Clinical and pathological aspects of progressive hyperphosphatasemia associated with vacuolar hepatopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma in a Scottish Terrier bitch / Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da hiperfosfatasemia progressiva associada à hepatopatia vacuolar e carcinoma hepatocelular em uma cadela da raça Scottish Terrier

ABSTRACT: Hyperphosphatasemia refers to an increase in alkaline phosphatase serum activity, and Scottish Terriers (STs) are predisposed to develop this condition of uncertain pathogenesis. This study describes a case of progressive hyperphosphatasemia with vacuolar hepatopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a ST bitch. This dog had a five-year clinical follow-up with progressive hyperphosphatasemia (up to 5503 U/L) and with ultrasound findings and histologic diagnosis of vacuolar hepatopathy, in addition to posterior onset of HCC. A steroidogenic adrenal panel revealed an increase of adrenocortical hormones, especially progesterone and androstenedione, consistent with a subdiagnosed hypercortisolism. Euthanasia was elected and at necropsy, multinodular, yellow to red masses were observed in the liver, which were histologically and immunohistochemically defined as HCC. The association of the clinical, imaging, biochemical, adrenal panel and pathologic findings allowed to characterize and confirm a progressive disorder in this ST bitch associated with elevated adrenocortical hormones.

RESUMO: Hiperfosfatasemia é o aumento sérico de fosfatase alcalina, sendo que Scorrish Terriers estão predispostos a desenvolverem essa condição de patogênese desconhecida. Este trabalho descreve um caso de hiperfosfatasemia progressiva com hepatopatia vacuolar e carcinoma hepatocelular em um canino da raça Scottish Terrier. Uma cadela Scottish Terrier foi acompanhada clinicamente por cinco anos devido à hiperfosfatasemia persistente (até 5503 U/L), com achados ultrassonográficos e histológicos compatíveis com hepatopatia vacuolar, além de posterior desenvolvimento de carcinoma hepatocelular. O painel esteroidogênico realizado indicou aumento dos hormônios adrenocorticais, principalmente progesterona e androstenediona, consistente com diagnóstico de hipercortisolismo subdiagnosticado "atípico". Devido ao prognóstico desfavorável, a eutanásia foi realizada e na necropsia, massas amarelas a vermelhas e multinodulares foram observadas no fígado, com diagnóstico de carcinoma hepatocelular pela análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica. A associação dos achados clínicos, de imagem, bioquímicos, do painel androgênico e patológicos permitiram caracterizar e confirmar um distúrbio progressivo no canino da raça Scottish Terrier associado ao aumento dos hormônios adrenocorticais.

Clinical and pathological aspects of progressive hyperphosphatasemia associated with vacuolar hepatopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma in a Scottish Terrier bitch / Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da hiperfosfatasemia progressiva associada à hepatopatia vacuolar e carcinoma hepatocelular em uma cadela da raça Scottish Terrier

Hyperphosphatasemia refers to an increase in alkaline phosphatase serum activity, and Scottish Terriers (STs) are predisposed to develop this condition of uncertain pathogenesis. This study describes a case of progressive hyperphosphatasemia with vacuolar hepatopathy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a ST bitch. This dog had a five-year clinical follow-up with progressive hyperphosphatasemia (up to 5503 U/L) and with ultrasound findings and histologic diagnosis of vacuolar hepatopathy, in addition to posterior onset of HCC. A steroidogenic adrenal panel revealed an increase of adrenocortical hormones, especially progesterone and androstenedione, consistent with a subdiagnosed hypercortisolism. Euthanasia was elected and at necropsy, multinodular, yellow to red masses were observed in the liver, which were histologically and immunohistochemically defined as HCC. The association of the clinical, imaging, biochemical, adrenal panel and pathologic findings allowed to characterize and confirm a progressive disorder in this ST bitch associated with elevated adrenocortical hormones.

Hiperfosfatasemia é o aumento sérico de fosfatase alcalina, sendo que Scorrish Terriers estão predispostos a desenvolverem essa condição de patogênese desconhecida. Este trabalho descreve um caso de hiperfosfatasemia progressiva com hepatopatia vacuolar e carcinoma hepatocelular em um canino da raça Scottish Terrier. Uma cadela Scottish Terrier foi acompanhada clinicamente por cinco anos devido à hiperfosfatasemia persistente (até 5503 U/L), com achados ultrassonográficos e histológicos compatíveis com hepatopatia vacuolar, além de posterior desenvolvimento de carcinoma hepatocelular. O painel esteroidogênico realizado indicou aumento dos hormônios adrenocorticais, principalmente progesterona e androstenediona, consistente com diagnóstico de hipercortisolismo subdiagnosticado "atípico". Devido ao prognóstico desfavorável, a eutanásia foi realizada e na necropsia, massas amarelas a vermelhas e multinodulares foram observadas no fígado, com diagnóstico de carcinoma hepatocelular pela análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica. A associação dos achados clínicos, de imagem, bioquímicos, do painel androgênico e patológicos permitiram caracterizar e confirmar um distúrbio progressivo no canino da raça Scottish Terrier associado ao aumento dos hormônios adrenocorticais.

