Resumo
As mycotoxins are consistent contaminants in the dairy cow diet, the use of adsorbents is recommended, although there are no ideal adsorbents. Although there are studies on this subject, few have focused on chronic natural intoxications. Here, we evaluated the effect of bentonite adsorbents associated with liver antioxidants on the health and milk production of dairy cows fed a diet containing naturally-produced fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Eighteen dairy cows (bodyweight 550 ±50 kg, 5 ± 2 years old, and 30 ± 1,25 kg/day milk production) in the middle of lactation were divided into groups: treatment (TG, n = 9, 22 g/day of supplement added to diet) and control (CG, n = 9, without supplement). A physical examination was performed, weekly over 56 days and blood was collected for liver and immune assessments. Milk was harvested to evaluate milk production and content (fat protein, somatic cell count, and lactose). The additive promoted beneficial effects on the liver from the 24th day due to a decrease in the enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and increased serum protein and albumin levels. There were improvements in health, evidenced as fewer clinical manifestations of the disease, greater leukocyte oxidative metabolism capacity, and a lower neutrophil lymphocytes ratio. The treatment also promoted a 19% increase in milk volume. It was concluded that the additive promoted health benefits and milk production in dairy cows.(AU)
Como as micotoxinas são contaminantes constantes na dieta de vacas leiteiras, o uso de adsorventes é recomendado, embora não existam adsorventes ideiais. Ainda que existam estudos sobre o assunto, poucos são direcionados às intoxicações naturais crônicas. Nosso experimento avaliou o efeito do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos sobre a saúde e produção de leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo fumonisina, zearalenona e desoxinivalenol produzidos naturalmente. Dezoito vacas lei-teiras (peso corporal 550 ±50 kg, 5±2 anos de idade, e 30 ± 1,25 kg/dia de produção de leite) no meio da lactação, foram divididas em grupos: Tratamento (GT, n=9, 22g/dia do suplemento adicionado à dieta) e controle (GC, n =9, sem suplemento). Em intervalos semanais, durante 56 dias, foi realizado exame físico, coleta de sangue para avaliação hepática e imunológica. O leite foi colhido para avaliar a produção e análises de leite para (proteína, gordura, contagem de células somáticas e lactose). O aditivo promoveu efeitos bené-ficos no fígado à partir do 24º dia devido à diminuição das atividades enzimáticas da gama-glutamiltransferase e lactato desidrogenase e aumento dos níveis séricos de proteína e albumina. Houve melhora na saúde, evidenciada por menor número de manifestações clínicas de doença, maior capacidade de metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos e menor razão neutrófilos/linfócitos. O tratamento também promo-veu aumento de 19% no volume de leite. Concluiu-se que o aditivo promoveu benefícios à saúde e à produção de leite em vacas leiteiras.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bentonita/efeitos adversos , Bovinos/fisiologia , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/análiseResumo
Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)
Assuntos
Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/toxicidade , Ração Animal/toxicidade , Micotoxinas/análise , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Aflatoxinas/toxicidade , Fumonisinas/toxicidadeResumo
Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)
Assuntos
Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/toxicidade , Ração Animal/toxicidade , Micotoxinas/análise , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Aflatoxinas/toxicidade , Fumonisinas/toxicidadeResumo
The occurrence of mycotoxins has become a problem to be discussed, due to its harmfulness to humans and animals health, and may be an obstacle to the poultry economy. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain species of fungi and may contaminate food. Aflatoxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and B1, B2, G1 and G2 are its best known types. Fumonisin, with its B1, B2 or B3 types, are produced by Fusarium, while ochratoxin A is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus. The main trichothecenes mycotoxins are T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol. Zearalenone, produced by different species of Fusarium fungi affects chickens only when they are exposed to extremely high levels of contamination. Generally, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as a decrease in performance and production gains are the most observed effects. There are several laboratory methods that can be used for the determination of mycotoxins. In order to control the contamination, it is necessary to adopt proper farming practices which prevent fungi growth. Once grains and feed are contaminated, biological, physical and/or chemical decontamination methods may be employed, although the physical process with adsorbents mixed to the feed is more widely used. Due to the importance of mycotoxins to poultry production, it is necessary to adopt measures to prevent contamination, and also develop a control and an anti-fungal growth and toxin production program by reviewing the critical points favorable to the emergence of toxin-producing fungi.
