Effect of castration and vasectomy on some oxidative stress parameters and blood hormone levels in rats / Efeito da castração e da vasectomia em alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e níveis de hormônios no sangue

Vasectomy and castration are the most preferred surgical methods to control reproduction in males. While sexual functions are terminated reversibly in vasectomy, they are removed irreversibly in castration. After these processes, changes are observed in hormones and oxidative stress parameters. In this study, we investigated the effects of vasectomy and castration operations on blood follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that FSH, LH, NO, and MDA levels increased (p<0.05) and testosterone levels decreased (p<0.05) in the castration group compared to the sham and vasectomy groups. Considering the data obtained from the present study, when the two operations (vasectomy and castration) are compared in rats, which are preferred for the control of reproduction, it is thought that vasectomy is a healthier method because it is reversible, does not affect hormone levels, and does not increase oxidative stress.

A vasectomia e a castração são os métodos cirúrgicos preferidos para controlar a reprodução no sexo masculino. Enquanto as funções sexuais terminam reversivelmente na vasectomia, elas são removidas irreversivelmente na castração. Após esses processos, são observadas alterações nos hormônios e nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, foram investigados os efeitos das operações de vasectomia e castração nos níveis sanguíneos de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH), testosterona, óxido nítrico (NO) e malondialdeído (MDA) em ratos. Como resultado da análise, foi determinado que os níveis de FSH, LH, NO e MDA aumentaram (P<0,05) e os níveis de testosterona diminuíram (P<0,05) no grupo de castração em comparação com os grupos sham e vasectomia. Considerando os dados obtidos no presente estudo, quando comparadas as duas operações (vasectomia e castração) em ratos, preferidas para o controle da reprodução, acredita-se que a vasectomia é um método mais saudável por ser reversível, não afetar os níveis hormonais e não aumentar o estresse oxidativo.

Check-All-That-Apply method for sensory characterization of pork from immunocastrated male pigs fed different oil sources

In the last decade, other quality attributes have emerged as the main aspects that impact pork consumers acceptance, such as environmentally friendly production, nutritional value, and animal welfare. This study applies a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire for sensory characterization of loins from genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs fed diets containing either a standard commercial diet with 1.5 % soybean oil (control) or 3 % oil from either soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) during the growing-finishing phases. Twenty CATA attributes for loin samples were generated. We interviewed 101 consumers to select all the CATA terms that they considered suitable to characterize sensory attributes of longissimus lumborum muscle samples of pigs from each dietary treatment. The CATA results indicated differences among pork loin samples depending on the source and inclusion level of dietary oil. Loins from pigs fed 3 % SO were characterized by a higher frequency of the "juicy texture" attribute (p < 0.05) and a lower frequency of the "dry texture" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. Moreover, loins from pigs fed 3 % SO had a lower citation frequency of the "tasteless" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. The attributes "cooked pork meat-like taste", "juicy texture", "tender texture", and "brightness" were placed close to the overall liking. "Tender texture", "juicy texture", "pork meat-like" (odor and taste), and "cooked pork meat-like taste" attributes were considered drivers of liking. Feeding genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs with diets containing 3 % SO may be advisable from a pork sensory quality perspective.

Feasibility of pre-scrotal castration approach in boars: 30 cases / Viabilidade da castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal: 30 casos

ABSTRACT: Since the first reports of boar castration, the anesthesia, surgery, and especially the restraint for surgical wound management of large and strong boars may be challenging. Most frequent complications include hemorrhage, excessive edema, infection, abscess, scirrhous cord, inguinal hernia, seroma, hematoma, and death. In order to diminish those complications, we hypothesized that the pre-scrotal approach would be a successful method for orchiectomy in boars and that the complication rate would be low, facilitating post-surgical handling on the commercial swine breeding farms by the owners or handlers. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe our experience performing castration in boars using a pre-scrotal approach on farm-setting. Thirty commercial-breed male boars (weighing 255-410kg) were submitted to dissociative anesthesia protocol and local anesthesia. An 8-10cm skin incision was made cranially to the hemiscrotum, and subcutaneous tissue was bluntly dissected, reaching the tunica dartos, fascia, and vaginal tunica. Mesorchium was bluntly dissected to separate, and a double size-0 transfixion ligature was placed around the spermatic cord that was sharply transected. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral testis using the same skin incision. Short-term complication was restricted to mild scrotal edema in 12 (40%) boars. No wound exudate, surgical site infection or death related to the surgery was recorded. On the long-term follow-up (≥4 months' post-surgery), all owners stated that the boar was subsequently used as intended (slaughter after the proper boar taint withdrawal time) and their satisfaction with the low degree of difficulty in handling the post-operative care. Herein, the overall complication rate was considered low, the mortality rate was zero, and the pre-scrotal castration approach was successfully performed in all boars. These features confirm the technique as a safe procedure for orchiectomy in boars. Additionally, abolishing the daily dressing of surgical wounds required in open castration techniques, especially when surgical site infection occurs, may provide better welfare for the boars.