Effect of Dietary Growth Promoter Supplementations on the Serum Biochemistry and Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broiler Chicken

Bone mineralization is considered an essential source of minerals for metabolic needs that provide strength and hardness to the bone tissues and in birds its development can be enhanced by the use of dietary supplements. The present study was executed to evaluate the influence of prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on the morphometric aspects of tibia bone in broilers. One-hundred and sixty-one-day-old broiler chick were divided randomly into four groups (n=40) with 4 replicates (n=10 in each replicate). Group-I fed with only corn based basal diet and served as controlled group. Group-II with antibiotic supplement (Zinc bacitracin 0.04%), Group-III with probiotic supplement (lactobacillus 0.1%) & Group-IV with prebiotic supplement (mannan oligosaccharide 0.1%). On the 35th day, two birds were selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered to record the morphometric parameters of both right and left tibia bones from each bird. The findings showed that the length, weight, thickness of lateral and medial wall, tibiotarsal index of bone and bone ash percentage of supplemented groups have had significant (p<0.05) difference when compared to that of the controlled group. The weight/length index in birds supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the antibiotic supplemented and control group. Medullary canal diameter of all the supplemented groups was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. No significant (p>0.05) difference of robusticity index and diaphysis diameter was observed among various groups. A significant (p<0.05) low level of Alkaline Phosphatase while higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus was recorded in the supplemented groups compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, the use of prebiotic and probiotic as growth promoter can exhibit some underline mechanisms in the form of enhancement of bone quality, density and characteristics in broiler chicks as compared to common antibiotics.(AU)

New findings of intestinal alkaline phosphatase: effects on intestinal and organ health of piglets challenged with ETEC F4 (K88)

The aim of this study was to assess the addition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) to diets on the count of bacterial populations, pH of digestive organ contents, histopathological description, proinflammatory markers, hepatic glycogen reserve, and diarrhoea incidence of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. Sixty-four crossbred piglets (7.16±0.28 kg body weight, 25-days-old) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomised block design: negative control (NC), NC + antibiotic (ANT), NC + 15 mg IAP, or NC + 30 mg IAP kg−1 of diet, eight replications of two piglets per experimental unit. All piglets were orally challenged with 6 mL of a solution containing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 at 106 CFU mL−1 at 15 days of experimentation. The study lasted for 19 days. At the end of the experimental period, the piglets were slaughtered (six animals per treatment). Enterobacteriaceae in caecum and colon was lower in piglets on 30 mg IAP than with ANT and NC, ANT or 15 mg IAP, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae adhered to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was greater in piglets fed ANT than the other treatments. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in caecum was greater in piglets fed NC and ANT. In MLN, LAB count was greater in ANT and 30 mg IAP-fed piglets compared with 15 mg IAP. Piglets in 30 mg IAP in diet showed a tendency for lowering tissue necrosis compared with NC or ANT. Piglets fed 30 mg IAP showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence in the pre- and post-challenge compared with 15 mg IAP and all other treatments, respectively. Based on the criteria, addition of 30 mg IAP to diet inhibits Enterobacteriaceae population and suggests a potential effect in mitigating intestinal injuries, as observed in piglets in the NC for some of the parameters investigated.(AU)

Horses fed meal contaminated with mycotoxins performing short-term exercises / Efeitos das micotoxinas na performance de equinos submetidos a exercícios de curta duração

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins on the performance of horses through physiological parameters, and hematology and serum biochemistry analyses. The essay lasted 40 days, with 12 days for adaptation and 28 days of experimentation. In the experimental stage, the horses were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments with four animals each. The treatments used were 0 (control), 50 ppb and 100 ppb of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) added to a concentrate in a basal diet. The basal diet contained mycotoxins from feedstuffs naturally contaminated. The exercise test was performed over the 21th day of the experimental stage. The exercise consisted in an interval training test with a warm-up of 17 mins at a trot followed by three gallops of 450m/min. The heart rate was monitored between the gallops. Before the exercise test and immediately after the third gallop, the physiological and blood parameters were evaluated, and continued up to 48 hours after the exercise. The results of the physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared by the Tukey test at 5% of significance. The presence of AFB1 in the diet influenced the alkaline phosphatase activity, which presented higher values in horses fed diet with inclusion of 100 ppb AFB1, suggesting a hepatotoxic activity associated with the others mycotoxins naturally present in the feedstuffs.(AU)

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para avaliar o efeito de micotoxinas no desempenho de equinos com avaliações fisiológicas e análises hematológicas e da bioquímica sérica. O ensaio durou 40 dias, com 12 dias de adaptação e 28 dias de experimentação. Na fase experimental, os equinos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em três tratamentos, com quatro animais cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram 0 (controle), 50 ppb e 100 ppb de Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) adicionada ao concentrado de uma dieta basal. A dieta basal continha alimentos naturalmente contaminados por micotoxinas. O teste de desempenho foi executado no 21º dia da fase experimental por meio de teste intervalado consistindo em aquecimento ao trote por 17 minutos, seguido de três galopes de 450m/min. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi monitorada entre os galopes. Antes do exercício e imediatamente após o terceiro galope, os parâmetros fisiológicos e sanguíneos foram avaliados e continuaram sendo monitorados até 48 horas após o exercício. Os resultados dos parâmetros fisiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A presença de AFB1 na dieta influenciou a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, que apresentou valores mais elevadas na dieta com inclusão de 100 ppb de AFB1, sugerindo uma atividade hepatotóxica associada às outras micotoxinas naturalmente presentes nos alimentos.(AU)

Horses fed meal contaminated with mycotoxins performing short-term exercises / Efeitos das micotoxinas na performance de equinos submetidos a exercícios de curta duração

