Perspectives of intrauterine artificial insemination applicability in gilts / Perspectivas de aplicabilidade da inseminação artificial intrauterina em leitoas

The application of the intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) technique allows optimization of a swine production system due to the reductions in volume and number of sperm cells in the insemination dose, and by reducing the time taken to perform the insemination. However, IUAI is not recommended for gilts due to the difficulty of intrauterine cannula passage through the cervix. This difficulty is associated mainly with the fact that the reproductive tract is smaller in gilts than in pluriparous females. However, few studies have evaluated the application of IUAI in gilts. In these studies, there are variations in approach concerning the definition of the success rate for cannula passage through the cervix, the type of cannula and the body characteristics of the gilts used, making it difficult to extrapolate the recommendation for the use of IUAI in gilts. Considering the evidence that such characteristics influence or even determine the success of the application of IUAI, there is a necessity for an understanding of the influence of these factors in the improvement and later application of the technique. Gilts represent about 15-20% of the breeding group, and the use of IUAI could optimize the processes of insemination on farms. The approach used in this review highlights the aspects that could aid in structuring further studies for improving IUAI in gilts, allowing its use on commercial farms.(AU)

A aplicação da técnica de inseminação artificial intrauterina (IAU) permitiu uma otimização do sistema de produção de suínos por possibilitar a redução do volume e número de células espermáticas na dose inseminante e, também, por diminuir o tempo de execução da inseminação. Porém, a IAU não tem sido recomendada para leitoas devido à dificuldade de passagem do cateter intrauterino através da cérvix. Essa dificuldade é associada principalmente ao menor tamanho do trato reprodutivo de leitoas se comparado ao das fêmeas pluríparas. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que avaliaram a aplicação de IAU em leitoas. Nesses estudos, existem variações quanto à definição da taxa de sucesso na inserção do cateter através da cérvix, ao tipo de cateter e, também, quanto às características corporais das matrizes utilizadas, dificultando extrapolações de recomendação do uso da IAU em leitoas. Considerando os indícios de que tais características podem influenciar ou, até mesmo, determinar o sucesso de aplicação da técnica, ainda há necessidade de compreender a influência desses fatores para que a técnica possa ser aprimorada e posteriormente aplicada. Leitoas representam cerca de 15 a 20% do grupo de cobertura e viabilizar a IAU nessa categoria pode otimizar os processos de inseminação nas granjas. A abordagem realizada nessa revisão traz aspectos que podem auxiliar na estruturação de futuros estudos para aprimorar a IAU em leitoas e permitir seu emprego em granjas comerciais.(AU)

Técnica de inseminação artificial por tração cervical e função luteal em ovelhas Santa Inês após estro sincronizado com cloprostenol ou progestágeno-eCG / Technique of artificial ins emination by cervical traction and luteal function in Santa Inês ewes after synchronized estrus with cloprostenol or progestagen-eCG

Avaliou-se a influência do protocolo de sincronização de estro na execução da técnica de inseminação artificial por tração cervical (ITC) e subsequente perfil sérico de progesterona em ovelhas Santa Inês. Um grupo foi submetido a duas aplicações de cloprostenol com sete dias de intervalo (PGF2α, n=43), outro grupo foi sincronizado com MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) e ovelhas ao estro natural (EN, n=10) formaram grupo controle. Com as ovelhas contidas em estação, foi realizada a técnica ITC utilizando um aplicador metálico e mandril. Foram avaliadas a profundidade de penetração e intensidade de reação da ovelha ao manejo da técnica. Dosagens de estradiol e progesterona foram feitas antes e depois da ITC/estro natural, respectivamente. Os níveis de estradiol foram superiores com P4-eCG vs PGF2α (P < 0,05), mas não houve influência do protocolo na execução da técnica. Ocorreram 83,5% de deposição intrauterina do sêmen, o tempo médio foi de 32 segundos e 90,7% das ovelhas apresentaram reação fraca ou moderada durante o manejo. Os níveis de progesterona foram semelhantes entre ITC e estro natural. Independente do protocolo hormonal, a técnica ITC em ovelhas Santa Inês mantidas em estação mostrou-se viável no tempo de penetração da cérvice e deposição intrauterina do sêmen, não comprometendo a função luteal subsequente.(AU)

The influence of estrus synchronization protocol was evaluated on the artificial insemination technique by cervical traction (ICT) and subsequent progesterone serum profile in Santa Inês ewes. One group was submitted to two applications of cloprostenol seven days apart (PGF2α, n=43), another group was synchronized with MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) and ewes at natural estrus (NE, n=10) formed a control group. With the ewe contained in the stand position, the ICT technique was performed using a metal applicator and mandrel. Depth of penetration and reaction intensity of the ewe to the handling of the technique were evaluated. Dosages of estradiol and progesterone were performed before and after ICT / natural estrus, respectively. Estradiol levels were higher with P4-eCG vs PGF2α(AU)

Técnica de inseminação artificial por tração cervical e função luteal em ovelhas Santa Inês após estro sincronizado com cloprostenol ou progestágeno-eCG / Technique of artificial ins emination by cervical traction and luteal function in Santa Inês ewes after synchronized estrus with cloprostenol or progestagen-eCG

