The effects of 1a(OH)D3 individually or in combination with phytase, and different levels of cholecalciferol on performance, tibia criteria, and plasma minerals of Japanese quails

The aim of studywas to compare efficacy of 1-α(OH)D3alone or in combination with phytase and 1-α(OH)D3in combination of phytase and different concentration of cholecalciferol on performance, tibia parameters,andplasma minerals of quails fed Ca-P deficient diet. A total of 280 mixed sex 5-d-old quails were allocated to 7 treatments with 5 replicates.The vitamin supplement which incorporated to basal diet did not contain cholecalciferol.The dietary treatments were as follows: Ca-P deficient diet (basal diet); basal diet + 500 FTU phytase/kg of diet; basal diet + phytase + 5 µg of 1-α(OH)D3kg-1of diet;basal diet + phytase + 5 µg of 1-α(OH)D3and 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 IU of cholecalciferol kg-1of diet. The highest final body weight and the best feed conversion ratioobtained in the group supplemented with 1,000 IU cholecalciferol kg-1of diet (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 1-α(OH)D3 alone or in combination with phytase and phytase and different concentration of cholecalciferol could improve tibia parameters (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 1-α(OH)D3alone to Ca-P deficient diet could maximize tibia mineralization, whereas it couldn't maximize performance, performance criteria were maximized by supplementation of 1,000 IU cholecalciferol kg-1of diet.(AU)

Particle size of oyster shell meal and calcium: phosphorus ratios in broiler diets / Efeito do tamanho de partícula da farinha de ostras e relações cálcio: fósforo em dietas para frangos de corte

The effects of Ca:P total ratio and particle size of oyster shell meal (OSM) were evaluated in broiler diets. In Experiment 1, 800 broilers (22-42 days old) were distributed in a 2×2 factorial design, with two Ca:P ratios (1.7 and 2.0:1) and two OSM particle sizes (coarse = 1,354 µm and fine = 428 µm), totaling four treatments with 10 repetitions with 20 broilers. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were calculated. In Experiment 2, 1,280 broilers were distributed in a 2×2×2 factorial design (1.7 and 2.0:1 Ca:P ratios; coarse and fine OSM; male and female broilers), with eight treatments and 16 repetitions with 10 broilers. Apparent metabolizability of dry matter, Ca, P, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), as well as bone resistance, bone weight, ash, Ca, and P content in the tibia were assessed. Growth performance was not affected (P > 0.05). Coarse OSM increased tibia Ca content in male broilers (P < 0.001), and higher Ca:P ratio improved bone ash and bone resistance in both sexes (P < 0.001), but reduced P content in male broilers (P < 0.05); male broilers displayed heavier bones with higher ash content than females (P < 0.05). Metabolizability of Ca was improved with coarse OSM (P < 0.05); whereas metabolizability of DM, P, and AME was not affected (P > 0.05). In conclusion, diets with a Ca:P total ratio of 2.0:1 containing coarser OSM improved bone mineral composition, particularly in male broilers, and coarse OSM improved the metabolizability of Ca in broilers regardless of the Ca:P total ratio or broiler sex.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos do tamanho de partícula da farinha de ostras (FO) e relação Ca:P total em dietas para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, 800 frangos (22 a 42 dias) foram distribuídos em um delineamento fatorial 2x2: 2 relações Ca:P (1,7 e 2,0:1) e dois tamanhos de partícula da FO (grossa = 1354 µm e fina = 428 µm), totalizando quatro tratamentos com 10 repetições de 20 aves. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram calculados. No segundo experimento, 1.280 frangos foram distribuídos em um fatorial 2x2x2 (relações Ca:P 1,7 e 2,0:1; FO grossa e fina; aves machos e fêmeas) com oito tratamentos e 16 repetições de 10 aves. Foram avaliados: metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca, Ca e P, energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), peso e resistência óssea, conteúdo de cinzas, Ca e P na tíbia. As variáveis de desempenho não foram afetadas (P > 0,05). O uso de FO grossa aumentou o conteúdo de Ca na tíbia de frangos machos (P < 0,001), e a relação Ca:P de 2,0:1 aumentou o conteúdo de cinzas e aprimorou resistência óssea em ambos os sexos (P < 0,001), porém reduziu P na tíbia dos machos (P < 0,05); frangos machos também tiveram ossos mais pesados e maior conteúdo de cinzas do que fêmeas (P < 0,05). A metabolizabilidade de Ca foi melhorada com FO grossa, enquanto a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, P, e EMA não foram afetadas (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que as dietas com relação Ca:P de 2,0:1 e com FO grossa resultaram em melhor composição mineral óssea - particularmente em frangos machos - e a FO grossa melhorou a metabolizabilidade de Ca independentemente da relação Ca:P ou do gênero das aves.

