Effects of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on feed digestibility, intestinal mucosa, and biochemical and antioxidant parameters in broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on metabolizable energy, feed digestibility, intestinal morphometric analysis, and antioxidant parameters in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications of eight broilers (Cobb male) was used, and collections were carried out at 20 and 42 days of age. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde concentrations (mg/kg) were: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improved apparent metabolizable energy but did not change protein and ether extract digestibility. Supplementation increased intestinal villus height and villi:crypt ratio; in which 100 mg/kg produced the greatest villus height. Serum uric acid levels were lower in birds receiving supplementation. Improvement in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase was observed, while lower uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reactive oxygen species levels were observed. Microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improve apparent metabolizable energy and can be administered in broiler feed without risk to the bird's health. These supplements may serve as alternative products to aid the performance of commercial poultry.

Effect of essential oils and aqueous extracts of plants on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production under the influence of two sources of phytochemicals: essential oils (EOs) and aqueous extracts (AEs). Treatments were set up in a completely randomized block design, with 4×2+1 factorial arrangement of four species, S (garlic, G; cinnamon, C; rosemary, R; eucalyptus; EU) × two types of presentation, P (essential oil, EO; aqueous extract, AE) and a basal diet, BD (50% concentrate, 20% alfalfa and 30% corn silage). Rumen fermentation was evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. All experimental units were incubated with 500 mg of BD for 72 hours. Treatments were added at a single dose of 900 mg/L of rumen inoculum. Gas pressure was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60 and 72 h postincubation. There was an interaction effect (P × S) between plant extract presentation (P) and plant species (S) for all variables. Treatments GEO, CEO, REO decreased volatile fatty acids (mmol/200 mg), microbial mass production (mg/g), CH4 production (mL/g), in vitro dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05), and total gas production at 24 and 72 h post-incubation (P < 0.05; mL/g DM, mL/g OM). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between AEs and BD. In conclusion, the use of EOs negatively affected rumen fermentation parameters and the production of CH4. Garlic and cinnamon EOs effectively reduced methane emissions; however, they also reduced in vitro dry matter digestibility.

Use of essential oils in the diet of slow-growing broilers and their effects on performance / Uso de óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

This study proposes to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of slow-growing broilers with essential oils. A total of 270 one-day-old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho line, reared in an intensive system, were allocated to one of three treatments (1: Control, without addition of essential oils; 2: Feed supplemented with cinnamon essential oil; and 3: Feed supplemented with lemongrass essential oil) in a completely randomized design with nine replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance variables were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days, whereas carcass yield, primal cuts, and internal organs were analyzed at 71 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences between means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Supplementation with lemongrass essential oil improved the live weight of birds at 14, 28, and 42 days, as well as feed conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P<0.05). The treatments with cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils provided the highest thigh yields (P<0.05). The other evaluated variables did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.(AU)

O experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (Tratamento 1: Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; Tratamento 2: Ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e Tratamento 3: ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e aos 71 dias o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.(AU)

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.(AU)

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.

Diets for Macrobrachium acanthurus breeders: Sperm evaluation / Dietas para reprodutores de Macrobrachium acanthurus: avaliação espermática

The application of biotechnology in animal reproduction has enabled the production of young forms in both quantity and quality. Increasing the number of viable gametes produced by reproducers, among other factors, through an ideal diet, can ensure higher production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of three diets on the sperm survival of Macrobrachium acanthurus. To this end, 24 M. acanthurus males were used, distributed randomly and equally among treatments. Their diets were composed of 100% fresh food (fish and squid muscle - 14% protein), 100% dry feed (commercial feed - 50% protein) and a mixture of these diets containing 30% protein. Spermatophores were extracted through electrical stimulation every 15 days, and the controls consisted of spermatophores obtained directly from nature. No significant difference between diets was observed comparing shrimp and spermatophore weights. The 100% fresh diet provided the best sperm survival performance.