Avaliou-se a influência do protocolo de sincronização de estro na execução da técnica de inseminação artificial por tração cervical (ITC) e subsequente perfil sérico de progesterona em ovelhas Santa Inês. Um grupo foi submetido a duas aplicações de cloprostenol com sete dias de intervalo (PGF2α, n=43), outro grupo foi sincronizado com MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) e ovelhas ao estro natural (EN, n=10) formaram grupo controle. Com as ovelhas contidas em estação, foi realizada a técnica ITC utilizando um aplicador metálico e mandril. Foram avaliadas a profundidade de penetração e intensidade de reação da ovelha ao manejo da técnica. Dosagens de estradiol e progesterona foram feitas antes e depois da ITC/estro natural, respectivamente. Os níveis de estradiol foram superiores com P4-eCG vs PGF2α (P < 0,05), mas não houve influência do protocolo na execução da técnica. Ocorreram 83,5% de deposição intrauterina do sêmen, o tempo médio foi de 32 segundos e 90,7% das ovelhas apresentaram reação fraca ou moderada durante o manejo. Os níveis de progesterona foram semelhantes entre ITC e estro natural. Independente do protocolo hormonal, a técnica ITC em ovelhas Santa Inês mantidas em estação mostrou-se viável no tempo de penetração da cérvice e deposição intrauterina do sêmen, não comprometendo a função luteal subsequente.

The influence of estrus synchronization protocol was evaluated on the artificial insemination technique by cervical traction (ICT) and subsequent progesterone serum profile in Santa Inês ewes. One group was submitted to two applications of cloprostenol seven days apart (PGF2α, n=43), another group was synchronized with MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) and ewes at natural estrus (NE, n=10) formed a control group. With the ewe contained in the stand position, the ICT technique was performed using a metal applicator and mandrel. Depth of penetration and reaction intensity of the ewe to the handling of the technique were evaluated. Dosages of estradiol and progesterone were performed before and after ICT / natural estrus, respectively. Estradiol levels were higher with P4-eCG vs PGF2α

Cervicopexia dorsal para correção de prolapso vaginal em um ovino - Relato de Caso / Dorsal cervicopexy for correction of vaginal prolapse in a sheep Case Report

O presente trabalho relata o caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ovelha Santa Inês, com 3 anos, primípara de aproximadamente 4 meses e meio de gestação apresentando um prolapso cervicovaginal de grau 4 com evolução de 3 dias. O tratamento inicial baseou-se na utilização de pomada a base de Nitrofurazona e sutura de Wolff captonada dos lábios vulvares. Após aproximadamente 2 semanas de internamento, o animal pariu ocorrendo ruptura natural da sutura anteriormente realizada e subsequente prolapso, sendo optado pela realização da técnica cirúrgica de cervicopexia dorsal na porção muscular do oblíquo interno e musculo transverso do abdômen. Transcorridos um ano do procedimento cirúrgico, a ovelha apresentou nova prenhes, seguida de parto normal, sem recidiva do prolapso cervicovaginal. A opção pela técnica cirúrgica empregada permitiu a manutenção da vida reprodutiva do animal.(AU)

The present work reports the clinical and surgical case of a 3 year old Santa Inês sheep, primiparous, with approximately 4 and a half months of gestation, presenting a grade 4 cervicovaginal prolapse with 3 days of evolution. Initial treatment consisted of Nitrofurazone ointment and a wolf suture of the vulvar labia, with stents. After approximately 2 weeks of hospitalization, the animal gave birth with occurrence of the natural rupture of the previously performed suture and subsequent prolapse, and it was decided to perform the surgical technique of dorsal cervicopexy in the muscular portion of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus muscle. One year after the surgical procedure, the sheep presented new pregnancy followed by normal delivery, with no recurrence of cervicovaginal prolapse. The decision for the surgical technique employed allowed the animal to maintain its reproductive life.(AU)

Cervicopexia dorsal para correção de prolapso vaginal em um ovino - Relato de Caso / Dorsal cervicopexy for correction of vaginal prolapse in a sheep – Case Report

O presente trabalho relata o caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ovelha Santa Inês, com 3 anos, primípara de aproximadamente 4 meses e meio de gestação apresentando um prolapso cervicovaginal de grau 4 com evolução de 3 dias. O tratamento inicial baseou-se na utilização de pomada a base de Nitrofurazona e sutura de Wolff captonada dos lábios vulvares. Após aproximadamente 2 semanas de internamento, o animal pariu ocorrendo ruptura natural da sutura anteriormente realizada e subsequente prolapso, sendo optado pela realização da técnica cirúrgica de cervicopexia dorsal na porção muscular do oblíquo interno e musculo transverso do abdômen. Transcorridos um ano do procedimento cirúrgico, a ovelha apresentou nova prenhes, seguida de parto normal, sem recidiva do prolapso cervicovaginal. A opção pela técnica cirúrgica empregada permitiu a manutenção da vida reprodutiva do animal.

