Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.(AU)

Effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium and nano-zinc oxide and high eggshell temperature during late incubation on antioxidant activity, thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones and some blood metabolites in broiler hatchlings

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of nano-selenium (Nano-Se) and nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) and high eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation on blood parameters of broiler hatchlings. A total of 750 fertile eggs, were weighed and randomly distributed among 5 treatment groups on each of 5 replicate tray levels. The injection was performed on 17 d of incubation. Treatments included of: 1) Eggs not injected and incubated at normal EST (control); 2) Eggs not injected and incubated at high EST; 3) Eggs injected NaCl solution and incubated at high EST (sham); 4) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 40 µg Nano-Se and incubated at high EST; 5) Eggs injected NaCl solution containing 500 µg Nano-ZnO and incubated at high EST. EST of 37.8ºC (normal) or 38.9ºC (high) was applied from d 19 to 21 of incubation. In ovo injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO significantly increased activity of GSH-Px and SOD and total protein, but decreased the levels of corticosterone, cortisol, T4 and T3 at high EST. Injection of Nano-Se and Nano-ZnO had a significant role in alleviating the negative effects of high temperature incubation and heat stress by increased antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress.

Epididymal Sperm Characteristics, Testicular Morphometric Traits and Growth Parameters of Rabbit Bucks Fed Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Zinc Oxide

The objectives of this twelve-week feeding trial were to determine the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or zinc oxide on epididymal sperm characteristics, testicular morphometric traits, and growth parameters of bucks. 16 (New Zealand White) bucks 16-wk-old, weighing 2.8kg were randomly allotted to one of 4 treatment groups. Each treatment was replicated four times, with 1 buck per replicate, in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was randomly assigned to one of the four commercial experimental diets designated thus: TA = control diet with no additives, TB = 0.12g/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TC = 150mg/kg zinc oxide and TD = 0.12g/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae +150 mg/kg zinc oxide. Although treatment had no effect (p>0.05) on final body weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, epididymal sperm characteristics and testicular morphometric traits differed significantly (p 0.05). Bucks on TB(Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based diet) had improved (p 0.05) sperm concentration, motility and live sperm, tubule diameter, epididymal volume, volume fraction of duct, and total duct volume, but decreased testicular volume. Bucks fed TA (control diet) had improved volume fraction of tubule but recorded the highest incidence of head and tail sperm abnormality. Though, TC(zinc oxide-based diet) enhanced (p 0.05) seminal vesicle volume, sperm pH was better among bucks fed TD (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + zinc oxide-based diet). It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.12g/kg of feed improved epididymal sperm characteristics and testicular morphometric traits of rabbit bucks.(AU)

Epididymal Sperm Characteristics, Testicular Morphometric Traits and Growth Parameters of Rabbit Bucks Fed Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Zinc Oxide

The objectives of this twelve-week feeding trial were to determine the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or zinc oxide on epididymal sperm characteristics, testicular morphometric traits, and growth parameters of bucks. 16 (New Zealand White) bucks 16-wk-old, weighing 2.8kg were randomly allotted to one of 4 treatment groups. Each treatment was replicated four times, with 1 buck per replicate, in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was randomly assigned to one of the four commercial experimental diets designated thus: TA = control diet with no additives, TB = 0.12g/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TC = 150mg/kg zinc oxide and TD = 0.12g/kg Saccharomyces cerevisiae +150 mg/kg zinc oxide. Although treatment had no effect (p>0.05) on final body weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, epididymal sperm characteristics and testicular morphometric traits differed significantly (p 0.05). Bucks on TB(Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based diet) had improved (p 0.05) sperm concentration, motility and live sperm, tubule diameter, epididymal volume, volume fraction of duct, and total duct volume, but decreased testicular volume. Bucks fed TA (control diet) had improved volume fraction of tubule but recorded the highest incidence of head and tail sperm abnormality. Though, TC(zinc oxide-based diet) enhanced (p 0.05) seminal vesicle volume, sperm pH was better among bucks fed TD (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + zinc oxide-based diet). It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.12g/kg of feed improved epididymal sperm characteristics and testicular morphometric traits of rabbit bucks.

Soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos (teste in situ) / Solutions of Zinc oxide and silver nitrate as an alternative to bovine udder antisepsis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos (in situ), considerando a escassez de literatura a respeito do uso destes compostos na profilaxia de mastites. Primeiramente foram realizados ensaios de microdiluição e CBM (Concentração Bactericida Mínima) a fim de verificar a atividade antimicrobiana das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata sobre 30 isolados de Staphylococcus spp., obtidos de casos de mastite. Todos os isolados apresentaram sensibilidade às duas soluções testadas, mas a solução de nitrato de prata apresentou menores valores de CBMs (3,05 a 97,65 µg/mL), quando comparada as CBMs da solução de óxido de zinco (97,65 a 6.250 µg/mL). Posteriormente, foram conduzidos os ensaios de antissepsia dos tetos (in situ) através da imersão dos mesmos nas soluções antimicrobianas testadas. Para isso, foram utilizados 40 tetos (n=40) oriundos de vacas abatidas, os quais foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 tetos, destinados ao teste das solução de óxido de zinco a 3% (30mg/mL), de nitrato e prata 1% (10mg/mL) e seus respectivos controles. Os tetos foram submetidos à contagem de microrganismos mesófilos na superfície dos tetos (UFC/cm2) antes e após a imersão nas soluções testadas. Como resultado, todas as soluções (de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata) apresentaram significativa redução de UFC/cm2 até aos 60 minutos após a imersão (M 0' a M 60'). A solução de nitrato de prata apresentou redução de UFC/cm2 significativamente maior, quando comparado ao grupo testado com solução de óxido de zinco. Tais resultados validam o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e nitrato de prata para utilização no pré e pós-dipping em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions as an alternative antiseptic for cow teats (in situ), considering the lack in the literature about these compounds uses in mastitis prophylaxis. First microdilution tests med and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration were perfor in order to determine the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions over 30 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, obtained from cows with mastitis. All strains tested showed sensitivity to both solutions, but the silver nitrate solution had lower MBC values (3,05 to 97,65ug/ml) compared with zinc oxide solution MBCs (97,65 to 6,250 ug/ml). Subsequently, the antiseptic teat tests were conducted (in situ) by immersing the teats in same antimicrobial solutions tested in the first experiment. Therefore, 40 teats were used (n = 40) originating from slaughtered cows were divided into 4 groups of 10 teats, to test test zinc oxide 3% (30mg/mL) and silver nitrate 1% (10mg/mL) solutions and their respective controls. The teats were submitted to mesophilic count on the teat surface (CFU/cm2) before and after immersion in tested solutions. As a result, all the solutions (zinc oxide and silver nitrate) had a significant reduction in CFU/cm2 until 60 minutes after immersion (M 0' to 60 M'). Silver nitrate solution showed a reduction of CFU/cm2 significantly higher compared to the group treated with zinc oxide solution. These results validate the potential use of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions in dairy cows as a pre- and post-dipping antiseptic.(AU)

Soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos (teste in situ) / Solutions of Zinc oxide and silver nitrate as an alternative to bovine udder antisepsis