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins on the performance of horses through physiological parameters, and hematology and serum biochemistry analyses. The essay lasted 40 days, with 12 days for adaptation and 28 days of experimentation. In the experimental stage, the horses were distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments with four animals each. The treatments used were 0 (control), 50 ppb and 100 ppb of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) added to a concentrate in a basal diet. The basal diet contained mycotoxins from feedstuffs naturally contaminated. The exercise test was performed over the 21th day of the experimental stage. The exercise consisted in an interval training test with a warm-up of 17 mins at a trot followed by three gallops of 450m/min. The heart rate was monitored between the gallops. Before the exercise test and immediately after the third gallop, the physiological and blood parameters were evaluated, and continued up to 48 hours after the exercise. The results of the physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared by the Tukey test at 5% of significance. The presence of AFB1 in the diet influenced the alkaline phosphatase activity, which presented higher values in horses fed diet with inclusion of 100 ppb AFB1, suggesting a hepatotoxic activity associated with the others mycotoxins naturally present in the feedstuffs.(AU)

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para avaliar o efeito de micotoxinas no desempenho de equinos com avaliações fisiológicas e análises hematológicas e da bioquímica sérica. O ensaio durou 40 dias, com 12 dias de adaptação e 28 dias de experimentação. Na fase experimental, os equinos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em três tratamentos, com quatro animais cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram 0 (controle), 50 ppb e 100 ppb de Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) adicionada ao concentrado de uma dieta basal. A dieta basal continha alimentos naturalmente contaminados por micotoxinas. O teste de desempenho foi executado no 21º dia da fase experimental por meio de teste intervalado consistindo em aquecimento ao trote por 17 minutos, seguido de três galopes de 450m/min. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi monitorada entre os galopes. Antes do exercício e imediatamente após o terceiro galope, os parâmetros fisiológicos e sanguíneos foram avaliados e continuaram sendo monitorados até 48 horas após o exercício. Os resultados dos parâmetros fisiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A presença de AFB1 na dieta influenciou a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, que apresentou valores mais elevadas na dieta com inclusão de 100 ppb de AFB1, sugerindo uma atividade hepatotóxica associada às outras micotoxinas naturalmente presentes nos alimentos.(AU)

Pretreatment of hepatetctomized rats with Coleus forskohlii did not interfere with the course of hepatic hyperplasia

Purpose: Coleus forskohlii Briq., a medicinal plant originally from India, has been indicated against heart disease, expiratory disorders, convulsions, and hepatic changes, among others. In view of the broad pharmacological potential of the plant and the scarce information about its effects, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of its use for pretreatment of partially hepatectomized rats. Methods: The animals were divided into two experimental groups: Control (CG) receiving physiological saline for 10 days before partial hepatetctomy, and Treated (TG) receiving 40 mg Coleus forskohlii/kg/day for 10 days before partial hepatectomy. The treatments were performed by gastric gavage. After the surgical procedure, treatment was continued according to the following groups: CG 24 h, CG 48 h, TG 24 h, and TG 48 hs, and liver tissue and intracardiac blood samples were obtained for histological and biochemical analysis, respectively. Results: No significant differences were observed in mitotic or apoptotic index or in the concentrations of the enzymes AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase, and no areas of fibrosis were detected. Conclusion: Treatment with Coleus forskohlii did not interfere with the course of hepatic hyperplasia.(AU)

Eficiência da pasteurização lenta do leite de cabra em diferentes binômios tempo/temperatura / Efficiency of slow pasteurization of goat milk in the different time/temperature binomials

O presente estudo analisou um binômio de tempo-temperatura alternativo para ser utilizado na pasteurização lenta sobre a inativação da fosfatase alcalina no leite caprino. Sua eficiência foi demonstrada pela contagem padrão em placas, e foi feita a comparação no processamento de leite refrigerado e congelado. Foram utilizados 18 tratamentos em leite caprino cru (nove em leite refrigerado e nove em leite congelado). Estes foram acondicionados em frascos de 300 mL, pasteurizados a 60, 63 e 65°C durante 10-20-30 minutos, e testadas às enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase. A contagem padrão em placas (CPP) e coliformes a 35 e 45°C foi feita nas amostras cruas e em cada tratamento, em duplicata. Após a pasteurização, todos os tratamentos apresentaram: não crescimento de microrganismos mesófilos, coliformes com <0,3 NMP/mL, prova de fosfatase negativa e peroxidase positiva. A pasteurização foi eficiente para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica do leite tanto refrigerado quanto congelado. Todos os binômios avaliados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para alcançar os parâmetros preconizados em legislação, sugerindo-se o menor binômio (60°C por 10 min). Não houve diferença entre as formas de armazenamento das amostras: refrigerada ou congelada.

The objective of this study was to investigate an alternative time-temperature binomial to be used in the slow pasteurization on the alkaline phosphatase inactivation in the goat milk. Its efficiency was demonstrated with the standard counting in plates, and also refrigerated and the frozen milks processing were compared. Eighteen treatments were used in the raw goat milk (nine refrigerated milk and nine frozen milk). They were packed in 300 mL-flasks, pasteurized at 60-63-65°C for 10, 20, 30 minutes, and then tested for alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase enzymes. The standard counts in plates (CPP) and coliforms at 35°C and 45°C were performed in the raw samples and in the every treatment, in duplicate. After the pasteurization process, all of the treatments showed: no growth of mesophilic microorganisms, coliforms with <0.3 MPN / mL, negative phosphatase and positive peroxidase tests. The pasteurization was efficient to improve the microbiological quality of the milk either refrigerated or frozen. All of the evaluated binomials presented satisfactory results to reach the recommended parameters preconized in the legislation, suggesting the smaller binomial (60°C for 10 min). There was no difference between the samples storage form, either refrigerated or frozen.