RESUMO: Desde os primeiros relatos de castração de cachaços, a anestesia, a cirurgia, e, principalmente, a contenção para manejo de feridas cirúrgicas de cachaços grandes e fortes podem ser desafiadoras. As complicações mais frequentes incluem hemorragia, edema excessivo, infecção, abscesso, funiculite, hérnia inguinal, seroma, hematoma e morte. A fim de diminuir tais complicações, levantamos a hipótese de que a abordagem pré-escrotal seria um método bem-sucedido para orquiectomia em cachaços e que a taxa de complicações seria baixa, facilitando o manejo pós-cirúrgico pelos proprietários ou tratadores. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever nossa experiência na castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal nas granjas comerciais de suínos. Trinta cachaços machos de raças comerciais (variação de peso de 255-410kg) foram submetidos ao protocolo de anestesia dissociativa e anestesia local. Uma incisão cutânea de 8 a 10cm foi feita cranialmente ao hemiscroto, e o tecido subcutâneo divulsionado de forma romba atingindo a túnica dartos, fáscia e túnica vaginal. O mesórquio foi separado por divulsão, e, uma ligadura de transfixação dupla com fio 0 realizada ao redor do cordão espermático, que foi seccionado. O procedimento foi repetido no testículo contralateral usando a mesma incisão na pele. A complicação de curto prazo foi restrita a leve edema escrotal em 12 (40%) cachaços. Nenhuma infecção incisional, exsudato ou morte relacionada à cirurgia foi registrada. No acompanhamento a longo prazo (≥4 meses pós-cirúrgico), todos os proprietários afirmaram que o cachaço foi posteriormente utilizado como pretendido (abate após o tempo adequado de retirada do odor de macho inteiro), e sua satisfação com o baixo grau de dificuldade nos cuidados pós-operatórios. Aqui, a taxa geral de complicações foi considerada baixa, a taxa de mortalidade foi zero e a castração por abordagem pré-escrotal foi realizada com sucesso em todos os cachaços. Essas características confirmam a técnica como um procedimento seguro para orquiectomia em cachaços. Além disso, a abolição do curativo diário das feridas cirúrgicas exigido nas técnicas de castração aberta, principalmente quando ocorre infecção, pode proporcionar melhor bem-estar aos cachaços.

Nova técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino em cadela com utilização de duas pinças / Novel technique of ligature of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in bitches using two clamps

A ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), que consiste na retirada cirúrgica de ovários, tubas uterinas e útero, é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados em cadelas na rotina veterinária. É utilizado para evitar prenhez indesejada e no tratamento e profilaxia de enfermidades reprodutivas. Classicamente, na técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino na OSH em cadelas e gatas, são empregadas três pinças para expor a área de ligadura, por isso, a técnica é conhecida como técnica das três pinças. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma técnica diferente para executar tais ligaduras, reduzindo o tempo do procedimento por meio da diminuição do número de pinças usadas para a exposição dos locais a serem feitas as ligaduras. Desta forma, o experimento foi conduzido com 20 cadelas hígidas submetidas à OSH. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: animais submetidos ao procedimento de ligadura pela técnica das três pinças e animais submetidos a ligadura pela técnica proposta neste estudo. A abertura da cavidade abdominal, para expor as estruturas a serem ligadas, foi a mesma para as duas técnicas (laparotomia mediana ventral). Foi mensurado, por meio de cronômetro digital, o tempo despendido na realização de todas as cirurgias. Não ocorreram óbitos e não houve dificuldades na execução das duas técnicas. Além disso, no transoperatório, não houve intercorrências dignas de nota. Os resultados demonstraram que o tempo de execução foi estatisticamente menor para a técnica proposta, indicando a aplicação preferencial deste procedimento para realização de OSH em cadelas.

The ovariohysterectomy (OH), which consists of the surgical removal of ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on bitches in the veterinary routine. It is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and in the treatment and prophylaxis of reproductive diseases. Classically, in the technique of ligation of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in OH in bitches and cats, three clamps are used to expose the ligature area, that is why the technique is known as the three clamps technique. Thus, this study aimed to propose a different technique to perform such ligatures, reducing the procedure time by reducing the number of clamps used to expose the sites to be ligated. Therefore, the experiment was carried out with twenty healthy bitches submitted to OH. The animals were divided into two groups: animals submitted to the ligation procedure using the three clamps technique and animals submitted to ligation using the technique proposed in this study. The opening of the abdominal cavity, to expose the structures to be ligated, was the same for both techniques (ventral median laparotomy). The time spent performing all surgeries was measured using a digital timer. There were no deaths and there were no difficulties in performing both techniques. Besides, in the transoperative period, there were no noteworthy complications. The results demonstrated that the execution time was statistically shorter for the proposed technique, indicating the preferential application of this procedure for performing OH in bitches.