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos (in situ), considerando a escassez de literatura a respeito do uso destes compostos na profilaxia de mastites. Primeiramente foram realizados ensaios de microdiluição e CBM (Concentração Bactericida Mínima) a fim de verificar a atividade antimicrobiana das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata sobre 30 isolados de Staphylococcus spp., obtidos de casos de mastite. Todos os isolados apresentaram sensibilidade às duas soluções testadas, mas a solução de nitrato de prata apresentou menores valores de CBMs (3,05 a 97,65 µg/mL), quando comparada as CBMs da solução de óxido de zinco (97,65 a 6.250 µg/mL). Posteriormente, foram conduzidos os ensaios de antissepsia dos tetos (in situ) através da imersão dos mesmos nas soluções antimicrobianas testadas. Para isso, foram utilizados 40 tetos (n=40) oriundos de vacas abatidas, os quais foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 tetos, destinados ao teste das solução de óxido de zinco a 3% (30mg/mL), de nitrato e prata 1% (10mg/mL) e seus respectivos controles. Os tetos foram submetidos à contagem de microrganismos mesófilos na superfície dos tetos (UFC/cm2) antes e após a imersão nas soluções testadas. Como resultado, todas as soluções (de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata) apresentaram significativa redução de UFC/cm2 até aos 60 minutos após a imersão (M 0' a M 60'). A solução de nitrato de prata apresentou redução de UFC/cm2 significativamente maior, quando comparado ao grupo testado com solução de óxido de zinco. Tais resultados validam o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e nitrato de prata para utilização no pré e pós-dipping em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions as an alternative antiseptic for cow teats (in situ), considering the lack in the literature about these compounds uses in mastitis prophylaxis. First microdilution tests med and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration were perfor in order to determine the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions over 30 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, obtained from cows with mastitis. All strains tested showed sensitivity to both solutions, but the silver nitrate solution had lower MBC values (3,05 to 97,65ug/ml) compared with zinc oxide solution MBCs (97,65 to 6,250 ug/ml). Subsequently, the antiseptic teat tests were conducted (in situ) by immersing the teats in same antimicrobial solutions tested in the first experiment. Therefore, 40 teats were used (n = 40) originating from slaughtered cows were divided into 4 groups of 10 teats, to test test zinc oxide 3% (30mg/mL) and silver nitrate 1% (10mg/mL) solutions and their respective controls. The teats were submitted to mesophilic count on the teat surface (CFU/cm2) before and after immersion in tested solutions. As a result, all the solutions (zinc oxide and silver nitrate) had a significant reduction in CFU/cm2 until 60 minutes after immersion (M 0' to 60 M'). Silver nitrate solution showed a reduction of CFU/cm2 significantly higher compared to the group treated with zinc oxide solution. These results validate the potential use of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions in dairy cows as a pre- and post-dipping antiseptic.(AU)

Efeito de probióticos e óxido de zinco na saúde e morfologia intestinal de leitões em fase de creche

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos probióticos B. amyloliquefaciens (B.Amy) e B. subtilis (B.Sub) como alternativas ao óxido de zinco (ZnO) para leitões na fase de creche, sobre o desempenho, morfologia intestinal e expressão gênica associada à integridade epitelial e ativação do sistema imunológico. Foram utilizados 180 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com peso médio inicial de 6,2 ± 0,85 kg distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados por peso inicial como controle local, com 9 repetições e 4 tratamentos: dieta controle (Controle), controle + 2,0 g/kg de zinco (ZnO), Controle + 1,0 g/kg B. amyloliquefaciens (B.Amy); e Controle + 1,0 g/kg B. amyloliquefaciens + 0,5 g/kg B. subtilis (B.Amy + B.Sub), por um período experimental de 41 dias (21 aos 62 dias de idade). Um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido aos 42 dias de idade para coleta de amostras intestinais. Não foi observado efeito (P > 0,05) das dietas ZnO, B.Amy ou B.Amy + B.Sub sobre o consumo de ração médio diário, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e peso médio nos três períodos avaliados. Animais suplementados com ZnO apresentaram maior relação vilo:cripta no íleo (P < 0,05) em comparação aos animais suplementados com B.Amy, além disso, houve redução no número de células apoptóticas no íleo (P < 0,05) e aumento da proliferação dos enterócitos no jejuno (P < 0,05), em comparação aos animais do tratamento Controle. A suplementação dos diferentes probióticos tiveram efeito similar ao ZnO e superior ao Controle (P < 0,05) no aumento da proliferação celular no jejuno. Neste mesmo tecido, B.Amy + B.Sub apresentaram menor abundância relativa de mRNA para o gene NF-kB (P = 0,05), quando comparado ao Controle. Conclui-se que a inclusão dos probióticos B.Amy e B.Sub, na dieta de leitões, podem resultar no estímulo à integridade intestinal e na diminuição das respostas inflamatórias