A aplicação de biotecnologias na reprodução animal tem possibilitado produzir formas jovens em quantidade e qualidade. O aumento da quantidade de gametas viáveis produzidos pelos reprodutores, mediante uma dieta ideal, entre outros fatores, pode garantir uma maior produção. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três dietas quanto à sobrevivência espermática de Macrobrachium acanthurus. Para tanto, 24 machos de M. acanthurus foram utilizados, sendo distribuídos ao acaso e de forma igual entre os tratamentos. As dietas foram compostas por 100% de alimento fresco (músculo de peixe e lula - 14% de proteína), 100% de alimento seco (ração comercial - 50% de proteína) e uma mescla dessas dietas contendo 30% de proteína. Os espermatóforos foram extraídos por eletroestimulação a cada 15 dias, sendo o controle aqueles obtidos diretamente da natureza. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas quando comparado os pesos dos camarões e dos espermatóforos. A alimentação 100% fresca proporcionou o melhor desempenho para a sobrevivência espermática.

Diets for Macrobrachium acanthurus breeders: Sperm evaluation / Dietas para reprodutores de Macrobrachium acanthurus: avaliação espermática

The application of biotechnology in animal reproduction has enabled the production of young forms in both quantity and quality. Increasing the number of viable gametes produced by reproducers, among other factors, through an ideal diet, can ensure higher production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of three diets on the sperm survival of Macrobrachium acanthurus. To this end, 24 M. acanthurus males were used, distributed randomly and equally among treatments. Their diets were composed of 100% fresh food (fish and squid muscle - 14% protein), 100% dry feed (commercial feed - 50% protein) and a mixture of these diets containing 30% protein. Spermatophores were extracted through electrical stimulation every 15 days, and the controls consisted of spermatophores obtained directly from nature. No significant difference between diets was observed comparing shrimp and spermatophore weights. The 100% fresh diet provided the best sperm survival performance.(AU)

A aplicação de biotecnologias na reprodução animal tem possibilitado produzir formas jovens em quantidade e qualidade. O aumento da quantidade de gametas viáveis produzidos pelos reprodutores, mediante uma dieta ideal, entre outros fatores, pode garantir uma maior produção. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de três dietas quanto à sobrevivência espermática de Macrobrachium acanthurus. Para tanto, 24 machos de M. acanthurus foram utilizados, sendo distribuídos ao acaso e de forma igual entre os tratamentos. As dietas foram compostas por 100% de alimento fresco (músculo de peixe e lula - 14% de proteína), 100% de alimento seco (ração comercial - 50% de proteína) e uma mescla dessas dietas contendo 30% de proteína. Os espermatóforos foram extraídos por eletroestimulação a cada 15 dias, sendo o controle aqueles obtidos diretamente da natureza. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas quando comparado os pesos dos camarões e dos espermatóforos. A alimentação 100% fresca proporcionou o melhor desempenho para a sobrevivência espermática.(AU)

Efeitos do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) no controle de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) / Effects of supercritical extract of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) on the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficiência do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach no controle de Sitophilus zeamais por meio do contato tarsal. Observou-se a sobrevivência dos insetos a cada 24 h após o início do experimento. Constatou-se que houve maior mortalidade de insetos nas primeiras 72 h. O tratamento que teve melhor desempenho considerando-se a relação tempo de ação e número de insetos mortos foi o de concentração 200 μL mL-1. A concentração letal média que mata 50% da população (CL50) obtida após 96 h do tratamento foi de 165,52 μL mL-1, indicando que a maior dose pode ser reduzida com resultados satisfatórios para as condições empregadas no estudo. O extrato de M. azedarach revelou-se efetivo no controle de S. zeamais em condições de laboratório.

This study aimed to test the efficiency of the Melia azedarach supercritical extract in controlling Sitophilus zeamais through tarsal contact. The survival of insects was observed every 24 h after the experiment started. A higher mortality of insects was found during the first 72 h. The treatment that had the best performance considering the action time and the number of dead insects was that at 200 μL mL-1 concentration. The mean lethal concentration that kills 50% of the population (LC50) obtained after 96 h treatment was 165.52 μL ml-1, showing that the higher dose can be reduced with satisfactory results for the conditions used in this study. The extract of M. azedarach was effective in controlling S. zeamais under laboratory conditions.

