sistema de previsão para manejo da doença na cultura.(AU)

The garlic crop is affected by the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomomas marginalispv. marginalis(Pmm). Here, we evaluate the relationship between the epiphytic population fluctuation of Pmm and the severity of the disease. Cloves of the “Chonan” cultivar were inoculated with the mutant differentiating bacteria rifampicin (Pmmrf). After, they were then sown in the field. The severity was evaluated weekly over 100 random plants and the epiphytic population of Pmmrffrom the leaves was serially diluted and deposited in culture medium containing rifampicin. After incubation at 28 ° C for 48 hours, Pmmrfcolonies were counted. The data were submitted to Pearson's correlation, and its significance was also evaluated. The severity of the disease and the epiphytic population started from the seventh week. The final severity reached 67 and 74% in the 2019 and 2020 cycles, respectively. However, when the epiphytic population reached 105and 106each year, it remained stable until the end of the culture cycle. The Pearson's correlation achieves the 0.688 and 0.521 scores for both selected periods, indicating a moderate and significant correlation between the severity of the disease and the bacterial population. This research helps to elaborate epidemiological protocols and for the elaboration of forecasting systems.(AU)

Feedlot-finishing lambs with different levels of soybean pre-cleaning by product as the roughage source / Terminação de cordeiros em confinamento com diferentes teores de coproduto de pré-limpeza de soja como fração volumosa

An experiment was conducted in the Sheep Farming Laboratory at the Federal University of Santa Maria to examine the effect of different levels of replacement of sorghum silage with soybean pre-cleaning by product (SPCB) on nutrient intake, performance and feeding behavior; as well as to undertake an economic analysis of feeding finishing lambs in a feedlot system. The study involved 32 uncastrated Texel × Ile de France crossbred male lambs weaned at 60 days of age. Treatments consisted of diets in which the roughage source (sorghum silage) was replaced with SPCB at the levels of 0, 33.5, 66.5 or 100% (DM basis). A 45:55 roughage:concentrate ratio was used (DM basis). The diets were composed of a roughage feed based on sorghum silage and/or SPCB, and a concentrate consisting of crushed maize, soybean meal and limestone. In addition, mineral salt was freely available to the animals. The lambs were slaughtered upon reaching the pre-established live weight of 35 kg. Intake on a DM basis showed a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.05) in all forms it was evaluated and expressed, except for the NDF fraction, which increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with SPCB inclusion. Average daily weight gain was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the different SPCB levels, averaging 292 g/day. As regards the feeding behavior characteristics evaluated, the number of daily feeding bouts increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with the SPCB content of the diets. Total feed cost decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.01), whereas the profit per kilogram of gain and profit obtained per day in the feedlot period increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with SPCB inclusion. The use of soybean pre-cleaning by-product as the roughage source in the finishing of feedlot lambs proved to be a viable alternative in both the productive and economic terms.

O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes teores de substituição da silagem de sorgo por coderivado da pré limpeza de soja (CPLS), sobre o consumo de nutrientes, o desempenho e o comportamento ingestivo, assim como realizar análise econômica da alimentação na terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros machos, não castrados, cruza Texel x Ile de France, desmamados aos 60 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes teores de substituição do alimento volumoso (silagem de sorgo) por coderivado da pré-limpeza de soja em teores de 0%, 33,5%, 66,5% e 100% de substituição, com base na MS. Utilizou-se uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 45:55, com base na matéria seca. As rações eram compostas por volumoso a base de silagem de sorgo e/ou coderivados da pré-limpeza de soja, e o concentrado composto por milho desintegrado, farelo de soja e calcário calcítico. Além disso, foi fornecido sal mineral à vontade para os animais. Os cordeiros foram abatidos quando atingiram o peso pré-estabelecido de 35 kg de peso vivo. Os consumos em base na MS apresentaram comportamento quadrático (P ≤ 0,05), em todas as formas que foram avaliados e expressos, exceto o consumo de FDN que apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P ≤ 0,05) com o aumento dos teores de CPLS. O ganho de peso médio diário, não foi influenciado significativamente (P > 0,05) pelos diferentes teores de CPLS, com valor médio de 292 gramas por dia. Quanto às características do comportamento ingestivo avaliadas, observou-se que o número diário de refeições aumentou linearmente (P ≤ 0,01) com o incremento do teor de CPLS nas rações. O custo total diminuiu linearmente (P ≤ 0,01) enquanto que o lucro por kg de ganho e o lucro obtido por dia no período de confinamento aumentaram linearmente (P ≤ 0,01) com a elevação da inclusão de [...].