Eficiência da pasteurização lenta do leite de cabra em diferentes binômios tempo/temperatura / Efficiency of slow pasteurization of goat milk in the different time/temperature binomials

O presente estudo analisou um binômio de tempo-temperatura alternativo para ser utilizado na pasteurização lenta sobre a inativação da fosfatase alcalina no leite caprino. Sua eficiência foi demonstrada pela contagem padrão em placas, e foi feita a comparação no processamento de leite refrigerado e congelado. Foram utilizados 18 tratamentos em leite caprino cru (nove em leite refrigerado e nove em leite congelado). Estes foram acondicionados em frascos de 300 mL, pasteurizados a 60, 63 e 65°C durante 10-20-30 minutos, e testadas às enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase. A contagem padrão em placas (CPP) e coliformes a 35 e 45°C foi feita nas amostras cruas e em cada tratamento, em duplicata. Após a pasteurização, todos os tratamentos apresentaram: não crescimento de microrganismos mesófilos, coliformes com <0,3 NMP/mL, prova de fosfatase negativa e peroxidase positiva. A pasteurização foi eficiente para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica do leite tanto refrigerado quanto congelado. Todos os binômios avaliados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para alcançar os parâmetros preconizados em legislação, sugerindo-se o menor binômio (60°C por 10 min). Não houve diferença entre as formas de armazenamento das amostras: refrigerada ou congelada.(AU)

The objective of this study was to investigate an alternative time-temperature binomial to be used in the slow pasteurization on the alkaline phosphatase inactivation in the goat milk. Its efficiency was demonstrated with the standard counting in plates, and also refrigerated and the frozen milks processing were compared. Eighteen treatments were used in the raw goat milk (nine refrigerated milk and nine frozen milk). They were packed in 300 mL-flasks, pasteurized at 60-63-65°C for 10, 20, 30 minutes, and then tested for alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase enzymes. The standard counts in plates (CPP) and coliforms at 35°C and 45°C were performed in the raw samples and in the every treatment, in duplicate. After the pasteurization process, all of the treatments showed: no growth of mesophilic microorganisms, coliforms with <0.3 MPN / mL, negative phosphatase and positive peroxidase tests. The pasteurization was efficient to improve the microbiological quality of the milk either refrigerated or frozen. All of the evaluated binomials presented satisfactory results to reach the recommended parameters preconized in the legislation, suggesting the smaller binomial (60°C for 10 min). There was no difference between the samples storage form, either refrigerated or frozen.(AU)

In vivo detoxification of ochratoxin A by highly porous magnetic nanocomposites prepared from coconut shell

The current study was conducted to elucidate the clinical effect of ochratoxin A in Gallus gallus domesticus and to ameliorate its toxic effects by the development and characterization of highly porous carbon-based adsorbent derived from coconut shell. A series of experiments were performed on one day-old chicks (Group A to F). Clinical signs of the positive control (group B fed on 400 ppb ochratoxin A contaminated feed) included depression, diarrhea, increased water intake, low body weight, high degree of genotoxicity, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys and liver. Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea concentration significantly increased while albumin, globulin and total proteins were found significantly low. All these lead to increased mortality. Among adsorbents treated groups, chickens in group C (0.3% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and D (0.6% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed) showed very low pathological effects while group E (0.9% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and F (1.2% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) showed normal behavior, blood biochemistry and well maintained histological structure like that in group A. As a whole, the adsorbents treated groups fed with ochratoxin A contaminated feed, supplemented with different levels of the prepared adsorbent helped to ameliorate the toxic effects of OTA and nearly showed normal clinical signs.(AU)

In vivo detoxification of ochratoxin A by highly porous magnetic nanocomposites prepared from coconut shell

The current study was conducted to elucidate the clinical effect of ochratoxin A in Gallus gallus domesticus and to ameliorate its toxic effects by the development and characterization of highly porous carbon-based adsorbent derived from coconut shell. A series of experiments were performed on one day-old chicks (Group A to F). Clinical signs of the positive control (group B fed on 400 ppb ochratoxin A contaminated feed) included depression, diarrhea, increased water intake, low body weight, high degree of genotoxicity, swollen and hemorrhagic kidneys and liver. Serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea concentration significantly increased while albumin, globulin and total proteins were found significantly low. All these lead to increased mortality. Among adsorbents treated groups, chickens in group C (0.3% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and D (0.6% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed) showed very low pathological effects while group E (0.9% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) and F (1.2% of the prepared adsorbent mixed in OTA contaminated feed) showed normal behavior, blood biochemistry and well maintained histological structure like that in group A. As a whole, the adsorbents treated groups fed with ochratoxin A contaminated feed, supplemented with different levels of the prepared adsorbent helped to ameliorate the toxic effects of OTA and nearly showed normal clinical signs.