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis as alternatives to zinc oxide (ZnO) for weaned piglets on performance, intestinal morphology and gene expression associated with epithelial integrity and activation of immune system. One hundred and eighty piglets, weaned at 21 days of age, with 6.2 ± 0.85 kg of average body weight were distributed in a randomized block design, according to body weight, with 9 replications and 4 treatments: diet without supplementation of zinc oxide and probiotics (Control), Control + 2.0 g/kg zinc (ZnO), Control + 1.0 g/kg B. amyloliquefaciens (B.Amy); and Control + 1.0 g/kg B. amyloliquefaciens + 0.5 g/kg B. subtilis (B.Amy + B.Sub). The trial lasted for 41 days (21 to 62 days of age). One animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered at 42 days of age to collect intestinal samples. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of ZnO, B.Amy or B.Amy + B.Sub diets on average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion and average body weight in any of the three phases evaluated. Animals supplemented with ZnO had higher villus:crypt ratio in the ileum (P < 0.05) compared to animals supplemented with B.Amy, in addition, there was a reduction in number of apoptotic cells in the ileum (P < 0.05) and an increase of enterocytes proliferation in the jejunum (P < 0.05) compared to control piglets. Supplementation of different probiotics had similar effect to ZnO and superior to Control (P < 0.05) in increasing cell proliferation in the jejunum. In addition, B.Amy + B.Sub diets presented lower mRNA relative abundance for NF-kB (P = 0.05) in the jejunum compared to Control. In conclusion, the inclusion of probiotics B.Amy and B.Sub in the piglets diet, improves intestinal integrity and reduces inflammatory responses.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.(AU)

Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide and a Blend of Organic Acids on Broiler Live Performance, Carcass Traits, and Serum Parameters

ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different dietary supplementation levels of zinc oxide and of an organic acid blend on broiler performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. A total of 2400 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, with average initial body weight 44.21±0.19g, was distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Six treatments, consisting of diets containing two zinc oxide levels (0 and 0.01% of the diet) and three organic acid blend levels (0, 0.15, and 0.30%) were applied, with eight replicates of 50 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied ad libitum for 42 days. There were significant performance differences among birds fed the different zinc oxide and organic acid blend levels until 42 d of age (p 0.01). The result of this experiment showed that the organic acid blend did not affect feed intake, but zinc oxide increased feed intake. Carcass traits were not influenced by the experimental supplements. Zinc oxide supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase level (p 0.01). The organic acid blend reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p 0.05). No interactions were found between zinc oxide and the organic acid blend for none of the evaluated parameters. We concluded that zinc oxide and the evaluated organic acid blend improve broiler performance.

MÉTODOS ALTERNATIVOS DE MUDA FORÇADA E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS EM CODORNAS JAPONESAS (Coturnix cortunix japonica)

A muda forçada é uma técnica de manejo utilizada para promover, intencionalmente, a pausa produtiva de ovos, seguida de um rejuvenescimento do aparelho reprodutor de aves de postura comercial, com o intuito de prolongar a vida útil da ave e reduzir custos com a aquisição de novos animais. O método comumente utilizado é o jejum alimentar, no entanto este manejo causa alterações imunológicas na ave o que pode torná-la susceptível a várias infecções. Portanto, a utilização de métodos alternativos, como a oferta de farelo de trigo e óxido de zinco, evitam o estresse do jejum alimentar e, consequentemente, a depressão do sistema imunológico evitando doenças como a Salmonelose. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de verificar a interferência que os variados métodos alternativos de muda forçada tem sobre a excreção da Salmonella Enteritidis em codornas. Foram utilizadas 192 codornas japonesas com 60 semanas de idade distribuídas em oito tratamentos e seis repetições, seguindo: grupos inoculados por via oral com 2x109 unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) de Salmonella Enteritidis submetidos a muda forçada pelo método de jejum alimentar, farelo de trigo, óxido de zinco e controle, assim como grupos de aves não incoculadas utilizando os mesmos métodos de muda forçada citados. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes e esfregaço cloacal nos dias 1, 4, 7 e 14 pós inoculação e os ovos durante os primeiros seis dias da semana na qual se inicia o experimento e duas semanas após a muda. Todas as amostras foram submetidas a análises bacteriológicas para recuperação de Salmonella Enteritidis em esfregaços cloacais, fezes e ovos. A Salmonella Enteritidis foi isolada das amostras de suabe cloacal e de amostras de fezes das codornas inoculadas submetidas aos tratamentos: farelo de trigo, óxido de zinco, controle e jejum alimentar, variando o isolamento entre 16,6 a 100% de positividade. Os ovos recolhidos foram negativos para Salmonella Enteritidis na análise microbiológica. Em conclusão, o estudo reafirma que o jejum reduz a imunidade das codornas japonesas e que, devido à elevada concentração do inóculo bacteriano ingerido, provocou uma excreção contínua de Salmonella Enteritidis, independentemente do método de muda forçada utilizado.