A ocorrência de micotoxinas tornou-se um problema a ser discutido, pois representa riscos à saúde dos animais e humanos, podendo constituir um obstáculo à economia avícola. Micotoxinas são metabólitos tóxicos produzidos por algumas espécies de fungos e podem contaminar os alimentos. Aflatoxinas são majoritariamente produzidas por Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, sendo B1, B2, G1 e G2 os tipos mais conhecidos. Fumonisinas são do tipo B1, B2 e B3, e produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, enquanto a ocratoxina A é produzida por fungos da espécie Penicillium e Aspergillus. As principais micotoxinas dos tricotecenos são toxina T-2, deoxynivalenol e diacetoxyscirpenol. A zearalenona, produzida por diferentes espécies de fungos do gênero Fusarium, afeta os frangos apenas quando estes são expostos a níveis extremamente altos de contaminação. De modo geral, são observados efeitos imunossupressores, hepatotóxicos e nefrotóxicos, com queda no desempenho e nos ganhos de produção. Vários são os métodos laboratoriais que podem ser utilizados para a determinação de micotoxinas. Para o controle da contaminação, é necessário adoção de práticas agrícolas correta, com vistas à prevenção do crescimento de fungos. Após a contaminação de grãos e rações, métodos de descontaminação, biológicos, físicos e/ou químicos podem ser empregados, embora o processo físico com adsorventes misturados às rações seja o mais utilizado. Pela importância que as micotoxinas representam à produção de frangos, é necessário adotar medidas que previnam a contaminação e desenvolver programas de controle e combate ao desenvolvimento fúngico e produção de toxinas, revendo os pontos críticos propícios ao aparecimento dos fungos geradores das toxinas.
Assuntos
Animais , Aflatoxinas/análise , Fumonisinas/análise , Galinhas/microbiologia , Ocratoxinas/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Zearalenona/análise , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Micotoxinas/análise , Ração Animal/toxicidadeResumo
The occurrence of mycotoxins has become a problem to be discussed, due to its harmfulness to humans and animals health, and may be an obstacle to the poultry economy. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain species of fungi and may contaminate food. Aflatoxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and B1, B2, G1 and G2 are its best known types. Fumonisin, with its B1, B2 or B3 types, are produced by Fusarium, while ochratoxin A is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus. The main trichothecenes mycotoxins are T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol. Zearalenone, produced by different species of Fusarium fungi affects chickens only when they are exposed to extremely high levels of contamination. Generally, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as a decrease in performance and production gains are the most observed effects. There are several laboratory methods that can be used for the determination of mycotoxins. In order to control the contamination, it is necessary to adopt proper farming practices which prevent fungi growth. Once grains and feed are contaminated, biological, physical and/or chemical decontamination methods may be employed, although the physical process with adsorbents mixed to the feed is more widely used. Due to the importance of mycotoxins to poultry production, it is necessary to adopt measures to prevent contamination, and also develop a control and an anti-fungal growth and toxin production program by reviewing the critical points favorable to the emergence of toxin-producing fungi.(AU)
A ocorrência de micotoxinas tornou-se um problema a ser discutido, pois representa riscos à saúde dos animais e humanos, podendo constituir um obstáculo à economia avícola. Micotoxinas são metabólitos tóxicos produzidos por algumas espécies de fungos e podem contaminar os alimentos. Aflatoxinas são majoritariamente produzidas por Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, sendo B1, B2, G1 e G2 os tipos mais conhecidos. Fumonisinas são do tipo B1, B2 e B3, e produzidas pelo gênero Fusarium, enquanto a ocratoxina A é produzida por fungos da espécie Penicillium e Aspergillus. As principais micotoxinas dos tricotecenos são toxina T-2, deoxynivalenol e diacetoxyscirpenol. A zearalenona, produzida por diferentes espécies de fungos do gênero Fusarium, afeta os frangos apenas quando estes são expostos a níveis extremamente altos de contaminação. De modo geral, são observados efeitos imunossupressores, hepatotóxicos e nefrotóxicos, com queda no desempenho e nos ganhos de produção. Vários são os métodos laboratoriais que podem ser utilizados para a determinação de micotoxinas. Para o controle da contaminação, é necessário adoção de práticas agrícolas correta, com vistas à prevenção do crescimento de fungos. Após a contaminação de grãos e rações, métodos de descontaminação, biológicos, físicos e/ou químicos podem ser empregados, embora o processo físico com adsorventes misturados às rações seja o mais utilizado. Pela importância que as micotoxinas representam à produção de frangos, é necessário adotar medidas que previnam a contaminação e desenvolver programas de controle e combate ao desenvolvimento fúngico e produção de toxinas, revendo os pontos críticos propícios ao aparecimento dos fungos geradores das toxinas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Aflatoxinas/análise , Fumonisinas/análise , Ocratoxinas/análise , Tricotecenos/análise , Zearalenona/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Ração Animal/toxicidade , Aves Domésticas/microbiologiaResumo
ABSTRACT The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5 mL MRS broth were 57.40% + 3.53 and 64.46% + 0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26% + 0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12% + 0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82% + 0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Zearalenona/análogos & derivados , Zearalenona/administração & dosagem , Ácido Láctico/análise , SuínosResumo
ABSTRACT The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5 mL MRS broth were 57.40% + 3.53 and 64.46% + 0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26% + 0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12% + 0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82% + 0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.
Resumo
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTEs Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.
Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º3156,1S; 54º0110.3O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.