In vivo amelioration of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks by magnetic carbon nanocomposite

In this study an Iron oxide/carbon nanocomposite from maize straw was prepared and was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, TG/DTA and Surface area analyzer. The adsorbent was fed to different groups of poultry birds along with aflatoxin B1. Different physiological and blood parameters were monitored in order to study the efficacy of the prepared adsorbent for binding of aflatoxin B1 in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. It was found that adsorbent at dose of 0.3%/ kg feed was highly effective in detoxifying aflatoxin B1 in gastrointestinal tract of poultry birdswith no harmful effects. The high doses given to groups E and F; 0.4% and 0.5% respectively showed slight variation in tested parameters from group A. No negative symptoms associated with the use of activated carbon as previously reported were observed for the adsorbent under study.(AU)

In vivo amelioration of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks by magnetic carbon nanocomposite

In this study an Iron oxide/carbon nanocomposite from maize straw was prepared and was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, TG/DTA and Surface area analyzer. The adsorbent was fed to different groups of poultry birds along with aflatoxin B1. Different physiological and blood parameters were monitored in order to study the efficacy of the prepared adsorbent for binding of aflatoxin B1 in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. It was found that adsorbent at dose of 0.3%/ kg feed was highly effective in detoxifying aflatoxin B1 in gastrointestinal tract of poultry birdswith no harmful effects. The high doses given to groups E and F; 0.4% and 0.5% respectively showed slight variation in tested parameters from group A. No negative symptoms associated with the use of activated carbon as previously reported were observed for the adsorbent under study.(AU)

The effects of microbial phytase on serum calcium and phosphorus levels and alkaline phosphatase activities in broilers fed diets containing different levels of phosphorus

Background: Addition of the phytase enzyme to the diet of monogastric animals is an effective and practical method for both utilization of phytate-P and P disposal. Besides hydrolytic effects on phytate, phytase may also improve the availability of minerals. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an important role in bone mineralization. Since dietary P levels decrease, serum ALP level has been shown to increase. It was reported that pigs and broilers fed phytase had lower serum ALP level. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of microbial phytase on serum calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels and ALP activities in broilers fed diets containing different P levels.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 144 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500 stain) were used in this study. The birds were housed in metabolic cages (33 cm × 33 cm × 40 cm) under environmentally controlled conditions for 42 days. The fluorescent lights were on for 24 h each day. Diets and water were provided ad libitum. Starter diet was given in the first three weeks of the study, and grower diet was given from the beginning of the fourth to the end of the sixth week. The study was designed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with three levels, low, medium and high, of nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) (0.18, 0.30 and 0.45 %), and two levels of phytase (0 and 600 U/kg diet). Blood samples were collected from 5 broilers in each group on days 21 and 42 and analyzed for serum Ca and Pi levels and ALP activities. Serum Ca concentrations were affected only by dietary P levels between 0-21 days (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between groups for serum Ca concentrations for 22-42 days. Phytase supplementation had no effect on serum Ca concentrations. During the experiment, serum P concentrations increased linearly depending on dietary P levels.[...](AU)

The effects of microbial phytase on serum calcium and phosphorus levels and alkaline phosphatase activities in broilers fed diets containing different levels of phosphorus

Background: Addition of the phytase enzyme to the diet of monogastric animals is an effective and practical method for both utilization of phytate-P and P disposal. Besides hydrolytic effects on phytate, phytase may also improve the availability of minerals. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an important role in bone mineralization. Since dietary P levels decrease, serum ALP level has been shown to increase. It was reported that pigs and broilers fed phytase had lower serum ALP level. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of microbial phytase on serum calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels and ALP activities in broilers fed diets containing different P levels.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 144 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500 stain) were used in this study. The birds were housed in metabolic cages (33 cm × 33 cm × 40 cm) under environmentally controlled conditions for 42 days. The fluorescent lights were on for 24 h each day. Diets and water were provided ad libitum. Starter diet was given in the first three weeks of the study, and grower diet was given from the beginning of the fourth to the end of the sixth week. The study was designed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with three levels, low, medium and high, of nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) (0.18, 0.30 and 0.45 %), and two levels of phytase (0 and 600 U/kg diet). Blood samples were collected from 5 broilers in each group on days 21 and 42 and analyzed for serum Ca and Pi levels and ALP activities. Serum Ca concentrations were affected only by dietary P levels between 0-21 days (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between groups for serum Ca concentrations for 22-42 days. Phytase supplementation had no effect on serum Ca concentrations. During the experiment, serum P concentrations increased linearly depending on dietary P levels.[...]

Improvement of bone repair in diabetic rats subjected to 780 nm low-level laser therapy

To investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy on bone healing in diabetic rats. METHODS: Bone cavities (19 mm diameter) were performed in the femur of 72 alloxan-induced diabetic rats, which were assigned into four groups: CTR (non-diabetic control), DBT (diabetic) CTRL (non-diabetic irradiated) and DBTL (diabetic irradiated). Low-level laser therapy was performed every 48h for seven days. Animals were euthanized at seven, 18 and 30 days. Alkaline phosphatase serum levels and bone repair were analyzed. RESULTS: Low-level laser therapy significantly increased alkaline phosphatase in at seven and 18 days (p 0.001), and improved bone healing at seven (p 0.01), 18 (p 0.05) and 30 (p 0.01) in diabetic animals. In addition, bone healing in irradiated diabetic group was statistically similar to control group at 30 days (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Low-level laser therapy increased the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and improved bone healing in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.(AU)

Addition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in diets and its effects on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli K88+