Influence of dietary 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, individually or in combination with microbial phytase in calcium and phosphorus deficient diets on growth performance and tibia parameter of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

The effect of 1-OH-D3 in calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) deficient diets on Japanese quail growth performance and tibia parameters was investigated. Eight-day-old (n = 160) newly hatched quails were weighed and randomly allocated to 20 groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 8 birds. Treatments were as follows: T1, Ca-P-adequate; T2,Ca-P-deficient; T3, Ca-P-deficient + 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase (Ph); T4, Ca-P-deficient diet + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3; T5,Ca-P-deficient + Ph + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3. Results showed that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had significantly higher body weight compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient, Ca-P deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and phytase, but did not differ from Ca-P-deficient diet supplemented with phytase. Quails fed Ca-P deficient were unable to achieve FCR comparable to quails fed Ca-P-adequate (p 0.05). The percentage of bone ash data indicated that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia ash compared with other groups except for quails fed Ca-P deficient diet supplemented with combination of 1-OH-D3 and phytase. Quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia P compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient. In conclusion, these results indicated that quails fed Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3 in combination of 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase were able to achieve the same tibia ash and Ca compared with quails fed Ca-P-adequate.(AU)

Influence of dietary 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, individually or in combination with microbial phytase in calcium and phosphorus deficient diets on growth performance and tibia parameter of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

The effect of 1-OH-D3 in calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) deficient diets on Japanese quail growth performance and tibia parameters was investigated. Eight-day-old (n = 160) newly hatched quails were weighed and randomly allocated to 20 groups, each with 4 replicate pens of 8 birds. Treatments were as follows: T1, Ca-P-adequate; T2,Ca-P-deficient; T3, Ca-P-deficient + 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase (Ph); T4, Ca-P-deficient diet + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3; T5,Ca-P-deficient + Ph + 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3. Results showed that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had significantly higher body weight compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient, Ca-P deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 1-OH-D3 and phytase, but did not differ from Ca-P-deficient diet supplemented with phytase. Quails fed Ca-P deficient were unable to achieve FCR comparable to quails fed Ca-P-adequate (p 0.05). The percentage of bone ash data indicated that quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia ash compared with other groups except for quails fed Ca-P deficient diet supplemented with combination of 1-OH-D3 and phytase. Quails fed Ca-P-adequate had higher tibia P compared with quails fed Ca-P-deficient. In conclusion, these results indicated that quails fed Ca-P-deficient supplemented with 5 µg kg-1 of 1-OH-D3 in combination of 500 FTU kg-1 of phytase were able to achieve the same tibia ash and Ca compared with quails fed Ca-P-adequate.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluating enzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bone mineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks of were used. A completely randomized design with four treatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. The evaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containing the nutritional recommendations of the genetic company's manual; 2- Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and 0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively; 3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + b-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase; 250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t of feed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presented the worst performance (p 0.05). The supplementation of the enzyme blend promoted similar (p 0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratio as those obtained with the PC diet during the period of 1-21 days of age. During the phase of 22-42 days and the entire experimental period, weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved with the use of the enzyme combinations compared with the NC group, but remained lower than the PC group. Enzymes combinations did not affect (p>0.05) carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energy diet presented lower (p 0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphorus contents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinations improved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrient and energy levels.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic company’s manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic companys manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p<0.05). The supplementation of the enzymeblend promoted similar (p<0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratioas those obtained with the PC diet during the period of 1-21 daysof age. During the phase of 22-42 days and the entire experimentalperiod, weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved with the use ofthe enzyme combinations compared with the NC group, but remainedlower than the PC group. Enzymes combinations did not affect (p>0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.(AU)

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluating enzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bone mineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks of were used. A completely randomized design with four treatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. The evaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containing the nutritional recommendations of the genetic company's manual; 2- Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and 0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively; 3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + b-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase; 250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t of feed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presented the worst performance (p 0.05). The supplementation of the enzyme blend promoted similar (p 0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratio as those obtained with the PC diet during the period of 1-21 days of age. During the phase of 22-42 days and the entire experimental period, weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved with the use of the enzyme combinations compared with the NC group, but remained lower than the PC group. Enzymes combinations did not affect (p>0.05) carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energy diet presented lower (p 0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphorus contents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinations improved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrient and energy levels.

EXIGÊNCIA EM FÓSFORO DIETÉTICO PARA JUVENIS DE PIRAPITINGA (Piaractus brachypomus)

O fósforo é um mineral indispensável para inúmeras reações metabólicas dos seres vivos e explorado comercialmente de fontes esgotáveis. Determinar sua exigência para a espécie permite o uso eficiente do mineral na nutrição, garantindo assim a saúde, máximo desempenho dos animais e mínimo impacto ambiental da cadeia produtiva. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a exigência de fósforo disponível para juvenis de Pirapitinga, espécie importante para a aquicultura nacional. Para o estudo, 216 juvenis de Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) foram distribuídos em 18 tanques com capacidade de 500 litros em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e alimentados com dietas contendo seis níveis de fósforo (0,27; 0,46; 0,63; 0,72; 0,89 e 1,03%). O período do ensaio foi de 60 dias com avaliação de desempenho e respostas fisiológicas aos 20, 30, 40 e 60 dias de experimento. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de regressão polinomial em função dos níveis de fósforo da dieta e testados para normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk. A partir dos resultados do experimento foi possível concluir que a exigência de fósforo dietético para a melhor taxa de crescimento específico foi de 0,61% de fósforo e que a mineralização óssea apresentou incremento até o maior nível testado, 1,03% de fósforo.

