Resumo

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.(AU)

Frangos de corte e seus produtos são importantes componentes na cadeia de transmissão de Escherichia coli do patotipo Shigatoxigênico (STEC) para humanos. Este patotipo é responsável por causar episódios de diarréia severos, que podem evoluir para complicações sistêmicas. O diagnóstico rápido e preciso da doença, e o tratamento com antimicrobianos ainda no início da infecção, podem evitar seu agravamento. Porém, cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos podem ter implicações potencialmente negativas em relação ao sucesso do tratamento. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar cepas STEC resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos em frangos de corte e carcaças. Das 171 cepas de E. coli isoladas pelo método bacteriológico convencional, e submetidas à Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), para detecção dos genes stx1 e stx2, 21.05% (36/171) pertenciam ao patotipo STEC, a maioria (66.67% - 24/36) portando o gene stx1 associado ao gene eae. O perfil de multirresistência foi observado em 75% (27/36) das cepas STEC. A presença de cepas STEC no material estudado reforça o fato de que frangos vivos e carcaças devem ser considerados como reservatórios deste patotipo. A presença de cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos, contaminando produtos de origem animal, representa um risco à Saúde Pública pela possibilidade de disseminação de determinantes de multirresistência e maior risco de insucesso no tratamento de indivíduos infectados.(AU)

Resumo

In order to evaluate the microbiological quality of broiler chickens produced in Minas Gerais State, 240 samples of broiler carcasses from the five regions of the Minas Gerais State were collected, by official inspection services, for one year. The samples were submitted to counts of total and thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococcus, besides Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. resource. The results showed the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms in 34.2% and 13.5% of broiler carcasses evaluated, respectively. All tested samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., 9.1% for Salmonella spp., 15.5% for Listeria monocytogenes, and 2.1% for Campylobacter spp. E.coli O157:H7 was not isolated from the samples.(AU)

Resumo

In poultry processing plants, disinfectants are often added to pre-chilling water tanks to reduce microbial contamination. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of five disinfectants (acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite) on the populations of food quality indicator microorganisms and on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the presence and absence of organic matter. The results showed that chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite did not reduce microbial carcass counts. On the other hand, acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid reduced total and fecal coliform counts. Peracetic acid reduced the number of psychrotrophic microorganisms. All products were effective in reducing SE counts only in the absence of organic matter. Acidified sodium chlorite, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and peracetic acid could be candidates for the replacement of sodium hypochlorite (commonly used in Brazil) in pre-chilling tanks.

Resumo

Salmonella spp. é freqüentemente isolada em alimentos de origem avícola, sendo uma das principais causas de Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos, e representa risco à segurança alimentar no âmbito mundial. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em carcaças de frangos resfriadas provenientes de abatedouros do Estado de São Paulo-SP, Brasil. Foram analisadas 609 amostras no período 2000 a 2010. Empregou-se a análise bacteriológica por metodologia convencional, recomendada pela Legislação Brasileira. A presença de Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 89 (14,6%) carcaças. S. Enteritidis ((49,4%) foi o sorovar prevalente, seguida pelos sorovares S. Albany (15,7%), S. Infantis (11,2%), S. Agona (5,6%), S. Tennessee (4,5%), S. Heidelberg (3,4%), Salmonella spp. (3,4%), S. Kentucky (2,3%), S. enterica O:4,5 (2,3%), S. Montevideo (1,1%) e S. Newport (1,1%).

The occurrence of Salmonella spp. in food has been a crucial topic of worldwide concern. The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in broiler carcasses slaughterhouse and commercialized in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. From 2000 to 2010, 609 broiler carcasses samples were collected from slaughterhouse. The samples were assayed by conventional bacteriological analysis methodology recommended by Brazilian legislation. The presence of Salmonella spp. was isolated in 89 (14.6%) carcasses. S. Enteritidis ((49.4%) was the most prevalent serovar, followed by serovars S. Albany (15.7%), S. Infantis (11.2%), S. Agona (5.6%), S. Tennessee (4.5%), S. Heidelberg (3.4%), Salmonella spp. (3.4%), S. Kentucky (2.3%), S. enterica O:4.5 (2,3 %), S. Montevideo (1.1%) and S. Newport (1.1%).

Resumo

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.