The present work reports the clinical and surgical case of a 3 year old Santa Inês sheep, primiparous, with approximately 4 and a half months of gestation, presenting a grade 4 cervicovaginal prolapse with 3 days of evolution. Initial treatment consisted of Nitrofurazone ointment and a wolf suture of the vulvar labia, with stents. After approximately 2 weeks of hospitalization, the animal gave birth with occurrence of the natural rupture of the previously performed suture and subsequent prolapse, and it was decided to perform the surgical technique of dorsal cervicopexy in the muscular portion of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus muscle. One year after the surgical procedure, the sheep presented new pregnancy followed by normal delivery, with no recurrence of cervicovaginal prolapse. The decision for the surgical technique employed allowed the animal to maintain its reproductive life.

Efeito do óleo essencial do Croton nepetifolius Baill na penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

A fim de se avaliar o uso do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) na penetrabilidade cervical em ovelhas mestiças, 40 ovelhas foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro grupos (n=10): controle, misoprostol, OECn50 e OECn100 (50 e 100µg do OECn, respectivamente). Após a sincronização do estro, utilizando CIDR e eCG (200UI), a profundidade de penetração da cérvix foi mensurada utilizando-se uma pipeta de inseminação artificial de bovino graduada, no período de zero até 72h após a retirada do CIDR. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro-padrão, submetidos à ANOVA seguida do teste de Tukey, enquanto os dados, em porcentagem, foram submetidos aos testes de Fisher ouqui-quadrado. Nenhuma diferença significativa (P>0,05) foi encontrada quanto ao grau de penetrabilidade cervical. Quanto ao tempo de passagem, os grupos misoprostol e OECn100 apresentaram um menor tempo de penetrabilidade às 60h(1,7±0,6 e 1,5±0,6min, respectivamente), quando comparados ao grupo controle (4,1±0,6min), que não diferiu significativamente do grupo OECn50 (2,3±0,6min). Portanto, o óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius Baill pode ser utilizado para encurtar o tempo de penetrabilidade cervical em ovelhas submetidas à sincronização estral.(AU)

In order to evaluate the use of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill (EOCn) on cervical penetration in crossbred ewes, 40 ewes were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 10): CONTROL, MISOPROSTOL, EOCn50 and EOCn100 (50 e 100µg of the EOCn, respectively). After estrus synchronization, using CIDR and eCG (200IU), depth of cervical penetration was measured using artificial insemination gun for bovine species which was graduated and used from 0 to 72h after CIDR removal. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error mean, submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test while data in percentage were submitted to Fisher or Chi-Square test. No significant difference (P> 0.05) was observed at grade of cervical penetration. Concerning trespassing time, MISOPROTOL and EOCn100 groups presented a lower trespassing time at 60h (1.7±0.6 and 1.5±0.6min, respectively) than CONTROL group (4.1±0.6min), which did not differ significantly from EOCn50 (2.3±0.6min) group. Therefore, the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill can be used to shorten the cervical penetration time in estrus synchronized ewes.(AU)

Efeito do óleo essencial do Croton nepetifolius Baill na penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

A fim de se avaliar o uso do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) na penetrabilidade cervical em ovelhas mestiças, 40 ovelhas foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro grupos (n=10): controle, misoprostol, OECn50 e OECn100 (50 e 100µg do OECn, respectivamente). Após a sincronização do estro, utilizando CIDR e eCG (200UI), a profundidade de penetração da cérvix foi mensurada utilizando-se uma pipeta de inseminação artificial de bovino graduada, no período de zero até 72h após a retirada do CIDR. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro-padrão, submetidos à ANOVA seguida do teste de Tukey, enquanto os dados, em porcentagem, foram submetidos aos testes de Fisher ouqui-quadrado. Nenhuma diferença significativa (P>0,05) foi encontrada quanto ao grau de penetrabilidade cervical. Quanto ao tempo de passagem, os grupos misoprostol e OECn100 apresentaram um menor tempo de penetrabilidade às 60h(1,7±0,6 e 1,5±0,6min, respectivamente), quando comparados ao grupo controle (4,1±0,6min), que não diferiu significativamente do grupo OECn50 (2,3±0,6min). Portanto, o óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius Baill pode ser utilizado para encurtar o tempo de penetrabilidade cervical em ovelhas submetidas à sincronização estral.(AU)

In order to evaluate the use of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill (EOCn) on cervical penetration in crossbred ewes, 40 ewes were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 10): CONTROL, MISOPROSTOL, EOCn50 and EOCn100 (50 e 100µg of the EOCn, respectively). After estrus synchronization, using CIDR and eCG (200IU), depth of cervical penetration was measured using artificial insemination gun for bovine species which was graduated and used from 0 to 72h after CIDR removal. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error mean, submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test while data in percentage were submitted to Fisher or Chi-Square test. No significant difference (P> 0.05) was observed at grade of cervical penetration. Concerning trespassing time, MISOPROTOL and EOCn100 groups presented a lower trespassing time at 60h (1.7±0.6 and 1.5±0.6min, respectively) than CONTROL group (4.1±0.6min), which did not differ significantly from EOCn50 (2.3±0.6min) group. Therefore, the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill can be used to shorten the cervical penetration time in estrus synchronized ewes.(AU)

Diferentes apresentações de duplicidade cervical identificadas em peças do aparelho reprodutor feminino de bovinos Relato de 5 casos / Different presentations of cervical duplicity identified in pieces of the female bovine reproductive tract Report of 5 cases