Phosphorus is an indispensable mineral for countless metabolic reactions of living things and commercially exploited from exhaustible sources. Determining its requirement for a species allows the efficient use of the mineral in nutrition, thus ensuring the health, maximum performance of animals and minimum environmental impact of the production chain. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the requirement of available phosphorus for juveniles of Pirapitinga, an important species for national aquaculture. For the study, 216 juveniles of Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) were distributed in 18 tanks with a capacity of 500 liters in a completely randomized design and fed diets containing six phosphorus levels (0.27; 0.46; 0.63; 0, 72; 0.89 and 1.03%). The trial period was 60 days with performance evaluation and physiological responses at 20, 30, 40 and 60 days of experiment. The results were submitted to the polynomial regression test as a function of dietary phosphorus levels and tested for normality by the Shapiro Wilk test. From the results of the experiment it was possible to conclude that the requirement of dietary phosphorus for the best specific growth rate was 0.61% phosphorus and that bone mineralization increased to the highest tested level, 1.03% phosphorus.

NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, PERFORMANCE AND BONE CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGLETS FED DIETS WITH YEAST PHYTASE DERIVED FROM KOMAGATAELLA PASTORIS

Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade ileal (AID) e um de digestibilidade total (ATTD) para avaliar a inclusão de uma 6-fitase oriunda da levedura Komagataella pastoris. Para o ensaio de AID foram utilizados oito suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 74 kg. Os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia para implante de cânula T simples no íleo. Foram utilizados dois tratamentos, a dieta controle positivo e uma dieta controle negativo com inclusão de 500 U/kg de fitase que foram formuladas para atender às exigências de suínos na fase de terminação, com exceção do fósforo na dieta com inclusão de fitase. Foi avaliada a AID do fósforo e cálcio. A AID do fósforo para o tratamento controle positivo foi 41,98%, enquanto para o tratamento T500 foi de 54,25%. A AID do cálcio para o tratamento controle positivo foi 60,58% e para o tratamento T500 foi de 58,85%. Para o ensaio de ATTD foram utilizados vinte e quatro suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 30 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições por tratamento e um animal por unidade experimental. Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo. Foram utilizados quatro tratamentos: dieta basal contendo baixo nível de fósforo, sem inclusão de fitase (controle negativo, CN) e CN + inclusão de 250, 500, 750 e 1000 FTU. O período experimental foi de dez dias. Foram cinco dias de adaptação dos animais às gaiolas e às dietas experimentais, seguido pelo período de coleta de fezes e urina, também com duração de cinco dias. Foi avaliada a influência da fitase sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, cálcio e fósforo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se o procedimento para modelos lineares generalizados (GLM proc) SAS 9.4 software estatístico (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). Os tratamentos foram comparados utilizando o Teste de Dunnett. Valores de probabilidade P0,05 foram considerados significativos. Os tratamentos não influenciaram (P>0,05) nenhum dos parâmetros relacionados à digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, cálcio, fósforo e energia. Com isso, conclui-se que a inclusão de 25 mg/kg (500 U/kg) da fitase Apsa Phytafeed® obtida da levedura Komagataella pastoris melhora a apparent ileal digestibility do fósforo. A apparent total tract digestibility da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, cálcio, fósforo, energia digestível e metabolizável não são influenciadas pela inclusão de fitase até o nível de 50 mg/kg (1000 U/kg). No outro estudo, objetivou-se estudar a inclusão da mesma fitase na dieta de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e seus efeitos sobre desempenho, parâmetros ósseos e digestibilidade aparente do fósforo. Foram utilizados 96 machos suínos castrados, distribuídos em seis tratamentos (Controle Positivo: dieta basal sem inclusão de fitase; Controle Negativo: dieta basal contento baixo nível de fósforo, sem inclusão de fitase; Controle Negativo com a inclusão de 250, 500, 750 e 1000 U/kg de fitase) com oito repetições. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a digestibilidade do fósforo (P), a resistência óssea e a matéria mineral (MM), cálcio (Ca) e P nos ossos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se o procedimento para modelos lineares generalizados (GLM proc) SAS 9.4 software estatístico (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). Os tratamentos foram comparados utilizando o Teste de Dunnett. Análise de regressão foi realizada para determinação do nível ótimo de inclusão da enzima fitase. Valores de probabilidade P 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Na fase 1 a conversão alimentar (CA) foi influenciada (P < 0,05) pelos níveis de fitase, a pior CA foi para os animais do controle negativo. Na fase 1 e 2 os tratamentos influenciaram (P < 0,05) as variáveis peso médio final, ganho de peso diário e CA, cujos piores resultados foram para os animais do controle negativo. Considerando a fase 1, 2, 3, os animais do T1000 tiveram maior PMF e GPD. Peso médio de carcaça e rendimento médio de carcaça não foram influenciados (P > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os tratamentos influenciaram (P < 0,05) de forma linear e positiva a porcentagem de Ca, P e MM nos ossos. 18 A resistência óssea foi influenciada de forma quadrática pelos tratamentos com adição da fitase. Os tratamentos não influenciaram (P > 0,05) a porcentagem de fósforo nas fezes e a digestibilidade do fósforo. Com isso, pode-se concluir que a fitase Apsa Phytafeed® obtida da levedura Komagataella pastoris melhora o desempenho e a mineralização óssea de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação, sendo recomendado o nível de suplementação de 37,5 mg/Kg de ração.