Efeitos do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) no controle de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) / Effects of supercritical extract of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) on the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a eficiência do extrato supercrítico de Melia azedarach no controle de Sitophilus zeamais por meio do contato tarsal. Observou-se a sobrevivência dos insetos a cada 24 h após o início do experimento. Constatou-se que houve maior mortalidade de insetos nas primeiras 72 h. O tratamento que teve melhor desempenho considerando-se a relação tempo de ação e número de insetos mortos foi o de concentração 200 μL mL-1. A concentração letal média que mata 50% da população (CL50) obtida após 96 h do tratamento foi de 165,52 μL mL-1, indicando que a maior dose pode ser reduzida com resultados satisfatórios para as condições empregadas no estudo. O extrato de M. azedarach revelou-se efetivo no controle de S. zeamais em condições de laboratório.(AU)

This study aimed to test the efficiency of the Melia azedarach supercritical extract in controlling Sitophilus zeamais through tarsal contact. The survival of insects was observed every 24 h after the experiment started. A higher mortality of insects was found during the first 72 h. The treatment that had the best performance considering the action time and the number of dead insects was that at 200 μL mL-1 concentration. The mean lethal concentration that kills 50% of the population (LC50) obtained after 96 h treatment was 165.52 μL ml-1, showing that the higher dose can be reduced with satisfactory results for the conditions used in this study. The extract of M. azedarach was effective in controlling S. zeamais under laboratory conditions.(AU)

Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil reduces infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in poultry litter

Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradation and without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chick’s life, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not cause histopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect. Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product.[...]

Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil reduces infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in poultry litter

Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradation and without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chicks life, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not cause histopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect. Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product.[...](AU)

Edible active coatings incorporated with Cinnamomum cassia and Myristica fragrans essential oils to improve shelf-life of minimally processed apples / Revestimentos comestíveis ativos contendo óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia e Myristica fragrans para aumentar a vida útil de maçãs minimamente processadas

The effect of the incorporation of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and nut meg (Myristicafragrans) essential oils in alginate-based edible coatings that were applied on minimally processed apples, is reported. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 1.25mg.mL-1 (cinnamon) and 2.50mg.mL-1 (nutmeg), against both Escherichia coli and Penicillium commune. Over storage periods there was a significant reduction in the E. coli and P. commune counts compared to the control. The extent of enzymatic browning was also significantly reduced in the coated samples. In the coated minimally processed apples sensory tests, the flavor had the lowest rating of the properties analyzed, for both treatments, followed by aroma and firmness.(AU)

O efeito da incorporação dos óleos essenciais de canela (Cinnamomum cassia) e noz-moscada (Myristicafragrans) em revestimentos comestíveis à base de alginato, aplicados em maçãs minimamente processadas é apresentado. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas foram de 1,25mg.mL-1 (canela) e 2,50mg.mL-1 (noz-moscada), contra Escherichia colie Penicillium commune. Durante o armazenamento, houve redução significativa nas contagens de E.coli e P. Commune em comparação com o controle. A extensão do escurecimento enzimático também foi significativamente reduzida nas amostras revestidas. Nas análises sensoriais, o sabor dos óleos essenciais apresentou a menor classificação das propriedades analisadas, tanto para os óleos essenciais, quanto para aroma e firmeza.(AU)

Plant extracts, metaldehyde and saline solutions on the population control of Bradybaena similaris / Extratos vegetais, metaldeído e soluções salinas para o controle populacional de Bradybaena similaris

This study aimed to test the efficiency of plant extracts, metaldehyde and saline solutions, as alternatives to the population control of the snail Bradybaena similaris , and to investigate the effect of the plant extracts in reducing the damage of the snail on Brassica oleracea . The experiments were performed at the Entomology Laboratory of the Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), using a random experimental design with nine treatments in triplicate. Five adult individuals of B. similaris were subjected to each trial, totaling 135 snails. The following treatments were tested: cinnamon ( Melia azedarach ), timbó ( Ateleia glazioveana ), rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), mate herb ( Ilex paraguariensis ), two concentrations of metaldehyde (3% and 5%), two concentrations of salt solution (5% and 10 %), and a control treatment (distilled water). To evaluate the survival of B. similaris it was checked the treatments every 24 hours, over four consecutive days. The results revealed that the two concentrations of metaldehyde were fully efficient, that the saline solution (10%) had and intermediate efficiency, and that all other treatments were not effective. The treatment with the M. azedarach extract induced a higher consumption of B. oleracea , while the saline solution at 10% and the extracts of R. officinalis and I. paraguariensis inhibited leaf consumption.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de extratos vegetais, metaldeído e soluções salinas como alternativas para o controle populacional de Bradybaena similaris e o efeito dos extratos para a redução dos danos sobre Brassica oleracea , em condições de laboratório (Laboratório de Entomologia da Unochapecó, Chapecó, Santa Catarina). O experimento foi conduzido utilizando cinco indivíduos adultos de B. similares para cada um dos nove tratamentos em triplicatas, totalizando 135 caracóis. Os seguintes tratamentos foram testados: extrato de cinamomo ( Melia azedarach ), timbó ( Ateleia glazioveana ), alecrim ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), erva-mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ), metaldeído (3% e 5%), soluções salinas (5% e 10%) e a testemunha (água destilada). Para avaliação dos dados, foi determinada a taxa de sobrevivência de B. similaris a cada 24 horas em um período de quatro dias. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as duas concentrações de metaldeído foram eficientes, a solução salina (10%) apresentou eficiência intermediária, enquanto os demais tratamentos não foram eficazes. Observou-se que o tratamento com extrato de M. azedarach induziu a um consumo maior de B. oleracea , enquanto a solução salina a 10% e os extratos de R. officinalis e I. paraguariensis inibiram o consumo.(AU)