A utilização de biotecnologias reprodutivas exige um sistema reprodutor funcional e com boa conformação anatômica. O aparelho reprodutor feminino de bovinos é constituído por vulva, clitóris, vestíbulo, vagina, útero, tuba uterina e ovários. A cérvix é uma etrrutura similar a um esfíncter que atua como barreira física e química contra a penetração de agentes patogênicos e corpos estranhos nos cornos uterinos. O útero pode ser acometido por diversas afecções, dentre elas a duplicidade cervical, malformação hereditária e congênita causada pela falha na fusão dos ductos de Müller ou paramesonéfricos. Objetivou-se relatar a ocorrência de duplicidade cervical em peças do aparelho reprodutorde vacas destinadas ao abate na cidade de Bagé, RS. Foram identificadas cinco diferentes apresentações de cérvix dupla, através de inspeção visual e dissecação anatômica. Conclui-se que a duplicidade cervical pode se apresentar de diferentes maneiras, e embora o diagnóstico seja de fácil obtenção, grande parte dos relatos existentes foram realizados em peças do sistema reprodutor de fêmeas abatidas, não permitindo a estimativa da ocorrênciain vivo. Ressalta-se a importância da realização de exame ginecológico e ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico prévio à estação reprodutiva, permitindo o descarte de fêmeas acometidas. Palavras-chave: cérvix, útero, ductos de Müller. AbstractThe use of reproductive biotechnologies requires a functional reproductive system with good anatomical conformation. The female bovine reproductive tract consists of the vulva, clitoris, vestibule, vagina, uterus and ovaries. The cervix is a structure similar to a sphincter that acts as a physical and chemical barrier against the penetration of pathogenic agents and foreign bodies into the uterine horns. The uterus can be affected by several pathologies, among them cervical duplicity, a hereditary and congenital malformation caused by fusion failures of the Müller or paramesonephric ducts. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of cervical duplicity in parts of the reproductive tract of cows slaughtered in the city of Bagé, RS. Five different presentations of double cervix were identified through visual inspection and anatomic dissection. It is concluded that cervical duplicity can be presented indifferent ways, and although the diagnosis is easy to obtain, most of the existing reports were performed on reproductive systems of slaughtered females, not allowing the estimation of in vivo occurrence. It is important to perform the gynecological examination and ultrasonography for the diagnosis prior to the reproductive season, discarding affected females. Keywords: cervix, uterus, Müllers ducts. Introdução O aumento da demanda por proteína animal ao redor do mundo e a pressão exercida por outras culturas, como avicultura e suinocultura, fazem com que os índices de eficiência no processo produtivo da bovinocultura sejam aprimorados. Para isso, a pecuária se valeu de inúmeras biotecnologias, dentre elas as reprodutivas, que exigem cada vez mais o sistema reprodutor funcional e de boa conformação anatômica (Grunert e Gregory, 1984).(AU)

The use of reproductive biotechnologies requires a functional reproductive system with good anatomical conformation. The female bovine reproductive tract consists of the vulva, clitoris, vestibule, vagina, uterus and ovaries. The cervix is a structure similar to a sphincter that acts as a physical and chemical barrier against the penetration of pathogenic agents and foreign bodies into the uterine horns. The uterus can be affected by several pathologies, among them cervical duplicity, a hereditary and congenital malformation caused by fusion failures of the Müller or paramesonephric ducts. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of cervical duplicity in parts of the reproductive tract of cows slaughtered in the city of Bagé, RS. Five different presentations of double cervix were identified through visual inspection and anatomic dissection. It is concluded that cervical duplicity can be presented indifferent ways, and although the diagnosis is easy to obtain, most of the existing reports were performed on reproductive systems of slaughtered females, not allowing the estimation of in vivo occurrence. It is important to perform the gynecological examination and ultrasonography for the diagnosis prior to the reproductive season, discarding affected females.(AU)

Diferentes apresentações de duplicidade cervical identificadas em peças do aparelho reprodutor feminino de bovinos – Relato de 5 casos / Different presentations of cervical duplicity identified in pieces of the female bovine reproductive tract – Report of 5 cases