Assuntos
Avena/microbiologia , Micotoxinas/classificação , Pastagens/análise , Triticale/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologia , Aflatoxinas/análiseResumo
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTEs Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º3156,1S; 54º0110.3O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.(AU)
Assuntos
Micotoxinas/classificação , Avena/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologia , Triticale/microbiologia , Pastagens/análise , Aflatoxinas/análiseResumo
Em sistemas intensivos na bovinocultura de corte, silagens, milho, soja e seus coprodutos são amplamente utilizados. Porém, estes alimentos são altamente sujeitos a contaminação por fungos e suas micotoxinas, que podem implicar em desafio imunológico e redução da produtividade animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da contaminação por micotoxina na dieta de novilhas confinadas sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Setor de Reprodução Animal (SFRIA) vinculado ao Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ) da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) não gestantes, saudáveis, com idade 18 meses e peso corporal (PC) médio inicial de 330±30kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos: 1) controle (sem contaminação), e 2) contaminado com Zearalenona (±300 ppb). A dieta, composta por 70% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 30% de concentrado (com base na matéria seca) foi fornecida duas vezes ao dia (40%: 7h00m e 60%: 16h00m), com ajuste diário (aumento ou redução) visando 5% de sobras. O consumo individual de matéria seca e digestibilidade foram estimados utilizando marcador externo (Lipe®: 500 mg) e interno (fibra em detergente neutro indigestível). O desempenho foi calculado considerando a diferença entre o peso final e inicial, dividido pelo número de dias (14 dias para adaptação + 84 dias experimentais). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso. Cada animal foi considerado uma unidade experimental (10 por tratamento, n=20). Foram testadas pressuposições para a análise de variância (normalidade dos erros, independência dos erros e homogeneidade das variâncias), e então esta foi realizada (p<0,05). Não foram detectadas diferenças no consumo (p=0,96) e digestibilidade da matéria seca (p=0,62). O desempenho não variou em função da ingestão de Zearalenona (p=0,68). A contaminação da dieta com 300 ppb de Zearalenona não influenciou o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho no confinamento de novilhas da raça Nelore.
In intensive beef cattle systems, silage, corn and soy bean and its coproducts are largely used. Although these ingredients are highly subjected to fungi and its mycotoxins contaminations, that may implicate on immunologic challenge and reduce animal production. The main goal of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the mycotoxin contamination on the confined heifers diet, analyzing intake, digestibility and performance. The present study was developed at Setor de Reprodução Animal (SFRIA) linked to the Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ) of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Twenty non-pregnant, healthy, over 18 months old and initial body weight of 330±30kg Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) breed heifers were used, randomly distributed in two treatments: 1) control (no contamination), e 2) Zearalenone contaminated (±300 ppb).The diet was composed by 70% forage (corn silage) and 30% feed (dry matter based) was provided twice a day (40%: 7am, e 60%: 4pm), with daily adjustments (increase or decrease) aiming 5% leftovers. The individual dry matter intake and digestibility were estimated using external marker (Lipe®: 500 mg) and internal marker (neutral detergent fiber indigestible fraction). The performance was calculated considering the difference between final and initial body weight, divided by the number of days (14 adaptation days + 84 experimental days). The experimental design was completely randomized. Each animal was considered one experimental unity (10 per treatment, n=20). Assumptions were tested for the variance analyzes (error normality, independence of errors and homogeneity of variances), then it was performed (p<0.05). Intake differences (p=0.96) and dry matter intake digestibility (p=0.62) were not found. The performance did not vary in function of the Zearalenone ingestion (p=0.68). The diets contamination with 300 ppb of Zearalenone did not influenced the intake, digestibility and performance of Nellore heifers in feedlot.
Resumo
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIRs) na predição de micotoxinas em lotes de milho armazenados em silos. Foram analisadas 240 amostras armazenadas em 4 silos, coletadas com auxílio de uma sonda pneumática utilizando 2 processos de amostragem: A e B. No processo A foram coletadas três amostras coletivas (terço superior, médio e inferior da profundidade do silo). No processo B foi coletada apenas uma amostra, composta pelos grãos de toda profundidade do silo. Cinco pontos foram coletados de cada silo: centro da superfície e centro de cada quadrante da superfície (norte, sul, leste e oeste). As análises de Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), Zearalenona (ZEA) e Deoxinivalenol (DON) foram feitas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC-MS/MS), utilizando HPLC Infinity 1200 Series (Agilent, Palo Alto, EUA), acoplado a um espectrômetro de massas 5500 QTRAP (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, EUA). Os espectros foram obtidos utilizando equipamento NIRs, modelo XDS (Foss, Hilleroed, Copenhagen, DK). O espectro de cada amostra foi enviado para a plataforma Olimpo da Pegasus Science para obtenção dos resultados de predição micotoxicológica. As amostras analisadas para DON apresentaram valor menor que o limite de quantificação de NIRs que é de 350 µg.kg-1). Foram determinadas faixas de contaminação aceitáveis para cada micotoxina, e o resultado via NIRs foi considerado correto quando estava dentro dessas faixas em comparação com o resultado de LC-MS/MS. A variabilidade aceita, para cima ou para baixo (±), foi de ±10 µg.kg-1 para AFB1 e ±100 µg.kg-1 para ZEA. Além disso, foram comparados os processos de amostragem para cada ponto de coleta de amostras no silo: a média da predição de três amostras via NIRs (plano de amostragem A) foi comparada com o resultado de uma análise via LC-MS/MS (plano de amostragem B). A análise de uma amostra via LC-MS/MS versus a predição de uma amostra via NIRs apresentou 91, 95 e 100% de precisão para AFB1, ZEA e DON, respectivamente. Ao comparar a média da predição de três amostras via NIRs com a análise de uma amostra via LC-MS/MS, houve precisão de 100% para AFB1, ZEA e DON. Para a avaliação quantitativa foi calculado o Z-Score dos resultados via NIRs, tomando os resultados de LC-MS/MS como padrão. Os dados foram classificados em: satisfatório, questionável e insatisfatório, sendo satisfatórios em 81%, 90% e 100% das amostras para AFB1, ZEA e DON, respectivamente. A concentração média de cada silo para as análises via LC-MS/MS e para predição via NIRs foram, respectivamente: silo 1= AFB1: 0,6 e 2,2 µg.kg-1 e ZEA: 13 e 26 µg.kg-1; silo 2= AFB1: 0,5 e 2,7 µg.kg-1 e ZEA: 18 e 18 µg.kg-1; silo 3= AFB1: 5,3 e 6,1 µg.kg- 1 e ZEA: 38 e 57 µg.kg-1; e silo 4= AFB1: 2,1 e 4 µg.kg-1 e ZEA: 46 e 39 µg.kg-1. Concluímos que a metodologia NIRs pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta de monitoramento micotoxicológico prática, precisa, rápida e não destrutiva para lotes de milho estocados em silos.