Bilateral testicular tumors in a non-cryptorchid dog: coexistence of Sertoli cell and interstitial endocrine cell tumors

Background: Testicular neoplasms in dogs are more frequent than in other animal species, representing the most common tumors in elderly subjects after skin neoplasms. In cryptorchid subjects, the risk of neoplastic degeneration is high. The cytological examination is essential to differentiate the type of neoplasia and to determinate the best diagnostic approach. Aim of this report was to describe clinical and histopathological features of a dog with coexistence of Sertoli cell and interstitial endocrine cell tumors in a non-cryptorchid dog. Case: A 9-year-old non-neutered male dog, German Spitz breed, was presented to the veterinary clinic. On clinical examination, the dog had a body condition (BCS 6/9), pink mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT) < 2 sec, lymph nodes of normal size, afebrile, normal heart and respiratory rate. The abdomen was depressible to palpation, without pain, the skin appeared hyperpigmented, with generalized presence of comedones, pendular foreskin and absence of hair at the abdominal level, in the ventral portion of the trunk and neck, scant hair also at the level of the inner thighs and in perianal. At ultrasounds examinations, the right testicle presented a hypoechoic circular focal lesion, in the caudal pole, of 0.7 cm in diameter, well defined, echogenicity and a remnant of normal echostructure, smooth and regular margins; the left testicle showed an increase in size, irregular margins, with a heterogeneous echo structure, given by hypoechoic areas, referred to cysts, hemorrhagic or necrotic areas. The hemogram reported slightly microcytic and normochromic regenerative anemia. The leukogram showed monocytosis. The absence of the typical stress leukogram characterized by neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia, and the reduction of ALP allows to rule out Cushing's disease. In order to rule out hypothyroidism due to the inhibitory effect of estrogens on the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) the concentration of total thyroxine was analyzed, reporting normal values excluding hypothyroidism. Blood oestradiol 17-ß (E2) concentration was increased, with a normal testosterone (T) concentration of 0.30 ng/mL. Given the suspicion of the presence of testicular tumors, castration was performed by the surgical excision of both gonads, after ruling out the presence of abdominal or pulmonary metastases by chest and abdominal radiography. Discussion: The clinical, histopathological findings supported the diagnosis of testicular tumors. According to the pathological report, both gonads presented parenchymal nodular neoplastic nodular areas referring to the Sertoli sustentacular cells in the right testicle, to the proliferation of Leydig interstitial cells in the left one. The nodule in the left testicle was unencapsulated and showed a solid-diffuse pattern. Neoplastic cells were irregular polygonal, medium to large in size with moderate nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and moderate anisocytosis. In the right testicle, the nodule was heterogeneous in consistency and a diffuse pattern was present. Neoplastic cells were polygonal morphology, had a moderate nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and were organized tubules lined and obliterated the extensive cell growth. Bilateral orchiectomy allowed to improve the clinical signs, and 3 months after surgery, the animal was in good health, with evident improvement skin lesions. The E2 analysis was repeated, detecting normal values, demonstrating that testicular neoplasm in this patient were involved in E2 production; also T concentration decreased considerably from 0.30 to < 0.07 values.

Auto-hemoterapia em orquiectomia de cães / Autohemotherapy in dogs' orchiectomy

A orquiectomia consiste na remoção dos testículos e, em animais, pode ser realizada por motivo eletivo ou terapêutico. A cirurgia eletiva faz parte da guarda responsável de cães e gatos e é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na medicina veterinária, incluindo mutirões de castração onde a redução de custos é importante. A auto-hemoterapia (AHT) vem sendo aplicada em animais, inclusive em acupontos, com o intuito de produzir efeitos imunoestimulantes. Neste contexto, este estudo utilizou AHT, durante o período pós-operatório imediato, em acupontos de cães submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva sem a aplicação de antibióticos. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados referentes a outro grupo de animais, os quais foram orquiectomizados e previamente tratados com antibiótico sistêmico. Todos os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente e foram feitos hemogramas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório, assim como o registro de infecções e outras intercorrências relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Considerando os 20 cães usados no estudo, não houve ocorrência de infecção ou processo inflamatório nos animais após o procedimento cirúrgico. Além disso, alterações hematológicas significativas não foram observadas entre os grupos e entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório de ambos os grupos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a auto-hemoterapia associada à acupuntura pode representar uma alternativa para um protocolo cirúrgico sem antibióticos em cirurgia eletiva de orquiectomia em animais hígidos.