In this study, our aim was to assess the additional effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in diets on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), blood metabolites, intestinal histology, relative organ weights, bacterial population counts, pH of digestive tract content, hepatic glycogen reserve (HGR), histopathological description and proinflammatory markers of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88+. A total of 64 crossbred piglets, entire male, weaned at 25-days-old with an average initial body weight of 7.168 ± 0.287 kg were allocated to a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments repeated twice in the two blocks: control diet (negative control), control diet + antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP, 150 g of tiamulin/ton of diet), control diet + 15 mg IAP/kg of diet and control diet + 30 mg IAP/kg of diet, four replications per block with two piglets per experimental unit. All piglets were orally challenged with 6 mL of a solution containing ETEC K88+ (106 CFU/mL). Prior to the beginning of the experimental period, was determined the best microencapsulation process of IAP in a model involving adhesion and phagocytic activity of equine bronchoalveolar macrophage. In Exp. I, the variables analyzed were growth performance, DO, blood metabolites (urea, glucose and alkaline phosphatase), intestinal morphometry, relative organ weight and in vitro simulation of microencapsulated IAP on pH modulation capacity and its dilution in acidic and basic solution. At 19 experimentation days, six animals per treatment were slaughtered for data collection and biological samples. Exp. II involved the evaluation of the effect of IAP on intestinal health by bacterial populations counts in the intestinal content and adhered to mesenteric lymph node, digestive organ content pH, HGR, proinflammatory markers in the liver and intestinal epithelium and histopathological description of the intestinal epithelium. In pre-starter I phase, piglets that received 30 mg IAP added in the diet or control diet showed better feed conversion rate (P = 0.075) compared to those fed 15 mg IAP. Piglets that consumed 30 mg IAP or control diet showed greater (P = 0.004) average daily body weight gain (ADBWG) in the pre-starter II phase. Piglets fed 15 mg IAP had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.033) compared to piglets with diets containing AGP. At the total period, there was a difference between treatment, in which the piglets fed 15 mg IAP showed a reduction in ADBWG (P = 0.040) and ADFI (P = 0.092). For the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (P = 0.044) of treatment, in which the piglets that consumed the diet containing 30 mg IAP showed a 24% improvement in DO compared to the treatment with 15 mg IAP. We observed the main effect (P = 0.009), with the addition of 30 mg IAP in the post-challenge phase in decreasing piglet DO (5.56%) when compared to those receiving AGP (16.67%). For the total period, piglets that consumed 15 mg IAP showed greater (P = 0.007) DO when compared to those receiving 30 mg IAP. No differences between treatments were obtained in any of the pre- and post-challenge plasma concentration indicators. The spleen relative weight of piglet increased (P = 0.043) in response to 30 mg IAP treatment. The Enterobacteriaceae counts in the cecum content were lower (P = 0.002) in piglets that receiving 30 mg IAP compared with those for AGP treatment. Piglets fed 30 mg IAP presented lower (P = 0.007) Enterobacteriaceae count in the colon when compared to the other treatments. For the Enterobacteriaceae count adhered to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), there was an increase (P = 0.006) in piglets fed diets with AGP. Piglets fed the control diet or AGP showed greater (P = 0.000) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the cecum content. There was a treatment effect (P = 0.013) on LAB count in MLN, in which piglets fed with AGP or that received 30 mg IAP had a greater count when compared to those with 15 mg IAP. The experimental treatments did not influence (P > 0.05) the pH of the digestive tract contents, intestinal morphology, TNF-, COX-2 activity, TLR4 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the jejunum and liver, nor on HGR. Piglets that received 30 mg IAP showed a slight reduction on TNF- in jejunum (4.17 times) and liver (1.9 times) when compared to piglets in the control group or with AGP, respectively. Based on the present results, the addition of 30 mg IAP in diets improves the growth performance and attenuates the DO in piglets in the post-weaning period. In addition, the results suggest that the addition of 30 mg IAP provides an ability to mitigate intestinal injuries and maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal physiology of piglets.

In this study, our aim was to assess the additional effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in diets on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), blood metabolites, intestinal histology, relative organ weights, bacterial population counts, pH of digestive tract content, hepatic glycogen reserve (HGR), histopathological description and proinflammatory markers of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88+. A total of 64 crossbred piglets, entire male, weaned at 25-days-old with an average initial body weight of 7.168 ± 0.287 kg were allocated to a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments repeated twice in the two blocks: control diet (negative control), control diet + antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP, 150 g of tiamulin/ton of diet), control diet + 15 mg IAP/kg of diet and control diet + 30 mg IAP/kg of diet, four replications per block with two piglets per experimental unit. All piglets were orally challenged with 6 mL of a solution containing ETEC K88+ (106 CFU/mL). Prior to the beginning of the experimental period, was determined the best microencapsulation process of IAP in a model involving adhesion and phagocytic activity of equine bronchoalveolar macrophage. In Exp. I, the variables analyzed were growth performance, DO, blood metabolites (urea, glucose and alkaline phosphatase), intestinal morphometry, relative organ weight and in vitro simulation of microencapsulated IAP on pH modulation capacity and its dilution in acidic and basic solution. At 19 experimentation days, six animals per treatment were slaughtered for data collection and biological samples. Exp. II involved the evaluation of the effect of IAP on intestinal health by bacterial populations counts in the intestinal content and adhered to mesenteric lymph node, digestive organ content pH, HGR, proinflammatory markers in the liver and intestinal epithelium and histopathological description of the intestinal epithelium. In pre-starter I phase, piglets that received 30 mg IAP added in the diet or control diet showed better feed conversion rate (P = 0.075) compared to those fed 15 mg IAP. Piglets that consumed 30 mg IAP or control diet showed greater (P = 0.004) average daily body weight gain (ADBWG) in the pre-starter II phase. Piglets fed 15 mg IAP had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.033) compared to piglets with diets containing AGP. At the total period, there was a difference between treatment, in which the piglets fed 15 mg IAP showed a reduction in ADBWG (P = 0.040) and ADFI (P = 0.092). For the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (P = 0.044) of treatment, in which the piglets that consumed the diet containing 30 mg IAP showed a 24% improvement in DO compared to the treatment with 15 mg IAP. We observed the main effect (P = 0.009), with the addition of 30 mg IAP in the post-challenge phase in decreasing piglet DO (5.56%) when compared to those receiving AGP (16.67%). For the total period, piglets that consumed 15 mg IAP showed greater (P = 0.007) DO when compared to those receiving 30 mg IAP. No differences between treatments were obtained in any of the pre- and post-challenge plasma concentration indicators. The spleen relative weight of piglet increased (P = 0.043) in response to 30 mg IAP treatment. The Enterobacteriaceae counts in the cecum content were lower (P = 0.002) in piglets that receiving 30 mg IAP compared with those for AGP treatment. Piglets fed 30 mg IAP presented lower (P = 0.007) Enterobacteriaceae count in the colon when compared to the other treatments. For the Enterobacteriaceae count adhered to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), there was an increase (P = 0.006) in piglets fed diets with AGP. Piglets fed the control diet or AGP showed greater (P = 0.000) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the cecum content. There was a treatment effect (P = 0.013) on LAB count in MLN, in which piglets fed with AGP or that received 30 mg IAP had a greater count when compared to those with 15 mg IAP. The experimental treatments did not influence (P > 0.05) the pH of the digestive tract contents, intestinal morphology, TNF-, COX-2 activity, TLR4 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the jejunum and liver, nor on HGR. Piglets that received 30 mg IAP showed a slight reduction on TNF- in jejunum (4.17 times) and liver (1.9 times) when compared to piglets in the control group or with AGP, respectively. Based on the present results, the addition of 30 mg IAP in diets improves the growth performance and attenuates the DO in piglets in the post-weaning period. In addition, the results suggest that the addition of 30 mg IAP provides an ability to mitigate intestinal injuries and maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal physiology of piglets.