The present study was aimed at evaluating the performance of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs) in the prediction of mycotoxins in silo-stored lots of maize. We analyzed 240 samples from 4 silos, which were collected with the aid of a pneumatic probe using 2 sampling processes: A and B. In process A, three collective samples were taken (upper, middle and lower third of the silo depth). In process B, only one sample composed of grains from the whole depth of the silo was obtained. Five points were collected from each silo: surface center and center of each surface quadrant (north, south, east and west). Analyses of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Zearalenone (ZON) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) were performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an Infinity 1200 Series HPLC (Agilent, Palo Alto, USA), coupled to a 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Spectra were obtained via a NIRs equipment, model XDS (Foss, Hilleroed, Copenhagen, DK). The spectrum of each sample was sent to Pegasus Science Olimpo platform to obtain the results of mycotoxicological prediction. The value of the samples analyzed for DON was lower than the NIRs quantification limit, which is 350 g.kg-1. Acceptable contamination ranges were determined for each mycotoxin, and the result via NIRs was considered correct when it was within those ranges compared to the LC-MS/MS result. The accepted variability, upwards or downwards (±), was ±10 g.kg-1 for AFB1 and ±100 g.kg- 1 for ZON. In addition, the sampling processes for each sample collection point in the silo were compared: the mean of the prediction of three samples via NIRs (plan A) was compared with the result of one analysis via LC-MS/MS (plan B). The analysis of one sample via LC-MS/MS versus the prediction of one sample via NIRs showed 91, 95 and 100% accuracy for AFB1, ZON and DON, respectively. When comparing the mean of the prediction of three samples via NIRs with the analysis of one sample via LC-MS/MS, there was 100% accuracy for AFB1, ZON and DON. The Z-Score of the results via NIRs was calculated for the evaluation, taking the LC-MS/MS results as standard. Data were classified as satisfactory, questionable and unsatisfactory, being satisfactory in 81%, 90% and 100% of the samples for AFB1, ZON and DON, respectively. The average concentration of each silo for the analyses through LC-MS/MS and prediction via NIRs were, respectively: silo 1= AFB1: 0.6 and 2.2 g.kg-1; and ZON: 13 and 26 g.kg-1; silo 2= AFB1: 0.5 and 2.7 g.kg-1 and ZON: 18 and 18 g.kg-1; silo 3= AFB1: 5.3 and 6.1 g.kg-1 and ZON: 38 and 57 g.kg-1; and silo 4= AFB1: 2.1 and 4 g.kg-1 and ZON: 46 and 39 g.kg-1. It may be concluded that the NIRs methodology can be used as a practical, accurate, fast and non-destructive mycotoxicological monitoring tool for lots of maize stored in silos.