A utilização de biotecnologias reprodutivas exige um sistema reprodutor funcional e com boa conformação anatômica. O aparelho reprodutor feminino de bovinos é constituído por vulva, clitóris, vestíbulo, vagina, útero, tuba uterina e ovários. A cérvix é uma etrrutura similar a um esfíncter que atua como barreira física e química contra a penetração de agentes patogênicos e corpos estranhos nos cornos uterinos. O útero pode ser acometido por diversas afecções, dentre elas a duplicidade cervical, malformação hereditária e congênita causada pela falha na fusão dos ductos de Müller ou paramesonéfricos. Objetivou-se relatar a ocorrência de duplicidade cervical em peças do aparelho reprodutorde vacas destinadas ao abate na cidade de Bagé, RS. Foram identificadas cinco diferentes apresentações de cérvix dupla, através de inspeção visual e dissecação anatômica. Conclui-se que a duplicidade cervical pode se apresentar de diferentes maneiras, e embora o diagnóstico seja de fácil obtenção, grande parte dos relatos existentes foram realizados em peças do sistema reprodutor de fêmeas abatidas, não permitindo a estimativa da ocorrênciain vivo. Ressalta-se a importância da realização de exame ginecológico e ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico prévio à estação reprodutiva, permitindo o descarte de fêmeas acometidas. Palavras-chave: cérvix, útero, ductos de Müller. AbstractThe use of reproductive biotechnologies requires a functional reproductive system with good anatomical conformation. The female bovine reproductive tract consists of the vulva, clitoris, vestibule, vagina, uterus and ovaries. The cervix is a structure similar to a sphincter that acts as a physical and chemical barrier against the penetration of pathogenic agents and foreign bodies into the uterine horns. The uterus can be affected by several pathologies, among them cervical duplicity, a hereditary and congenital malformation caused by fusion failures of the Müller or paramesonephric ducts. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of cervical duplicity in parts of the reproductive tract of cows slaughtered in the city of Bagé, RS. Five different presentations of double cervix were identified through visual inspection and anatomic dissection. It is concluded that cervical duplicity can be presented indifferent ways, and although the diagnosis is easy to obtain, most of the existing reports were performed on reproductive systems of slaughtered females, not allowing the estimation of in vivo occurrence. It is important to perform the gynecological examination and ultrasonography for the diagnosis prior to the reproductive season, discarding affected females. Keywords: cervix, uterus, Müller’s ducts. Introdução O aumento da demanda por proteína animal ao redor do mundo e a pressão exercida por outras culturas, como avicultura e suinocultura, fazem com que os índices de eficiência no processo produtivo da bovinocultura sejam aprimorados. Para isso, a pecuária se valeu de inúmeras biotecnologias, dentre elas as reprodutivas, que exigem cada vez mais o sistema reprodutor funcional e de boa conformação anatômica (Grunert e Gregory, 1984).

The use of reproductive biotechnologies requires a functional reproductive system with good anatomical conformation. The female bovine reproductive tract consists of the vulva, clitoris, vestibule, vagina, uterus and ovaries. The cervix is a structure similar to a sphincter that acts as a physical and chemical barrier against the penetration of pathogenic agents and foreign bodies into the uterine horns. The uterus can be affected by several pathologies, among them cervical duplicity, a hereditary and congenital malformation caused by fusion failures of the Müller or paramesonephric ducts. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of cervical duplicity in parts of the reproductive tract of cows slaughtered in the city of Bagé, RS. Five different presentations of double cervix were identified through visual inspection and anatomic dissection. It is concluded that cervical duplicity can be presented indifferent ways, and although the diagnosis is easy to obtain, most of the existing reports were performed on reproductive systems of slaughtered females, not allowing the estimation of in vivo occurrence. It is important to perform the gynecological examination and ultrasonography for the diagnosis prior to the reproductive season, discarding affected females.

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes / Relaxamento cervical para acesso uterino não cirúrgico em ovelhas Santa Inês

The present study was composed by two experiments aiming to develop a cervical dilation technique for non-surgical access to Santa Inês ewe's uterus. In Experiment 1, thirty ewes underwent four epidural treatments. The three experimental treatments used 2.0mg/kg ketamine. The group receiving this drug alone was denominated KG, whereas other group had ketamine associated with 0.1mg/kg morphine (KM) and KX a third group had ketamine associated with 0.05mg/kg xylazine (KX). Control treatment was 1mL/7.5kg saline solution epidurally (CON). Cervical dilation was evaluated in both experiments by attempting to pass a metal rod through the cervix. In Experiment 2, three different hormonal protocols for cervical dilation were tested in thirty ewes. Epidural anesthesia with 2.0mg/kg ketamine was the control treatment (KG) and was combined with hormonal treatments: Misoprostol (MI); Oxytocin + Estradiol (OE); Misoprostol + Oxytocin + Estradiol (MOE). In Experiment 1 transposition rate was not different among groups. In Experiment 2, OE presented the highest rate (90%) while MOE presented 86.2%, MI 68.9% and CON 62.1%. The study developed a pharmacological protocol that increased cervical transposition making the non-surgical access to the uterus feasible in Santa Inês ewes.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma técnica para acesso não cirúrgico ao útero de ovelhas Santa Inês e foi realizado em duas etapas. No experimento 1, 30 ovelhas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos epidurais. Os três tratamentos teste usaram 2,0mg/kg de cetamina. O grupo que recebeu apenas cetamina foi denominado KG, enquanto no segundo grupo a cetamina foi combinada com morfina (0,1mg/kg - KM) e um terceiro grupo recebeu cetamina associada com xilazina 0,05mg/kg - KX). No grupo controle (CON), usou-se solução salina (1mL/7,5kg de peso). A dilatação cervical foi avaliada em ambos os experimentos pela tentativa de transposição cervical com uma haste metálica. No experimento 2, três protocolos hormonais de dilatação cervical foram testados em 30 ovelhas. Anestesia epidural com 2,0mg/kg de cetamina foi o tratamento controle (CON), combinada com tratamentos hormonais nos grupos: misoprostol (MI); ocitocina + estradiol (OE); misoprostol + ocitocina + estradiol (MOE). No experimento 1, a taxa de transposição não variou entre os grupos. No experimento 2, OE teve a maior taxa (90%), enquanto MOE apresentou 86,2%, MIi 68,9% e CON 62,1%. O estudo desenvolveu um protocolo farmacológico que aumentou a taxa de transposição cervical, tornando o acesso uterino não cirúrgico viável em ovelhas Santa Inês.(AU)