Blood and bone parameters of cattle fed diets containing different phosphates and phosphorus: fluorine relations / Parâmetros sanguíneo e ósseo de bovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fosfatos e relações fósforo: flúor

Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, being that initially were performed seven replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. The treatments were designed as following: CONT: control diet; DC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MDCP60: Monodicalcium Phosphate 60:1 ratio P: F; DC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; TSP30: Triple Superphosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; DC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P: F; PRC10: phosphate rock concentrate of 10:1 of relation P: F. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of animals who consumed PRC10 diet was greater than the ALP of animals that consumed TSP30, DC10 and DC120. This result was obtained with animals with 650 days of confinement. The ALP of the animals that consumed PRC10 was greater at 866 days than in the animals consuming TSP30 and DC120 diets. The ash content was greater in the DC10 diet and the diets CAR10 and DC120 achieved the lowest value. The fluorine content in bone was higher in diet DC10, while the diets DC120, PRC10 and MDCP60 obtained the lower values. The area of Haversian canals and the relation Havers/Osteon area were higher in the diet DC30 and the lowest value was encountered in DC10. The mottled teeth were more intensely observed in the treatments DC10 and PRC10. It was concluded that high fluorine content in the diet increases the deposition of fluorine in bones, which negatively affects in the histological parameters of teeth and bones of beef cattle.(AU)

Quarenta e nove novilhos machos foram distribuídos em delineamento casualizado, sendo que inicialmente foram efetuadas sete repetições por tratamento e, ao final do experimento, foram abatidos quatro animais por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram; CONT: Dieta controle; FBC120: Fosfato Bicálcico 120:1 de relação P: F; MBC60: Fosfato monobicálcico 60:1 de relação P:F; FBC30: Fosfato Bicálcico 30:1 de relação P:F; SFT30: Super Fosfato Triplo 30:1 de relação P:F; FBC10: Fosfato Bicálcico 10:1 de relação P:F; CAR10: Concentrado de Rocha 10:1 de relação P:F. A fosfatase alcalina (FA) dos animais aos 650 dias de confinamento, os quais consumiram dieta CAR10, foi maior dos que a FA naqueles que consumiram SFT30 e FBC10 e FBC120. A FA dos animais que consumiram CAR10 foi maior, aos 866 dias, do que àquela observada nos tratamentos com SFT30 e FBC120. O teor de cinza foi maior na dieta FBC10 e as dietas CAR10 e FBC120 representaram o menor valor. O teor de flúor no osso foi maior nos animais da dieta FBC10 em relação àqueles das dietas CAR10, sendo que as dietas FBC120 e MBC60 obtiveram menores teores. A área dos canais de Havers e a relação Havers/área do Osteon foram maiores na dieta FBC30, sendo que o respectivo menor valor foi FBC10. A presença de dentes mosqueados foi superior nos animais tratados com FBC10 e CAR10. Concluiu-se que o alto teor de flúor na dieta aumenta a deposição de flúor nos ossos, o que afeta negativamente nos parâmetros histológicos de dentes e ossos de bovinos de corte.(AU)