Apparent ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility assays were performed to evaluate the dietary inclusion of a yeast 6-phytase derived from Komagataella pastoris. For estimation of AID of phosphorus and calcium, eight castrated male pigs with an average body weight of 74 kg were used. The pigs underwent surgery for the implantation of a simple T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were fed two dietary treatments: a positive control diet and a negative control diet with 500 FTU/kg of phytase. Diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of finishing pigs, except for phosphorus in the diet with supplemental phytase. The AID of phosphorus for pigs fed the positive control diet was 41.98%, whereas for animals fed the T500 treatment it reached 54.25%. The AID of calcium for pigs fed the positive control and T500 diets were 60.58% and 58.85%, respectively. For estimation of the ATTD, twenty-four castrated male pigs with an average body weight of 30 kg were distributed across a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment and one pig per experimental unit. The dietary treatments were composed of a low-phosphorus diet without phytase (negative control, NC) and NC diets + 250, 500, 750 and 1000 FTU/kg phytase. The effects of supplemental phytase on the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS version 9.4. Treatments were compared by the Dunnett's Test. Significance was declared at P0.05. The treatments did not influence (P>0.05) the parameters associated with the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus. The dietary inclusion of 25 mg/kg (500 FTU/kg) of a yeast phytase derived from Komagataella pastoris improves the apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus. The apparent total tract digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus were not influenced by the inclusion of phytase up to the level of 50 mg/kg (1000 FTU/kg). The other study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of phytase derived from Komagataella pastoris on performance, bone characteristics and apparent digestibility of phosphorus in pigs during the growing and finishing phases. A total of ninety-six castrated male pigs were distributed into six treatments (Positive control: control diet without phytase; Negative control: low-phosphorus diet without phytase; Negative control diet with 250, 500, 750 and 1000 U/kg phytase) with eight replicates. The performance, phosphorus (P) digestibility, bone strength and concentrations of bone ash, calcium (Ca) and P were evaluated. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design using the GLM procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). Treatments were compared by the Dunnett's Test. Regression analysis was performed to determine the optimal level of phytase in diets. Significance was declared at P 0.05. In phase 1, the feed conversion (FC) was influenced (P < 0.05) by phytase levels, and the worst FC ratio was reported in pigs fed the negative control diet. In phases 1 and 2, the treatments influenced (P < 0.05) the average final body weight, average daily gain and FC ratio, and the worst results were observed for pigs fed the negative control diet. Considering phases 1, 2 and 3, pigs fed the diet T1000 had higher AFW and ADG. Average carcass weight and yield were not influenced (P > 0.05) by treatments. The concentrations of bone Ca, P and ash were positively and linearly influenced (P < 0.05) by treatments. Bone strength was quadratically influenced by treatments with phytase. The treatments did not influence (P > 0.05) P concentration in feces and P digestibility. Therefore, Apsa Phytafeed® yeast phytase derived from Komagataella pastoris improves the performance and bone mineralization of pigs during the growing and finishing phases. Supplementation of Apsa Phytafeed® is recommended at 37.5 mg/kg of feed.

DIFERENTES NÍVEIS NUTRICIONAIS E DE FITASE NAS DIETAS PARA CODORNAS JAPONESAS

Foram utilizadas 588 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com idade média de 120 a 188 dias o objetivo com essa pesquisa oi de avaliar o efeito da superdosagem de fitase sobre as variáveis de desempenho, qualidade de ovos e mineralização óssea. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial (4x3), sendo 4 doses de fitase (0, 500, 100 e 1500 FTU/kg de ração) e 3 matrizes nutricionais (Matriz 1 com 100%, a Matriz 2 com 95% e a Matriz 3 com 90% das recomendações nutricionais), totalizando 12 tratamentos com sete repetições de 12 aves cada. As matrizes nutricionais influenciaram a produção de ovos (P<0,001), massa de ovos (P<0,001), conversão por massa de ovos (P<0,001) e a conversão por dúzia de ovos (P<0,001). Houve interação significativa das matrizes nutricionais com os níveis de fitase na produção de ovos, sendo que a redução nutricional de 10% reduziu a variável na ração sem fitase (P<0,001), enquanto a suplementação da fitase , não apresentou efeito significativo. A matriz 1 promoveu ovos com casca mais espessa (P=0,027). Não houve efeito de matrizes nutricionais sobre as outras variáveis de qualidade do ovo (P>0,05). Houve efeito de interação (matriz x fitase)sobre porcentagem de albúmen (P=0,0047) A fitase na ração incrementa o desempenho das aves independente da matriz avaliada, com melhores aplicações em dietas com 10% de redução nutricional e dose de 1166 FTU/kg de ração.