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes / Relaxamento cervical para acesso uterino não cirúrgico em ovelhas Santa Inês

The present study was composed by two experiments aiming to develop a cervical dilation technique for non-surgical access to Santa Inês ewe's uterus. In Experiment 1, thirty ewes underwent four epidural treatments. The three experimental treatments used 2.0mg/kg ketamine. The group receiving this drug alone was denominated KG, whereas other group had ketamine associated with 0.1mg/kg morphine (KM) and KX a third group had ketamine associated with 0.05mg/kg xylazine (KX). Control treatment was 1mL/7.5kg saline solution epidurally (CON). Cervical dilation was evaluated in both experiments by attempting to pass a metal rod through the cervix. In Experiment 2, three different hormonal protocols for cervical dilation were tested in thirty ewes. Epidural anesthesia with 2.0mg/kg ketamine was the control treatment (KG) and was combined with hormonal treatments: Misoprostol (MI); Oxytocin + Estradiol (OE); Misoprostol + Oxytocin + Estradiol (MOE). In Experiment 1 transposition rate was not different among groups. In Experiment 2, OE presented the highest rate (90%) while MOE presented 86.2%, MI 68.9% and CON 62.1%. The study developed a pharmacological protocol that increased cervical transposition making the non-surgical access to the uterus feasible in Santa Inês ewes.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma técnica para acesso não cirúrgico ao útero de ovelhas Santa Inês e foi realizado em duas etapas. No experimento 1, 30 ovelhas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos epidurais. Os três tratamentos teste usaram 2,0mg/kg de cetamina. O grupo que recebeu apenas cetamina foi denominado KG, enquanto no segundo grupo a cetamina foi combinada com morfina (0,1mg/kg - KM) e um terceiro grupo recebeu cetamina associada com xilazina 0,05mg/kg - KX). No grupo controle (CON), usou-se solução salina (1mL/7,5kg de peso). A dilatação cervical foi avaliada em ambos os experimentos pela tentativa de transposição cervical com uma haste metálica. No experimento 2, três protocolos hormonais de dilatação cervical foram testados em 30 ovelhas. Anestesia epidural com 2,0mg/kg de cetamina foi o tratamento controle (CON), combinada com tratamentos hormonais nos grupos: misoprostol (MI); ocitocina + estradiol (OE); misoprostol + ocitocina + estradiol (MOE). No experimento 1, a taxa de transposição não variou entre os grupos. No experimento 2, OE teve a maior taxa (90%), enquanto MOE apresentou 86,2%, MIi 68,9% e CON 62,1%. O estudo desenvolveu um protocolo farmacológico que aumentou a taxa de transposição cervical, tornando o acesso uterino não cirúrgico viável em ovelhas Santa Inês.(AU)

The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...]

The evaluation of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of cervical clear cell carcinoma in a bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape. After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Massons trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively.[...](AU)

PRODUÇÃO E COLETA DE EMBRIÕES PELO MÉTODO NÃO CIRÚRGICO EM OVELHAS MORADA NOVA

O objetivo do presente estudo foi viabilizar a produção e coleta de embriões pelo método não cirúrgico (NSER) em ovelhas Morada Nova, uma vez que o uso desta técnica pode contribuir para o Programa de Conservação de Recursos Genéticos desta importante raça brasileira, aumentando o número de embriões nos bancos de germoplasma. Este estudo foi realizado em duas etapas sendo que na primeira, foi comparada a produção de embriões in vivo de doadoras submetidas a diferentes protocolos de sincronização de estro e/ou superovulação. As ovelhas receberam esponjas intravaginais embebidas em 60 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP), as quais foram mantidas por seis (G6; n = 12), nove (G9; n = 12) ou 12 (G12; n = 12) dias. Metade das ovelhas em cada grupo permaneceu sincronizada (SYNCH) enquanto a outra metade foi superovulada (SOV) com hormônio folículo estimulante suíno (pFSH). Das variáveis analisadas, houve diferença no início do estro que ocorreu 10-12 h depois (P <0,01) em ovelhas G9SYNCH quando comparadas a G6SYNCH e G12SYNCH, e a duração do estro foi 19 h maior (P <0,01) em G9SOV do que em G6SOV. A duração média do procedimento de coleta foi de 32,6 ± 1,3 min. Pelo menos uma estrutura foi recuperada em 85,7% das ovelhas sincronizadas e em 87,5% das superovuladas. As taxas de recuperação de embriões viáveis também foram semelhantes (P> 0,05) para os grupos sincronizados e superovulados: G6 (1,0 ± 0,3 e 2,5 ± 1,5), G9 (1,3 ± 0,5 e 4,8 ± 2,0) e G12 (1,0 ± 0,3 e 4,8 ± 2,3). Conclui-se que o pré-tratamento com diferentes durações de progesterona pode ser empregado em ovelhas Morada Nova, resultando em taxas de recuperação embrionária viáveis em animais sincronizados e/ou superovulados. Na segunda etapa, procurou-se correlacionar quantidade de folículos acima de 2 mm de diâmetro no momento da última dose de pFSH com a resposta superovultória (número de corpos lúteos) e a produção de embriões (quantidade de blastocisto e qualidade embrionária) em ovelhas sincronizadas com os dois tratamentos mais promissores do experimento anterior (G9 e G12). A contagem total de folículos com diâmetro 2 mm dobrou entre a 1ª e a 6ª dose de pFSH em ambos os grupos de ovelhas (P <0,05). As respostas ao estro não variaram entre os dois subconjuntos de ovelhas Morada Nova e foram em média 95,2%. Corpos lúteos (CL) foram detectados em 85,0% e 60,0% das ovelhas que apresentaram cio, respectivamente, nos grupos G9 e G12. A NSER foi concluída com sucesso em 86,2% de todas as ovelhas estudadas. O número médio de CLs por doadora e por doadora lavada com sucesso foi maior (P <0,05) no G12 (12,3 ± 1,7 / 12,1 ± 1,9) do que no G9 (7,9 ± 1,4 / 8,2 ± 1,6). O número médio de blastocistos recuperados e de embriões viáveis foi maior (P <0,05) para G12 (5,8 ± 1,9 e 3,7 ± 1,7) do que para G9 (3,5 ± 1,1 e 0,8 ± 0,3, respectivamente). A contagem total de folículos no momento da aplicação da 6ª dose de pFSH no grupo G12 foi positivamente correlacionada (P <0,05) com o número de CLs (r = 0,95) e com o de embriões viáveis (r = 0,91). Conclui-se que o protocolo de sincronização de estro baseado na utilização de P4 por 12 dias resultou em melhores resultados superovulatórios quando comparado ao protocolo de 9 dias e que a contagem total de folículos na última dose de pFSH foi um bom preditor de resposta superovulatória apenas nas ovelhas tratadas com P4 por 12 dias.