The orchiectomy is the removal of the testicles and, in animals, can be performed due to by elective or therapeutic reasons. Elective surgery is part of the responsible ownership of dogs and cats and is one of the most performed procedures in veterinary medicine, including castration efforts where cost reduction is important. Autohemotherapy (AHT) has been applied in animals, including acupoints, to produce immunostimulatory effects. In this context, this study used AHT, during the immediate postoperative period, in acupoints of dogs submitted to elective orchiectomy without the use of antibiotics. The results obtained were compared to data from another group of animals, which were orchiectomized and previously treated with a systemic antibiotic. All animals were clinically monitored and hemograms were performed during the pre and post-operatory period, as well as the registration of infections and other complications related to the surgical procedure. Regarding the 20 dogs used in the study, there was no occurrence of infection or inflammation in the animals after the surgical procedure. In addition, significant hematologic alterations were not observed between groups and between pre- and post-operatory periods in both groups. Therefore, it is concluded that autohemotherapy associated with acupuncture may represent an alternative for a surgical protocol without antibiotics in elective orchiectomy surgery in healthy animals.

Hydronephrosis in a dog related to ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Background: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the pelvis and renal calyxes due to post-renal obstruction. The obstruction is often associated with extraluminal masses, blood clots and ureter ligation in castration procedures. Ureter ligation is reported as a malpractice. The renal function is reestablished if ligation is rapidly undone, but not for obstructions longer than four weeks. Often, clinical signs are results from months to years after the castration, when nephrectomy is the best therapeutic option. This paper aims to report a case of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis in a 10-year-old dog caused by chronic ureter occlusion with Nylon 3.0 suture during an elective procedure. Case: A 10-year-old female pinscher dog, spayed 3 years ago was admitted at the Surgery Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (HV-UFJ). The animal was taken for periodontal treatment. In the physical and laboratory examination (complete blood count, hepatic and renal biochemical tests) no significant and noteworthy alterations were found. Ultrasonographic examination showed no changes in the topography and echotexture of the left kidney, however the right kidney was not visualized, with an anechoic structure suggestive of advanced and severe hydronephrosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was proposed to identify the observed structure, with the periodontal treatment considered for a later time. So, a retroumbilical incision was made, followed by linea alba and the removal of simple isolated suture remaining from previous surgical procedure. In the cavity, the viscera were isolated and the left kidney was identified, observing preserved anatomy. On the other hand, the right kidney had altered topography and morphology, being exposed after release of adhesions in adjacent structures. The right renal artery and vein were dissected and a double ligature was made. Then, the right ureter was dissected, observing marked dilatation in the proximal portion and the presence of local ligation with Nylon 3.0. Right ureterectomy and right nephrectomy were performed. After nephrectomy, the capsule was ruptured, observing dark fluid in it and absence of tissue compatible with renal parenchyma. The material was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed risk of rupture of the renal capsule due to the advance of renal degeneration and complete absence of parenchyma. However, contrary to the severity of the histopathological, surgical and ultrasonographic findings, the patient did not present clinical signs at the time of diagnosis. Discussion: In the intraoperative evaluation, the cause of the hydronephrosis was verified to be in fact the ligation of the ureter, which may have been accidental or due to the malpractice of the veterinarian surgeon. Other possible causes such as adhesions and granulomas were ruled out because the Nylon 3.0 suture was found in the proximal portion of the right ureter. It is believed that the patient may have presented clinical signs of hydronephrosis that may have been confused by the tutors as postoperative complications, changes that if identified and performed in time, could have avoided the occurrence or worsening of hydronephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Clinically, the bitch did not show clinical signs presented in the literature as consistent with hydronephrosis such as polyuria, polydipsia, abdominalgia, external fistula and anorexia. Therefore, it is believed that this case is one of the first reports of the occurrence of severe hydronephrosis without typical clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis. This fact raises a warning about the thorough monitoring in the postoperative period by owners and veterinarians, in addition to highlighting concerns regarding the occurrence of medical malpractice versus surgical accidents.

Ovarian pedicle hemostasis techniques in cats

Purpose: To evaluate hemostasis of the ovarian arteriovenous complex (OAVC) in relation to surgical time, practicality and feasibility in three ovariohysterectomy (OH) techniques for queens. Methods: The experiment was performed on 21 female cats aged between six months and seven years, randomly arranged into three groups in a completely randomized design. Group one was spayed using the conventional three-clamp technique, group two using the OAVC knotting technique, and group three using the ovarian pedicle rotation technique. The students t-test and Tukeys test were used to compare the mean surgical times. Results: The conventional technique, which uses thread wires, was more laborious and required longer execution time compared to the other two techniques. The OAVC knotting technique was the fastest and had the least blood loss. Conclusion: The use of techniques that do not use synthetic materials for OAVC hemostasis was proven to be appropriate in castration projects, provided that the surgical team has sufficient training.(AU)

Comparison of intraoperative nociception and postoperative acute pain after traditional or minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique. Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery begins (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analysis was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P > 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG < MIG; P < 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG < TG; P < 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG < MIG) (P < 0.05). Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons non-proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster with less surgical trauma.(AU)

Particularidades reprodutivas raciais na espécie canina / Breed reproductive particularities in canine species

Embora existam pelo menos 354 diferentes raças caninas, o estudo da reprodução, por muito tempo, apenas considerou a espécie como um todo. Apenas recentemente, alguns trabalhos têm destacado a influência da raça nos aspectos reprodutivos dos cães. Assim, o presente trabalho consiste em uma compilação de conhecimentos a respeito de como as raças caninas podem apresentar diferentes particularidades relativas à reprodução da fêmea e do macho, bem como à manifestação de doenças e sensibilidade à castração.