Were used 588 Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 17 to 32 weeks were used to investigate the effects of phytase overdosage on performance, egg quality, and bone mineralization. The study was developed in a factorial scheme (4 doses of phytase, 0, 500, 100 and 1500 FTU / kg of feed and 3 nutritional matrices, Matrix 1 with 100%, Matrix 2 with 95% and Matrix 3 with 90 % of nutritional recommendations), totaling 12 treatments with seven replicates with 12 birds each. Nutritional matrices influenced egg production (P<0.001), egg mass (P<0.001), conversion by egg mass (P<0.001) and conversion per dozen eggs (P<0.001). There was a significant interaction in egg production, and the nutritional reduction of 10% reduced the variable in the diet without phytase (P<0.001), whereas with phytase supplementation (500 FTU, P = 0.56, 1000 FTU, P = 0.57; 1500 FTU, P = 0.15), there was no significant effect. The matrix 1 promoted eggs with the thicker shell (P = 0.027). There was no effect of nutritional matrices on the other egg quality variables (P> 0.05). There was interaction effect (matrix x phytase) on the percentage of albumen (P = 0.0047), diets without nutritional reduction. Nutritional reduction negatively influences quails. Phytase in the diet increases the performance of birds in any evaluated matrix, with better applications in diets with 10% nutritional reduction and a dose of 1166 FTU / kg of feed.

EXIGÊNCIA EM FÓSFORO DISPONÍVEL PARA O TAMBAQUI, Colossoma macropomum, NA FASE INICIAL

O fósforo (P) é o macro mineral mais importante para nutrição de peixes. Contudo, os níveis mínimos de suplementação do mineral na dieta de juvenis de tambaqui ainda não estão estabelecidos. Assim, um experimento de 90 dias foi conduzido para determinar a exigência em P disponível (Pdisp) para o tambaqui na fase inicial (15±0,5g -150g) utilizando como parâmetros de resposta a mineralização óssea, o desempenho zootécnico, a composição corporal e o perfil hematológico. Um total de 192 juvenis foi distribuído em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos (1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0; 7.5 e 9.0g kg-1 de Pdisp), e quatro repetições em sistema de recirculação de água. As dietas semi-purificadas foram elaboradas de modo a se apresentarem isonutritivas e fornecidas ad. libitum durante o período experimental. Foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, a composição bromatológica do peixe inteiro, o conteúdo em P, Ca, Mg, Mn e Zn do corpo inteiro, das vertebras e das escamas, os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos sanguíneos, bem como densitometria óssea a partir de exame de tomografia computadorizada dos peixes. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio da análise de variância (ANAVA) e quando significativos (P<0,05), submetidos o teste de comparações múltiplas de médias de SNK ou teste Duncan. Para determinação do melhor nível de Pdisp foi aplicada análise de regressão. Os resultados mostraram que para desempenho superior os níveis de 6.6g kg-1 Pdisp foram mais adequados, enquanto que para adequada a mineralização do corpo inteiro, das vertebras e escamas o nível ótimo de suplementação para os juvenis de tambaqui é de 7,2 g kg-1 Pdisp da dieta. A densidade das vertebras foi maior nos níveis inclusão de 7,0 g kg-1 Pdisp na dieta. Os parâmetros hematológicos não foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de Pdisp na dieta, com exceção da albumina, fosfatase alcalina e LDL que aumentaram com aumento dos níveis de P na dieta. Assim o requisito dietético de juvenis de tambaqui na fase inicial de crescimento é de 6,6g Kg-1 Pdisp na dieta para máximo crescimento e adequada mineralização do corpo.

Phosphorus (P) is the most important mineral macro for fish nutrition. However, minimum levels of mineral supplementation in the tambaqui juvenile diet are not yet established. Thus, a 90-day experiment was conducted to determine the available P (Pdisp) requirement for tambaqui in the initial phase (15 ± 0.5g -150g) using as response parameters bone mineralization, zootechnical performance, body composition and the hematological profile. A total of 192 juveniles were distributed in randomized blocks with six treatments (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0g kg-1 of Pdisp), and four replications in a water recirculation system. The semi-purified diets were prepared in order to present isonutritivas and provided ad. libitum during the experimental period. The parameters of zootechnical performance, the bromatological composition of the whole fish, the P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn contents of the whole body, vertebrae and scales, hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as bone densitometry were evaluated. computed tomography scan of the fish. The results were evaluated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and when significant (P <0.05) were submitted to the multiple comparisons test of SNK averages or Duncan test. For the determination of the best level of Pdisp regression analysis was applied. The results showed that for superior performance the levels of 6.6g kg-1 Pdisp were more adequate, while for adequate mineralization of the whole body, vertebrae and scales the optimal level of supplementation for tambaqui juveniles is 7.2 g kg-1 dietary Pdisp. The density of the vertebrae was higher at inclusion levels of 7.0 g kg-1 Pdisp in the diet. Hematological parameters were not significantly affected by dietary PdP levels, with the exception of albumin, alkaline phosphatase and LDL, which increased with increasing levels of P in the diet. Thus the dietary requirement for tambaqui juveniles in the initial stage of growth is 6,6g kg -1 in the diet for maximum growth and adequate mineralization of the body.

FITASE E FONTES MINERAIS PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P. Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet birds nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content. Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic

Assessing bone mineral density, eggshell characteristics and their relationship at peak egg production of laying hens in response to various levels of vitamin C

In this study, the effects of the inclusion of different vitamin C levels in the diet on bone mineral density (BMD) and eggshell quality was determined. Four experimental diets with four levels of vitamin C (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) were used. During the experiment, environmental temperature and humidity were 19±1°C and 55±5% respectively. Correlation coefficients of BMD index and shell characteristics with production parameters were also determined. Egg weight, egg mass, hen-day egg production and eggshell quality were not significantly influenced by vitamin C levels. BMD was not affected by vitamin C utilization. A positive correlation was observed between BMD and egg weight and hen-day egg production. A significant positive correlation between specific gravity and eggshell traits was also found. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that vitamin C does not affect bone mineral density and eggshell quality under lower critical temperature.