Forced moulting is a management technique used to intentionally promote the production pause of eggs, followed by a rejuvenation of the reproductive apparatus of commercially-laying birds, in order to prolong the bird's life expectancy and reduce costs with the acquisition of new animals. The commonly used method is feeding fasting, however this management causes immunological changes in the bird which may make it susceptible to various infections. Therefore, the use of alternative methods, such as the supply of wheat bran and zinc oxide, avoids the stress of fasting and consequently the depression of the immune system avoiding diseases such as Salmonellosis. The objective of the present study was to verify the interference that the various alternative methods of forced moulting have on the excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails. A total of 192 60-week-old Japanese quails were used in eight treatments and six repetitions following: groups inoculated orally with 2x109 colony forming unit (CFU) of Salmonella Enteritidis submitted to forced moulting using the food fasting method, wheat bran, zinc oxide and control, as well as groups of birds not incoculated using the same forced moulting methods mentioned. Faeces samples and cloacal swabs were collected on days 1, 4, 7 and 14 after inoculation and eggs were collected during the first six days of the week in which the experiment starts and two weeks after the moulting. All samples were subjected to bacteriological analyses for recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis on cloacal swabs, faeces and eggs. Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from cloacal swabs and faeces samples from the inoculated quails submitted to the treatments: wheat bran, zinc oxide, control and food fasting, the isolation ranging from 16.6 to 100% positivity. The eggs collected were negative for Salmonella Enteritidis in microbiological analysis. In conclusion, the study reaffirms that fasting reduces the immunity of Japanese quails and that, due to the high concentration of the ingested bacterial inoculum, it caused a continuous excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis, regardless of the forced moulting method used.

AVALIAÇÃO DO ÓXIDO DE ZINCO E ASSOCIAÇÃO DO ZINCO ORGÂNICO COM MANANOLIGOSSACARÍDEOS EM RAÇÕES PARA LEITÕES ENTRE 21 A 49 DIAS DE IDADE.

Um experimento foi conduzido em uma granja de produção de suínos em Urucânia para avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óxido de zinco e zinco orgânico com mananoligossacarídeos no desempenho, incidência de diarreia e mortalidade de leitões. Foram utilizados 150 leitões no período de 21 a 49 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 2 tratamentos, cinco repetições e 15 animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em; um tratamento com óxido de Zinco e outro com produto a base de zinco orgânico e mananoligossacarídeos (MOS). Os leitões foram pesados aos 21, 35 e 49 dias de idade para análise de ganho de peso médio diário, o consumo de rações e suas sobras para os cálculos de consumo médio diário e a conversão alimentar. As mortalidades e as diarreias também foram registradas. Os animais receberam água e ração à vontade durante o período experimental. Com relação aos parâmetros avaliados não foi observado diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para o desempenho dos leitões. Conclui-se que a associação do zinco orgânico e mananoligossacarídeos, frente ao óxido de zinco, não proporcionam melhora no desempenho dos animais nem diminui a incidência de diarreia.