Resumo

The aim of this study was to search Salmonella spp. occurrence in broiler poultry shed and poultry products from slaughterhouse in central county of Mato Grosso do Sul. Were analyzed 134 drag swabs in broiler poultry farms located in five counties 123 samples of chickens carcasses, viscera and chilled water from the slaughterhouse. The results showed that 11.28% of 257 samples tested positive for Salmonella, and 1.95% from the field and 9.33% from the slaughterhouse. The serovars found were Salmonella Enteritidis (1.16%), S. Typhimurium (1.94%), S. Senftenberg (0.77%), S. Schwarzengrund (4.28%), S. Livingstone (0.38%), S. Corvallis (1.55%) and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (O: 4.5:-:1.2) with 1.16%. The use of two enrichment broths and two or more plating means increases the chances of Salmonella spp. Isolation. The serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, important in the poultry industry, were found in field and slaughterhouse. It can be concluded that there is an occurrence of different serovars of Salmonella spp. In poultry slaughterhouse and in Mato Grosso do Sul central county. Serovar Schwarzengrum shows the highest percentage of occurrence in the slaughterhouse, suggesting that further studies are conducted to determine the importance of presence compared to other serovars. Control programs and risk analysis are essential for maintaining the health of poultry and reduce potential health risks to the consumer.

Objetivou-se com este estudo pesquisar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em aviários de frangos de corte e em produtos de abatedouro avícola na região central de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram analisados 134 suabes de arraste em aviários de frangos de corte localizados em cinco municípios e 123 amostras de carcaças de frango, vísceras e água do chiller provenientes do abatedouro. Os resultados demonstraram que 11,28% das 257 amostras apresentaram resultados positivos para Salmonella, dos quais 1,95% provenientes do campo e 9,33% do abatedouro. Os sorovares encontrados foram: S. Enteritidis (1,16%), S. Typhimurium (1,94%), S. Senftenberg (0,77%), S. Schwarzengrund (4,28%), S. Livingstone (0,38%), S. Corvallis (1,55%) e Salmonella enterica subspécie enterica (O:4,5:-:1,2) com 1,16%. A utilização de dois caldos de enriquecimento e de dois ou mais meios de plaqueamento aumenta as chances de isolamento de Salmonella spp. Os sorovares Enteriditis e Typhimurium, importantes na indústria avícola, foram encontrados no campo e no abatedouro. Pode-se concluir que há ocorrência de diferentes sorovares de Salmonella spp. nos aviários e no abatedouro da região central de Mato Grosso do Sul. O sorovar Schwarzengrund apresentou maior percentual de ocorrência no abatedouro, o que sugere a realização de estudos mais aprofundados que possam determinar a importância da sua presença frente aos demais sorovares. Programas de controle e análise de riscos são essenciais paramanter a sanidade das aves e reduzir potenciais riscos à saúde do consumidor final.

Resumo

Salmonella in poultry remains an important worldwide problem, and among foodborne pathogens, the Salmonella appears as one of the most important outbreaks agents. To assess the risks of acquiring infection via undercooked poultry or cross contamination from chickens, it is important to determine the extent of the contamination on raw poultry with this pathogen. In this study, 180 refrigerated broiler carcasses, obtained from local stores, were assessed to recover Salmonella by the most probable number (MPN) method to quantify bacterias cells onto brilliant green agar with novobiocin (BGN) and xylose lysin tergitol 4 agar (XLT4). The results showed 12,2% occurrence of Salmonella by conventional microbiological method from refrigerated broiler carcasses. The MPN per ml rates was 2,7 cells on XLT4 agar and 1,3 cells on BGN agar plate. The Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler carcasses were S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Rissen, S. Heidelberg and S. Livingstone. Results analysis showed that could be a variable number of cells contaminating refrigerated broiler carcasses, which have been selling to the consumer.

A Salmonella permanece um importante problema na avicultura e, considerando os patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, aparece como um dos agentes principais em surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Para auxiliar na avaliação de riscos em adquirir infecção alimentar via carne de frangos que sofreram cocção inadequada, ou através de contaminação cruzada a partir desses animais, torna-se importante determinar a extensão de contaminação por patógenos em carne crua. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas 180 carcaças de frangos resfriadas, adquiridas em varejos, para pesquisa de Salmonella com determinação do número de células da bactéria. Foi utilizado o método do número mais provável (NMP) nos ágares para isolamento verde brilhante com novobiocina (BGN) e xilose-lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4). Os resultados mostraram 12,2% de ocorrência de Salmonella nas carcaças de frangos resfriadas e a média de NMP de Salmonella por mL, na leitura pelo ágar XLT4 foi de 2,7 células e no ágar BGN foi de 1,3 células. Os sorovares de Salmonella isolados das carcaças de frangos no estudo foram S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S.Rissen, S. Heidelberg e S. Livingstone. A análise dos resultados demonstrou existir um número variável de células de Salmonella contaminando as carcaças de frango resfriadas que estão à venda ao consumidor.