Although there are at least 354 different canine breeds, the study of reproduction, for a long time, only considered the species. Only recently, some studies have highlighted the influence of breed on the reproductive aspects of dogs. Thus, the present work consists of a compilation of knowledge about how canine breeds can present different characteristics related to female and male reproduction, as well as to the manifestation of diseases and sensitivity to castration.

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in bitches five years after ovariohysterectomy / [Prevalência e fatores de risco para incontinência urinária em cadelas cinco anos após ovário histerectomia]

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the most performed elective surgery in veterinary medicine. Although this procedure brings benefits both to the animal and public health, acquired urinary incontinence is a possible complication resultant from it. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and evaluate size, breed, and time of surgery as risk factors in a population of spayed female dogs in the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in the year of 2013, through the use of a multiple-choice screening instrument. Identified estimated prevalence was 11.27% and main risk factors were as follows: large size (OR = 7.12 IC95% = 1.42 - 35.67), Rottweiler breed (OR = 8.92; IC95% = 5.25 - 15.15), Pit-bull breed (OR = 4.14; IC95% = 2.19 - 7.83), and Labrador breed (OR = 2.73; IC95% = 1.53 - 4.87). Time of surgery was not considered a risk factor for urinary incontinence in this population (OR = 1.45; IC95% = 0.86 - 2.40). Even though most owners reported a small impact on their relationship with the animal, urinary incontinence hazard should be addressed before spaying.(AU)

A ovário-histerectomia (OHE) é a cirurgia eletiva mais realizada em medicina veterinária. Embora seja um procedimento que beneficie a saúde pública e do animal, a incontinência urinária adquirida é uma complicação possível resultante desse procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de incontinência urinária e avaliar porte, raça e momento da castração como fatores de risco em uma população de cadelas castradas no HCV/UFRGS, no ano de 2013, através do uso de um instrumento de triagem de múltipla escolha. A prevalência estimada foi de 11,27% e os principais fatores de risco foram: grande porte (OR = 7,12 IC95% = 1,42 - 35,67), raça Rottweiler (OR = 8,92; IC95% = 5,25 - 15,15), raça Pitbull (OR = 4,14; IC95% = 2,19 - 7,83) e raça Labrador (OR = 2,73; IC95% = 1,53 - 4,87). O tempo da cirurgia não foi considerado fator de risco para incontinência urinária nessa população (OR = 1,45; IC95% = 0,86 - 2,40). Embora a maioria dos proprietários tenha relatado um pequeno impacto no relacionamento com o animal, a possibilidade de incontinência urinária deve ser devidamente discutida antes da castração.(AU)

Effects of flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, and firocoxib on the acute-phase proteins in horses following standing castration

ABSTRACT: Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p 0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and 1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.

RESUMO: Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p 0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida 1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.

Effects of flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, and firocoxib on the acute-phase proteins in horses following standing castration / Efeitos do flunixin meglumine, meloxicam e firocoxib na concentração de proteínas da fase aguda após em equinos após castração

Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and α1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.(AU)

Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida α1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.(AU)

Effects of flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, and firocoxib on the acute-phase proteins in horses following standing castration / Efeitos do flunixin meglumine, meloxicam e firocoxib na concentração de proteínas da fase aguda após em equinos após castração

Excessive infection and inflammation are the most common complications associated with castration. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX), or firocoxib (FX) for inflammation control after castration in horses using acute-phase proteins (APP) as markers of inflammation. Thirty healthy, unbroken, mixed-breed horses (body weight 358.62±45.57kg and age 4.99±2.63 years) were randomly (n=10 animals/group) allocated to receive one of three different post-castration anti-inflammatory medicines: Group 1 (FM 1.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); Group 2 (MX 0.6mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days); and Group 3 (FX 0.1mg/kg bwt, IV, s.i.d for 5 days). All horses were castrated in standing position, using the open technique. Serum and peritoneal APP concentrations were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and determined before castration (0), and 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 hours after castration. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). Three animals from the MX group developed hyperthermia (with rectal temperatures of 39.8, 39.3 and 38.9°C on day 4, 5 and 6, respectively) and showed local clinical signs of inflammation (inguinal and excessive scrotal edema) and reluctance to walk, as well as a rigid gait of the hind limbs. The same complications were observed in one FX horse. No complications were observed among the FM animals. The castration resulted in significant changes in serum and peritoneal values of total proteins, ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), haptoglobin (Hp) and α1-acid glycoprotein (Gp) in animals of all experimental groups. However, the animals of the MX and FX groups presented more intense acute phase response compared to the animals of the FM group. Changes in the APP were associated with the surgical trauma of castration, but the differences between groups were associated with the ability of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to control the inflammation. In conclusion, and based on the findings of acute phase proteins, flunixin is more efficient to control the magnitude of inflammation following castration as compared to meloxicam and firocoxib.(AU)