An experiment was conducted at a pig farm in Urucânia to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of zinc oxide and organic zinc with mannanoligosaccharides on the performance, incidence of diarrhea and mortality of piglets. A total of 150 piglets were used in the period from 21 to 49 days old, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 2 treatments, 5 replicates and 15 animals per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of; a treatment with zinc oxide and another with zinc-based organic product and mannanoligosaccharides (MOS). The piglets were weighed at 21, 35 and 49 days of age for analysis of the average daily weight gain, feed intake and their leftovers for calculations of average daily consumption and feed conversion. Mortalities and diarrhea were also recorded. The animals received water and feed at will during the experimental period. Regarding the evaluated parameters, no significant difference was observed between the treatments for the performance of the piglets. It was concluded that the association of organic zinc and mannanoligosaccharides, compared to zinc oxide, did not improve the performance of the animals nor did it decrease the incidence of diarrhea.

Bacteriological investigation of microorganisms (Salmonella sp. and other Enterobacteriaceae) in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to different forced-molting procedures

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella in common quails submitted to forced molting. A total of 240 quails were divided at 40 weeks of age into four groups: CG (control, quails not submitted to molting); FM (fasting method); WM (fed wheat midds ad libitum); and ZM (zinc oxide method). From each group, 10 cloacal swabs, 10 fecal samples, and 20 egg samples were collected before molting (two weeks) and after molting (two weeks). The microbiological procedures for Salmonella spp. identification were performed in four steps. The agglutination test, using somatic and flagellar antigens, was used to confirm Salmonella-suspected colonies. According to the methodology applied, none of the samples was positive for Salmonella spp. The results showed that 20.0% of the egg samples from birds submitted to forced molting were contaminated with enterobacteria. It was concluded that, under the conditions of the present experiment, the stress caused by forced molting did not induce infection by Salmonella spp. or increased Enterobacteriaceae contamination levels in the eggs.

Bacteriological investigation of microorganisms (Salmonella sp. and other Enterobacteriaceae) in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to different forced-molting procedures

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella in common quails submitted to forced molting. A total of 240 quails were divided at 40 weeks of age into four groups: CG (control, quails not submitted to molting); FM (fasting method); WM (fed wheat midds ad libitum); and ZM (zinc oxide method). From each group, 10 cloacal swabs, 10 fecal samples, and 20 egg samples were collected before molting (two weeks) and after molting (two weeks). The microbiological procedures for Salmonella spp. identification were performed in four steps. The agglutination test, using somatic and flagellar antigens, was used to confirm Salmonella-suspected colonies. According to the methodology applied, none of the samples was positive for Salmonella spp. The results showed that 20.0% of the egg samples from birds submitted to forced molting were contaminated with enterobacteria. It was concluded that, under the conditions of the present experiment, the stress caused by forced molting did not induce infection by Salmonella spp. or increased Enterobacteriaceae contamination levels in the eggs.(AU)

Bacteriological investigation of microorganisms (Salmonella sp. and other Enterobacteriaceae) in common quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to different forced-molting procedures

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella in common quails submitted to forced molting. A total of 240 quails were divided at 40 weeks of age into four groups: CG (control, quails not submitted to molting); FM (fasting method); WM (fed wheat midds ad libitum); and ZM (zinc oxide method). From each group, 10 cloacal swabs, 10 fecal samples, and 20 egg samples were collected before molting (two weeks) and after molting (two weeks). The microbiological procedures for Salmonella spp. identification were performed in four steps. The agglutination test, using somatic and flagellar antigens, was used to confirm Salmonella-suspected colonies. According to the methodology applied, none of the samples was positive for Salmonella spp. The results showed that 20.0% of the egg samples from birds submitted to forced molting were contaminated with enterobacteria. It was concluded that, under the conditions of the present experiment, the stress caused by forced molting did not induce infection by Salmonella spp. or increased Enterobacteriaceae contamination levels in the eggs.