Performance and hematological variables of piavuçu whose diets were supplemented with phytobiotic and probiotic additives / Desempenho e variáveis hematológicas do piavuçu suplementado com aditivos fitogênicos e probiótico

The performance and hematologic responses of juvenile piavuçu fish (Leporinus macrocephalus) that were fed with feeds containing garlic, cinnamon, and yeast before being submitted to stress from capture were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the Fish Nutrition Laboratory (Laboratório de Alimentação e Nutrição de Peixes), where 192 piavuçu juveniles (3.09 ± 0.8 g) were distributed among 16 tanks (170 L), with a density of 12 fish per tank. The experiment consisted of four treatments and four repetitions. Treatments included the addition of 10 g Kg-1 garlic, 10 g Kg-1 cinnamon, and 9x105 UFC g-1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, in addition to a control diet that included no additives. The performance, body indices, and survival of the fish were evaluated. After the performance test, the fish were submitted to stress from capture, and the effect of the additives as a stress reducer was evaluated through hematologic analyses. Better weight gain and feed conversion ratios (P≤0.05) were observed in the fish fed with diets containing garlic and cinnamon; however, no alterations were noticed in the nutritional composition of fish carcasses, regardless of the treatment they were submitted to. A reduction in the number of leukocytes of the fish submitted to stress in all treatments was verified. It is possible to conclude that diets supplemented with garlic and cinnamon at the level of 10 g Kg-1 led to a better performance, while not influencing the hematologic standards after the stress from capture.(AU)

Verificou-se o desempenho e a resposta hematológica de juvenis de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus), alimentados com rações contendo alho, canela e levedura submetidos a estresse de captura O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Alimentação e Nutrição de Peixes, onde 192 juvenis de piavuçu (3,09 ± 0,8 g) foram distribuídos em 16 tanques (170 L), com densidade de 12 peixes/tanque, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiam na adição de 10 g Kg-1 de alho, 10 g Kg-1 canela e 9x105 UFC g-1 de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae e uma dieta controle, sem a inclusão de aditivo. Foram avaliados o desempenho, índices corporais e sobrevivência dos peixes. Após o ensaio de desempenho os peixes foram submetidos ao estresse de captura e o efeito dos aditivos como mitigador do estresse foi avaliado por meio de análises hematológicas. Observou-se melhor ganho de peso e conversão alimentar (P≤0,05) nos peixes alimentados com as dietas contendo alho e canela, porém não foram observadas alterações na composição bromatológica da carcaça em nenhum dos tratamentos. Verificou-se redução nos números de leucócitos dos peixes submetidos ao estresse em todos os tratamentos. Conclui-se que dietas suplementadas com alho e canela ao nível de 10 g Kg-1 apresentaram melhor desempenho, não influenciando nos parâmetros hematológicos após o estresse de captura.(AU)

Effects of Cinnamon extract on biochemical enzymes, TNF-α and NF-κB gene expression levels in liver of broiler chickens inoculated with Escherichia coli / Efeitos de extrato de canela sobre os níveis de enzimas bioquímicos, e expressão de genes de TNF-α e NF-κB em fígado de frangos de corte inoculadas com Escherichia coli

Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common disease in poultry industry. The use of antibiotics to treat diseases is facing serious criticism and concerns. The medicinal plants may be effective alternatives because of their multiplex activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on the levels of liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions in liver of broiler chickens infected with E. coli. Ninety Ross-308 broilers were divided into healthy or E. coli-infected groups, receiving normal or cinnamon extract (in concentrations of 100 or 200mg/kg of food) supplemented diets. E. coli suspension (108cfu) was injected subcutaneously after 12 days cinnamon administration. Seventy-two hours after E. coli injection, the blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of liver enzymes in serum (spectrophotometrically), and liver tissue samples were obtained for detection of gene expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB, using real-time PCR. Infection with E. coli significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions as well as some liver enzymes including creatine-kinase (CK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine-transferase (ALT) and aspartate-transferase (AST) as compared with control group (P<0.05). Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in broilers diet (in both concentrations) significantly reduced the tissue levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions and enzymes CK and ALT in serum of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli in comparison with E. coli group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The levels of LDH and AST were significantly decreased only by 200mg/kg cinnamon extract in infected broilers. The level of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) was not affected in any groups. Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in diets of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli could significantly reduce the gene expression levels...(AU)

Infecção ocasionada por Escherichia coli (E. coli) é uma enfermidade comum na indústria avícola. O uso de antibióticos para tratar doenças bacterianas vem enfrentando sérias críticas e preocupações. As plantas medicinais podem ser alternativas eficazes por causa de suas atividades sinérgicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de canela sobre os níveis de as enzimas hepáticas bem como sobre a expressão dos genes relativos, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e fator nuclear -kappa B (NF-κB) em fígado de frangos de corte infectados com E. coli. Noventa frangos Ross-308 foram divididos em grupos saudáveis ou infectados com E. coli, que receberam dietas controle ou com suplementação contendo extrato de canela (em concentrações de 100 ou 200 mg/kg de alimento). Suspensão de E. coli (108UFC) foi injetado por via subcutânea, após 12 dias de administração do extrato de canela. Setenta e duas horas após a injeção de E. coli, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise bioquímica das enzimas do fígado no soro (espectrofotometria), e amostras de tecido de fígado foram obtidas para a determinação da expressão de genes de marcadores inflamatórios TNF-α e NF-κB, através PCR em tempo real. A infecção com E. coli aumentou significativamente os níveis de expressão dos genes TNF-α e NF-κB, assim como algumas enzimas hepáticas, incluindo creatina-quinase (CK), lactato-desidrogenase (LDH), alanina-transferase (ALT) e aspartato-transferase (AST), em comparação com o grupo de controle (P<0.05). A pré-administração do extrato de canela na dieta dos frangos (em ambas as concentrações) reduziu significativamente os níveis de expressão tecidual de TNF-α e NF-kB, da mesma forma que das enzimas CK e ALT no soro de frangos infectados com E. coli, em comparação com o grupos somente infectado com E. coli (P<0.05 e P<0.01). Os níveis de LDH e AST foram significativamente menores apenas para o grupo suplementado com extrato de canela na concentração...(AU)

Óleos essenciais de canela e orégano em substituição aos promotores de crescimento na alimentação de frangos de corte.

O mercado consumidor busca constantemente alimentos mais saudáveis, livres de patógenos e substâncias prejudiciais à saúde humana. Objetivo: devido a essa demanda, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de óleos essenciais em substituição aos promotores de crescimento, sobre o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes comerciais, qualidade de carne, desenvolvimento de órgãos e qualidade intestinal de frangos de corte. Método: o experimento foi conduzido com a utilização de 600 pintos de corte machos de linhagem Ross, criados até os 41 dias de idade, distribuídos no primeiro dia de vida em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco dietas e oito repetições contendo 15 aves por repetição. Os tratamentos foram: Controle Negativo (CN), Controle Positivo (CP) + 15 mg/kg de virginamicina, CN + 100 mg/kg de óleos essenciais, CN + 200 mg/kg de óleos essenciais e CN + 400 mg/kg de óleos essenciais. Os óleos essenciais foram um blend micro-encapsulado composto de 60% de cinamaldeído, oriundo da canela, 30% de carvacrol, oriundo do orégano e 10 % de veículo. Resultados: as aves que receberam as dietas contendo óleos essenciais e CP obtiveram desempenho semelhante (P>0,05), porém estas aves obtiveram melhores resultados comparados com a dieta CN para os parâmetros de peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e índice de eficiência produtiva. Não houveram diferença (P>0,05) entre as aves submetidas as diferentes dietas sobre o rendimento de intestino delgado, ventrículo, proventrículo, fígado, coração. Nas análises intestinais, a relação vilo/cripta foi maior nas aves que receberam a inclusão de óleos essenciais em relação as aves que receberam a dieta CN. Os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes comerciais, perdas por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, força de cisalhamento, oxidação lipídica, matéria mineral, umidade, gordura, luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho, pH, não sofreram interferências da inclusão de óleos essenciais na dieta dos frangos. Os resultados de proteína bruta da carne de peito e intensidade de amarelo sofreram influência da inclusão dos óleos essenciais. Conclusão: portanto conclui-se que a inclusão do blend de óleos essenciais pode substituir os antibióticos promotores de crescimento, sem comprometer os índices de desempenho, integridade intestinal, rendimento, qualidade de carcaça e cortes em frangos de corte.