Resumo
The productivity of wheat and corn crops depends on climatic conditions and resistance against phytopathogenic fungi such as those of the genus Fusarium. Some species of this genus produce zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin with hyperestrogenic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of ZEA in samples of cracked wheat (n = 109), popcorn (n = 51) and corn grits (n = 50) commercialized in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Commercial samples of each crop were collected between September 2007 and June 2008 and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The method used for detection of the mycotoxin in wheat and corn derivatives presented a recovery rate of 94.5% and 99.5%, respectively, detection limit of 40 g.kg-1 and quantification limit of 55 g.kg-1. No contamination with ZEA was detected in cracked wheat samples. Among the corn derivatives, only one cracked corn sample was contaminated with ZEA (64 g.kg-1). Despite the low contamination observed, monitoring the occurrence of mycotoxins in foods is important to ensure safety.(AU)
Assuntos
Zea mays , Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Cromatografia , FusariumResumo
Background: Researches have suggested that mycotoxins could corroborate the pathogenesis of porcine viral diseases. Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the most import mycotoxicosis in pigs result significant reproductive disorders. The circovirosis syndromes in pigs have been associated with multifactorial or predisposing conditions. No previous data have correlated ZEA with viral syndromes in Sus scrofa. In this report are described anamnesis, clinical and histological findings with zearalenone ingestion and PCV-2 infection in a Brazilian livestock. Case: Feeding ration was mixed and produced at the farm with low quality corn that was stored in barn with cement floor. During ten months, 28 farrowing occurred. Fifteen of them were normal and produced 145 animals, mean of 9.66 piglets per litter. Thirteen sows presented reproductive disorders, and one died. Eight of them had the delayed farrowing and three aborted. These animals produced 57 mummified fetuses (10-16cm crown-rump length), 23 aborted fetuses (60-72 days of gestation), four stillborn, two teratogenic fetuses and only 16 normal piglets. Skin pustules, hemorrhagic spots and petechiae, as well as coughing were observed in 88% of the animals and four piglets died. Diarrhea outbreaks frequently occurred in this period. Twenty five of 34 gilts (75%) showed longer estrous cycle, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands en
Background: Researches have suggested that mycotoxins could corroborate the pathogenesis of porcine viral diseases. Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the most import mycotoxicosis in pigs result significant reproductive disorders. The circovirosis syndromes in pigs have been associated with multifactorial or predisposing conditions. No previous data have correlated ZEA with viral syndromes in Sus scrofa. In this report are described anamnesis, clinical and histological findings with zearalenone ingestion and PCV-2 infection in a Brazilian livestock. Case: Feeding ration was mixed and produced at the farm with low quality corn that was stored in barn with cement floor. During ten months, 28 farrowing occurred. Fifteen of them were normal and produced 145 animals, mean of 9.66 piglets per litter. Thirteen sows presented reproductive disorders, and one died. Eight of them had the delayed farrowing and three aborted. These animals produced 57 mummified fetuses (10-16cm crown-rump length), 23 aborted fetuses (60-72 days of gestation), four stillborn, two teratogenic fetuses and only 16 normal piglets. Skin pustules, hemorrhagic spots and petechiae, as well as coughing were observed in 88% of the animals and four piglets died. Diarrhea outbreaks frequently occurred in this period. Twenty five of 34 gilts (75%) showed longer estrous cycle, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands en
Resumo
Background: Researches have suggested that mycotoxins could corroborate the pathogenesis of porcine viral diseases. Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the most import mycotoxicosis in pigs result significant reproductive disorders. The circovirosis syndromes in pigs have been associated with multifactorial or predisposing conditions. No previous data have correlated ZEA with viral syndromes in Sus scrofa. In this report are described anamnesis, clinical and histological findings with zearalenone ingestion and PCV-2 infection in a Brazilian livestock. Case: Feeding ration was mixed and produced at the farm with low quality corn that was stored in barn with cement floor. During ten months, 28 farrowing occurred. Fifteen of them were normal and produced 145 animals, mean of 9.66 piglets per litter. Thirteen sows presented reproductive disorders, and one died. Eight of them had the delayed farrowing and three aborted. These animals produced 57 mummified fetuses (10-16cm crown-rump length), 23 aborted fetuses (60-72 days of gestation), four stillborn, two teratogenic fetuses and only 16 normal piglets. Skin pustules, hemorrhagic spots and petechiae, as well as coughing were observed in 88% of the animals and four piglets died. Diarrhea outbreaks frequently occurred in this period. Twenty five of 34 gilts (75%) showed longer estrous cycle, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands enlargement. Necropsies showed enlarged lymphatic nodes and kidneys. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis indicated the presence of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) in analyzed tissues. Toxicological tests demonstrated the presence of zearalenone (ZEA) in stomach contents with average of 8.75 µg/g and pesticides and aflatoxins were not detected. Discussion: The history, the clinical signs, the necropsy and histological findings suggested a mix of zearalenone mycotoxicosis and PVC-2 syndrome that was confirmed by PVC-2 tissue detection in immunohistochemical assay, and by food toxicological analysis. The ZEA average founded in stomach contents (8.75 µg/g could produce the reproductive disorders and could has exacerbated the circovirosis. The most frequent reproductive alteration observed in the farrowing was mummified fetuses that corresponded 66.7% of its products. The several reproductive disorders as abortion, stillborn, mummified fetuses, estrus returning, vulvae volume and mammary glands enlargement in gilts are frequently related to zearalenone mycotoxicosis. Appetite loss, apathy, wasting, cough and diarrhea and increased mortality and withdrawal rate in growth and post-weaning phases observed in this study are liked as the several descriptions in the Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome. The hemorrhagic skin spots and increased kidneys, with multifocal glomerulonephritis, lymphohistiocytic interstitial nephritis to remember the several alterations in Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome. Both syndromes by PCV-2 could be simultaneity occurring in this herd and could have a co-participation of the ZEA ingestion as aggravated factor. After contaminated corn to sorghum free of ZEA exchange at ration, the reproduction returned to normal level and no PCV-2 lesions were observed, suggesting the ZEA ingestion as one initial or aggravating factor for the PCV-2 syndromes. For the first time, this report describes historical, anamnesis, clinical and histological findings possibly associated with zearalenone contamination and PCV-2 infection in pigs.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Zearalenona/toxicidade , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Circovirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , SuínosResumo