Solução de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata como alternativa para antissepsia de tetos de bovinos (in situ), considerando a escassez de literatura a respeito do uso destes compostos na profilaxia de mastites. Primeiramente foram realizados ensaios de microdiluição e CBM (Concentração Bactericida Mínima) a fim de verificar a atividade antimicrobiana das soluções de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata sobre 30 isolados de Staphylococcus spp., obtidos de casos de mastite. Todos os isolados apresentaram sensibilidade às duas soluções testadas, mas a solução de nitrato de prata apresentou menores valores de CBMs (97,65 a 3,05 g/mL), quando comparada as CBMs da solução de óxido de zinco (6.250 a 97,65 g/mL). Posteriormente, foram conduzidos os ensaios de antissepsia dos tetos (in situ) através da imersão dos mesmos nas soluções antimicrobianas testadas. Para isso, foram utilizados 40 tetos (n=40) oriundos de vacas abatidas, os quais foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 tetos, destinados ao teste das solução de óxido de zinco (3%), de nitrato e prata (1%) e seus respectivos controles. Os tetos foram submetidos à contagem de microrganismos mesófilos na superfície dos tetos (UFC/cm2) ante e após a imersão nas soluções testadas. Como resultado, todas as soluções (de óxido de zinco e de nitrato de prata) apresentaram significativa redução de UFC/cm2 até aos 60 minutos após a imersão (M 10 a M 60). A solução de nitrato de prata apresentou redução de UFC/cm2 significativamente maior, quando comparado ao grupo testado com solução de óxido de zinco. Tais resultados corroboram com o potencial das soluções de óxido de zinco e nitrato de prata para utilização no pré e pós-dipping em vacas leiteiras.

This study aimed to analyze the zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions as an alternative antiseptic for cow teats (in situ), considering the lack in the literature about these compounds uses in mastitis prophylaxis. First microdilution tests med and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration were perfor in order to determine the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions over 30 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, Obtained from cows with mastitis. All strains tested showed sensitivity to both solutions, but the silver nitrate solution had lower MBC values (97.65 to 3.05 ug/ml) compared with zinc oxide solution MBCs (97 to 6,250, 65 ug/ml). Subsequently, the antiseptic teat tests were conducted (in situ) by immersing the teats in same antimicrobial solutions tested in the first experiment. Therefore, 40 teats were used (n = 40) originating from slaughtered cows were divided into 4 groups of 10 teats, to test test zinc oxide (3%) and silver nitrate (1%) solutions and their respective controls. The teats were submitted to mesophilic count on the teat surface (CFU/cm2) before and after immersion in tested solutions. As a result, all the solutions (zinc oxide and silver nitrate) had a significant reduction in CFU/cm2 until 60 minutes after immersion (M 10' to 60 M'). Silver nitrate solution showed a reduction of CFU/cm2 significantly higher compared to the group treated with zinc oxide solution. These results validate the potential use of zinc oxide and silver nitrate solutions in dairy cows as a pre- and post-dipping antiseptic.

Evaluation of induced molting methods on the livability and reproductive system regression of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at evaluating the alternative method of zinc oxide and fasting to induce molt in Japanese quails. A total number of 190 48-week-old quails was used. They were at end of laying cycle, and presented low egg production. Quails molted by zinc oxide (Z) were fed a diet containing 25,000 ppm of zinc oxide, and received water ad libitum. Quails treated by fasting (F) received no feed and a day of water restriction. The treatment period was determined by the experimental level of body weight loss (BWL). Birds were submitted to different levels of BWL in order to analyze reproductive system regression (ovary + oviduct), and livability. The following groups were established according to their BWL: Control (untreated quails); F25 (25% BWL by F); F35 (35% BWL by F); Z25 (25% BWL by Z), and Z35 (35% BWL by Z). Z25, Z35, and F35 presented no significant differences in reproductive system weights after molting; however, their weights were lower than F. Z, Z, and F presented the following livability: 97.5, 72.5, and 90%. Japanese quails treated by the alternative method of zinc oxide, presenting body weight loss of 25%, showed low mortality rate, and adequate regression of the reproductive organs.