Introduction: The consumer market constantly seeks healthier foods, free of pathogens and substances harmful to human health. Objective: Due to this demand, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of essential oils to replace growth promoters, on performance, carcass yields and commercial cuts, meat quality, organ development and intestinal quality of broilers. Method: the experiment was conducted using 600 male chicks of the Ross lineage, raised until 41 days of age, distributed on the first day of life in a completely randomized design, consisting of five diets and eight replicates containing 15 birds each replicate. The treatments were: Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC) + 15 mg/kg of virginamycin, NC + 100 mg/kg of essential oils, NC + 200 mg/kg of essential oils and NC + 400 mg/kg of essential oils. The essential oils were a micro-encapsulated blend composed of 60% cinnamaldehyde, derived from cinnamon, 30% carvacrol from orégano and 10% vehicle. Results: the birds that received the diets containing essential oils and PC obtained similar performance (P>0,05), but theses birds obtained better results compared to the NC diet for the parameters of body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and productive efficiency index. There was no difference (P> 0.05) between the birds submitted to different diets on the yield of small intestine, ventricle, proventriculus, liver, heart. In the intestinal analyses, the villus / crypt relation was higher in birds that received the inclusion the essential oils compared to birds that received the NC diet. The carcass yields and commercial cuts, cooking losses, water retention capacity, shear force, lipid oxidation, mineral matter, moisture, fat, luminosity, red intensity, pH, were not affected by the inclusion of essential oils in the diet of broilers. The results of crude breast protein, yellow intensity, were influenced by the inclusion of essential oils. Conclusion: therefore, it is concluded that the inclusion of the essential oils blend can replace growth promoter antibiotics, without compromising the performance indexes, intestinal integrity, yield, carcass quality and cuts in broilers.

ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS DE PLANTAS NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE DE CRESCIMENTO LENTO

O experimento foi realizado na granja da Universidade Federal do Acre no período de março a maio de 2018, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (T1 Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; T2 - ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e T3 - ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias as aves e sobras de ração foram pesadas para avaliação do desempenho zootécnico. Aos 71 dias analisou-se o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não verificou-se diferença estatística significativa (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.

The experiment was carried out on the farm of the Federal University of Acre from March to May 2018, with the objective of evaluating the effect of the supplementation of essential oils on the diets of slow - growing broilers. One hundred and twenty one - day - old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho lineage, raised in an intensive system, were used. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (DIC) with three treatments (T1 - Control, without addition of essential oil, T2 - ration supplemented with cinnamon essential oil and T3 - ration supplemented with lemon balm essential oil) and nine replicates of 10 birds each. At 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days the birds and leftovers were weighed for zootechnical performance evaluation. At 71 days the carcass yield, noble cuts and internal organs were analyzed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences between means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Lemon grass essential oil supplementation improved live weight of birds at 14, 28 and 42 days and conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P <0.05). The treatments with essential oil of cinnamon and lemon grass provided a higher yield of overcook (P <0.05). In relation to the other variables evaluated, there was no significant statistical difference (P> 0.05) for the treatments tested.