Assessing bone mineral density, eggshell characteristics and their relationship at peak egg production of laying hens in response to various levels of vitamin C

In this study, the effects of the inclusion of different vitamin C levels in the diet on bone mineral density (BMD) and eggshell quality was determined. Four experimental diets with four levels of vitamin C (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) were used. During the experiment, environmental temperature and humidity were 19±1°C and 55±5% respectively. Correlation coefficients of BMD index and shell characteristics with production parameters were also determined. Egg weight, egg mass, hen-day egg production and eggshell quality were not significantly influenced by vitamin C levels. BMD was not affected by vitamin C utilization. A positive correlation was observed between BMD and egg weight and hen-day egg production. A significant positive correlation between specific gravity and eggshell traits was also found. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that vitamin C does not affect bone mineral density and eggshell quality under lower critical temperature.(AU)

Inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta em diferentes níveis de cálcio na dieta de frangos de corte

Ninety six Cobb male broilers from 21 to 31 days of age were fed including short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and different level of calcium. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), balance, dry, organic and mineral matter metabolizability, crude energy and crude protein metabolizability, tibia ash percentage and animal performance were measured. Experimental diets were assigned in a 5x4 factorial arrangement (without acids, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) x (0.40, 0.59, 0.78 and 0.97% of Ca) in a randomized completely design. Increasing Ca levels affected positively and in a quadratic form Ca and P balance and the best levels were estimated at 0,87% and 0,75% of Ca dietary, respectively and affected linearly dry, organic matter metabolizability and tibia ash percentage. However, the efficiency of Ca retention was decreased quadratically with the increase of Ca level. The SCFA did not show detectable effects on the studied responses, and no interaction with dietary levels of Ca used. The estimated Ca requirement considering calcium balance was 0.87%.

Noventa e seis frangos de corte, machos, de linhagem Cobb e de 21 aos 31 dias de idade foram alimentados com a inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diferentes níveis de cálcio. Foram determinados o balanço de cálcio (Ca) e de fósforo (P), a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MetMS), matéria orgânica (MetMO) e matéria mineral, da energia bruta e proteína bruta da dieta, a porcentagem de cinzas nas tíbias (%CzT), além do desempenho das aves. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 5x4 (sem ácido orgânico; ácido fórmico, ácido acético, ácido propiônico e ácido butírico) x (0,40, 0,59, 0,78 e 0,97% de Ca), com um delineamento completamente casualizado. O acréscimo de Ca na dieta afetou de forma positiva e quadrática o balanço de Ca e P, sendo os melhores níves estimados em 0,87 e 0,75% de Ca dietético, respectivamente, e afetou positiva e linearmente a MetMS e a MetMO, bem como a %CzT. Houve redução na eficiência de retenção do Ca, de forma quadrática, com o aumento do nível de cálcio. Os AGCC não apresentam efeitos detectáveis sobre as respostas estudadas e nem interação com os níveis dietéticos de Ca utilizados. A melhor exigência estimada de Ca dietético, considerando o balanço de cálcio, foi de 0,87%.

Inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta em diferentes níveis de cálcio na dieta de frangos de corte

Ninety six Cobb male broilers from 21 to 31 days of age were fed including short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and different level of calcium. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), balance, dry, organic and mineral matter metabolizability, crude energy and crude protein metabolizability, tibia ash percentage and animal performance were measured. Experimental diets were assigned in a 5x4 factorial arrangement (without acids, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) x (0.40, 0.59, 0.78 and 0.97% of Ca) in a randomized completely design. Increasing Ca levels affected positively and in a quadratic form Ca and P balance and the best levels were estimated at 0,87% and 0,75% of Ca dietary, respectively and affected linearly dry, organic matter metabolizability and tibia ash percentage. However, the efficiency of Ca retention was decreased quadratically with the increase of Ca level. The SCFA did not show detectable effects on the studied responses, and no interaction with dietary levels of Ca used. The estimated Ca requirement considering calcium balance was 0.87%.

Noventa e seis frangos de corte, machos, de linhagem Cobb e de 21 aos 31 dias de idade foram alimentados com a inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diferentes níveis de cálcio. Foram determinados o balanço de cálcio (Ca) e de fósforo (P), a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MetMS), matéria orgânica (MetMO) e matéria mineral, da energia bruta e proteína bruta da dieta, a porcentagem de cinzas nas tíbias (%CzT), além do desempenho das aves. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 5x4 (sem ácido orgânico; ácido fórmico, ácido acético, ácido propiônico e ácido butírico) x (0,40, 0,59, 0,78 e 0,97% de Ca), com um delineamento completamente casualizado. O acréscimo de Ca na dieta afetou de forma positiva e quadrática o balanço de Ca e P, sendo os melhores níves estimados em 0,87 e 0,75% de Ca dietético, respectivamente, e afetou positiva e linearmente a MetMS e a MetMO, bem como a %CzT. Houve redução na eficiência de retenção do Ca, de forma quadrática, com o aumento do nível de cálcio. Os AGCC não apresentam efeitos detectáveis sobre as respostas estudadas e nem interação com os níveis dietéticos de Ca utilizados. A melhor exigência estimada de Ca dietético, considerando o balanço de cálcio, foi de 0,87%.

Inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta em diferentes níveis de cálcio na dieta de frangos de corte

Ninety six Cobb male broilers from 21 to 31 days of age were fed including short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and different level of calcium. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), balance, dry, organic and mineral matter metabolizability, crude energy and crude protein metabolizability, tibia ash percentage and animal performance were measured. Experimental diets were assigned in a 5x4 factorial arrangement (without acids, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) x (0.40, 0.59, 0.78 and 0.97% of Ca) in a randomized completely design. Increasing Ca levels affected positively and in a quadratic form Ca and P balance and the best levels were estimated at 0,87% and 0,75% of Ca dietary, respectively and affected linearly dry, organic matter metabolizability and tibia ash percentage. However, the efficiency of Ca retention was decreased quadratically with the increase of Ca level. The SCFA did not show detectable effects on the studied responses, and no interaction with dietary levels of Ca used. The estimated Ca requirement considering calcium balance was 0.87%.

Noventa e seis frangos de corte, machos, de linhagem Cobb e de 21 aos 31 dias de idade foram alimentados com a inclusão de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diferentes níveis de cálcio. Foram determinados o balanço de cálcio (Ca) e de fósforo (P), a metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MetMS), matéria orgânica (MetMO) e matéria mineral, da energia bruta e proteína bruta da dieta, a porcentagem de cinzas nas tíbias (%CzT), além do desempenho das aves. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 5x4 (sem ácido orgânico; ácido fórmico, ácido acético, ácido propiônico e ácido butírico) x (0,40, 0,59, 0,78 e 0,97% de Ca), com um delineamento completamente casualizado. O acréscimo de Ca na dieta afetou de forma positiva e quadrática o balanço de Ca e P, sendo os melhores níves estimados em 0,87 e 0,75% de Ca dietético, respectivamente, e afetou positiva e linearmente a MetMS e a MetMO, bem como a %CzT. Houve redução na eficiência de retenção do Ca, de forma quadrática, com o aumento do nível de cálcio. Os AGCC não apresentam efeitos detectáveis sobre as respostas estudadas e nem interação com os níveis dietéticos de Ca utilizados. A melhor exigência estimada de Ca dietético, considerando o balanço de cálcio, foi de 0,87%.

NÍVEIS DE FÓSFORO EM DIETAS PARA ZEBRAFISH Danio rerio

EXIGÊNCIA DIETÁRIA DE FÓSFORO PARA ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) RESUMO: O ensaio de crescimento foi realizado para estimar a disponibilidade de fósforo (P) do fosfato bicálcico, a exigência de fósforo e os sinais externos de deficiência em dietas para zebrafish (Danio rerio) em aquários de 15 L. Foram utilizadas seis dietas semipurificadas para conterem os níveis graduais de (0,35, 0,65, 0,95, 1,25, 1,55 e 1,85%) de fósforo total por 8 semanas. A dieta basal (T1), contendo 0,35% de fósforo total, não foi suplementada com fonte mineral de fósforo, e as cinco dietas experimentais foram formuladas com inclusão crescente de fosfato bicálcico. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições, utilizando 450 alevinos (peso médio inicial de 0,0079 ± 0,0003g e idade de 31 dias pós eclosão). Os peixes foram alimentados 6 vezes ao dia, e mantidos em temperatura constante de 28±1 ¿C, o pH e as concentrações de amônia e oxigênio dissolvido foram de 6,8 ± 0,32 mg L-1, 0,06 ± 0,01 mg L-1 e 6,5 ± 0,3, respectivamente. A disponibilidade de fósforo do fosfato bicálcico foi de 53,84%. A conversão alimentar (FC), a taxa de crescimento específico (SGR), o crecimento (G) e o comprimento final (L) tiveram correlação positiva com o nível de fósforo na dieta (p>0,01). A eficiência na retenção de fósforo foi maior nos peixes alimentados com as dietas com 0,35 e 0,65% de fósforo. As análises de composição corporal dos peixes mostraram que o fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, matéria seca e lipídeos foram significativamente afetados pela concentração de fósforo nas dietas (p<0,01), porém, não significativo para a concentração corporal de manganês, zinco e cobre entre os tratamentos. Sinais da deficiência de fósforo foram caracterizados pelo menor crescimento, baixa apetite, aumento da concentração corporal de lipídeos, aparecimento de sinais externos de deformidades esqueléticas (cranial, lordose e escoliose), redução da mineralização óssea (espessura do tecido ósseo). Pode-se concluir que o melhor nível de fósforo foi de 1,55 % para os parâmetros avaliados. ANOMALIAS ESQUELÉTICAS EM ZEBRAFISH ALIMENTADOS COM NÍVEIS DE FÓSFORO RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as anomalias esqueléticas em zebrafish (Danio rerio) alimentados com dietas suplementadas com níveis de fósforo. Foram utilizados 450 alevinos de zebrafish (peso médio inicial de 0,0079 ± 0,0003g e idade de 31 dias pós-eclosão), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Os peixes foram alimentados 6 vezes ao dia à temperatura de 28±1 ¿C, o pH e as concentrações de amônia e oxigênio dissolvido foram de 6,8 ± 0,32, 0,06 ± 0,01 mg L-1 e 6,5 ± 0,3 mg L-1, respectivamente. Após o período experimental de 8 semanas, os peixes foram diafanizados para possibilitar avaliar internamente as deformidades ósseas (craniais e vertebrais). A ocorrência de fusão parcial das espinhas neurais e hemais, ausência de fusão nas espinhas, ausência de paralelismo entre as espinhas neurais e hemais, normalidade do espaçamento intervertebral, compressão vertebral, intensidade das deformidades: escoliose, lordose, anquilose e inserção da nadadeira caudal, e as deformidades craniofaciais foram inversamente proporcionais ao aumento do P dietético. Não foi observada influência na mortalidade pelas dietas avaliadas. A concentração de P dietético é fator crítico na ocorrência de anomalias esqueléticas em zebrafish, e a concentração de 1,55% de P total na dieta reduziu significativamente a ocorrência de deformidades esqueléticas. Pode-se concluir que a inclusão de 1,55% de fósforo total nas dietas reduz a incidência de anomalias esqueléticas e está intimamente ligada à mineralização óssea, influenciada pela expressão do gene da ostecalcina.