Infecção e inflamação excessivas são as complicações mais comuns associadas à castração. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia do flunixin meglumine (FM), meloxicam (MX) ou firocoxib (FX) no controle da inflamação após a castração em cavalos usando proteínas da fase aguda (APP) como marcadores de inflamação. Trinta equinos saudáveis (358,62±45,57kg; 4,99±2,63 anos) foram em função dos anti-inflamatórios utilizados após as castrações aleatoriamente (n= 10 animais/grupo) alocados em três diferentes grupos: Grupo 1 (FM 1,1mg/kg de peso, IV, sid por 5 dias); Grupo 2 (MX 0,6mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias); e Grupo 3 (FX 0,1mg/kg de peso, IV, s.i.d por 5 dias). Todos os cavalos foram castrados em posição quadrupedal, utilizando a técnica aberta. As concentrações de APP sérica e peritoneal foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) com dodecil-sulfato de sódio (SDS) e determinadas no momento 0 (antes da castração) e com 3, 5, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a castração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo programa estatístico SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Três animais do grupo MX desenvolveram hipertermia (com temperatura retal de 39,8, 39,3 e 38,9° C nos dias 4, 5 e 6, respectivamente) e mostraram sinais clínicos locais de inflamação (edema inguinal e escrotal excessivo) e relutância em andar, bem como marcha rígida dos membros posteriores. As mesmas complicações foram observadas em um cavalo do FX. Não foram observadas complicações entre os animais do FM. Independente do grupo, a castração resultou em alterações significativas nos valores séricos e peritoneais de proteínas totais, ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Alb), haptoglobina (Hp) e glicoproteína ácida α1 (Gp). No entanto, os animais dos grupos MX e FX apresentaram resposta de fase aguda mais intensa quando comparados aos animais do FM. Alterações na resposta de fase aguda deveram-se ao trauma cirúrgico da castração, mas as diferenças entre os grupos foram associadas à capacidade do anti-inflamatório em controlar a inflamação. Em conclusão, baseado da resposta de fase aguda, o flunixin em comparação com o meloxicam e o firocoxib é mais eficiente no controle da inflamação após a castração em equinos.(AU)

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

Não constituintes da carcaça de cordeiros em distintas condições sexuais / Non-constituents of the carcass of lambs on different sexual conditions

O estudo foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da condição sexual nos pesos e rendimentos dos não constituintes da carcaça de cordeiros cruza Texel x Corriedale. Foram utilizados 46 machos divididos em três grupos: não castrados (n=15), castrados (n=17) e induzidos ao criptorquidismo (n=14). Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e número variável de repetições. Foi realizada análise de variância para avaliar o efeito da condição sexual sobre as características estudadas. Cordeiros castrados atingiram as condições estipuladas para o abate mais precocemente. Não castrados e induzidos ao criptorquidismo apresentaram pesos superiores de cabeça (kg), pele (kg), pênis (kg) e fígado com vesícula (kg). Não castrados apresentaram valores Como citar - disponível no site, superiores do conjunto pulmões com traqueia (kg) em relação na página do artigo. a animais castrados. Conclui-se que cordeiros não castrados e induzidos ao criptorquidismo apresentam pesos superiores de alguns componentes corporais quando terminados em campo nativo recebendo suplementação de 1% do peso corporal. Proporcionalmente, a condição sexual não interfere nos rendimentos dos componentes corporais de cordeiros Texel x Corriedale.

The study was carried out with objective to evaluate the effects of sexual condition on the weights and yields of nonconstituents of the carcass of Texel x Corriedale lambs. Forty-six males were used divided in three groups: uncastrated (n = 15), castrated (n = 17) and induced to cryptorchidism (n = 14). A completely randomized design with three treatments and variable number of repetitions was adopted, an analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effect of sexual condition on the characteristics studied. Castrated lambs have reached the stipulated conditions for slaughter earlier. Uncastrated and induced to cryptorchidism presented higher weights of head (kg), skin (kg), penis (kg) and liver with gall bladder (kg). Uncastrated lambs presented higher values for lungs with trachea (kg) compared to castrated animals. It is concluded that uncastrated and induced to cryptorchidism lambs present higher weights of some body components when finished in native field receiving supplementation of 1% of body weight. Proportionally, the sexual condition does not interfere in the yields of the body components of Texel x Corriedale lambs.