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de galos submetidos à dieta contendo micotoxinas e seus possíveis efeitos no desempenho reprodutivo dos galos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e dezoito repetições. Foram utilizados 36 galos da raça Rhode Island Red, com 57 semanas de idade, alojados em boxes individuais com dimensões de 70x70x70 cm, equipados com comedouro tipo calha e bebedouros tipo nipple. Os animais receberam água add libitum e foram alimentados com uma ração comercial.Os tratamentos consistiram em duas dietas experimentais: T1 dieta basal sem adição de micotoxinas; T2 dieta basal com adição de micotoxinas (Fumonisina 10 ppm, zearalenona 300 ppb, deoxinivalenol 700 ppb) e aflatoxinas 25 ppb. Os resultados foram avaliados através da análise de variância para dados normais e os dados sem distribuição normal foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis para dados não paramétricos. As variáveis analisadas foram: volume seminal, motilidade espermática, concentração espermática, vigor espermático, morfologia espermática, biometria dos testículos e peso de fígado. Encontrou-se diferença estatística (P<0,05) para as variáveis total de espermatozoides normais e anormais, as demais não diferiram estatisticamente (P>0,05)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of roosters submitted to the diet containing mycotoxins and their possible effects on the reproductive performance of roosters. A total of 36 Rhode Island Red cocks with 57 weeks of age were housed in individual boxes with dimensions of 70x70x70 cm, equipped with chute type feeder and nipple type drinkers. The animals received water add libitum and were fed a commercial food. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments and eighteen replicates. The treatments consisted of two experimental diets: T1 - basal diet without addition of mycotoxins; T2- basal diet with addition of mycotoxins (Fumonisin 10 ppm, zearalenone 300 ppb, deoxynivalenol 700 ppb) and 25 ppb aflatoxins. The results were evaluated through analysis of variance for normal data and data without normal distribution were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric data. The variables analyzed were: seminal volume, sperm motility, sperm concentration, sperm vigor, sperm morphology, biometry of the testicles and liver weight. There was a statistical difference (P <0.05) for the variables total normal and abnormal spermatozoa, the other variables did not differ statistically (P> 0.05).
Resumo
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade do uso de adsorvente em dietas de cordeiros confinados, através de variáveis do desempenho, da carcaça, da carne de cordeiros da raça Texel. As dietas utilizadas possuíam milho, soja, resíduo agrícola e silagem de milho divididos em dois grupos denominados tratado e controle, obtendo ganho de peso diário 15% maior no grupo tratado e lucro liquido total de 12,9% maior no período. Tal adsorvente foi feito à base de betaglucanos extraídos da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisae. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições cada, sendo cada baia uma repetição, e cada baia contendo dois animais. Utilizaram-se seis machos e seis fêmeas em cada tratamento, totalizando 24 animais. O adsorvente foi utilizado no concentrado oferecido aos animais do grupo tratado, na dose de 1,5 kg por tonelada. O período experimental foi de 38 dias e os animais, quando atingiram média de 26,4 Kg de peso corporal, foram abatidos. O ganho de peso diário foi superior no grupo tratado (216,23 g) em relação ao grupo controle (185,89 g). O consumo de matéria seca (em % do peso corporal) não obteve diferença entre os tratamentos, sendo grupo tratado (1,89%) e controle (1,78%). O perfil sanguíneo não se mostrou diferente entre os grupos. As médias para área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmoreio foram 1393 mm2 , 2,66 mm e 3,20 no grupo tratado e 1216 mm2 , 2,6 mm e 3,25 no grupo controle, respectivamente. Os rendimentos de carcaça biológico, quente, fria, e o índice de quebra não foram diferentes entre si, sendo as médias de 45,3, 44,1% e 2,7%, respectivamente. As carcaças apresentaram-se semelhantes quanto a conformação, com média de 3,95 e 3,83 para acabamento de gordura. As perdas por descongelamento e cocção, pH da carne, EE e PB, não diferiram entre os grupos, apresentando valores médios de 17,9, 66,2, 5,7, 3,5 e 24,0%, respectivamente. Houve efeito de sexo para os níveis de PB e EE da carne. Conclui-se que é viável o uso de adsorvente de micotoxinas em cordeiros confinados com uso de resíduos agroindustriais e o uso do aditivo resulta em maior ganho de peso diário e lucro líquido médio.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the use of adsorbents in confined lamb diets, by means of performance, carcass, lamb meat of the Texel breed. The diets used had corn, soy, agricultural residue and corn silage divided into two groups called TREATED and CONTROL, obtaining daily weight gain 15% higher in the treated group and total net profit fron 12.9% higher in the period. The adsorbent was made based on glucans extracted from the cellular wall of Saccharomyces cerevisae. The experimental design used was entirely randomized with six repetitions each, each stall being a repeat, and each bay containing two animals. Six males and six females were used in each treatment, totaling 24 animals. The adsorbent was used in the concentrate offered to the animals of the treated group, at a dose of 1, 5 kg per tonne. The trial period was 38 days and the animals, when they reached an average of 26.4 Kg of body weight, were slaughtered. The daily weight gain was higher in the TREATED group (216.23 g) in relation to the control group (185.89 g). The consumption of dry matter (in% of body weight) did not have a difference between the treatments, being treated group (1.89%) and control (1.78%). The blood profile showed no difference between the groups. Mediums for rib eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness and marbling were 1393 mm², 2.66 mm and 3.20 in the treated group and 1216 mm², 2.6 mm and 3.25 in the control group, respectively. The yields of biological, hot, cold carcasses and the index of breakage were not different from each other, the averages of 45.3%, 44.1% and 2.7%, respectively. The carcases were similar to conformation, with an average of 3.95 and 3.83 for the finishing of fat. The defrosting and cooking losses, pH of the meat, EE and PB, did not differ between the groups, presenting average values of 17.9, 66.2, 5.7, 3.5 and 24.0%, respectively. There was sex effect for the PB and EE levels of the meat. It is concluded that the use of mycotoxins in confined lambs with the use of agro residues is feasible and the use of the additive results in greater daily weight gain and average net income.