ABSTRACT: The growth assay was performed to estimate the dicalcium phosphate phosphorus (P) availability, the phosphorus requirement and external deficiency signs in diet of zebrafish (Danio rerio) allocated in 15 L aquarium . Six semipurified diets were used with graded total phosphorus levels (0.35, 0.65, 0.95, 1.25, 1.55 and 1.85%) for 8 weeks. The basal diet (T1), with 0.35% total phosphorus was not supplemented with phosphorous mineral source, and all diets were formulated with inorganic phosphate inclusion increasing. For the experiment 450 zebrafish fingerlings were used (0.0079 ± 0,0003g average weight with 31 days post-hatching), distributed in a completely randomized design experiment with five replications. The fish were fed six times a day at 28 ± 1 ¿C, 6.8 ± 0, 32 pH, 0.06 ± 0.01 mg L-1 ammonia concentration and 6.5 ± 0.3 mg L-1dissolved oxygen. Dicalcium phosphate phosphorus availability was 53.84%. Feed Conversion (FC), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Growth (G) and the final Length (L) had a positive correlation with phosphorus diet levels (p> 0.01). The phosphorus retention efficiency was higher in fish fed 0.35 and 0.65% phosphorus diets. The fish body composition analyzes showed that phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, dry matter and lipids were significantly affected by phosphorus diets concentration (p> 0.01), however, not significant for body manganese, zinc and copper concentration among treatments. Phosphorus deficiency signs were characterized by lower growth, low appetite, increased body lipid contents, external appearance of skeletal deformity (cranial, lordosis and scoliosis), mineralization bone reduction (bone tissue thickness). It can be concluded that the better phosphorus level was 1.55% for all parameters evaluated. ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to describe skeletal abnormalities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed by different phosphorus diets levels. For the experiment 450 zebrafish fingerlings were used (0.0079 ± 0,0003g average weight with 31 days after hatching), distributed in a completely randomized design experiment with five replications. The fish were fed six times a day at 28 ± 1 ¿C , 6.8 ± 0, 32 pH, 0.06 ± 0.01 mg L-1 ammonia concentration and 6.5 ± 0.3 mg L-1dissolved oxygen. After 8-week experiment, fish were diaphanized to evaluate bone deformities (cranial and spinal). The partial neural and hemal fusion spines occurrence, spines fusions absence, parallelism absence between neural and hemal spines, intervertebral normal spacing, vertebral compression, deformities intensity: scoliosis, lordosis, ankylosis and fin caudal insertion, and craniofacial deformities were proportional inversely to P dietary increase. There was no fish mortality in all treatments. It was found that the dietary phosphorus concentration is critical factor in the zebrafish skeletal abnormalities occurrence, and 1.55% of P concentration in the diet reduces significantly skeletal deformities occurrence. It can be concluded that 1.55% total phosphorus inclusion in the diet reduces skeletal abnormalities incidence and is closely related with bone mineralization, influenced by ostecalcin gene expression.

Effect of dietary phytase suplementation on the performance, bone densitometry, and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion of broilers

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of phytase on broiler performance, bone densitometry, and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion. Nine hundred and sixty one-day old broilers, 50% males and 50% females, were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design into five treatments and six replicates 32 birds each. The treatments consisted of a control diet and four diets with the addition 25, 50, 75, and 100 g/ ton of phytase (250, 500, 750 and 1000 FTU of phytase/kg fed). Diets were formulated to contain equal nutritional levels, and considered the phytase product nutritional levels. In general, the addition of phytase resulted in a linear decrease in broiler performance. However, the performance results obtained with the level of 250 FTU phytase/kg feed were not different from the control treatment. The best bone density results were observed in the control treatment, with no phytase. The results of this experiment indicate that the nutritional matrix of the phytase product needs to be reviewed when added in levels higher 250 FTU/kg to broiler diets.