Evaluation of induced molting methods on the livability and reproductive system regression of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at evaluating the alternative method of zinc oxide and fasting to induce molt in Japanese quails. A total number of 190 48-week-old quails was used. They were at end of laying cycle, and presented low egg production. Quails molted by zinc oxide (Z) were fed a diet containing 25,000 ppm of zinc oxide, and received water ad libitum. Quails treated by fasting (F) received no feed and a day of water restriction. The treatment period was determined by the experimental level of body weight loss (BWL). Birds were submitted to different levels of BWL in order to analyze reproductive system regression (ovary + oviduct), and livability. The following groups were established according to their BWL: Control (untreated quails); F25 (25% BWL by F); F35 (35% BWL by F); Z25 (25% BWL by Z), and Z35 (35% BWL by Z). Z25, Z35, and F35 presented no significant differences in reproductive system weights after molting; however, their weights were lower than F. Z, Z, and F presented the following livability: 97.5, 72.5, and 90%. Japanese quails treated by the alternative method of zinc oxide, presenting body weight loss of 25%, showed low mortality rate, and adequate regression of the reproductive organs.

Indução a muda forçada em Galinhas DAngola (Numida meleagris) através do óxido de zinco / Induced molt in Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris) through the use of zinc oxide

Devido à escassez de estudos sobre muda forçada em aves alternativas de produção, este experimento teve o objetivo de realizar a muda forçada em galinhas DAngola avaliando as perdas de peso corpóreo (PPC) que promovessem os melhores índices produtivos pós-muda. Com este propósito foram utilizadas 110 galinhas Dangola alojadas individualmente em gaiolas de poedeiras comerciais e, posteriormente, submetidas à muda forçada com 20000 ppm de óxido de zinco na ração. Estas passaram 21 dias recebendo ração e água ad libitum. Para análise da PPC relacionada à produtividade pós-muda foram utilizados 60 aves organizadas nos seguintes grupos: 24% (n=18); 26% (n=18); 28% (n=12) e acima de 30% (n=12). As outras 50 aves foram sacrificadas para o estudo do aparelho reprodutor, onde se verificou o tamanho e peso do oviduto e peso do ovário com PPC de 0% e sua regressão à medida que atingiam os níveis de PPC: 24%; 26%; 28% e acima de 30%. A média de retorno produtivo foi 60%, sendo o grupo com PPC de 24% com o melhor índice (100%), no entanto, este apresentou índice de produção insatisfatório juntamente com o grupo de PPC acima de 30%. A muda forçada em Galinhas DAngola foi viável com índices de PPC em torno de 26% a 28% e inviáveis com níveis abaixo de 24% e acima de 30%. Em relação à regressão do aparelho reprodutor, os melhores resultados produtivos foram em torno de 65,15%, 90,49% e 94,27% para tamanho e peso do oviduto e peso do ovário, respectivamente.(AU)

Due to scarcity of studies on forced molt in alternative production birds, this experiment had the objective of performing an induced molt in Guinea Fowls observing the best body weight losses (BWL) that could promote good post-molt productions. With this purpose, 110 Guinea fowls were housed in individual commercial cages and were submitted to induced molt through the addition of zinc oxide in feed with the concentration of 20000 ppm during 21 days and received drinking water ad libitum. In the analysis of BWL related to post-molt productivity, 60 birds were organized in the groups, according to the percentage of BWL: 24% (n=18), 26% (n=18), 28% (n=12) and more than 30% (n=12). The other 50 birds were sacrificed for analyses of the reproductive organs, in which the oviduct size and weight of oviduct and ovary were measured with 0% of BWL and since then the regression of these organs were calculated to 24%, 26%,28% and more than 30% of BWL. The medium of post-molt return to production was 60% and the group of 24% of BWL presented the best productive return (100%), however this group presented an insufficient production rate as the birds with 30% of BWL. In this way, the induced molt in Guinea fowls was viable with BWL around 26 and 28% and unviable with less than 24% or more than 30%. In relation to regression of the reproductive organs the best productive results were 65,15%,90,49% and 94,27% to oviduct size and weight and ovary weight, respectively.(AU)