Não constituintes da carcaça de cordeiros em distintas condições sexuais / Non-constituents of the carcass of lambs on different sexual conditions

O estudo foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da condição sexual nos pesos e rendimentos dos não constituintes da carcaça de cordeiros cruza Texel x Corriedale. Foram utilizados 46 machos divididos em três grupos: não castrados (n=15), castrados (n=17) e induzidos ao criptorquidismo (n=14). Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e número variável de repetições. Foi realizada análise de variância para avaliar o efeito da condição sexual sobre as características estudadas. Cordeiros castrados atingiram as condições estipuladas para o abate mais precocemente. Não castrados e induzidos ao criptorquidismo apresentaram pesos superiores de cabeça (kg), pele (kg), pênis (kg) e fígado com vesícula (kg). Não castrados apresentaram valores Como citar - disponível no site, superiores do conjunto pulmões com traqueia (kg) em relação na página do artigo. a animais castrados. Conclui-se que cordeiros não castrados e induzidos ao criptorquidismo apresentam pesos superiores de alguns componentes corporais quando terminados em campo nativo recebendo suplementação de 1% do peso corporal. Proporcionalmente, a condição sexual não interfere nos rendimentos dos componentes corporais de cordeiros Texel x Corriedale.(AU)

The study was carried out with objective to evaluate the effects of sexual condition on the weights and yields of nonconstituents of the carcass of Texel x Corriedale lambs. Forty-six males were used divided in three groups: uncastrated (n = 15), castrated (n = 17) and induced to cryptorchidism (n = 14). A completely randomized design with three treatments and variable number of repetitions was adopted, an analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effect of sexual condition on the characteristics studied. Castrated lambs have reached the stipulated conditions for slaughter earlier. Uncastrated and induced to cryptorchidism presented higher weights of head (kg), skin (kg), penis (kg) and liver with gall bladder (kg). Uncastrated lambs presented higher values for lungs with trachea (kg) compared to castrated animals. It is concluded that uncastrated and induced to cryptorchidism lambs present higher weights of some body components when finished in native field receiving supplementation of 1% of body weight. Proportionally, the sexual condition does not interfere in the yields of the body components of Texel x Corriedale lambs.(AU)

Castração química em suínos com óleo essencial de cravo da índia (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Chemical castration in pigs with clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) / Castración química en cerdos con aceite esencial del cravo de india (Eugenia caryophyllata)

Os suínos são a segunda proteína animal mais consumido do mundo, sendo que o Brasil é o quarto produtor mundial deste tipo de carne. Atualmente, por exigência do mercado consumidor externo e interno há uma grande demanda por produção de carne por meios orgânicos ecologicamente sustentáveis e que sigam a premissa de bem-estar animal. A castração é realizada em suínos machos para tornar a carne palatável e aceita pelos consumidores. A técnica tradicionalmente empregada é a cirúrgica, mas da maneira que é praticada é um método que provoca dor e estresse nos animais. Como alternativa a este método existe a imunocastração. Tal técnica é eficaz e indolor, mas ainda onerosa para os produtores. Desta maneira, no presente trabalho foi estudada a castração química em suínos por meio de injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia (OECI). Em todos os animais foi administrado meloxicam e foi feita anestesia infiltrativa intra-testicular. Estabelecida a anestesia foi realizada a castração química. Foi introduzido OECI nos testículos (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Após o procedimento, os suínos foram examinados diariamente durante uma semana. Em todos os animais a introdução do OECI foi de fácil execução, sem intercorrências nem óbitos. Em dois animais 20% (2/10) foi observado edema 24 horas após a administração do fármaco. No entanto, tal reação foi considerada como um processo inflamatório, provocado pela substância injetada no interior do tecido testicular. Não foram observados sinais de dor ou desconforto após a castração química nos animais. Provavelmente tal resultado é decorrente do protocolo analgésico e anestésico adotado no presente estudo. Concluiu-se que a injeção intratesticular de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em suínos machos mostrou-se uma técnica viável e de fácil execução na espécie estudada.(AU)