Resumo

A contaminação de carcaças de frangos de corte por micro-organismos do gênero Campylobacter é frequente. No entanto, sua detecção é dificultada devido a sua característica fastidiosa. Metodologias como a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em Tempo Real foram desenvolvidas para verificar a presença do micro-organismo. Porém, também é necessário determinar sua viabilidade visto que apenas bactérias vivas são capazes de causar infecções alimentares no homem. O propídio monoazida (PMA) é um intercalante de DNA capaz de penetrar apenas em células não viáveis, impedindo que seu DNA seja amplificado pela técnica da PCR em tempo real. Com o objetivo de detectar e quantificar Campylobacter spp. viável em carcaças de frango de corte congeladas e resfriadas, foram analisadas 60 amostras de carcaças de frangos (30 resfriadas e 30 congeladas) pela metodologia da PCR em tempo real com e sem o tratamento pelo PMA. Foi observado que quando as amostras foram tratadas com PMA, tanto as carcaças congeladas quanto as resfriadas, tiveram menor taxa de positividade em relação às amostras não tratadas com este intercalante de DNA (p<0,001). Das 60 amostras analisadas pela metodologia da PCR em tempo real, 53 (88,33%) apresentaram resultado positivo para Campylobacter spp., enquanto 11 (18,33%) tiveram resultado positivo utilizando-se o método PCR em tempo real com tratamento pelo PMA. Pela técnica da PCR em tempo real sem o tratamento com PMA, 26 (86,67%) amostras resfriadas e 27 (90%) amostras congeladas apresentaram resultados positivos para Campylobacter spp.. Quanto utilizado o PMA, foi observado que um menor número de carcaças congeladas continha o micro-organismo viável, duas (6,67%), quando comparado às nove (30%) carcaças resfriadas positivas (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o armazenamento de carcaças de frango de corte em temperaturas de refrigeração e congelamento é eficaz na redução da positividade para Campylobacter spp. quando utilizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real com tratamento por PMA em relação à PCR em tempo real sem o tratamento com o intercalante de DNA. Além disso, o micro-organismo se mantem viável com maior frequência em carcaças resfriadas, quando comparado a carcaças congeladas

The contamination of broiler carcasses by Campylobacter spp. is common and its assessment is difficult because of its tedious feature. Methods such as Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were developed to verify the presence of the microorganism, but it is also necessary to determine their viability as only live bacteria are capable of causing foodborne disease. The Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a DNA intercalator that can penetrate only in non-viable cells, preventing their DNA to be amplified by real time PCR. In order to detect and verify the viability of Campylobacter spp., frozen and refrigerated broiler carcasses were analysed. Sixty samples of broiler carcasses were collected in a poultry slaughterhouse under federal inspection (30 refrigerated and 30 frozen) and analysed by Real-Time PCR and Real-Time PCR after PMA treatment. It was observed that when samples were treated with PMA, both frozen and refrigerated carcasses, had the lowest positivity rate compared to untreated samples with DNA intercalator (p <0.001). Fifty three out of 60 samples analysed by Real-Time PCR (88.33%) were positive for Campylobacter spp., while 11 (18.33%) tested positive by Real-Time PCR with treatment by PMA. For the Real-Time PCR, 26 (86.67%) refrigerated samples and 27 (90%) frozen samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. When PMA was used, nine (30%) refrigerated samples and two (6.67%) frozen samples tested positive for the bacteria. It was also observed that a smaller number of frozen carcasses contained viable microorganism compared to the refrigerated carcasses (p <0.05). It is concluded that the use of low temperatures in storage of carcases was effective in controlling contamination of carcasses by Campylobacter spp. using Real-Time PCR with PMA comparing with Real-Time PCR without PMA treatment. Furthermore, the microorganism keeps viable more frequently in refrigerated carcass, comparing with frozen carcass.

Resumo

The threat to public health represented by Salmonella is at least partially a consequence of its ecology in poultry hosts. Good manufacturing practices in the processing plant can reduce the contamination of poultry products, and critical control point principles are essential throughout the chain production. One procedure adopted in critical points control to prevent and to reduce Salmonella in farms and poultry products is the use of disinfectants. This study aimed at evaluating disinfectant efficiency against Salmonella enteritidis samples isolated from broiler carcasses in Rio Grande do Sul State between 1995 and 1996. The tested disinfectants were: phenol 1:256, quaternary ammonium 1:2500, glutaraldehyde 1:200, and iodine 1:500, with contact times of 5, 10, 15, and 20 in an in vitro test. .Phenolic compounds showed better results, iodine and glutaraldehyde showed intermediary results, and quaternary ammonium presented efficiency at all contact times evaluated in the in vitro test.