Resumo
Cereais armazenados em silos podem estar contaminados por micotoxinas, que se distribuem de forma heterogênea na massa de grãos. Assim, demandam uma amostragem representativa a fim de minimizar o erro analítico. Maiores exigências para qualidade do milho e trigo têm surgido com as novas demandas e resultados de pesquisas. Estima-se que em torno de 70% do custo de produção de aves e suínos seja composto pela alimentação e que o milho é o ingrediente com maior percentual de inclusão na dieta. Para a formulação de uma dieta segura e que atenda adequadamente as exigências nutricionais dos animais, é necessário considerar os riscos das micotoxinas e a composição química e energética dos ingredientes. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi determinar a concentração de micotoxinas em grãos de milho e trigo armazenados em silos mediante dois processos de amostragem e no segundo estudo foi avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. No primeiro estudo foram coletadas amostras de quatro silos de milho e dois silos de trigo, através da introdução de uma sonda pneumática no centro e nos quatro pontos centrais de cada quadrante da superfície até o fundo do silo (12 m), seguindo-se dois processos de amostragem (A e B). Em cada ponto de amostragem, no processo A, a coleta dos grãos foi dividida em três amostras (terço superior, terço médio e terço inferior da profundidade do silo) e no processo B, foi coletada apenas uma amostra composta pelos grãos coletados de toda profundidade do silo. As aflatoxinas (AFLA), fumonisinas (FUM), zearalenona (ZEA) foram detectadas nas amostras de milho, com diferença na média de concentração dos silos. No trigo, detectou-se deoxinivalenol (DON) e ZEA, sem diferença na média de concentração nos silos. Os dois processos de amostragem proporcionam resultados de análises com a mesma variabilidade no milho e apesar do processo A ter menor variabilidade para DON no trigo, os dois processos fornecem amostras com mesma representatividade considerando o silo como um lote, dando suporte à tomada de decisão na compra, venda e destinação dos grãos. No segundo estudo, avaliando 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo, a prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0 µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e proteína bruta (PB) foi de 3264 kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente e diferiu nos dois anos. O custo da ração estimado para frangos de corte foi influenciado por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração de FUM e custo da ração mais baixo. Híbridos de ciclo precoce tiveram menor concentração por FUM, maior PB e aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.
Cereals stored in silos can be contaminated by mycotoxins, which are distributed heterogeneously in the grain mass. Thus, they require representative sampling in order to minimize the analytical error. Higher requirements for maize and wheat quality have arisen with new demands and research results. Around 70% of poultry and pork production costs are composed of feed wich maize have the largest percent of inclusion in the diet. For safe diet formulation, adequately nutritional requirements for animals are necessary, and for this it is important to consider the mycotoxins risks and the chemical and energetic composition of the ingredients. The objective of the first study was to compare mycotoxin detection analysis in stored maize and wheat using two sampling processes and in the second study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chickens feed costs. In the first study, a pneumatic probe was introduced in the centre and at the four central points of each quadrant, from the top to the bottom of the silo (12 m). For sampling process A, this was divided into three samples (upper third, middle third and lower third of the silo height). No sample subdivision took place for sampling process B. Aflatoxins (AFLA), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEA) were detected in the maize samples, with a difference in the mean concentration of the silos. In wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON) and ZEA were detected, with no difference in the mean concentration in the silos. The two sampling processes provide results of analyzes with the same variability in maize and although process A has lower variability for DON in wheat, the two processes provide samples with the same representativity considering the silo as a whole, supporting the decision making in the maize purchase, sale and destination of the grains. In the second study, evaluating 26 genetically modified maize hybrids of 2016 and 2017 winter crops, with different germplasm, endosperm grain texture and cycle length, the prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0 g/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and crude protein (CP) was 3264 kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed in the two years. The estimated feed for broilers chickens cost was influenced by FUM, PB, AMEn in the two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.