The objective of the present study was to enable the production and collection of embryos by the non-surgical method (NSER) in Morada Nova ewes, since the use of this procedure can contribute to the Program for the Conservation of Genetic Resources of this important Brazilian breed, increasing the number of embryos in germplasm banks. This study was carried out in two experiments; the first one compared the production of embryos in vivo from donors submitted to different estrous and / or superovulation synchronization protocols. The ewes received intravaginal sponges soaked in 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), which were maintained for six (G6; n = 12), nine (G9; n = 12) or 12 (G12; n = 12) days. Half of the ewes in each group remained synchronized (SYNCH) while the other half were superovulated (SOV) with porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH). Of the analyzed variables, there was a difference in the beginning of estrus that occurred 10-12 h later (P <0.01) in G9SYNCH ewes when compared to G6SYNCH and G12SYNCH, and the duration of estrus was 19 h longer (P <0.01) in G9SOV than in G6SOV. The average duration of the collection procedure was 32.6 ± 1.3 min. At least one structure was recovered in 85.7 and 87.5% of the synchronized and superovulated ewes, respectively. The recovery rates of viable embryos were also similar (P> 0.05) for the synchronized and superovulated groups: G6 (1.0 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 1.5), G9 (1.3 ± 0, 5 and 4.8 ± 2.0) and G12 (1.0 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 2.3). It is concluded that pretreatment with different progesterone durations can be used in Morada Nova ewes, resulting in viable embryo recovery rates in synchronized and / or superovulated animals. In the second experiment, the number of follicles 2 mm at the time of the last dose of pFSH was correlate with the superovultory response (number of corpus luteum) and the production of embryos (number of blastocyst and embryonic quality) in synchronized ewes with the two most promising treatments from the previous experiment (G9 and G12). The total count of follicles 2 mm doubled from the 1st to the 6th pFSH dose in both groups of ewes (P < 0.05). Estrus responses did not vary between the two subsets of Morada Nova sheep and they averaged 95.2%. Corpora lutea (CL) were detected in 85.0% and 60.0% of ewes going estrus in G9 Days and G12 Days groups, respectively. NSER was successfully completed in 86.2% of all ewes studied (P > 0.05). The mean number of CL per ewe/successfully flushed donor ewe was greater (P < 0.05) in G12 (12.3 ± 1.7/12.1 ± 1.9) than in G9 (7.9 ± 1.4/8.2 ± 1.6). Mean numbers of retrieved blastocysts and viable embryos were greater (P > 0.05) for G12 (5.8 ± 1.9 and 3.7 ± 1.7) than for G9 ewes (3.5 ± 1.1 and 0.8 ± 0.3, respectively). The total follicle count when applying the 6th dose of pFSH in the G12 group was positively correlated (P <0.05) with the number of CLs (r = 0.95) and with the number of viable embryos (r = 0.91). It was concluded that estrus synchronization protocol based on the use of P4 for 12 days resulted in better superovulatory results when compared to the 9 days protocol and that the total follicle count in the last dose of pFSH was a good predictor of superovulatory response only in Morada Nova ewes treated with P4 for 12 days.