Blood and bone parameters of cattle fed diets containing different phosphates and phosphorus: fluorine relations

p>Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, being that initially were performed seven replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. The treatments were designed as following: CONT: control diet; DC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MDCP60: Monodicalcium Phosphate 60:1 ratio P: F; DC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; TSP30: Triple Superphosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; DC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P: F; PRC10: phosphate rock concentrate of 10:1 of relation P: F. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of animals who consumed PRC10 diet was greater than the ALP of animals that consumed TSP30, DC10 and DC120. This result was obtained with animals with 650 days of confinement. The ALP of the animals that consumed PRC10 was greater at 866 days than in the animals consuming TSP30 and DC120 diets. The ash content was greater in the DC10 diet and the diets CAR10 and DC120 achieved the lowest value. The fluorine content in bone was higher in diet DC10, while the diets DC120, PRC10 and MDCP60 obtained the lower values. The area of Haversian canals and the relation Havers/Osteon area were higher in the diet DC30 and the lowest value was encountered in DC10. The mottled teeth were more intensely observed in the treatments DC10 and PRC10. It was concluded that high fluorine content in the diet increases the deposition of fluorine in bones, which negatively affects in the histological parameters of teeth and bones of beef cattle. /p>

p>Quarenta e nove novilhos machos foram distribuídos em delineamento casualizado, sendo que inicialmente foram efetuadas sete repetições por tratamento e, ao final do experimento, foram abatidos quatro animais por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram; CONT: Dieta controle; FBC120: Fosfato Bicálcico 120:1 de relação P: F; MBC60: Fosfato monobicálcico 60:1 de relação P:F; FBC30: Fosfato Bicálcico 30:1 de relação P:F; SFT30: Super Fosfato Triplo 30:1 de relação P:F; FBC10: Fosfato Bicálcico 10:1 de relação P:F; CAR10: Concentrado de Rocha 10:1 de relação P:F. A fosfatase alcalina (FA) dos animais aos 650 dias de confinamento, os quais consumiram dieta CAR10, foi maior dos que a FA naqueles que consumiram SFT30 e FBC10 e FBC120. A FA dos animais que consumiram CAR10 foi maior, aos 866 dias, do que àquela observada nos tratamentos com SFT30 e FBC120. O teor de cinza foi maior na dieta FBC10 e as dietas CAR10 e FBC120 representaram o menor valor. O teor de flúor no osso foi maior nos animais da dieta FBC10 em relação àqueles das dietas CAR10, sendo que as dietas FBC120 e MBC60 obtiveram menores teores. A área dos canais de Havers e a relação Havers/área do Osteon foram maiores na dieta FBC30, sendo que o respectivo menor valor foi FBC10. A presença de dentes mosqueados foi superior nos animais tratados com FBC10 e CAR10. Concluiu-se que o alto teor de flúor na dieta aumenta a deposição de flúor nos ossos, o que afeta negativamente nos parâmetros histológicos de dentes e ossos de bovinos de corte. /p>

BIOQUÍMICA SANGUÍNEA E BIOMETRIA ÓSSEA DE FRANGOS DE CORTE ALIMENTADOS COM QUIRERA DE SOJA

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes de quirera de soja em substituição ao farelo de soja, com e sem protease sobre a correlação do perfil bioquímico dos minerais e biometria óssea de tíbia e fêmur em frangos de corte. Foram utilizadas 500 aves da linhagem Cobb®, níveis de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% de quirera de soja e protease, durante o período experimental de 42 dias. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, sendo dez tratamentos e cinco repetições contendo dez aves por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição do farelo de soja por quirera de soja, com e sem adição da enzima protease nas rações à base de milho e farelo de soja. Foram determinados os níveis de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) no sangue e análise da biometria da tíbia e fêmur e suas correlações sobre as fases de sete, 14, 21 e 42 dias de idade. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa R quando o teste F foi significativo, foi aplicada a análise de regressão polinomial, a 5% de probabilidade. Os níveis de quirera de soja afetaram significativamente (p<0,05) tanto as concentrações sanguíneas do cálcio e fósforo quanto o peso da tíbia e fêmur para todas as fases crescimento. Concluiu-se que a utilização de até 3% da quirera de soja em substituição ao farelo de soja na alimentação de frangos de corte pode ser utilizado sem causar problemas na absorção de cálcio e fósforo. Porém, a partir de 6% de quirera de soja, houve influência negativa comprovada pelas alterações séricas dos minerais e pelo aumento da fosfatase alcalina indicando que houve remodelamento ósseo. O índice de Seedor apresentou redução significativa com níveis crescentes de quirera, acarretando a redução da densidade óssea levando a formação de ossos frágeis gerando problemas locomotores e consequente perdas econômicas na produção.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of soybeans in substitution to soybean meal, with and without protease on the correlation of the minerals biochemical profile and bone biometry of tibia and femur in broilers. A total of 500 birds of the Cobb® line fed with levels of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean and protease were used during the 42-day experimental period. The design was completely randomized, with ten treatments and five repetitions containing ten birds per repetition. The treatments consisted of replacing soybean meal by grind whole soybean, with and without the addition of the protease enzyme in diets based on corn and soybean meal. The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (FA) in the blood were determined as well as the analysis of the tibia and femur biometrics and their correlations over the seven, 14, 21 and 42 days of age. The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the R program when the F test was significant, polynomial regression analysis was applied, at 5% probability. The levels of grind whole soybean significantly affected (p <0.05) both the blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorus and the weight of the tibia and femur for all growth phases. It was concluded that the use of up to 3% of the grind whole soybean replacing soybean meal in broiler chickens can be used without causing problems in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. However, from 6% of soybeans, there was a negative influence, confirmed by the serum alterations of minerals and by the increase in alkaline phosphatase, indicating that there was bone remodeling. The Seedor index showed a significant reduction with increasing levels of grind whole soybean, which leads to a reduction in bone density producing fragile bones, generating locomotor problems and consequent economic losses in production.