Resumo
Zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, including F. graminearum, triggers reproduction disorders in certain animals and hyperestrogen syndromes in humans. Current research investigates three concentrations of neem oil extract (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%) in reducing the production of zearalenone. Neem oil extract decreased zearalenone amount in the three concentrations but highest inhibition (59.05%) occurred at 0.1%.
Resumo
Prepubertal gilts were fed with a diet containing zearalenone (ZEA) in a concentration of 0.75 mg/kg for 21 days. The effects of this mycotoxin on morphologic aspects of the reproductive tract as well as on complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry analysis (SBA) and humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were evaluated. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) on the reproductive tract weight, vulvar area, height of the epithelial cells of endometrial glands and uterine mucosa. These results showed the ability of this nonsteroidal mycotoxin in mimicking actions of 17β estradiol at the concentration of 0.75mg/kg. No changes in weight gain, CBC, SBA parameters and humoral response against SRBC were observed.(AU)
Leitoas pré-púbere foram alimentadas com ração contendo 0,75mg/kg de zearalenona (ZEA) durante 21 dias. Os efeitos da micotoxina foram avaliados nos aspectos morfológicos do trato reprodutivo, bem como na hematologia, bioquímica séricas e resposta imune humoral contra hemácias de carneiro. Foi observado aumento significativo (P<0,05) no peso de trato reprodutivo, na área vulvar, na altura das células epiteliais das glândulas endometriais e superficiais da mucosa uterina. Estes resultados demonstraram a capacidade desta micotoxina não esteróide em mimetizar as ações do 17β estradiol na concentração de 0,75mg/kg. Entretanto, apesar das evidentes alterações nos parâmetros estudados no trato reprodutivo, não foram observadas alterações no ganho de peso, bem como nas avaliações hematológicas e bioquímicas sangüíneas e na resposta imune humoral contra hemácias de carneiro.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos/imunologia , Zearalenona/análise , Zearalenona/imunologia , Hematologia , Micotoxinas , Útero , Vagina , Formação de AnticorposResumo
As micotoxicoses são grandes causadoras de perdas produtivas em ruminantes, sendo aflatoxina (AFLA) e zearalenona (ZEA) as principais micotoxinas encontradas em alimentos conservados. Estas micotoxinas apresentam efeito sobre o metabolismo animal, através da ação anabólica de metabólitos da ZEA, bem como pelas lesões hepáticas causadas pela AFLA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do adsorvente glucomanano modificado sobre parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas à dietas contendo AFLA e ZEA. Foram utilizadas 34 fêmeas divididas em 6 grupos (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROLE+ADS; CONTROLE), recebendo 1,0 mg/kg de ZEA, 1,5 mg/kg de AFLA e/ou 2kg/ton de adsorvente. A ZEA diminuiu os níveis séricos de glicose, em relação ao CONTROLE (p<0,05), porém, o adsorvente não influenciou os níveis de glicose, não havendo diferença entre os grupos ZEA e ZEA+ADS. A ZEA aumentou os níveis de AST e GGT em relação ao grupo CONTROLE (p<0,05), sendo que os níveis de AST foram superiores no grupo ZEA (p<0,05), quando comparado ao grupo ZEA+ADS. Ainda, a aflatoxina causou uma redução nos níveis de albumina, em relação aos valores fisiológicos de ovinos. Assim, a partir destes resultados pode-se concluir que a ZEA causou alterações metabólicas em ovinos, bem como o glucomanano modificado foi eficiente em reduzir a possível agressão hepática causada por esta micotoxina, demonstrada pela diminuição nos níveis de AST.(AU)
The micotoxicoses are causing great losses of production in ruminants, being aflatoxin (AFLA) and zearalenone (ZEA) the major mycotoxins found in foods preserved. These mycotoxins have effect on the metabolism animal through the anabolic action of metabolites of the ZEA, and the liver injury caused by AFLA. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the sorbent modified glucomannan on metabolic parameters of sheep submitted to diets containing AFLA and ZEA. Were used 34 females divided into 6 groups (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROL+ADS; CONTROL), receiving 1.0 mg/kg of ZEA, 1.5 mg/kg of AFLA and/or 2kg/ton of sorbent. The ZEA decreased serum levels of glucose, for the CONTROL (p <0.05), however, the sorbent not influence the levels of glucose, with no difference between groups ZEA and ZEA+ADS. The ZEA increased levels of AST and GGT compared to group CONTROL (p <0.05), whereas the levels of AST were higher in the group ZEA (p <0.05) when compared to the group ZEA+ADS. Still, the aflatoxin caused a reduction in the levels of albumin, for physiological values of sheep. Thus, from these results it was concluded that ZEA caused metabolic alterations in sheep, and the modified glucomannan was effective in reducing the possible liver aggression caused by this mycotoxin, shown by the decrease in the levels of AST.(AU)