Taxa de prenhez de acordo com o grau de abertura do orifício vaginal da cérvix de cabras Saanen no Nordeste do Pará, durante a inseminação artificial / Pregnancy rate according to the degree of opening of the vaginal orifice of the cervix Saanen goats in northeastern Pará, during artificial insemination

Was aimed at the application of reproductive technologies in goats is mainly limited to inability to crossthe long, narrow cervix, preventing intrauterine deposition of frozen semen Croy et al. (1999). The degree ofdifficulty in transposing the cervix may vary according to various factors such as individual effect, reproductivestage, postpartum interval, reproductive season, technical experience and other Husein et al. (1998). The studywas conducted in the state of Pará, in the municipality of Iguarapé-Acu, Pará northeast, at a private estate. Weused 12 Saanen goats intended for milk production, with ages ranging from 1 to 3 years, all identified withnumerical necklace and documented in animals individual. Os identification cards were created intensively withforage (Pennisetum purpureum) ground corn meal, water and mineral supplement will. The evaluation of thecervical opening degree was carried out by vaginal speculum.(AU)

Taxa de prenhez de acordo com o grau de abertura do orifício vaginal da cérvix de cabras Saanen no Nordeste do Pará, durante a inseminação artificial / Pregnancy rate according to the degree of opening of the vaginal orifice of the cervix Saanen goats in northeastern Pará, during artificial insemination

Was aimed at the application of reproductive technologies in goats is mainly limited to inability to crossthe long, narrow cervix, preventing intrauterine deposition of frozen semen Croy et al. (1999). The degree ofdifficulty in transposing the cervix may vary according to various factors such as individual effect, reproductivestage, postpartum interval, reproductive season, technical experience and other Husein et al. (1998). The studywas conducted in the state of Pará, in the municipality of Iguarapé-Acu, Pará northeast, at a private estate. Weused 12 Saanen goats intended for milk production, with ages ranging from 1 to 3 years, all identified withnumerical necklace and documented in animals individual. Os identification cards were created intensively withforage (Pennisetum purpureum) ground corn meal, water and mineral supplement will. The evaluation of thecervical opening degree was carried out by vaginal speculum.

Uso do óleo essencial de Croton nepetaefolius Baill (Marmeleiro vermelho) na colheita transcervical de embriões de ovelhas Rabo Largo / Use of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius Baill (red quince) in transcervical embryo recovery of Rabo Largo ewes

With the objective of evaluating the Croton nepetaefolius Baill in the transcervical harvest of ovineembryos, we used twelve sheeps and two rams of Rabo Largo breed. After estrus synchronization andsuperovulation, the females were submitted to the embryonic transcervical harvest, being randomly distributedinto three groups (n = 4). The PGF2α group received 75 μg of cloprostenol (IM), twenty four hours beforeharvest; and groups OECn100 and OECn300 received in the background of the vaginal sac, five minutes beforeharvest, 100 μg / mL and 300 μg / mL of the oil, respectively. We used ANOVA and the Tukey test for the resultsanalysis, at a probability of 5%. There was no significant difference for all parameters, between the treatmentgroups (P > 0.05). Croton nepetaefolius Baill essential oil did not facilitate cervical transposition of allharvested animals and did not result in embryo recovery.(AU)

Estro e morfologia cervical de ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês submetidas à sincronização do estro / Estrus and cervical morphology of crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes submitted to estrus synchronization

In order to correlate the beginning of estrus to vaginal and cervical morphologies after synchronizationof estrus in ewes. Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronizationusing CIDR and eCG. After hormonal treatment, we recorded oestrus, morphology of vagina and cervix. Thedata were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and the Tukey and Chi-square tests. All sheep presentedestrus, beginning at 32.30 ± 0.99 h after removal of the CIDR. There was a predominance of ewes with vaginaland cervical epithelium with pink coloration. At 0 h and 24 h after CIDR removal, 90% and 75% of the ewespresented incomplete crystallization respectively. The maximum crystallization of the cervical mucus occurred at48 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR. Therefore, the histomorphology of the mucosa and cervical mucus variesaccording to the time of estrus of sheep.(AU)

Efeito do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius sobre a penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

To evaluate the use of the Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) essential oil in cervical penetrability inewe, forty Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronization anddistributed into four groups (n = 10). A control group and another three groups treated with 200 μg /misoprostol sheep (Misoprostol), 50 μg / mL (OECn50) and 100 μg / mL (OECn100) of OECn oil respectively,before the introduction of an artificial insemination applicator (AI). The depth of cervical penetration and thepassage time of the mandrel of AI were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey and Chi-squaretests. There was no significant difference in cervical penetrability, but the Misoprostol and OECn100 groupspresented a lower penetrability time when compared to the Control group. Therefore, the use of Crotonnepetifolius Baill essential oil facilitates cervical sheep penetration.(AU)

Efeito do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius sobre a penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

To evaluate the use of the Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) essential oil in cervical penetrability inewe, forty Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronization anddistributed into four groups (n = 10). A control group and another three groups treated with 200 μg /misoprostol sheep (Misoprostol), 50 μg / mL (OECn50) and 100 μg / mL (OECn100) of OECn oil respectively,before the introduction of an artificial insemination applicator (AI). The depth of cervical penetration and thepassage time of the mandrel of AI were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey and Chi-squaretests. There was no significant difference in cervical penetrability, but the Misoprostol and OECn100 groupspresented a lower penetrability time when compared to the Control group. Therefore, the use of Crotonnepetifolius Baill essential oil facilitates cervical sheep penetration.