INCLUSÃO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS EM RAÇÕES PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE DE LINHAGEM CAIPIRA CRIADOS NA AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de óleos essenciais na ração, sobre o desempenho zootécnico de frangos de corte de linhagem caipira, criados na Amazônia Ocidental. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Avicultura da Universidade Federal do Acre durante os meses de junho a agosto de 2018. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia da linhagem Pedrês Fêmeas. Os tratamentos estabelecidos para o experimento foram: T1: ração basal (Testemunha); T2: ração basal com a adição de extrato de erva-doce (37,5 ppm/kg) e T3: ração basal com adição de óleo essencial de canela (37,5 ppm/kg). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e nove repetições, totalizando 27 parcelas experimentais, com 10 aves cada. As aves foram criadas até os 70 dias de idade em sistema intensivo, com água e ração à vontade. A cada 14 dias, as aves e as sobras de rações foram pesadas para mensuração do desempenho zootécnico. As variáveis analisadas neste estudo foram, consumo de ração, peso vivo, conversão alimentar, eficiência alimentar, mortalidade e viabilidade. Aos 71 dias 10% das aves foram abatidas (uma por parcela experimental) para avaliar os rendimentos de carcaça, de gordura abdominal, de órgãos internos (moela, fígado, baço, coração, bursa de Fabricius e intestinos), além do rendimento dos cortes nobres (peito, coxas, sobrecoxas e asas). Concluiu-se, que a inclusão dos óleos de canela e erva-doce na ração, não influenciaram o desempenho zootécnico e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres das aves.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion essential oil in the ration on the zootechnical performance of chickens of cut of ancestry redneck created in the Amazônia occidental person. Theexperiment was conducted in the Sector of poultry farming of the Federal University of Acre, during the months of June to August. Were used 270 chicks one day of the lineage Pedrês Females. The established treatments for the experiment were T1: ration basal (Witness); T2: ration basal with the addition of extract of fennel (37, 5 ppm/kg), and T3: ration basal with the addition of essential oil of cinnamon (37, 5 ppm/kg). The experimental design used was the entirely casualizado with three treatments and nine replicates, totalizing 27 experimental plots with 10 birds each. The birds were reared up to 70 days of age in an intensive system, with water and feed at will. Every 14 days, the birds and the remaining feed were weighed to measure the zootechnical performance. The variables analyzed in this study were feed consumption, live weight, feed conversion, feed efficiency, mortality and viability. At 71 days 10% of the birds were slaughtered ( one per plot experimental) to evaluate the yields of carcass, of abdominal fat, of gizzard, of liver, of spleen heart, bursa of fabricius and intestines, in addition to the income from the courts nobles (chest, thigh on thigh and wing). It was concluded, therefore, that the inclusion of the oils of cinnamon and fennel in the feed did not influence the zootechnical performance of the birds.

Effects of cinnamon, thyme and turmeric infusions on the performance and immune response in of 1- to 21-day-old male broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of drinking water by herb infusions on the performance, relative weight of internal organs, hematocrit and immune response to Newcastle disease virus of broiler chickens. A total of 540 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into five groups, corresponding to four different treatments and one control group. Treatments were replicated eight times, and the control group four times. Experimental treatments included infusions (5 grams per liter) of cinnamon, thyme and turmeric in equal ratios in replacement of drinking water. Experimental period lasted 21 days and all chicks were fed with a corn-soybean based diet. Results showed that all herbs infusions caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in live body weight compared with the control group at 21 days of age. Mix treatment significantly decreased relative carcass weight relative to the control group (p<0.05). Herbs infusions increased the relative weight of some organs. None of herb additives affected hematocrit in comparison to control group. Cinnamon and herb mix infusion significantly improved bird immune response to the NDV vaccine in comparison to the control group and those that received only turmeric infusion. When all in-water additives were compare to each other, the birds supplemented with turmeric infusion showed the worst performance and immunity. The results of this experiment suggest that these herbs infusions did not favor the performance of broiler chickens.(AU)

Effects of cinnamon, thyme and turmeric infusions on the performance and immune response in of 1- to 21-day-old male broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of drinking water by herb infusions on the performance, relative weight of internal organs, hematocrit and immune response to Newcastle disease virus of broiler chickens. A total of 540 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into five groups, corresponding to four different treatments and one control group. Treatments were replicated eight times, and the control group four times. Experimental treatments included infusions (5 grams per liter) of cinnamon, thyme and turmeric in equal ratios in replacement of drinking water. Experimental period lasted 21 days and all chicks were fed with a corn-soybean based diet. Results showed that all herbs infusions caused significant (p 0.05) decrease in live body weight compared with the control group at 21 days of age. Mix treatment significantly decreased relative carcass weight relative to the control group (p 0.05). Herbs infusions increased the relative weight of some organs. None of herb additives affected hematocrit in comparison to control group. Cinnamon and herb mix infusion significantly improved bird immune response to the NDV vaccine in comparison to the control group and those that received only turmeric infusion. When all in-water additives were compare to each other, the birds supplemented with turmeric infusion showed the worst performance and immunity. The results of this experiment suggest that these herbs infusions did not favor the performance of broiler chickens.