Pigs are the second most consumed animal protein in the world, with Brazil being the fourth largest producer of this type of meat in the world. Currently, due to the pressure from both the foreign and domestic consumer markets, there is a great demand for meat to be produced in an organic manner, which is ecologically sustainable and following the animal welfare assumptions. Castration is performed on male pigs to make the meat more palatable and accepted by consumers. The technique is traditionally surgical, a method that causes pain and stress to the animals. Immunocastration is an alternative to this method. This is an effective and painless technique for the animals, albeit still costly for the producers. Thus, this paper studied the chemical castration in pigs by intratesticular injection of clove essential oil (CEO). Meloxicam and intra-testicular infiltrative anesthesia were administered to all subjects. Once anesthesia was established, chemical castration was performed. CEO was introduced into the testicles (intratesticular, bilaterally). After the procedure, the subjects were examined daily for one week. In all subjects, the introduction of the CEO was easy to perform, uneventful, and no deaths were recorded. Edema was observed in two subjects (20%) (2/10) 24 hours after drug administration. However, such a reaction was considered as an inflammatory process caused by the substance injected into the testicular tissue. No signs of pain or discomfort were observed after chemical castration. The edema could also be a result of the analgesic and anesthetic protocol adopted in the study. It was concluded that intratesticular injection of clove essential oil in male pigs proved to be a viable and easily performed technique in the studied species.(AU)

Los cerdos son la segunda proteína animal más consumida del mundo, siendo que Brasil es el cuarto productor mundial de este tipo de carne. Actualmente, por exigencia del mercado consumidor externo e interno hay una gran demanda por producción de carne por medios orgánicos ecológicamente sostenibles y que sigan la premisa del bienestar animal. La castración se realiza en cerdos machos para hacer la carne más apetecible y acepta por los consumidores. La técnica tradicionalmente empleada es la quirúrgica, pero de la manera que se practica es un método que provoca dolor y estrés en los animales. Como alternativa a este método existe la inmunocastración. Tal técnica es eficaz e indolora, pero costosa para los productores. Así, en la presente investigación, se estudió la castración química en cerdos por inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India (AEC). Se administró meloxicam a todos los animales y se administró anestesia infiltrada intratesticular. Una vez que se estableció la anestesia, se realizó la castración química. Se ha introducido en los testículos AEC (intratesticular, bilateralmente). Después del procedimiento, los cerdos fueron examinados diariamente durante una semana. En todos los animales, la introducción del AEC ha sido fácil de realizarse, sin incidentes y sin óbito. En dos animales 20%; (2/10) se observó edema 24 horas tras la administración del fármaco. Sin embargo, dicha reacción se consideró como un proceso inflamatorio causado por la sustancia inyectada en el tejido testicular. No se observaron signos de dolor o incomodidad después de la castración química en los animales. Probablemente dicho resultado se deba al protocolo analgésico y anestésico adoptado en el presente estudio. Se concluyó que la inyección intratesticular de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cerdos machos demuestra ser una técnica viable y de fácil realización en la especie estudiada.(AU)

Alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais de bovinos de corte após o manejo de castração / Physiological and behavioral changes of beef cattle after castration management

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, parâmetros fisiológicos e temperamentais de bovinos de corte não castrados ou submetidos à castração cirúrgica ou à imunocastração. O período experimental foi dividido em dois subperíodos de observações: primeiros 15 dias pós-castração (período de cicatrização) e os 25 dias seguintes à cicatrização. Nos primeiros 15 dias de avaliação, os animais não castrados obtiveram maior ganho médio diário de peso em relação aos castrados cirurgicamente. A frequência cardíaca foi maior para os animais castrados cirurgicamente, com 126,51 batimentos/minuto, em relação aos demais tratamentos. A distância de fuga foi superior para os novilhos castrados cirurgicamente, com valor de 12,22 metros. Nos 25 dias seguintes à castração cirúrgica, o ganho médio diário de peso foi superior nos bovinos castrados cirurgicamente em relação aos bovinos não castrados ou imunocastrados. A velocidade de fuga, no segundo subperíodo de avaliação, foi superior nos bovinos castrados em relação aos não castrados. O período imediato à castração, os primeiros 15 dias, prejudicou o ganho médio diário e o ganho de peso total, o que causou maior reatividade, com alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos e temperamentais de bovinos castrados cirurgicamente em comparação com bovinos não castrados, entretanto, transcorrido o período de cicatrização, essas diferenças diminuíram ou desapareceram.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, physiological and temperamental parameters of uncastrated beef cattle or those submitted to surgical castration or immunocastration, in the post-castration period. The experimental period was divided into two subperiods of observations: the first 15 days post-castration (healing period) and the 25 days following healing. In the first 15 days of evaluation, the non-castrated animals obtained a greater average daily gain of weight in relation to surgically castrated. The heart rate was higher for surgically castrated animals with 126,51 beats/minute, compared to the other treatments. The distance of escape was higher for the surgically castrated steers, with a value of 12,22 meters, when compared to the other groups studied. During the next 25 days of surgical castration, the mean daily gain of weight was higher in surgically castrated cattle than in non-castrated or immunocastrated cattle. The escape velocity, in the second evaluation subperiod, was superior in the castrated cattle, in relation to the not castrated. The immediate castration period, the first 15 days, altered the mean daily gain and the total weight gain, the physiological and temperamental parameters of surgically castrated cattle, however, after the healing period, these differences diminish or disappear.(AU)